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    Communication

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    thejaka aloka
    Simplex transmission allows data flow in one direction, half-duplex allows bidirectional transmission but not simultaneously, and full-duplex allows simultaneous bidirectional transmission. Serial transmission sends data one bit at a time over a single channel, while parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple channels. Asynchronous transmission groups data bits and control bits, while synchronous uses a continuous data stream and timing signals. USB is an asynchronous serial transmission standard using a four-wire cable, with two wires for power and two for bidirectional data transmission and automatic device detection and driver installation. Error detection methods include parity checking, automatic repeat requests, checksums, and echo checking.

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    Communication

    Uploaded by

    thejaka aloka
    11 views2 pages
    Simplex transmission allows data flow in one direction, half-duplex allows bidirectional transmission but not simultaneously, and full-duplex allows simultaneous bidirectional transmission. Serial transmission sends data one bit at a time over a single channel, while parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple channels. Asynchronous transmission groups data bits and control bits, while synchronous uses a continuous data stream and timing signals. USB is an asynchronous serial transmission standard using a four-wire cable, with two wires for power and two for bidirectional data transmission and automatic device detection and driver installation. Error detection methods include parity checking, automatic repeat requests, checksums, and echo checking.

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    Simplex transmission allows data flow in one direction, half-duplex allows bidirectional transmission but not simultaneously, and full-duplex allows simultaneous bidirectional transmission. Serial transmission sends data one bit at a time over a single channel, while parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple channels. Asynchronous transmission groups data bits and control bits, while synchronous uses a continuous data stream and timing signals. USB is an asynchronous serial transmission standard using a four-wire cable, with two wires for power and two for bidirectional data transmission and automatic device detection and driver installation. Error detection methods include parity checking, automatic repeat requests, checksums, and echo checking.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views2 pages

    Communication

    Uploaded by

    thejaka aloka
    Simplex transmission allows data flow in one direction, half-duplex allows bidirectional transmission but not simultaneously, and full-duplex allows simultaneous bidirectional transmission. Serial transmission sends data one bit at a time over a single channel, while parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple channels. Asynchronous transmission groups data bits and control bits, while synchronous uses a continuous data stream and timing signals. USB is an asynchronous serial transmission standard using a four-wire cable, with two wires for power and two for bidirectional data transmission and automatic device detection and driver installation. Error detection methods include parity checking, automatic repeat requests, checksums, and echo checking.

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    Communication

    Data Transmission

    Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex

     Simplex Data Transmission: One direction only.


     Half-duplex Data Transmission: Both directions but not at the same time.
     Full-duplex Data Transmission: Both directions simultaneously.

    Serial and parallel data transmission

     Serial Data Transmission


    o Data is sent, one bit at a time, over a single wire or channel.
    o Works well over long distances.
    o Data will not be out of synchronisation.
    o Relatively slow.
     Parallel Data Transmission
    o Several bits of data are sent down several wires or channels at the same time.
    Each wire or channel is used to transmit each bit.
    o Works well over short distances.
    o Relatively fast.
    o Bits can become ‘skewed’ and out of synchronisation.
    o Eg. Computer-printer ribbon connector.

    Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

     Asynchronous data transmission


    o Data is transmitted in an agreed bit pattern.
    o Data bits are grouped together and sent with control bits, to indicate when the data
    starts and when it ends.
     Synchronous data transmission
    o A continuous stream of data.
    o The data is accompanied by timing signals generated by an internal clock.

    Universal Serial Bus (USB)


     USB is an asynchronous serial data transmission method. It consists of:
    1. A four-wire shielded cable
    2. Two of the wires are used for power and the earth
    3. Two of the wires are used in the data transmission.
     When a device is plugged into a computer using one of the USB ports:
    1. The computer detects that a device is present
    2. The device is recognised and the appropriate device driver is loaded up
    3. If a new device is detected, the computer will look for the device driver which
    matches the device. If this isn’t available, the user is prompted to download the
    drivers.

    Error-checking methods

    1. Parity checking
    o Used to check whether data has been changed or corrupted following transmission
    from one device or medium to another device or medium.
    o A byte of data is allocated a parity bit. This is allocated before transmission takes
    place, to satisfy the system’s parity. Systems that use even parity have an even
    number of 1-bits, and systems that use odd parity have an odd number of 1-bits.
    o However, it is not possible to work out the location of error. So, parity bytes are
    used:
     Each column of bits have a parity bit allocated to it, which is transmitted
    at the end.
     However, if two of the bits change value following data transmission, it
    might be impossible to locate the error.
    2. Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
    o An acknowledgement sent by the receiver of the data to the sender of the data
    indicating whether the data is received correctly. If this is send before a specific
    time limit, timeout occurs, which means that the sender sends the message again.
    3. Checksum
    o Another way to check if data has been changed or corrupted following data
    transmission. Data is sent in blocks and an additional value, the checksum, is also
    sent at the end of the block data. The checksum can be calculated from the block
    data and verified against the one send with it.
    4. Echo checking
    o The received data is sent back to the sender. The sender compares the two sets of
    data to check if any occurred during the transmission process.

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