BUSITAT 3

MOD 3 : PRESENTATION OF DATA - table title

- column headers/rows are classified
- After the data have been collected and processed, data
2. Source Notes
need to produce meaningful information.
3. Total frequency should be written
Three Methods:
1. Textual Table Number
2. Tabular - is assigned to a table for identification purpose
3. Graphical - distinguishes one table from another if more than one
table is presented
TEXTUAL Table Title
- narrates about the content of the table
- it must be clear, brief and carefully worded
- Data are presented in paragraph form. It involves
Captions or Column Headings
enumeration of important characteristics, giving emphasis
- explains figures of the column
on significant figures and identifying the important
Stubs or Row Headings
features of the data.
- explains figures of the rows
Example:
Source
The data are Math test scores of 15 students out of 50
- indicates the source of data
items: 47, 48, 49, 42, 42, 36, 38, 40, 35, 50, 44, 45, 45,
50, 50.
Example:
1. Give
Findings: Writing the data in 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, Table 4
2. Draw numerical order 42, 44, 45, 45, 47, Distribution of Students in ABC College According to Year Level
Conclusions: may help to analyze 48, 49, 50, 50, 50
3. Make the data. Yr Level Number of Students
Inferences: 1st Yr 300
2nd Yr 250
TABULAR
3rd Yr 285
- This is a method of presenting data in tables. 4th Yr 215
- This is applicable for large data sets.
N = 1050
Rules to remember in constructing tables:
Source : ABC College
1. Labels:
- table number
BUSITAT 3
Frequency Distribution
- It is the organization of raw data in table form using
classes and frequencies.

Table 1. Frequency Table of Employees Blood Type with

Relative Frequencies

Frequency
- is the number od times a value of the data occurs
Relative Frequency Table 3.2
- is the ratio of the frequency count to the total number The Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table for the Grades of 80 Students in English
of cases
FINDINGS from a Frequency Table
- Basic findings [all rows/columns]
- Additional/major findings [may not be seen directly from
the table]

CONCLUSIONS from a Frequency Table

- should be based on the most interesting/important major
find

INFERENCE
- should be based on the most interesting/important Major
Findings & conclusions.
BUSITAT 3
Class Interval
- (or simply class) refers to a group of score values
Number of classes
- refers to the frequency count of groups of scores. It is
denoted by the symbol c
Lower class limit (or lower limit)
- is the lowest value in the class interval. It is denoted
by LL.
Upper class limit (or upper limit) Cumulative Frequency
- is the highest value in the class interval. It is denoted - the accumulation of the previous frequencies
by UL.

Frequency
CONTINGENCY TABLE
- for a particular class refers to the number of original
scores that belong to that class interval. It is denoted
by the symbol f. - is a special type of frequency distribution table where two
variables are shown simultaneously

Exact (or real) lower class limit Findings from a Contingency Table
- is one-half unit less than the lower class limit. - Basic Findings [all cells; In a 3x3 table there are 9x2=18
Exact upper class limit basic findings]
- is one-half unit more than the higher class limit. - Additional/major Findings [all row & column totals; In a
3x3, there are 3 rows + 3 columns = 6 major findings]

Conclusions from a Contingency Table

Classmark - should be based on the most interesting major findings on
- is the midpoint of a class interval. It is obtained by rows/columns totals
adding the lower limit and the upper limit and
dividing the result by 2. Inference
Class width/size - should be based on the most interesting major findings &
- indicates the number of values in a class interval. It is conclusions.
the difference between any two consecutive
lower/upper class limits.
 BUSITAT 3
Table 3.5.1 Rules to remember in constructing graphs:
The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers 1. Labels:
- Figure number
on the New TV Program
- Figure title [below the graph]
- for Pie chart, % should be indicated
1) [1,1]
- for bar graph, axis should be labelled
2) [1,2]
3) [1,3] Bar Graph
4) [2,1] - used to represent data visually using bars of different
5) [2,2] heights or lengths.
6) [2,3] - data is graphed either horizontally or vertically, allowing
7) [3,1] viewers to compare different values and draw conclusions
8) [3,2] quickly and easily.
9) [3,3]
Conclusion: This shows that majority (15%+41%=56%) of Histogram
viewers are either indifferent or do not like the program. - is a graph that displays data by using vertical bars of
various heights to represent frequencies of the classes
Inference: If this trend continues, then the TV program Horizontal Axis: what the data represents
under investigation might not last long. Vertical Axis: frequency/relative frequency

GRAPHICAL
- This is a visual presentation of data.
Graph
- a tool that helps you learn about the shape or distribution
of a sample
Several Forms:
1. Pie Chart
2. Bar Graph Time Series Graph
3. Histogram - is data visualization tool that illustrates data points at
4. Time-Series successive intervals of time.
5. Frequency Polygon - each point on the chart corresponds to both a time and
6. Ogives a quantity that is being measured.
BUSITAT 3
Frequency Polygon
- is a graph that displays data by using lines that connect
points plotted for the frequencies at the class midpoints

<Ogive The Contingency Table

- this is the table which shows the data enumerated by cell

>Ogive

Ogives