NAME: _________________________________________

DATA ANALYSIS

Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. Palmitic acid has a molar mass of 256.5 g mol−1.

(a) (i) Part of this molecule is hydrophilic (bonds readily to water) and part hydrophobic
(does not bond readily to water). Draw a circle around all of the hydrophilic part
of the molecule. [1]

(ii) When a small amount of palmitic acid is placed in water it disperses to form
a layer on the surface that is only one molecule thick. Explain, in terms of
intermolecular forces, why this occurs. [2]

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 (b) The apparatus in the diagram measures the surface pressure created by palmitic acid
molecules on the surface of water. This pressure is caused by palmitic acid molecules
colliding with the fixed barrier. The pressure increases as the area, A, available to the
palmitic acid is reduced by the movable barrier.

Apparatus seen from above

Pressure
transducer

Computer A

Fixed Movable
barrier barrier

[Source: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2001, 3, 4774-4783 -

Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry]

When a drop of a solution of palmitic acid in a volatile solvent is placed between the
barriers, the solvent evaporates leaving a surface layer. The graph of pressure against
area was obtained as the area A was reduced.

20
18
Surface pressure / mN m−1

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400
2
Surface area, A / cm

[Source: Influence of Lecithin on Structure and Stability of Parenteral Fat Emulsions,

Christoph Wabel, 1998, Figure 34. Used with permission]
 (i) Suggest why there is a small increase in the surface pressure as the area is
reduced to about 240 cm2, but a much faster increase when it is further reduced. [2]

Above about 240 cm2:

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At less than about 240 cm2:

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(ii) The solution of palmitic acid had a concentration of 0.0034 mol dm−3. Calculate
the number of molecules of palmitic acid present in the 0.050 cm3 drop, using
section 2 of the data booklet. [2]

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(iii) Assuming the sudden change in gradient occurs at 240 cm2, calculate the area, in
cm2, that a single molecule of palmitic acid occupies on surface of the water.

If you did not obtain an answer for (b)(ii) use a value of 8.2  1016, but this is not
the correct answer. [1]

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2. Students were asked to investigate how a change in concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCl,
affects the initial rate of its reaction with marble chips, CaCO3.

They decided to measure how long the reaction took to complete when similar chips were
added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm−3 acid and 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm−3 acid.

Two methods were proposed:

(1) using small chips, keeping the acid in excess, and recording the time taken for the solid
to disappear
(2) using large chips, keeping the marble in excess, and recording the time taken for
bubbles to stop forming.

(a) Annotate the balanced equation below with state symbols. [1]

CaCO3 ( ) + 2HCl ( ) → CaCl2 ( ) + CO2 ( ) + H2O ( )

(b) Neither method actually gives the initial rate. Outline a method that would allow the
initial rate to be determined. [1]

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(c) (i) Deduce, giving a reason, which of the two methods would be least affected
by the chips not having exactly the same mass when used with the different
concentrations of acid. [1]

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(ii) State a factor, that has a significant effect on reaction rate, which could vary
between marble chips of exactly the same mass. [1]

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(d) A group recorded the following results with 1.00 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid:

Trial Time / s 0.01 s

1 120.56

2 136.83

3 108.49

Mean 121.96

(i) Justify why it is inappropriate to record the uncertainty of the mean as 0.01 s. [1]

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(ii) If doubling the concentration doubles the reaction rate, suggest the mean time
you would expect for the reaction with 2.00 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid. [1]

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(iii) Another student, working alone, always dropped the marble chips into the acid
and then picked up the stopwatch to start it. State, giving a reason, whether this
introduced a random or systematic error. [1]

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.

3. The table summarizes some properties of graphite and graphene.

Property Graphite Graphene

Delocalization (Hybridization) Yes (sp2) Yes (sp2)
Electron mobility / cm2 V−1 s−1 1800 15 000−200 000
Average bond length / nm 0.142 0.142
Distance between layers / nm 0.335 Not applicable (N/A)
Tensile strength / Pascals 4.8−76  106 1.3  1011
Density / g cm−3 1.80−2.23 (N/A)
Melting point at 1  106 kPa / K 4300 4510
Specific surface area / m2 g−1 90 2630

[Source: © Graphenea. Used with permission]

(a) (i) Graphene is two-dimensional, rather than three-dimensional, material.

Justify this by using the structure of graphene and information from the table. [2]

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(ii) Show that graphene is over 1600 times stronger than graphite. [1]

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(b) Diamond, graphene, and graphite are all network solids.

Suggest, giving a reason, the electron

mobility of diamond compared to graphene. [2]

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 (c) The melting point of diamond at 1  106 kPa is 4200 K (in the absence of oxygen).

Suggest, based on molecular structure, why graphene has a higher melting point under
these conditions. [2]

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4. Organic molecules can be visualized using three-dimensional models built from kits such as
that pictured below.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

(a) Describe two differences, other than the number of atoms, between the models of
ethane and ethene constructed from the kit shown. [2]

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 [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

(b) (i) The above ball and stick model is a substituted pyridine molecule (made of
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, bromine and chlorine atoms). All atoms are shown
and represented according to their relative atomic size.

Label each ball in the diagram, excluding hydrogens, as a carbon, C, nitrogen, N,

bromine, Br, or chlorine, Cl. [3]

(ii) Suggest one advantage of using a computer generated molecular model

compared to a ball and stick 3-D model. [1]

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(iii) Pyridine, like benzene, is an aromatic compound.

Outline what is meant by an aromatic compound. [1]

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5. There is a link between world energy consumption and carbon dioxide production.

(a) The following graph represents world energy consumption by type for the years
1988–2013.

World consumption
Million tonnes oil equivalent
13 000
Coal 12 000
Renewables
Hydroelectricity 11 000
Nuclear energy 10 000
Natural gas
Oil 9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

[Source: BP statistical review of world energy, www.bp.com]

Estimate the percentage of energy consumption which did not directly produce CO2
in 2013. [1]

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 (b) O2 is consumed in producing CO2 for electricity generation. The graph shows the
relationship between the world’s electricity generation and CO2 production between
1994 and 2013.

20 000.0

18 000.0
World electricity generation

16 000.0
best fit line equation:
/ terawatts

y = 0.54x − 2000
14 000.0

12 000.0

10 000.0

8000.0
20 000.0 25 000.0 30 000.0 35 000.0 40 000.0
World carbon dioxide
production / million tonnes

[Source: BP statistical review of world energy, www.bp.com]

Calculate the mass, in million tonnes,

of oxygen gas ultimately found in
CO2 which is consumed in generating
18000 terawatts of electricity using
the equation given for the best fit line.
Give your answer to 2 significant
figures.
Assume coal is the only energy source. [2]

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 (c) Climate induced changes in the ocean can be studied using measurements such as
the Atmospheric Potential Oxygen (APO). Trends in APO concentration from two
stations, one in each hemisphere, are shown below.

100
∆APO (per meg)

–100

–200

–300 Alert station (82ûN)

Cape Grim observatory (41ûS)
–400
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Trends in atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) based on monthly averages between
1990 and 2010.

[Source: www.ioos.noaa.gov]

(i) The equilibrium expression for O2 exchange between the atmosphere and ocean
is O2 (g) O2 (aq). Identify one factor which shifts the equilibrium to the right. [1]

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(ii) Factors such as photosynthesis and respiration are excluded so that APO is
influenced by oceanic changes only. Suggest why the seasonal cycles from Alert
station and Cape Grim observatory are different. [2]

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 (iii) The change in APO O2 / N2 ratio, per meg, is measured relative to an
O2 / N2 reference.
 (O2 / N2 )sample 
∆(O 2 / N 2) =  − 1 106
(O /N )
 2 2 reference 

Calculate the APO ∆(O2 / N2) value for an oxygen concentration of 209 400 ppm
assuming that any change in N2 concentration is negligible. Reference values for
O2 and N2 are 209 460 and 790 190 ppm respectively. [1]

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(iv) Suggest a reason for the general negative gradient of the APO curve given in (c). [1]

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6. Disposable plastic lighters contain butane gas. In order to determine the molar mass of
butane, the gas can be collected over water as illustrated below:

500 cm3 measuring

cylinder

Water

(a) List the data the student would need to collect in this experiment. [4]

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(b) (i) Explain why this experiment might give a low result for the molar mass of butane. [2]

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(ii) Suggest one improvement to the investigation. [1]

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