EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Refresher
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil no. 1 only.

DESIGN BASE SHEAR

A. Standard Method

𝐂𝐯 𝐈𝐖
𝐕=
𝐑𝐓

Where:
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base
W = total weight(seismic dead load) of the building
T = period of vibration
= elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the
structure in the direction under consideration.
R = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over
strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting
systems.
Ct = numerical coefficient
= 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frame
= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame and
eccentrically braced frames
= 0.0488 for all other buildings
Ca = seismic coefficient
Cv = seismic coefficient Situation 1: A steel moment resisting frame having different loads
I = importance factor on each storey is to be designed to have a base
Nv = Near source factor shear V = 3,300 kN.
Z = seismic zone factor
Fx = design seismic force applied to level x, respectively Level Column Height Load
Ft = that portion of the base shear, V, considered concentrated First 5m 0
at the top of the structure in addition to Fx Second 4m 2,200 kN
hx = height in meter above the base to level x, respectively Third 4m 1,900 kN
Level x = that level that is under design consideration. x = 1
Fourth 4m 1,800 kN
designates the first level above the base
Roof Deck 850 kN
Na = near-source factor used in the determination of Ca in
Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building
or structure to known faults with known magnitudes 1. Compute the period of vibration (sec) of the structure.
Nv = near-source factor used in the determination of Cv in a. 0.854 c. 0.714
Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building b. 0.622 d. 0.589
or structure to known faults with known magnitudes
2. Compute the lateral force (kN) acting on the roof deck.
a. 772.4 c. 851.9
• V should not exceed:
𝟐. 𝟓𝐂𝐚 𝐈𝐖 b. 686.9 d. 1,065.5
𝐕=
𝐑 3. Compute the lateral force (kN) acting on the third floor.
a. 772.37 c. 634.55
• V should not be less than:
b. 812.87 d. 1,065.50
𝐕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝐂𝐚 𝐈𝐖
4. Compute the effective spectral acceleration (m/s2) at the fourth
• V should not be less than: floor.
𝟎. 𝟖𝒁𝑵𝐕 𝐈𝐖
𝐕= a. 5.12 c. 10.80
𝐑 b. 6.06 d. 9.33

5. Compute the moment (kN.m) at the base.

• Period of vibration: a. 30,812.6 c. 27,990.1
𝟑 ⁄𝟒
𝐓 = 𝐂𝐭 𝐇 b. 42,347.9 d. 38,872.8

• Additional lateral force at the roof deck: Situation 2: A 5-storey concrete special moment-resisting frame
When T > 0.7 sec building has the following properties:
Ft = 0.07VT < 0.25V
Total weight of the building = 9,000 kN
When T ≤ 0.7 sec Height of the building = 30 m
Ft = 0 Importance factor, I = 1.0
Seismic zone factor, Z = 0.40
• Lateral force at any level x Near source factor, Nv = 1.2
Seismic coefficients:
𝐖𝐱 𝐡𝐱 Ca = 0.40
𝐅𝐱 = (𝐕 − 𝐅𝐭 )
∑ 𝐖𝐱 𝐡𝐱 Cv = 0.672

𝐅𝐧 = 𝐅𝐱 + 𝐅𝐭 Numerical coefficient of the ductility capacity

Check: of lateral force resisting system, R = 8.5
𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 + 𝐅𝟑 + ⋯ 𝐅𝐧 = 𝐕
The building is at a distance 10 km from the seismic
source with an earthquake having a magnitude of 7.8
B. Simplified Method
6. Compute the period of vibration (sec) of the structure.
𝟑. 𝟎𝐂𝐚 𝐖 a. 0.721 c. 0.817
𝐕= b. 0.937 d. 0.659
𝐑

Applied only to: 7. Compute the maximum base shear (kN) allowed by the code.
1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) a. 976.47 c. 852.89
not more than three stories in height excluding basements that b. 1,109.24 d. 1,058.82
use light-frame construction;
2. Other buildings not more than two storey in height excluding 8. Compute the design base shear (kN).
basements. a. 396.00 c. 759.34
b. 406.59 d. 803.71
• Lateral forces on each level:
Situation 3: A five-storey building has a moment-resisting steel
𝟑. 𝟎𝐂𝐚 𝐖𝟏 frame for a lateral force-resisting system. The
𝐅𝟏 = following data are available for the location of the
𝐑
building in zone 4.
𝟑. 𝟎𝐂𝐚 𝐖𝟐
𝐅𝟐 = Nv = 1.20 Z = 0.40
𝐑
Check: Ca = 0.40 Cv = 0.672
𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 = 𝐕 R = 8.5 I = 1.0

Engr. Erickneil D. Realuyo, MSCE, ME-1, SO, MP

 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Refresher

where
Ach = cross–sectional area of a member measured to the outside
edges of transverse reinforcement, mm2

Ash = total cross–sectional area of transverse reinforcement,

including crossties, within spacing s and perpendicular to
dimension bc , mm2
9. Compute the period of vibration (sec) of the structure.
a. 0.807 c. 0.717 fyt = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, MPa
b. 0.931 d. 0.611
bc = cross–sectional dimension of member core measured to the
10. Compute the design base shear (kN). outside edges of the transverse reinforcement composing area
a. 976.47 c. 725.21 Ash , mm
b. 870.59 d. 667.90
hx = maximum center–to–center horizontal spacing of hoop or
11. Compute the lateral force (kN) at the top. crosstie legs on all faces of the column, mm
a. 203.17 c. 139.17
b. 180.12 d. 122.45 s = spacing of transverse reinforcement measured along the
longitudinal axis of the structural members, mm
Situation 4: A two-storey reinforced concrete moment-resisting
frame has the following information: Situation 1: A shear force is acting on the 500 mm x 680 mm
column section having 12-mm diameter transverse
Ca = 0.44 Z = 0.40 confining reinforcements with clear concrete cover of
R = 8.5 40 mm. Use f’c = 24 MPa, fy =415 MPa (for main
Level Column Height Load bars), and fyh = 275 MPa (for ties). Diameter of main
First 4m 0 bars is 28 mm. See figure RC 516.
Second 4m 900 kN
Roof Deck 1,400 kN

Use Simplified Method.

12. Compute the design base shear (kN)

a. 310.59 c. 303.78
b. 357.18 d. 328.08

13. Compute the lateral force (kN) on the second level.

a. 139.76 c. 124.24
b. 114.90 d. 142.81

14. Compute the lateral force (kN) on the roof deck.

a. 126.30 c. 186.35
b. 217.41 d. 250.67 1. Compute the required spacing of lateral reinforcement for a
factored shear load of Vuy = 480 kN if the nominal shear strength
of concrete is 0.87 MPa.
a. 310 mm c. 208 mm
Section 418.7.4 Longitudinal Reinforcement b. 125 mm d. 110 mm

Section 418.7.4.1 Area of the longitudinal reinforcement, As , shall be at 2. Compute the required spacing of confining hoop reinforcement in
least 0.01Ag and shall not exceed 0.06Ag . accordance with the code for seismic design for shear parallel to
short dimension.
Section 418.7.4.2 In columns with circular hoops, there shall be at least six a. 88 mm c. 79 mm
longitudinal bars. b. 71 mm d. 82 mm

Section 418.7.5.3 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the 3. Compute the required spacing of confining hoop reinforcement in
smallest of (a) through (c): accordance with the code for seismic design for shear parallel to
long dimension.
a. One – fourth of the minimum column dimension; a. 79 mm c. 88 mm
b. Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar; b. 71 mm d. 82 mm
c. so as calculated by
Situation 2: A shear force acting along the longer side of the 550
350 − hx mm x 380 mm column. Use f’c = 22 MPa, fy = 420
so = 100 + (418.7.5.3) MPa (for both longitudinal and confining
3
reinforcements). Clear cover is 40 mm. Diameter of
The value of so from Eq. 418.7.5.3 shall not exceed 150 mm and need not longitudinal bars is 25 mm. Diameter of the confining
be taken less than 100 mm. reinforcements is 12 mm. See figure RC 781.

Table 418.7.5.4
Transverse Reinforcement for Columns of Special Moment Frames

Transverse Conditions Applicable Expressions

Reinforcement
Pu Greater of Ag f ′c
Ash 0.3 ( − 1) (a)
≤ 0.30Ag f ′ c (a) and (b) Ach fyt
sbc and f ′c
for rectilinear f ′ c ≤ 70 MPa 0.09 (b)
fyt
hoop Pu Greatest of Pu
> 0.30Ag f ′ c (a), (b), and 0.2k f k n (c)
fyt Ach
or (c) 4. Compute the factored shear force Vu that the column can resist
f ′ c > 70 MPa if the nominal shear strength provided by the ties is 360 kN.
Pu Greater of Ag a. 466.99 kN c. 549.40 kN
≤ 0.30Ag f ′ c (d) and (e) 0.45 ( b. 393.15 kN d. 380.33 kN
Ach
ρs for spiral or and f ′c
circular hoop − 1) (d) 5. Compute the factored shear force Vu that the column can resist
f ′ c ≤ 70 MPa fyt if the ties are spaced at 210 mm on center.
Pu Greatest of f c′
a. 448.19 kN c. 490.34 kN
> 0.30Ag f ′ c (d), (e), and 0.12 (e)
fyt b. 432.30 kN d. 476.56 kN
or (f)
Pu
f ′ c > 70 MPa 0.35k f k n (f)
fyt Ach

Engr. Erickneil D. Realuyo, MSCE, ME-1, SO, MP

 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Refresher
6. If the factored shear force Vu is 400 kN, compute the required
spacing of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the
provisions for seismic design.
a. 150.00 mm c. 80.00 mm
b. 90.00 mm d. 100.00 mm

Situation 3: The short tied column shown is subjected to a

factored axial load Pu = 3,000 kN.

Cross section, B x B = 450 mm x 450 mm

Main reinforcement, Asl = 10 – 22 mmØ
Confining ties, Ash = 12 mmØ
Concrete strength, f’c = 27 MPa
Main bars, fyl = 420 MPa
Confining ties, fyv = 280 MPa
Clear concrete cover = 40 mm

7. What is the nominal shear strength (kN) of the column if the ties
are spaced at 100 mm on center?
a. 684.3 c. 571.0
b. 513.2 d. 609.2

8. For shear along the y-axis, Vuy, what should be the spacing on
center of the confining ties or hoop reinforcement based on the
code prescribed minimum area requirement?
a. 100 mm c. 50 mm
b. 85 mm d. 65 mm

9. For shear along the x-axis, Vux, what should be the spacing on
center of the confining ties or hoop reinforcement based on the
code prescribed minimum area requirement?
a. 50 mm c. 85 mm
b. 100 mm d. 65 mm

“Therefore I tell you, whatever you ask for in prayer, believe that you
have received it, and it will be yours.”
– Mark 11:24

“You may ask me for anything in my name, and I will do it.”

– John 14:14

“Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and he will establish your
plans.”
– Proverbs 16:3

Engr. Erickneil D. Realuyo, MSCE, ME-1, SO, MP