18PCSC41-Interner of Things 2020-2021(EVEN)

Unit III

DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Home Automation
2.3 Cities
2.4 Environment
2.5 Energy
2.6 Retail
2.7Logistics
2.8Agriculture
2.9 Industry
2.10 Health & Lifestyle

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2.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) applications span a wide range of domains Home
Automation Cities Environment, Energy, Retail, Logistics, Agriculture, Industry and Health &
Lifestyle.

2.1 HOME AUTOMATION

2.1.1 Smart Lighting

It helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient conditions and switching
on/off or diming the light when needed. Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include
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solid state lighting(such as LEDs and IP enabled lights. Smart lightning solutions for home
achieve energy savings by sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling
the lights accordingly. Wireless enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely
from IoT applications such as mobile or web applications
2.1.2 Smart Appliances
Make the management easier and also provide status information to the users remotely.

2.1.3 Intrusion Detection

It use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors) to detect intrusion and raise
alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to the user.

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Home Network Routers:

All the Internet connected devices in homes these days, the network router continues to
be by far the most targeted in attacks . "Most Internet routers that are keystone to our home
network are riddled with security issues, which make them easy picking for hackers. Most
routers worldwide had default or basic username and password combinations, like "admin" and
“password” while others have they user address, birthday or name as password. Because of this,
most routers are vulnerable to simple password attacks, which is basically an open invitation to
malicious hackers.
2.1.4-Smoke/ Gas Detectors
Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically an
early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm
system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG etc., Smoke
detector detects the smoke in the home and it sends signal to the control unit that displays the
smoke unit in display section and temperature sensor mentioned above gives the temperature of
the room and signals are send through IoT to main controller just to control some activities of
room

2.2 CITIES
3.2.1 Smart Parking

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To make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers. Smart parking
are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots and send information over
internet to smart application backends. Smart parking management system can be used to find
the vacant location for a vehicle at different public places.
Smart Parking’s In-Ground Vehicle Detection Sensors are core technologies, playing a
key part in the Smart Parking solution that is revolutionizing how drivers in the malls and city
centers can find an available parking space. Wireless sensors are embedded into parking spaces,
transmitting data on the timing and duration of the space used via local signal processors into a
central parking management application. Smart Parking reduces congestion, decreases vehicle
emissions, lowers enforcement costs and cuts driver stress. For effective deployment of smart
parking technologies, each device needs to have a reliable connectivity with the cloud servers.

2.2.2 Smart Lighting

It is for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy. With smart lighting, city
authorities can keep real-time tracking of lighting to ensure optimized illumination and deliver
demand-based lighting in different zones. Smart lighting also helps in daylight harvesting and
save energy by dimming out sectors with no occupancies For e.g. parking lots can be dimmed
during work hours and when a car is entering, it will be detected and appropriate sectors can be
illuminated, while others can be kept at diffused setting.

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2.2.3 Smart Roads:

Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition, travel time
estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition and accidents. Such
information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing traffic jams. Information
sensed from the roads can be communicated via Internet to cloud applications and social media
and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.

2.2.4 Structural Health Monitoring:

It uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as
bridges and buildings. The data collected from these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of
the structures.
• By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the
damages to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure.
• Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of imminent failure of the
structure.

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2.2.5 Surveillance
The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud based scalable
storage solution. The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based
scalable storage solutions.

• Cloud-based video analytics applications can be developed to search for patterns of specific
events from the video feeds.

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2.2.6 Emergency Response:

IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in generating
alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures. IoT systems can be used for
monitoring the critical infrastructure cities such as buildings, gas, and water pipelines, public
transport and power substations.
• IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation and sharing of
information collected from lager number of sensors.
Using cloud-based architectures, multi-modal information such as sensor data, audio, video
feeds can be analyzed in near real-time to detect adverse events.
• The alert can be in the form :
• Alerts sent to the public
• Re-rerouting of traffic
• Evacuations of the affected areas

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2.3 ENVIRONMENT:
2.3.1 Weather Monitoring:
Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send the data to cloud based
applications and storage back ends. The data collected in cloud can then be analyzed and
visualized by cloud based applications.
Weather alert can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications.
• AirPi is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading
information about temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide and smoke
level to the Internet.
2.3.2 Air Pollution Monitoring:
System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories
and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed
to make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
2.3.3 Noise Pollution Monitoring:
Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities have increased and even
become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no.
of noise monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise
levels from the station is collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then
aggregated to generate noise maps. It uses a number of noise monitoring stations that are
deployed at different places in a city.• The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on
servers or in the cloud and then the collected data is aggregate to generate noise maps.
2.3.4 Forest Fire Detection:
Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. Early
detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage. IoT based forest fire detection system use
a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different location in a forest.
• Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient condition including temperature,
humidity, light levels, etc.• Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage.
2.3.5 River Flood Detection:
River floods can cause damage to natural and human resources and human life. Early
warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river
flood monitoring system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate

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sensors. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the
water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using velocity sensors.
• Data from these sensors is aggregated in a server or in the cloud, monitoring applications raise
alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected.

2.4 ENERGY:

2.4.1 Smart Grids:

It is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that collects and
analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission, distribution and consumption.
Smart grid technology provides predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their
suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power. By using IoT based sensing and
measurement technologies, the health of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
Smart grid technology provides predictive information and recommendation s to utilize, their
suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.
• Smart grid collect the data regarding :
- Electricity generation
- Electricity consumption
- Storage
- Distribution and equipment health data
• By analyzing the data on power generation, transmission and consumption of smart grids can
improve efficiency throughout the electric system.
• Storage collection and analysis of smarts grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic
optimization of system operations, maintenance, and planning.

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• Cloud-based monitoring of smart grids data can improve energy usage usage levels via energy
feedback to users coupled with real-time pricing information.
• Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission systems can help
in detecting faults and predicting outages.
2.4.2Renewable Energy Systems:
IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the point of interconnection
measure the electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy
systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point of interconnection
which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides power support. Due to the variability in the
output from renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind), integrating them into the grid
can cause grid stability and reliability problems.
• IoT based systems integrated with the transformer at the point of interconnection measure the
electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid
• To ensure the grid stability, one solution is to simply cut off the overproductions
2.4.3 Prognostics:
In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using specialized
electrical sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the substations. The information
received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and
for predicting failures. IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict
performance of machines of energy systems by analyzing the extent of deviation of a system
from its normal operating profiles.
• In the system such as power grids, real time information is collected using specialized electrical
sensors called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
• Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy systems and
equipment can provide predictions for impending failures.
• OpenPDC is a set of applications for processing of streaming time-series data collected from
Phasor Measurements Units (PMUs) in real-time.
2.5 RETAIL
2.5.1Inventory Management:
IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using data collected by RFID readers.
IoT system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help inventory management
and maintaining the right inventory levels.

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• RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in the real-time so that the
inventory levels can be determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be
replenished.
• Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the
warehouse.
2.5.2Smart Payments:
Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies such as Near Field
Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
• Smart payments solutions such as contact-less payments powered technologies such as Near
field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
• NFC is a set of standards for smart-phones and other devices to communicate with each other
by bringing them into proximity or by touching them
• Customer can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled smart-phones and make
payments by bringing the smart-phone near the point of sale terminals.
• NFC maybe used in combination with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates initial pairing of devices
to establish a Bluetooth connection while the actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.
2.5.3Smart Vending Machines:
Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors its operations and send the data to cloud which
can be used for predictive maintenance.
Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring of inventory levels,
elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact-less payments using NFC.
• Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending machines allow user
preferences to be remembered and learned with time. E.g: when a user moves from one vending
machine to the other and
pair the smart-phone, the user preference and favourite product will be saved and then that data
is used for predictive maintenance.
• Smart vending machines can communicated each others, so if a product out of stock in a
machine, the user can be routed to nearest machine
• For perishable items, the smart vending machines can reduce the price as the expiry date nears.

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2.6 LOGISTICS
2.6.1Route generation & scheduling:
IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first response to the route generation
queries and can be scaled upto serve a large transportation network. Route generation and
scheduling systems can generate end to end routes using combination of route patterns and
transportation modes and feasible schedules based on the availability of vehicles IoT based
system backed by cloud can provide first response to the route generation queries and can be
scaled upto serve a large transportation network
2.6.2 Fleet Tracking:
Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the locations of the vehicles in the
real- time.
• Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number of
vehicles,
• The vehicle locations and routers data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks
in the supplychain such as traffic congestions on routes, assignments and generation of
alternative routes, and supply chain optimization
GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-time. Some of the main features that the modern Fleet
Manager in the fleet tracking system are: route optimization, increased productivity, driver &
vehicle safety and time management
3 types of fleet tracking systems.
i) Cellular
ii) wireless passive
iii) satellite.

2.6.3 Shipment Monitoring:

IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temp, humidity, to monitor the
conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect foodspoilage. Shipment
monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions inside
containers.
• E.g : Containers carrying fresh food produce can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food. IoT
based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, for

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instance, to monitor the conditions inside the containers and send the data to the cloud, where it
can be analyzed to detect food spoilage.

2.6.4 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics:

Systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on Vehicle operaions(speed, RPMetc.,) and
status of various vehicle subsystems. It can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending
faults.
• These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation
such as speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature, fault code number and status of various vehicle
sub- system.
• Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostic (OBD) standard such as OBD-II
• OBD systems provide real-time data on the status of vehicle sub-systems and diagnostic trouble
codes which allow rapidly identifying the faults in the vehicle.
• IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the
cloud where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.
2.7AGRICULTURE

2.7.1 Smart Irrigation

Smart irrigation system can improve crop yields while saving water.
• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determined the amount
of moisture on the soil and release the flow of the water through the irrigation pipes only when
the moisture levels go below a predefined threshold.
• It also collect moisture level measurements on the server on in the cloud where the collected
data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.

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• Cultivar’s Rain Could is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors, and a
WiFi enabled programmable computer. To determine moisture amount in soil.

Cultivar’s Rain cloud is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors and a
WiFi enabled programmable computer
2.7.2 Green House Control: to improve productivity.
 Green Houses are structure with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive
environment for growth of plants.
 The climatological conditions inside a Green House can be monitored and
controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants.
 The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, lighten, Carbon-di Oxide levels are
monitored using sensors.
• It controls temperature, humidity, soil, moisture, light, and carbon dioxide level that are
monitored by sensors and climatological conditions that are controlled automatically using
actuation devices.
• IoT systems play an importance role in green house control and help in improving productivity.

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• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where
analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with
different control strategies.

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Part A-Multiple Choice Questions

[ Separately discussed ]

Part B- 8 Marks

1. Discuss the application IoT in cities

2. Describe the application IoT in Retail
3. Explain the application IoT in Agriculture

Part C- 16 Marks

1. Discuss the application IoT in Home automation.

2. Elaborate the application IoT in Environment.
3. Discuss in detail about the application IoT in Energy.
4. Brief note on the application of IoT in Logistics.

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