DAIRY COW NUTRITION AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

BY

ALBERT NDIRANGU MWANGI

C025-01-1849/2018

DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT PROPOSAL REPORT FOR FINAL YEAR OF STUDY

DECLARATION
I ALBERT NDIRANGU MWANGI declare that this is my original work and has not been
presented in any University for a degree or for any consideration of any certification.

Student: Sign……….. ……………….Date…………………

Albert Mwangi Ndirangu

C025-01-1849/2018

This proposal document has been submitted with my approval as the university supervisor

Dr. (PhD) Sign………………………….Date………………………

Michael Muchiri

Department of Information Technology

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Abstraction
Dairy cow rearing is a major activity of smallholder subsistence farming system

that is source of livelihood to smallholder Dairy farmers. Today dairy farming has become
the most promising enterprise that is attracting many people to venturing in without enough
knowledge needed to run it ending up in losings their money and energy. Nutrition
management and feeding practice are the major challenges faced that lead to excessive
decline in milk production, short lactation period and poor healthy cows. This project aims
at building a system that preparation a feeding rations for individual dairy cow hat delivers
the needed nutrient at proper stage of lactation, it will Enables rational feeding management
decision for individual cow that will lead to fully expression of their potential genetic
superiority.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION...................................................................................................................................ii
Abstraction...........................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the study..............................................................................................................1
1.2 problem Statement.......................................................................................................................2
1.3 Purpose of the Study....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives of the research............................................................................................................2
1.5 Assumptions................................................................................................................................2
1.6 Limitations...................................................................................................................................3
1.7 Significance of the study..............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
2.3 Case study one.............................................................................................................................4
2.4 Case study two.............................................................................................................................4
2.5 Case study three...........................................................................................................................5
2.6. Research gap...............................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Research design...........................................................................................................................6
3.3 Data collection methods..............................................................................................................7
3.3.1 Interviews.............................................................................................................................7
3.3.2 Questionnaire.......................................................................................................................7
3.4 Target population.........................................................................................................................7
3.5 Sampling and Sample size...........................................................................................................8
3.6 Data analysis methods.................................................................................................................8
3.7 Software development method....................................................................................................9
3.8 System development tools and programing Languages.............................................................10
3.8.1 Android studio....................................................................................................................10
3.8.2 Firebase database...............................................................................................................10
3.8.3 Extensible Markup language...............................................................................................10
3.8.4 Java.....................................................................................................................................10
3.9 Justification for methodology....................................................................................................10

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CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS................................................................11
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................11
4.1.0 Functional requirements.....................................................................................................11
4.1.1 Non-functional requirements.............................................................................................11
4.2 Data analysis..............................................................................................................................12
4.2.1 Questionnaires.............................................................................................................12
4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN....................................................................................................................14
4.2.1 Use case diagram................................................................................................................14
4.3 Data flow diagram.....................................................................................................................15
4.3.1 level 0 (Context diagram)....................................................................................................15
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM..................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FIVE.................................................................................................................................17
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING...............................................................................................17
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................17
Extensible Markup language...........................................................................................................17
Java..................................................................................................................................................17
Firebase database.............................................................................................................................17
Implementation....................................................................................................................................17
login....................................................................................................................................................17
.............................................................................................................................................................20
Selection of animal stage.....................................................................................................................20
Processing...........................................................................................................................................24
Training...............................................................................................................................................24
Admin Adding Drivers Page................................................................................................................25
TESTING............................................................................................................................................26
Unit testing..........................................................................................................................................26
Invalid login screen.............................................................................................................................26
Logged in session................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 6.............................................................................................................................................27
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................27
6.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................27
6.2 Challenges...........................................................................................................................27
6.3 Recommendation.................................................................................................................27
6.4 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................28
REFERENCE......................................................................................................................................29
Appendix.............................................................................................................................................30

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Research budget..................................................................................................................................30
RESOURCE TABLE..........................................................................................................................30
TIME SCHEDULE.............................................................................................................................31

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Dairy cow rearing is a major activity of smallholder subsistence farming system

that is source of livelihood to smallholder Dairy farmers. smallholder Dairy

farmers own about 80% dairy cattle that provide 68% of milk production in

the county the rest 20% is from large dairy farmers and indigenous hard.

Although Smallholder milk production is a variable enterprise in Kenya it is

constrained by inadequate quantity and quality of feed, poor quality of feed and

luck of feeding management system. Nutritional constraints is the major

challenge to small dairy holders who mostly use zero grazing method of farming

. Unless feeding management is improved these animals may be limited to

fully express their potential genetic superiority otherwise gradual decrease in milk
discourages the young investors. It is fundamental approach

to provide good quality diets to dairy cattle in sufficient amount and at right stage

of lactation for maximizing production. Dairy farming has become a popular enterprise to
youths that provides farmers with a regular daily income vital to household, good security
and family wellbeing.

The average dairy cow production with decent nutrition and feeding management practice per
day is an average of 25 liters per cow, with good nutrition and feeding practice a dairy cow
should maintain the average production though out lactation period. lactation period is the
period between one calving and next caving. Dairy cow feed quality and quantity
requirements varies from one lactation stage to the other. Understanding dairy cow lactation
stage is vital programs. Lactation period is split into four phases the early lactation mid
lactation, late lactation and dry period. Nutrition requirement

changes as the cow progress through different stages of lactation as well as in

relation to milk production, body weight, and feed intake. early lactation is the

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first 90-100 days after calving at this stage the cow reaches the peak milk

production at the 8th week, the intake of feed increases and production is at

maximum the cow genetic superiority is full expressed at this stage. Nutrient

requirement and feed intake is higher to maintain the high milk production and

maintain her body condition.in case of underfeeding cow can lower peak milk

production and cow gradually start to reduce body weight as it uses it own body energy to
meet it milk production requirements.

1.2 problem Statement.

As dairy farming enterprise is rapidly growing and attracting more people unlucky over 80%
of newly engaged dairy farmers do not last in the business for more than year. The majority
of them dive into the business without knowledge on how to manage a dairy cow for
optimum milk production a dairy. To their surprise they end up with empty structures and
terrible loss of money and energy.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to Provide farmers with nutrition and feeding training.

provide a daily total mixer ration to individual dairy cow that deliver needed nutrients to cow
at proper time and stage of lactation to maintain optimal milk production and make the
business economical to venture in.

1.4 Objectives of the research

i)To provide farmers with feeding and nutrition training that will aid them in decision on

which crops to grow for their cows.

ii) To provide farmer with feed ration recommendation for individual cow in relation to daily
milk production and their stages

iii)to provide analysis of available nutrients in a feed

1.5 Assumptions
In conducting this research, the following assumptions will be made. It will be assumed that;

• Nutritional value of individual crop feed does not change.

• There is no easier way in which farmers can formulate a complete total mixer ration.

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1.6 Limitations
The limitation of these studies is that; There is a scarcity of advanced prior research
studies on the subject. The sample size is minimal since many dairy farmers don’t keep
records.

1.7 Significance of the study

The significance of this study is that it will provide an easier way for farmers to
formulate total mixer ration for individual dairy cow. In addition, it will also provide farmers
with nutrition and feeding practice knowledge.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In today's world, many of dairy farmers on smallholder farms cannot build a complete total
mixer ration to their dairy cow due to luck of information (scialert.net).

A dairy cow nutrition and feeding system will benefit dairy farmers with training information
on nutrition, formulation of total mixer ration analysis, and an analysis of feed they give to
their cows.

The inclusion criteria that I employed in order to select these articles used in the literature
review are: These articles were published and updated in the last five years, these articles
have included experimental studies, and these articles were the most recommended since, in
many scholarly web sources like research Gate, These articles are the latest ones to be posted.
Also, the articles related to my research topic and google scholar were the most used. The
literature review sources are; google scholar, z-library, and bok.org. I read through two
published book articles which I will use to review the literature.

2.3 Case study one

Advancement

This case study will analyses dairy farming particularly in Kenya, the largest A agriculture
sub-sector compared to other agricultural farming, it is a major source of income to over 1.8
million smallholders who produce over 70% of all milk market

Milk production is a complex process that involves many variable, there several factors that
affecting milk production which have been addressed such as breed by introduction of
artificial insemination,development of dairy farm management systems and feeding practice.

2.4 Case study two

Dairy ration formulation and evaluation program for microcomputers

It is an interactive ration evaluation and formulation computer program for lactating and
nonlactating cows, was developed using spreadsheet software, The program has five
subunits: 1) a nutrient requirement section; 2) a feed bank section that stores nutrient
composition of available feeds; 3) a computational section where rations are evaluated or
formulated; 4) a feeding recipe section, which displays or prints grain mix, mineral mix, total

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mixed ration, or stanchion barn feeding recommendations; and 5) a comparative economic
evaluator, which ranks feeds by a nutritional cost and benefit algorithm. Up to 12 fixed feed
ingredients are able to be selected by the operator from a bank of up to 100 feeds on the basis
of evaluation, farm availability, and nutrient constraints. Selected variable ingredients are
used to balance the ration for dry matter, net energy, crude protein, bypass protein, and acid
detergent fiber. Calcium and phosphorus are balanced using a combination of mineral
sources. Trace mineral mixes may be either custom formulated or selected from a bank of
proprietary supplements on the basis of limiting trace elements in the ration. Individualized
farm data storage and retrieval capability facilitates regular nutritional monitoring and
reformulation procedures (Galligan).

2.5 Case study three

FEED estimator is an app designed and developed by a farmer, (Ebena Agro LTD), for
Livestock’s farmers.
A free app for animal feed nutrients estimation, formulation and analysis.
It features tools for ensuring animals are given their daily nutrients requirements. Each
Ingredients forming a feed can be selected, added and their quantities and price adjusted to
standard nutrients requirements

2.6. Research gap

The system offers nutrition and feeding training, it will formulate total mixer for an
individual cow monitor dairy milk production of individual cow and recommend feed ration
until maximum milk production

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This part entails the methods which will be used in this study. It includes specific techniques
or procedures used to identify, select and analyze information about the dairy cow nutrition.
This methodology section also allows the researcher to evaluate research reliability critically.
A Research Design is essentially a typical structure for a researcher's numerous research
techniques. This section also contains the data collection methods that will be employed:-
interview and questionnaires, the sampling and the sample size, analysis of the
methodologies, and finally, the software development methodology which will be used in the
development of nutrition and feeding system.

3.2 Research design

It is a set of information or data investigated by formulating a hypothesis and then presenting
a more profound understanding logical. Research can be conducted on both an academic and
a scientific level. It enables researchers to continue their voyage into the unknown while
maintaining a scientific approach. It also entails some particular elements which make the
research design valid and verifiable.

Different types of research design can be used, including qualitative and quantitative research
design. I will use qualitative research since it seeks answers to "What is" and "How is" and is
explanatory. It primarily focuses on why a particular theory exists and what the respondent's
response to it would be. This enables a researcher to reach a conclusion based on accurate
data. It also entails the use of open-ended inquiries, which aids the response to research such
as surveys to have a room for giving their views; it also does not require many people to
answer; therefore, time-saving as well as resources, and it also entails much analysis of the
information gathered in order to compute hypothesis.

In this case, I will use the Design of descriptive qualitative research Because it entails
theoretical notions that I will learn from previous scholarly publications in the field. Data will
be acquired through the use of observation and interviews, after which they will evaluate,
compile, and understandably present the material.

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3.3 Data collection methods
Data collection is the process of gathering information or data. Data is simply a collection of
raw facts and figures gathered from different sources. It is easier to make decisions on
various aspects with the appropriate data, such as how a product should be developed and its
requirements. These data are also collected from different audiences in different time frames.
Despite the value of data, it is not helpful unless processed or analyzed. Therefore after data
collection, the step that follows is analyzing it.

Data collection can be categorized into two categories:-Primary secondary data collection
methods. In this research, they will utilize primary data collection methods. Primary data is
gathered through first-hand experience and has never been utilized before. Therefore, the data
acquired through primary data gathering methods are very accurate and specific to the
research's purpose. The primary data collection methods that we will use are:-Interviews and
Surveys. Each of these methods is discussed in detail below.

3.3.1 Interviews
The interview can be face-to-face or telephone interviews. In this context, we will use face-
to-face interviewing to interview the respondents around the research area and telephone
interviews to interview remote respondents. In the face-to-face interview, they will be asking
the interviewees a series of questions and noting their responses in a notebook.

3.3.2 Questionnaire
It consists of a set of printed questions. These questions may be either open-ended or close-
ended. The respondents should answer the questions based on their knowledge or experience
with such a service concerned. For example, the questions may ask things like:-Have you
ever practiced dairy farming?, what was your experience in dairy farming? How hard was it
to formulate total mixer ration? Among other questions. They conducted the survey using the
google forms survey. This method of conducting the survey was adopted since the mode is
more affordable and one can get very many responses within a short span of time.

Documentation analysis

3.4 Target population

The target population In this case is the dairy farm holders i.e.:-Anyone who is practicing
dairy farming is the target population in this research. The process of system development
usually includes determining the intended target population and system use circumstances. As

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a result, this data is usually defined during product development. In order to find candidates
who will be employed to evaluate service safety and efficiency, it is necessary to identify
target consumers.

3.5 Sampling and Sample size.

Sampling is selecting a section of individuals in the population who will be used to represent
the target population. The sample is the specific group of audiences from which information
will be collected. Sample size refers to the number of observations used to calculate
population estimates for a specific population. The sampling method used to sample the
population to be involved in the research is probability sampling. Probability sampling
involves a simple random selection process that allows you to draw solid statistical
conclusions about the entire group. There are different types of probability sampling:- simple
random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sample, and cluster sampling. For this
research, they will use simple random sampling where every member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected. I have decided to use this method since all the individuals
have equal chances. Since dairy farming is a free choice is random, anyone can practice dairy
farming.

3.6 Data analysis methods

Data analysis is the process of collecting, analyzing, and modeling data in order to get data
insights. Data analysis involves a series of steps. These steps are identified, collected, clean,
analyzed, and interpret. The identify stage is where you set the questions you will need to
answer. For example, how will the feed analysis be calculated? When the question is listed,
know we move to data collection. At this stage, you collect information from your target
population. At the clean phase, you remove all the unnecessary data so that the data can be
clean and ready for analysis.at the analysis stage; various data analysis methods are
employed. These methods include regression analysis and statistical and text analysis. After
analyzing the data or information, they will aid in answering questions at the identify stage.
Lastly is the interpret stage. This is where the results are interpreted.

The method of data analysis that will be used in this research is predictive analysis. This
method answers what will happen in the future. It accomplishes this by combining the
findings of the descriptive analyses discussed previously.

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3.7 Software development method
The incremental model is the software development method that I will implement in
developing the cow nutrition and feeding system. The incremental model is a software
development process in which requirements are separated into many isolated modules of the
software development cycle. Each module in this paradigm goes through the Requirements,
Design, implementation, and testing processes. Every succeeding module release adds
functionality to the preceding iteration.

Fig(Incremental model)

Requirements analysis. In this phase, the requirements that have been gathered are analyzed
here.

Design and development. The Design of the relocation booking system functionality and the
development approach is completed successfully in this phase of the SDLC Incremental
model.

Testing. The testing step evaluates the performance of each existing function and any new
feature.

Implementation. The implementation step permits the development system's coding phase. It
includes the final coding designed during the designing and developing phase and tested
during the testing phase. After completing this phase, the number of working products is
increased and updated to the final system product.

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3.8 System development tools and programing Languages

3.8.1 Android studio

Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for developing
Android applications. It is built on IntelliJ IDEA, a Java-based integrated development
environment for software, and includes its code editing and developer tools. In addition,
Android Studio employs a Gradle-based build system, an emulator, and code templates to
allow application development within the Android operating system.

3.8.2 Firebase database

It is an online database. It is a real-time database primarily used as the blackened for real-
time applications. It has mainly used by most developers. It is very flexible and very secure.

3.8.3 Extensible Markup language

XML is utilized in Android to implement the user interface, and it is a lightweight markup
language that does not make the layout heavy. XML just includes tags; to implement them,
they must simply be invoked.

3.8.4 Java
Java is a class-based, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. The
programming language is designed so that developers can write code anywhere and run it
anywhere, regardless of the underlying computer architecture. This is the language that I will
implement in defining the application's functionality.

3.9 Justification for methodology

This is the first step of the actual project. It entails determining the feasibility of the project:-
economic technical and operational feasibility. It also entails the development of alternatives
to justify the methodology. The first stage in a feasibility study is identifying prospective
project implementation alternatives. Contrary to popular belief, there are always multiple
application implementation methods.

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CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter solves the technicalities problems of the system and answers the questions such
as, who are the users who will largely interact with the system, what will the system do and
where will the system be used.

4.1.0 Functional requirements

These are the functional requirements on how the system will perform its intended task, it
gives the objectives of the system

i) To provide farmers with feeding and nutrition training that will aid them in decision on

which crops to grow for their cows.

ii) To provide farmer with feed ration recommendation for individual cow in relation to daily
milk production

iii) To provide analysis of available nutrients in a feed

4.1.1 Non-functional requirements

The application will be an android app. It will be accessed via the android phone interface.
No user will be able to access any part of the application without logging in to the system.
Every first-time user of the system will be required to register so that he can set the password.
The user is required to fill all the details that are needed in order for him to be registered to
the system successfully. If incase a user forgets their password, he will just click on forgot
password so that he can reset the password and access the services provided by the
application.

Safety: Information should be securely transmitted to server without any alterations or

destruction of information.

Reliability: As the main purpose of the system is problem solving, it must be reliable in its
operations and for securing the sensitive details.

Availability: The information should be accessible from anywhere at any time.

Security: The main security concern is users account information.

Usability: As the system is easy to handle and navigates in the most expected way with no
delays.
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Performance: The system must be interactive and the delays involved must be less .So in
every action-response of the system, there are no immediate delays.

4.2 Data analysis

4.2.1 Questionnaires

Figure 1: Famer show have ever had of TRM

Majority of the farmers indicated they have ever had of TRM.

Figure 2: ways used to make TRM

56% of the fames use lab, 34.8% of the farmers use manual ways while few never make it.

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Figure 3: ways used to get inquiries

71.7% of the famers indicated that they inquiries from online platforms while 28.3 do guess
work

Figure 4: Recommendation for the system

From the questionnaires given to the famers, 93% strongly recommend the system, 7% just
recommend while very few famers do not recommend it.

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4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

4.2.1 Use case diagram

It shows how the actors interact with the system. These actors include students and Admin
each interacting with different use cases such as register use case, make inquiry use case and
provide feedback use case

Figure 1.2

4.3 Data flow diagram

The data flow diagram shows graphically the movement of data through an information
system. It shows the flow of data to and from different processes and storag

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4.3.1 level 0 (Context diagram)

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

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Figure 1.4

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
It is a behavioral flowchart diagram that depicts the transition from one activity to another.
Activity can be described as an operation of the system.

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Figure 1.5

CHAPTER FIVE

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

5.1 Introduction
The dairy feed system is an android application. The following Languages were used in the
Implementation of the application.

Extensible Markup language

XML is utilized in Android to implement the user interface, and it is a lightweight markup
language that does not make the layout heavy. XML just includes tags; to implement them,
they must simply be invoked.

Java
Java is a class-based, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. The
programming language is designed so that developers can write code anywhere and run it
anywhere, regardless of the underlying computer architecture. This is the language that I will
implement in defining the application's functionality.

Firebase database
It is an online database. It is a real-time database primarily used as the blackened for real-
time applications. It has mainly used by most developers. It is very flexible and very secure.

Implementation
The system contains the student side and the admin side. The system is implemented in line
with these modules requirements. Authentication functionality is implemented first before
implementing the other functionalities. Hence, this section the modular implementation in
details paying attention to the required user and system requirement as well in line with the
system objectives each of the module is discussed below and a screen shot of the user
interface.

login
The login page shows the implemented authentication mechanism in the system. Users must
provide a registered email address for them to login into the system.

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Registration
The new users into the system register their details first into the system for them to login
using the register link on the login form. New users Register by inserting their personal
details like password and email address.

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Figure 2.1

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HomePage
Just after one is logged in .The user is directed into the home page showing the available
activities;

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Selection of animal stage

This interface provide selection of categories of animal with different TRM.

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Figure 2.5

Feed selection
This is the main part of the application where the user select feed wants to analyse and
specify stage of the animal(milker,heifer or unhealthy cow),gives the total distribution of feed
and quntity of feed to be analyzed.
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xxviii
Figure 2.5

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Figure 2.7

Processing
This is the final stage that provides all details of analized feed

Figure 2.8

Training
This is where the famer is provided with learning materials on ways to prepare feed and
manage feeds

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Figure 2.8

Admin Adding Drivers Page

This is where the admin is directed into the system jus after logging into the system. The
admin adds drivers into the system who are the ones to provide relocation services.

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Figure 2.9

TESTING
It is the goal of system testing to analyze the functionality of a piece of software and identify
any discrepancies between the actual and expected states of the software (i.e., defects). In the
software development life cycle, testing occurs either between phases or in the module
program mode. By contrast, system verification involves making sure the right system is
being produced, or that it satisfies the functional requirements.

The goals of verification are to ensure that the requirements of the design and the system are
met.

The goals of examinations are to: It's common for programmers to make blunders when
writing code.

Unit testing
Refers to testing a single component of the system. process in which the smallest testable
parts of an application. This guarantees that no part is dependent on any other. The process
involves logging in authorized users, registering famers and analysis of feeds, and entering
their information.

System Testing.This was achieved after putting the whole system through its paces to ensure
it was up to functional and non-functional standards.

Invalid login screen

When a user inputs credentials that do not exist in the database the login screen with the error
message appears. Users have to input the registered username and password to login in the
system .Check Your Login Credentials and try again.

Logged in session
Inputting the right login credentials the user are redirected to their homepages. Once the user
is logged in. The user can navigate within the application by swiping the navigation drawer.

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Introduction
The chapter will explore on the various challenges experienced during the research and
development of this project. The chapter will also include the conclusion made from this
project and the recommendation that can be used for further adjustments by other developers.

6.2 Challenges
The most difficult aspect has been implementing the proposed system need. First, there is a
lack of literature, particularly about how different institutions handle inquiries.

1. tracking is not widely known, therefore many people miss out on its benefits.

2. there is a lot of work to do, and it will take a lot of time and a lot of people working

together to finish the project successfully.

3. Firebase. You will need to upgrade in order to gain access to higher-tier packages, and this

will cost you money.

Android Studio Version are being upgraded almost every month hence making it
incompatible with the project you had developed earlier due to Gradle incompatibility.

6.3 Recommendation
Although all the set objectives have been achieved, there are several things that would have
been implemented better or were missed out due to the interest of time and scope.

1. It would be much better to have a separate mobile application for users and web for
admin.
2. The system uses native PHP and JavaScript mainly for development. These languages
have simpler and fluid frameworks that offer capabilities for a commercial project.
Adopting the idea in future may mean that these frameworks should be used.

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6.4 Conclusion
The system allows famers to make thir total mixed ration whenever they want to. This
application is a convenience to many since in the past there hasn’t been an application such as
this one. It will make their life more easier.

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REFERENCE
Galligan, David T., et al. "Dairy ration formulation and evaluation program for
microcomputers." Journal of Dairy Science 69.6 (2019): 1656-1664.

Sarker, Nathu Ram, et al. "An On-Farm Study for Feeding Impact of Total Mixed Ration
(TMR) in Milking Cow." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 35.2 (2019): 1-
8.

Feed Estimator - Programu zilizo kwenye Google Play. (n.d.). Retrieved from
play.google.com website

Dey, A., B. P. Bhatt, and J. J. Gupta. "Impact of Total Mixed Ration on Performance of
Heifers and Homemade Concentrate Feeding on Milk Yield in Dairy Animals." Sustainable
Agriculture Systems and Technologies (2022): 37-48.

Nitul, Saikia, and B. N. Saikia. "Effect of feeding total mixed ration (TMR) on milk
constituents in lactating cows." Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 31.1/2
(2015).

Wilamune, Nirodha Heshan, et al. "Feeding and handling of dairy cattle: An integrative
review." Journal of Pure and Applied Agriculture 6.1 (2021): 7-17.

Ganie, Ajaz Ahmad, et al. "Feeding systems-efficient tools to alter milk composition-a
review." Agricultural Reviews 32.4 (2011).

7. Sejrsen, K., and S. Purup. "Influence of prepubertal feeding level on milk yield potential of
dairy heifers: a review." Journal of animal science 75.3 (1997): 828-835.

8. Lehloenya, K. V., et al. "Effects of feeding yeast and propionibacteria to dairy cows on
milk yield and components, and reproduction." Journal of animal physiology and animal
nutrition 92.2 (2008): 190-202.

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Appendix

Research budget
Item Description Cost in KES
Internet For research materials 6000
Stationery Proposal, progress 2000
documents etc.
Printing and binding Proposal, progress, final 4000
documentation
Data collection Interviews and 1000
questionnaires
Communication costs Mobile phone 1000
Transport and To and from university 15000
Accommodation
Miscellaneous Unexpected costs 2000
TOTAL 21000

RESOURCE TABLE
Resource number Resource
1. Laptop
2. Android studio
3. Power
4. Internet
5. A table and a chair
6. Book and pen

xxxvi
TIME SCHEDULE

Gantt chart

7/1/2022 7/21/2022 8/10/2022 8/30/2022 9/19/2022 10/9/2022 10/29/2022

Requirements gathering

Design

Development

Testing

Deployment

xxxvii