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Streptomyces

Streptomyces is a genus of bacteria that forms a mycelial network similar to fungi. Over 500 species have been described, found worldwide in soil and organic debris. They play an important role in soil ecology and are a major producer of antibiotics used in medicine. Streptomyces bacteria have a complex life cycle with three developmental stages - vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae, and spore formation. While typically saprophytic, some species can cause actinomycetoma in humans through contamination of skin via soil. Diagnosis involves microscopy of samples showing branching filamentous bacteria.

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48 views13 pages

Streptomyces

Streptomyces is a genus of bacteria that forms a mycelial network similar to fungi. Over 500 species have been described, found worldwide in soil and organic debris. They play an important role in soil ecology and are a major producer of antibiotics used in medicine. Streptomyces bacteria have a complex life cycle with three developmental stages - vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae, and spore formation. While typically saprophytic, some species can cause actinomycetoma in humans through contamination of skin via soil. Diagnosis involves microscopy of samples showing branching filamentous bacteria.

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raheemrahi089
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STREPTOMYCES

FARZANA GAFOOR
ROLL NO: 10
STREPTOMYCES
• Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria.
• Over 500 species of streptomyces bacteria have been
discribed.
• Though they are true bacteria, but similar to fungi, they form a
mycelial network of branching filaments.
• Streptomyces are characterised by a complex secondary
metabolism.
• They produce clinically useful antibiotics such as:-
• Neomycin
• Cypemycin
• Bottromycins
• Chloramphenicol
• Human pathogens are:-
• S. Somaliensis
• S. Sudanensis
EPIDERMOLOGY

• They occur worldwide in the soil, in water, and organic debris.


• They play an important role in soil ecology by decomposing
organic matter and contributing to soil fertility.
• The major medical significance of this genus is as a producer
of antibiotics.
MORPHOLOGY

MICROSCOPY:-
• Aerobic, Gram +ve, filamentous bacteria that produce well
developed vegetative hyphae (between 0.5- 2.0 micro mtr in
diameter) with branches.
• From the aerial hyphae the spores are produced.
• The mobility is achieved by dispersion of spores.
• Spore surface may be hairy, smooth and spiny.
• In some species aerial hyphae consist of long, straight
filaments, which bear 50 or more spores.
MACROSCOPY:-
• In SDA - characterized by tough, leathery, frequently
pigmented colonies and their filaments growth.
• As the colony ages characteristics aerial filaments called
sporophere are formed.
• They project above the colony and give to spore distinct from
endospores.
VIRULENCE FACTORS
• The main virulence factor common to all pathogenic
streptomyces is the phytotoxin thaxtomin which is a nitrates
dipeptide toxin.
• Most strain carry a second virulence factor, the nec 1 gene,
which encodes a neurogenic protein.
LIFE CYCLE
• The streptomyces bacteria have 3 developmental stages:
Vegetative hyphae
Aerial hyphae
Spore
• When a spore finds favorable conditions of temperature,
nutrients and moisture it germinate to generates one or two
germ tubes.
• These grow by apical tip extension and hyphal branching.
• Then forming a dense Vegetative mycelial network.
• In response to signals that may be linked to nutrient depletion,
non branching aerial hyphae extend into the air away from the
Vegetative cell.
• And the final developmental stage involves differentiation of
aerial hyphae into spores through cell division and cell
maturation.
• Then the spores are dispersed to the new environment.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Streptomyces species usually saprophyte to human, can cause local
cutaneous fistulized nodules known as actinomycetoma or
mycetoma.
• Severe invasive infections have rarely been reported but most cases
reported have occurred in immunocompromised patients.
ACTINOMYCETOMA:-
• Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous conditions affecting
subcutaneous tissue of the feet and hands, characterised by:-
Subcutaneous nodular swelling.
Multiple sinuses
Discharge containing granules
Tendency of spreading to adjacent bones
• Mycetoma usually affects people residing in tropical countries
• The organism enters through skin on exposure to contaminated soil.
LAB DIAGNOSIS
SPECIMEN:- depending on site affected, various specimen such as
pus from abscess and granules.
DIRECT MICROSCOPY:-
GRAM STAINING:-
• Gram positive bacteria, filamentous that produce well developed
vegetative fungi, hyphae with branches.
• The granules are washed several times in saline, crushed between
two slides and observed under microscope.
• Branching filamentous bacilli are seen.
CULTURAL CHARACTERS:-
Spores from submerged cultures were obtained by inoculating seed
cultures (liquid R2YE or YED media) with 109 spores in 250ml triple
baffled flask or 250ml coiled spring flask containing 50 ml of YED or
R2YE.
SELECTIVE MEDIA:-
• Buffered yeast extract containing polymixin and vancomycin.
• Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol.
TREATMENT
Some antibodies used for treatment of bacterial, mycobacterial
fungal and parasitic infection are produced by streptomyces
genes and among them the most imp drugs are:-
Chloramphenicol, daptomycin, fosfomycin, lincomycin,
neomycin, puromycin, streptomycin, etc..
THANK YOU…

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