Food Research 4 (4) : 1116 - 1124 (August 2020)

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Phytochemical screening, phenolic acid profiling and antioxidant activity
analysis of peels from selected mango (Mangifera spp.) genotypes in the
Philippines
1,2,*
Ocampo, E.T.M., 1,3Libron, J.A.M.A., 1Guevarra, M.L.D. and 1Mateo, J.M.C.
1
Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los
Baños, College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031
2
Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los
Baños, College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031
3
Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Los
Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4031
Article history:
Abstract
Received: 15 January 2020
Received in revised form: 3
March 2020
Peels of thirteen (13) ripe mango genotypes were analyzed for total phenolic, total
Accepted: 6 March 2020 flavonoid, vitamin C, vitamin A contents, and antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis
Available Online: 30 March showed that the mango genotypes were significantly different in all the chemical assays
2020 performed. The total phenolic content of the genotypes ranged from 3.44-14.59% GAE
Keywords:
while total flavonoid content ranged from 0.32 – 2.16% CE. The vitamin A and vitamin C
Mango peels, contents of mango peels ranged from 24.66 – 92.01 IU/g and 4.55 – 6.40 mg/g,
Phytochemicals, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 88.11 – 92.47%.
Antioxidant activity, Correlation analysis also showed that DPPH radical scavenging activity has high positive
HPLC,
Mangifera indica, correlation with total phenolic content (r = 0.69), total flavonoid (r = 0.77) content, and
Mango vitamin C (r = 0.57). Using standards, the presence of gallic, vanillic, syringic, and ferulic
acids were confirmed in Carabao mango peel by comparison of retention times using High
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).025
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The quantity of these phenolic acids was
also calculated with gallic acid and ferulic acid having the highest and lowest
concentrations in the peels of all the studied genotypes, respectively. The observation and
data collected from this study showed that there was chemical variation in the peels of
different mango genotypes that can be a basis for future breeding work. Furthermore,
mango peel was can be a good source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and antioxidants
which can be utilized as a functional food, and for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and
cosmeceutical purposes.

1. Introduction volume of traded mangoes increased significantly since

the 1990s. Mango is considered as a good source of
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are important dietary antioxidants such as phenolic compounds,
because of their potential roles in reducing the risks of ascorbic acid, and carotenoids (Scieber et al., 2000).
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other chronic
diseases. Oxidative damage in living organisms is caused In the Philippines, mango ranks third in economic
by the excessive production of free radicals which are importance next to banana and pineapple. Worldwide,
precursors to the development of degenerative diseases. the Philippines ranked 7th in exports of fresh and dried
Thus, substances with high antioxidant activities that mangoes in 2015 but fresh mango exports have declined
delay or prevent oxidation of substrates are of great in the recent years because of failed compliance with the
interest (Ajila et al., 2007). strict sanitary and phytosanitary treatments of
international markets (Stark et al., 2017). Mango is
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most processed into dried chips, jams, puree, fruit bars,
important tropical fruits marketed in the world. About concentrates, juice, nectar, and jelly powders aside from
46.51 million tons of mangoes were produced around the being consumed as fresh cuts generating a high volume
world in 2016 (Litz, 2009; Statista, 2018) and the of by-products (Bernardini et al., 2005). The Philippines
*Corresponding author. eISSN: 2550-2166 / © 2020 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources
Email: emocampo1@up.edu.ph
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processed mango exports scaled up to US$ 91 million in 2. Materials and methods

2014. The largest portion of export is accounted to dried 2.1 Materials
mango (77%), followed by juice (9%), airtight (8%), and
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The genotypes used in this study were Carabao ‘GES

lastly the puree (7%) (Stark et al., 2017).
73’, Carabao ‘GES 77’, Carabao ‘GES 84’, Carabao
In mango, the peel comprises 35% of the total fruit ‘GES 85’, Katchamita 1, Katchamita 2, Katchamita 3,
weight, which go to waste after processing (Schieber et Pico 1, Red Admin 1, Red Admin 2, Apple Mango 2,
al., 2003). Annually, around 24.7 to 33 million kg of Apple Mango 3 and Huani 1. Huani genotype belongs to
mango peels is unused from the processors alone which the Mangifera odorota species while the rest are
may still be consumed for other commercial purposes Mangifera indica. Figure 1 shows the pictures of ripe
(Gragasin et al., 2014). Several studies observed that fruits of the mango genotypes used in the study. Fruits of
secondary metabolites in mango are concentrated in peel, Carabao accessions came from the National Mango
seed, kernel, and bark resulting in the high amounts of Research and Development Center in Jordan, Guimaras
phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of these fruit/ Island. Fruits from non-Carabao genotypes were
plant parts (Fadzelly et al., 2009). harvested from trees of the National Plant Genetic
Resources Laboratory and the Fruits and Ornamental
Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites Crops Breeding Division of the Institute of Plant
synthesized by plants in order to aid in defence against Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, in
competitors, herbivores, and microorganisms (Molyneux UPLB.
et al., 2007). These compounds also help in controlling
pollination, fertilization, influence rhizosphere
environment, and delay seed germination until the
appropriate time to sprout (Molyneux et al., 2007). The
different biological functions of these compounds may
be attributed to their antioxidant properties. Thus, there
has been increasing interest to study mango
phytochemicals from fruit peels, leaves, seeds, and stem
bark in order to utilize these by-products from mango
processing and make them natural ingredients for
nutritive food production, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical
and nutraceutical purposes (Schieber et al., 2001).

A variety of phytochemicals such as polyphenols and

carotenoids are present in mango. Major polyphenols
found in its different parts include gallic acid, quercetin,
mangiferin, rhamnetin, catechin, ellagic acid,
anthocyanin, benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, propyl
and methyl gallate, and kaempferol. The amount of total
phenols in peel is higher than in flesh at all stages of fruit
development (Masibo and He, 2008). On the other hand,
carotenoids that are usually present in mango include
lutein, ɑ-carotene, and the main pigment β-carotene Figure 1. Mango samples: Apple mango 2 (A), Apple mango
which is responsible for the yellow pigmentation of most 3 (B), Carabao ‘GES 84’ (C), Carabao ‘GES 85’ (D),
mango varieties (Parvez, 2016). Katchamita 1 (E), Katchamita 2 (F), Pico 1 (G), Red Admin
(H).
Although different studies have observed varietal
All reagents used were analytical grade. For all
differences in different bioactive compounds in mango
spectrophotometric chemical assays, Shimadzu® UV-
peel, no similar study has been performed using
mini 1480 (Japan) was used.
Philippine varieties. Thus, this study aimed to assess
different Philippine mangoes for phytochemical and 2.2 Sample preparation
antioxidant compounds and identify promising mango
genotypes with desirable phytochemical and antioxidant The peels were separated from the pulp of full
profiles. yellow ripe mangoes using a stainless steel knife. After
separation, the peels were cut into smaller pieces and
oven-dried at 45oC for 48 hrs. The dried peels were
pulverized using a grinder. Pulverized dried samples

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were used for different analyses. modified colorimetric assay (Jagota and Dani 1982).
Fifty milligrams of dried ground mango peel were
2.3 Phytochemical contents extracted twice with 5.0 mL 10% trichloroacetic acid and

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A total of 50 mg of ground samples were added to 10 mixed using a vortex for 5 mins. The resulting mixture
mL 50% methanol (1:1 vol/vol absolute methanol: was allowed to stand for 5 mins in an ice water bath and
distilled water). The mixture was vortexed at medium then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 mins. Approximately
speed for 3 mins, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 0.50 mL 10% Folin Ciocalteu reagent was added to the
mins. The supernatant was collected and used for 1.0 mL aliquot trichloroacetic acid extract and the
determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid content, mixture was allowed to stand for 10 mins. The
and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical absorbance of the resulting blue-colored mixture was
scavenging activity assays. read at 760 nm. A standard curve was prepared using
ascorbic acid and vitamin C content was calculated using
2.4 Total phenolic content the interpolation method.

Total phenolic content was determined 2.7.2 β-carotene/vitamin A content

colorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteau assay with gallic
acid as standard (Velioglu et al., 1998). About 2.9 mL The beta-carotene content was determined using a
distilled water was added to 100 μL methanol extract. colorimetric assay developed by Biswas et al. (2011).
Afterwards, 1 mL of 0.2 M sodium carbonate and 0.2 Dried and ground mango peel of 1 g was extracted twice
mL of 50% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added to the using 5.0 mL chilled acetone and was allowed to stand in
solution. The solution was mixed thoroughly using a an ice bath for 15 mins with occasional shaking. The
vortex mixer and placed in a boiling water bath for 15 supernatants were pooled and filtered using Whatman
mins. After cooling to room temperature, absorbance filter paper No. 42. The absorbance of the extract was
was measured at 710 nm. Total phenolic content was read at 449 nm. The β-carotene content of the mango
expressed as percent gallic acid equivalents (GAE). peel was calculated from the β-carotene standard curve
using the interpolation method. Vitamin A was
2.5 Total flavonoid content determined using a conversion factor suggested by the
US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vitamin A: 1
The total flavonoid concentration was measured International Unit (IU) = 0.60 µg of beta-carotene.
using a colorimetric assay using catechin as standard
(Zhishen et al., 1999). In a test tube, 0.50 mL methanolic 2.8 Phytochemical profiling of phenolic compounds of
extract was mixed with 2.0 mL distilled water and 0.3 mango (Mangifera indica L.) using reversed phase-high
mL 5% (w/v) NaNO2. After standing the solution for 5 performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
minutes, 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl3 was mixed in thoroughly 2.8.1 Preparation of extracts
and allowed to stand for 1 min. Lastly, 1.0 mL 1.0 M
About 50 mg of dried peel powder was extracted
NaOH was added to the solution and upon the
twice using 80:20 methanol: water acidified with 1%
development of pink color, absorbance was read at 510
acetic acid. The mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
nm. The total flavonoid contents of the samples were
5 mins and decanted to a vial. Extracts were transferred
expressed in percent catechin equivalents (CE).
to a specialized vial using a syringe filter and directly
2.6 DPPH radical scavenging activity (antioxidant injected and analyzed in High Performance Liquid
activity) Chromatography (HPLC) system. Phenolic compounds
that were used as standards were vanillic, ferulic, gallic,
Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2- coumaric, and syringic acids.
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (Brand-
Williams et al., 1995). DPPH (4 mg) was dissolved in 2.8.2 High-performance liquid chromatography
100 mL of absolute methanol for a final concentration of (HPLC)
10-4 M DPPH. An aliquot (2.9 mL) of DPPH solution
Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid
was placed in test tubes and mixed with 25 µL of
Chromatography (RP-HPLC) was performed using
samples and 75 µL of H2O. The solution was mixed well
Waters Alliance e2695 (USA) with SunFire™ C18 (4.6
and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 30 mins followed
mm x 50 mm, 3.5 μm) column. The mobile phase was
by reading absorbance at 517 nm.
composed of two solvents: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in
2.7 Vitamin content water (A) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile
2.7.1 Ascorbic acid/vitamin C content (B). The flow rate was set to 1.0 mL/min, injection
volume was 20 μL and the total runtime was 80 mins.
The ascorbic acid content was determined using a The elution gradient used was: 0-5 mins. (100-92 %A), 5
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-15 mins. (92-95 %A), 15-35 mins. (95-85 %A), 35-40 highest TPC (Carabao ‘GES 73’ with 14.59%, Carabao
mins. (85-80 %A), 40-50 mins. (80-75 %A), 50-65 mins. ‘GES 84’ with 13.77% and Carabao ‘GES 85’ with
(75-70 %A), 65-70 mins. (70-90 %A) and 70-80 mins. 13.53%) while Red Admin 1 and 2 have the lowest TPC
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(90-100 %A). Chromatogram was monitored at 280 and with 4.86 and 3.45% GAE respectively. The differences
320 nm using Waters 2489 UV/Vis detector. Eluent in total phenolic content may be attributed to the
peaks were identified using retention time comparison difference in the genetic makeup of the genotypes,
with available standards. Gallic acid was quantified changes of the phenolic pattern during fruit development
using 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm standards while vanillic, and degree of expression of phenolic compounds as
syringic and ferulic acids were quantified using 5, 10, 15, plants’ response to different biotic and abiotic stresses
20, 25 ppm standards. (Schieber et al., 2000).

2.9 Statistical analysis 3.1.2 Total flavonoid content

One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and Tukey’s Flavonoid compounds also act as antioxidants and
multiple range test at 95% confidence interval (p ≤ 0.05) free radical scavengers. In plants, these compounds act
were performed using Statistical Tool for Agricultural as unique UV filters and serve as protection against
Research (STAR) version 2.0.1. The Pearson correlation abiotic and biotic stresses (Panche et al., 2016). The
coefficient (r) and p-value were used to show flavonoid content (TFC) of the analyzed mango peel
correlations and significance, respectively. extracts varied significantly (p < 0.05) ranging from 0.32
- 2.16% CE with a mean of 1.03%. Carabao mango
genotypes registered the highest TFC with ‘GES
3. Results and discussion
85’ (2.16 %) containing the highest amount of TFC
3.1 Phytochemical contents followed by Carabao ‘GES 73’ (2.12%) and Carabao
3.1.1 Total phenolic content ‘GES 84’ (1.96%). On the other hand, Katchamita,
Polyphenols are the most abundant compounds in Apple Mango and Red Admin genotypes registered low
mango. Table 1 summarizes the results for the total TFC with Red Admin 2 registering the lowest TFC with
phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant 0.32% followed by Katchamita 3 with 0.37%. The
activity of the mango genotypes. The total phenolic average TFC (1.03%) of the analyzed samples was lower
content (TPC) of mango peel varied significantly (p < compared to the reported TFC by Kim et al. (2010) using
0.05) among accessions ranging from 3.44-14.59% GAE Irwin variety where the TFC of mango peel extracted
with a mean of 8.54%. The mango genotypes used was 2.12% CE. The difference in flavonoid content in
showed higher TPC compared to the reported mean TPC plants, in general, is influenced by different factors such
of Barreto et al. (2008) of 2.51% for the Tommy Atkins as cultivar, agricultural practices, growing locations, and
variety. The Carabao mango genotypes registered the ultraviolet radiation (Ferreyra et al., 2012).
Table 1. Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the peels from selected Philippine mango genotypes.
Accession name Total Phenols (% GAE) Total Flavonoids (% CE) Antioxidant Activity (% RSA)
Apple Mango 2 5.04±0.26 fg 0.53±0.06 fgh 89.86±0.20 fg
Apple Mango 3 5.64±0.68 ef 0.50±0.03 fghi 88.11±0.64 h
Carabao ‘GES 73’ 14.59±0.19 a 2.12±0.05 ab 91.62±0.06 cd
Carabao ‘GES 77’ 11.50±0.30 c 1.61±0.03 c 91.69±0.06 bcd
Carabao ‘GES 84’ 13.77±0.38ab 1.96±0.03 b 92.47±0.06 a
Carabao ‘GES 85’ 13.14±0.79 abc 2.16±0.05 a 92.36±0.06 ab
bc d
Huani 1 12.64±0.39 1.28±0.006 91.52±0.06 cd
Katchamita 1 5.86±0.17 ef 0.57±0.02 fg 90.56±0.11 ef
Katchamita 2 7.13±0.83 de 0.67±0.08 f 88.69±0.37 h
Katchamita 3 5.03±0.83 fg 0.37±0.02 hi 89.45±0.37 g
Pico 1 8.41±0.34 d 0.86±0.17 e 91.98±0.11 abc
Red Admin 1 4.86±0.64 fg 0.44±0.05 ghi 91.06±0.10 de
g i
Red Admin 2 3.45±0.82 0.32±0.04 90.34±0.15 ef
*Data are means ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis based on the dry weight of the samples;
* Mean values followed by different letters in the same column differ significantly (p≤0.05);
*Total phenol content is expressed as percent gallic acid equivalent;
*Total flavonoid content is expressed as percent catechin equivalent;
*Antioxidant activity expressed as %DPPH radical scavenging activity
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3.1.3 DPPH radical scavenging activity (antioxidant < 0.05) ranging from 24.66 – 92.01 IU with a mean of
activity) 44.99 IU (Table 2). The highest amount of β-carotene/
Vitamin A was observed in Red Admin genotypes with

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In this study, the antioxidant activity of mango peel Red Admin 2 having 92.01 IU and Red Admin 1 with
was determined using the DPPH assay. The degree of 59.08 IU while Apple Mango 2 had the lowest Vitamin
discoloration of the DPPH solution determined the A content with 24.66 IU.
scavenging potential of the extract. Mango genotypes
were shown to differ significantly in DPPH radical Table 2. Vitamin A and C contents of the peels from selected
scavenging activity (100 ppm (w/v) peel extract) ranging Philippine mango genotypes.
from 88.11-92.47% (p < 0.05) and an average of Accession name Vitamin A (IU) Vitamin C (mg/g)
90.75%. Carabao ‘GES 84’ (92.47%), Carabao ‘GES Apple Mango 2 24.66±0.46 h
4.77±0.05 e
85’(92.36%), and Pico 1 (91.98%) were the three Apple Mango 3 32.45±1.19 fg 4.84±0.04 e
genotypes with the highest antioxidant activity while
Carabao ‘GES 73’ 32.67±0.55fg 6.40±0.08 a
Apple Mango 3 has the lowest radical scavenging
Carabao ‘GES 77’ 29.04±0.55gh 5.81±0.08 c
activity (RSA). Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), an
established antioxidant, was used to compare the Carabao ‘GES 84’ 49.70±2.48 cd 5.94±0.09 c
antioxidant capacity of mango peels. One hundred (100) Carabao ‘GES 85’ 28.22±0.95gh 6.21±0.04 ab
e
ppm (w/v) of BHA registered 88.38% RSA is lower in Huani 1 40.65±2.17 6.30±0.10 ab
antioxidant capacity compared with the studied extracts Katchamita 1 55.56±2.99bc 5.75±0.03 c
except with Apple Mango 3. This result showed that Katchamita 2 57.67±2.03 b 5.86±0.02 c
mango peel extract can act as a good antioxidant and is Katchamita 3 38.16±5.08 ef 5.06±0.02 d
at par or even better than commercially available Pico 1 44.95±1.79 de 6.14±0.12 b
antioxidants like BHA. Red Admin 1 59.08±3.52 b
4.55±0.05 f
Ajila et al. (2007) also showed the same results and Red Admin 2 92.01±2.18a 4.66±0.03 ef
reported higher radical scavenging activity of ripe *Data are means ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis
Raspuri mango peel extracts (1.83 ug GAE) compared to based on the dry weight of the samples;
BHA (3.45 ug GAE). Mango peel has been shown to *Vitamin A is expressed as IU/g; and
have higher radical scavenging activity (53.3%) than *Vitamin C is expressed as mg/g.
seed (24.2%) using Uba variety which may be credited to 3.2.2 Ascorbic acid/vitamin C content
the elevated concentration of flavonol and xanthone
glycosides in peel (Ribeiro et al., 2008). Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, plays a part
in numerous cell function and also acts as an antioxidant.
The observed high antioxidant activity across the Since humans lack the ability to produce ascorbic acid, it
mango peel samples may aid in the utilization of peels must be obtained from dietary sources and be taken
for functional food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and regularly since it cannot be stored in the body. It was
even cosmeceutical purposes. Genetic variability has the observed that the vitamin C content of mango peel varied
utmost influence in the production of plant secondary significantly (p < 0.05) among genotypes ranging from
metabolites which are correlated to the plant’s 4.55 – 6.40 mg/g ascorbic acid equivalents based on
antioxidant activity. Moreover, right after harvest, statistical analysis (Table 2). The average vitamin C
metabolism of phytochemicals begins which involves content of the genotypes was 5.56 mg/g. Carabao
complex biochemical reactions during storage and ‘GES73’ has the highest vitamin C content while Red
transportation which may increase or decrease the Admin 2 contained the least vitamin C.
phytochemicals of plants or plant parts (Li et al., 2012).
Vitamin C content may decrease, increase, or remain
3.2 Vitamin contents constant in the course of fruit ripening. Ortega et al.
3.2.1 β-carotene/vitamin A content (2013) observed that the ascorbic acid content of Ataulfo
β-carotene is a member of the carotenoid family that mango variety increased during ripening in storage and
participates in general antioxidant functions and as an reduced during senescence. The increase in vitamin C
accessory pigment in light absorption and energy content during ripening of mango fruit may be linked to
dissipation during photosynthesis (Kopsell and Kopsell, the increased activation of the biosynthesis of ascorbic
2010). Ripening increases the carotenoid content because acid driven by the breakdown of starch into simple
of the development of the yellow color in the peel sugars such as glucose. Moreover, the increase in
(Varakumar et al., 2011). The vitamin A content in the vitamin C content during ripening may also be attributed
peels of selected mango genotypes varied significantly (p to the increased lipid peroxidation as the fruit ripens
(Adetuyi et al., 2016).
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3.3 Correlation analysis among the different antioxidant the concentration of phenolic compounds identified in
measurements mango peel using HPLC. The profile of polyphenols and
its quantity in mango depends on the variety and plant
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Correlation analysis showed that DPPH radical part (Ma et al., 2011).
scavenging activity has high positive correlation with
total phenolic content (r = 0.69), total flavonoid (r =
0.77) content, and vitamin C (r = 0.57) (p < 0.05) (Table
3). However, there was no significant relationship
between vitamin A content (r = -0.096) with DPPH
radical scavenging activity. These correlations clearly
show that the antioxidant capacity of mango peels is
primarily dictated by phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin
C content of the peels. Likewise, Ma et al. (2007) also
observed a high positive linear correlation between the
polyphenol (r = 0.98) and flavonoids content (r = 0.91)
with antioxidant capacity.
Figure 2. Concentration of phenolic acids present in the peel
Table 3. Linear correlation coefficients between antioxidant of selected mango genotypes determined by High Performance
activity and antioxidant variables. Liquid Chromatography.
TFC RSA Vit. C Vit. A The chromatogram (Figure 3) showed that
Coefficient 0.9586 0.6885 0.838 -0.4451 differences exist between the phenolic profiles of each
TPC
p-value 0 0 0 0.0045 variety of mango. Gallic, vanillic, syringic, and ferulic
Coefficient 0.7172 0.7598 -0.4374 acids (Figure 4) were positively identified in the peels of
TFC all the mango genotypes while coumaric and chlorogenic
p-value 0 0 0.0054
acids were not present. The presence of gallic and ferulic
Coefficient 0.5703 -0.0958
RSA acids in mango peels was also reported by Sharaf et al.
p-value 0.0002 0.5617
(2016) while Coelho et al. (2019) and Blancas-Benitez et
Coefficient -0.3225
Vit. C al. (2015) confirmed the presence of syringic and
p-value 0.0452 vanillic acids in mango peels, respectively. Gallic acid
was also reported as the common phenolic acid found in
3.4 Identification and quantification of phenolic acids in Keitt, Sensation, and Gomera 3 mango varieties (Dorta et
mango peel al., 2014).
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) The peel of Huani genotype (Mangifera odorata) is
was used to determine the phenolic acid profile of mango superior in all phenolic acids quantified while the peel of
peels. Standards used were gallic, vanillic, syringic, Red Admin registered the lowest concentrations of
ferulic, coumaric and chlorogenic acids which were phenolic acids quantified. Among the M. indica
previously reported to be present in mango peels. The genotypes studied, Carabao mango genotype registered
presence of these acids was confirmed by comparing the the highest vanillic (660.57 mg/g) and syringic acid
retention time of the standards with peaks generated (593.39 mg/g) contents while Pico and Apple Mango
from the mango peel samples using the HPLC have the highest gallic and ferulic acids, respectively.
parameters previously described. Figure 2 summarizes

Figure 3. HPLC chromatogram 280 and 320 nm of mango peel extract of ‘Carabao’ (A), ‘Apple Mango’ (B), ‘Huani’ (C), ‘Red
Admin’ (D), ‘Pico’ (E), and ‘Katchamita’ (F).
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The results are directly correlated with the computed (2017-2-010) from the University of the Philippines for
total phenolic content of the peels of the genotypes funding this research, the National Plant Genetic
studied. Carabao and Huani have the highest total Resources Laboratory, Fruits Section and Analytical

FULL PAPER
phenolics while Red Admin accessions have the lowest. Service Laboratory of the Institute of Plant Breeding
(IPB) for the use of plant materials and facilities, Ms.
A B
Marynold Purification for assisting in the HPLC
analysis, Ms. Elenita Castillo and Ms. Teresita Maligalig
of the Analytical Service Laboratory for assisting in
sample preparation and analysis.

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