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CN Scribe - 05 - 02 - 2024

1. Hybrid peer-to-peer (P2P) networks use both centralized indexing servers and direct peer-to-peer file transfers to balance efficiency and decentralization. Indexing servers track file locations but the actual transfers occur between peers. 2. Pure P2P networks are either structured, using distributed hash tables to map files to nodes, or unstructured with ad-hoc peer connections. Structured networks allow more efficient searches but have challenges maintaining routing tables. Unstructured networks flood searches inefficiently. 3. Problems with all P2P networks include free riding, unreliable content, and live streaming challenges like flash crowds that content distribution networks try to address.

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VANSHIKA KEJRIWAL
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15 views

CN Scribe - 05 - 02 - 2024

1. Hybrid peer-to-peer (P2P) networks use both centralized indexing servers and direct peer-to-peer file transfers to balance efficiency and decentralization. Indexing servers track file locations but the actual transfers occur between peers. 2. Pure P2P networks are either structured, using distributed hash tables to map files to nodes, or unstructured with ad-hoc peer connections. Structured networks allow more efficient searches but have challenges maintaining routing tables. Unstructured networks flood searches inefficiently. 3. Problems with all P2P networks include free riding, unreliable content, and live streaming challenges like flash crowds that content distribution networks try to address.

Uploaded by

VANSHIKA KEJRIWAL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks, 05-Feb-2024

Peer-to-Peer Network
Based on the ability of the file distribution system (Because it is necessary to know the location
of a resource on a P2P network for it to be utilized), it is commonly classified as:

1. Hybrid P2P
- combination of both client-server and P2P
- comprises indexing servers and peers
- indexing server is responsible for keeping track of which peers have which files, their
locations, and other relevant information for resource discovery.
- users (peers) can query the indexing server to search for specific files or resources
across the network.
Example: DC++, BitTorrent

Hybrid P2P (source: Kuros)


Advantages:
- The indexing server provides a centralized point for efficient resource discovery,
making it easier for users to find the necessary files.
- This hybrid model retains some of the benefits of decentralization, as the actual
file transfers occur directly between peers, reducing the load on the central
server.

Problems:
- Single Point of failure
- Scalability

2. Pure P2P
Pure P2P networks can be further classified as structured and unstructured based on the
organisation of the network and the way peers are connected.
Example: Gnutella
a. Structured P2P
In this, the connections between peers follow a specific organization. Implemented using
hash value.
- Resources are associated with unique hash values generated by a hash function.
-
DHT (Distributed Hash Table): decentralized data structure maps hash values to
network nodes
- Peers insert resources into the DHT based on their hash values (resource
indexing)
- peers query the DHT to locate resources efficiently based on their hash values.
- each node maintains a finger table to route queries and find responsible nodes
for specific hash ranges.
Problems:
- maintaining and searching in the finger table
- inaccurate search queries eg: Ankmal instead of Animal

b. Unstructured P2P
There is no strict organization/ predefined structure for the connections between peers.
Peers connect in a more ad-hoc manner, like the human network.
Working:
When a peer in the network is searching for specific data, it sends a query to its
immediate neighbours. If the queried neighbour has the required data, it returns the
result to the querying peer. If the queried neighbour does not have the data, it forwards
the query to its own neighbours. This process continues recursively as the query
propagates through the network.
Problems:
- Content Delivery is not guaranteed
- Inefficient, especially in large networks, queries may take multiple hops to find
the data.

Problems with P2P network


- Free riding occurs when peers benefit from shared resources without contributing. This
can lead to resource imbalances and network degradation. TFT (tit-for-tat) strategy used
to address free-riding

- Content Quality - In P2P networks, this problem involves unreliable, incomplete, or


maliciously altered shared content. For example, peers may unknowingly download files
with malware, leading to network security risks and trust issues.

Reputation management in P2P networks involves evaluating and assigning trust to peers
based on their past behaviour, cooperation and reliability. Helps to mitigate the above problems
like free-riding and unreliable content delivery. For example, users with a positive reputation
may be prioritized for interactions.

Streaming

challenges
- server-client bandwidth will vary over time, with changing network congestion levels
(house, access network, video server)
- packet loss, delay due to congestion will delay or result in poor video quality

DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP)


- divides video file into multiple chunks, each chunk encoded at multiple different rates
- different rate encodings stored in different files, files replicated in various CDN nodes
- manifest file: provides URLs for different chunks

problems in streaming
- Live streaming, concurrent users for a single resource
- flash crowds handling
- Less response time (to feel real-time) in gaming scenarios

CDN (Content distribution networks)


- used to solve problems in streaming
Akamai, the first one to work on this

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