Transient Recovery Voltage

Transient Recovery Voltage Analysis
By
Karthikeyan.S
IEEE Definition:
According to IEEE C37.011 - The Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) is the voltage that appears across
the terminals of a circuit breaker after a current interruption. This voltage may be considered in two
successive time intervals: one during which a transient voltage exists (TRV), followed by a second
during which a power-frequency voltage alone exists.
When a Circuit Breaker is closed, the voltage at each terminal is be same and the voltage
across the breaker which is called longitudinal voltage which is zero since circuit is closed.
When the circuit breaker is opened, it separates the original circuits into two circuits.
TRV is a consequence of different voltage response of the circuits on the source side and
load side of the circuit breaker. This difference creates the TRV across the breaker
terminals.
The standards covering TRV analysis are:
• IEEE C37.011-2011: IEEE Guide for the Application of Transient
Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breaker
• IEEE C37.06-2009: IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis - Preferred Ratings and Related
Required Capabilities for Voltages Above 1000
• IEC 62271-100: High-Voltage switchgear and control gear – Part 100:
Alternating-current circuit-breaker. Edition 2.0, 2008-04.
In TRV Analysis, the system voltage across the circuit breaker is called The Prospective TRV.
Where the Problem starts:
When the breaker receives an open order. The CB contact separate, but the current is not
interrupted like away. An arc is formed and the current is circulated. When the current
sinusoidal wave reaches zero crossing the arc extinguishes. Because of the arc instability
around the zero crossing, a small current of 3-10A can be chopped which can create even
more challenging TRV. The chopping current magnitude depends on the types of circuit
breaker (SF6/Vacuum/Air) and the topology of the network.
When the arc extinguishes, the circuit breaker poles are separated by a gap. The voltage
withstand of this gap depends on the distance between the contact. When the circuit breaker
starts to open, automatically the withstand voltage start to increase and reach its maximum
when the CB is fully opened. The longitudinal voltage withstand of the circuit breaker is
called the inherent TRV.
Standard exists to classify Circuit Breaker. For a given voltage rating and current
interruption capability, the voltage withstand envelope is provided. Circuit Breaker
manufactures must ensure that the circuit breaker have a withstand capability equal or
superior to the standards.
One of the main constraints of successfully opening of Circuit breaker is that the prospective
TRV remains inside the Inherent TRV Envelope
MAIN STEPS OF A TRV STUDY

· System modelling: The system must be modelled for frequencies ranging from the
fundamental to few kilohertz. For the most part, and especially for conductors, frequency-
dependent modelling is required.
· Simulation of worst-case scenarios: depending of the system, some clearing scenarios will be
more challenging for the circuit-breaker. For example, 3-phase ungrounded faults are very
often the most challenging events to clear, especially if they occur at the secondary of a
series-reactor or a transformer. For lines, short-line-faults (single-phase to ground) and 3-
phase terminal faults are the worst cases. The outcomes of the worst-case scenario
simulations are the prospective TRVs.
· Comparison of the prospective TRVs (obtained by simulation) with the breaker inherent TRV
(obtained in lab by standardized tests): the prospective TRV is superimposed with the
breaker inherent TRV envelop which is built with 2 or 4 parameters and depends on:
o The breaker class
o The rated voltage
o The rated short-circuit current
o The type of fault cleared during the studied event
o The short-circuit current cleared during the studied event
o Both the TRV magnitude and its initial slope (known as the Rate of Rise of Recovery
Voltage or RRRV) must be inside the inherent TRV envelop, considering a safety
margin.
The most challenging opening is that when the circuit breaker opens just before the current zero
crossing. In this situation, the risk of reignition is maximum. This is why it is usually a device is
considered during the TRV analysis and it is default option in EMTP. This device is named as Point on
Wave Controller which monitors the current & voltage and operates the circuit breaker so the
contacts completely open at the current zero crossing. This solution can theoretically reduce the risk
of reignition even though studies must be done considering the precession of equipment and its risk
of failure.
When comparing the prospective and inherent TRV, there are two particular points of assumption.
· When the TRV following the current interruption at this moment, then rate of rise of
recovery voltage is considered.
· When the TRV reaches its peak value. Most of the time when the circuit breaker is
completely open it is need to be verified that the Peak TRV is lower than the maximum
withstands voltage of the circuit breaker.
The engineering objective during the TRV studies is to make sure that the circuit breaker
successfully opens in any situation. Most of the analysis considered here would be the worst-
case scenario. They are
· Giving the worst RRRV, by simulating the single-phase hotline faults

· Giving the worst TRV Peak, by simulating the three phase terminal faults.
In all cases, the circuit breaker considered to be opening at the current zero crossing.
Scenario for TRV analysis:

TRV occurs anytime a circuit-breaker interrupts a current. However, only breakers rated 3.6kV and
above are concerned. TRV studies are typically performed for the following cases:
Breakers disconnecting transmission lines: In this case, two cases are simulated:
· A short-line single-phase-to-ground fault, which produces the more severe RRRV
· A terminal 3-phase ungrounded fault, which produces the highest TRV
Breakers disconnecting reactors
· Transformer limited faults
· Induction motor tripping during start-up

· Synchronous generator tripping
· Capacitor-bank de-energization
Engineering Challenges:
Modelling:
· The most common problem found in EMTP case on TRV is to model the stray capacitance
for all equipment in the substation especially for the very large inductive machines like
transformer , reactor,..etc. The reason behind it is even a small value of capacitance can
contribute to the Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage.
· For Line modelling , either go for constant paramter or frequency dependent model it would
be better. Comparing to IEEE guidelines model , FD model would give more accurate result.
· TRV is fairly a local study which means 30-40 miles radius around the circuit breaker would
be modelled especially for line TRV. Whenever these trasient studies are performed , by
default a travelling wave will be forwarding in the circuit. The network should be modelled
in such a way that the travelling wave would go far enough and don’t have time to come
back and in practice if it have time to come back it means then the remote network also
need to be modelled. This is especially valide for Line TRV.
· When it comes to Transformer (Transformer Limited Fault) or Reactor TRV, it is not as critical
to model far off away the way of the capacitance of the breaker but for line charge it is
definitely important.
· Frequency dependent transmission line modeling allows EMTP® to precisely capture the
voltage wave propagation/reflection (travelling waves) that can significantly increase the
system RRRV.
Sample Network:
The Below marked line need to be performed TRV studies. Here the total line length is 10KM(Short
Line). It is being modelled as 2 KM one line and in series with an other 8 KM Line. The reason behind
this type of modelling is which is very easy to place a single phase to ground in between them and
then it can isolated with the help of a TRV breaker. For the sake of modelling , both 2KM and 8KM
Line are FD model. When we perform TRV analysis, we typically focus on worst case scenario. They
are
1. Single Phase to Ground Fault( This will give us the worst RRRV . When the breaker trips,
current would be cut and the voltage will rise very quickly due to the first travelling wave at
the point where the fault is applied)
2. Three Phase Fault( This will give us the worst maximum TRV)
For TRV studies , a specific breaker is recommended for TRV in EMTP Tools
Network Details:
1. all transmission lines are modelled up to the next discontinuity.
2. Here , the transformers are not modelled with discontinuity why because it's a large
inductive device and transients will not go through it and there is no need to model
discontinuity but before it a simple network or a network equivalent source can be placed.
This source might can have parameters like source impedance ( short circuit impedance or
with a short circuit current and power ) .
3. Substation is modelled as node and all capacitances of the substation are lumped as a single
capacitor.
4. The stray capacitance of the Transformer are modelled as below image
For better precision, consider the stray capacitance between winding to winding and
winding to ground.
Terminal Fault (3 phase Grounded / Ungrounded):

A three-phase fault ungrounded is being applied here which is the worst-case scenario would happen
for the sake of the demonstration which would open the TRV breaker. Now the TRV Breaker
parameters are entered. Here the circuit breaker opens at zero crossing for each phase individually.
Each phase will cut the current individually because the zero crossing will not occur at the same time.
The current margin needs to be specified which is called the chopping current (ranges from 0 to
maximum 50). Ex: For a VCB it is 50A
Now the time domain simulation is started
The TRV is un successful.
Reason: Prospective TRV is not remain inside the inherent TRV
Analysis:
As 3 phase ungrounded fault is the most unlikely happening worst case scenario, modelling the
breaker with fault would increase the current rating of the breaker which in turn not a cost-
effective solution too.
Now the circuit is given a 3 phase to ground fault which is a normally happening scenario mostly
modelled for designing circuit breaker.
Similar methodology is followed for the Single Phase to Ground fault. Here also the TRV is
successful.
Transformer limited Fault (3 Phase Fault):
if the CB cuts at the maximum rated short circuit current then the curve here which will be used is
what is called the t100 which is the TRV for the maximum current.
if the CB cuts at 60% of this maximum current, then the curve here which will be used is what is
called the t60 and similarly we have the t30 and the t10.
EMTP® also precisely calculates the inherent TRV envelope parameters according to the simulation
fault current by interpolation of the standard tests T10, T30, T60 and T100.
This is a typical type of curve we get for a transformer fault. It is called as a Resonant TRV. It is
almost a pure sinusoidal where the frequency depends on the transformer inductance and the stray
capacitance between the breaker and the transformer.
Credits to EMTP

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Transient Recovery Voltage Analysis

Where the Problem starts:

MAIN STEPS OF A TRV STUDY

· Giving the worst RRRV, by simulating the single-phase hotline faults

Scenario for TRV analysis:

· A short-line single-phase-to-ground fault, which produces the more severe RRRV

· A terminal 3-phase ungrounded fault, which produces the highest TRV

Breakers disconnecting reactors

· Transformer limited faults

· Induction motor tripping during start-up

Terminal Fault (3 phase Grounded / Ungrounded):

Reason: Prospective TRV is not remain inside the inherent TRV

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