KOTARO, SHANE

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD  Generalization

OUTLINE Classification – generates a series of mental

relations through which objects are grouped
I. Nature of Mathematics according to similarities and differences
a. Mathematics in our World depending on specific criteria such as shape,
color, size, etc
b. Mathematical Language and Symbols
Logical Sequence – ideas in mathematics
c. Problem Solving and Reasoning need to flow in an order that makes sense; it
means that each step can be derived logically
from the preceding steps
Mathematics
Structure – the structure on a particular
 ‘Máthēma’ that which is learnt, derived from mathematical set will allow mathematicians to
‘manthano’, and modern Greek ‘mathaino’ study the set further and find its relationship
which means to learn with other objects

 the science of structure, order, and relations Precision & Accuracy

that has evolved from elemental practices of
 Accuracy – how close a measured value
counting, measuring, and describing the shapes
is to the actual (true) value; it is the
and characteristics of objects (Encyclopdia
degree to which a given quantity is
Britannica)
correct and free from error
 the science that deals with the logic of shape,  Precision – how close the measured
quantity, and arrangement Where is values are to each other
Mathematics?
Abstractness
 Mathematics can be found everywhere
 the process of extracting the underlying
 Science, business, the arts, and nature all essence of a mathematical concept by
contain elements of mathematics taking away any dependence on real-
world objects
 deals with quantitative relations and
spatial form and their interrelationships
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICS
with one another
 Classification
Symbolism – this language is uniquely
 Logical Sequence
constructed in such a way that all
 Structure
mathematicians understand symbolic notations
 Precision & Accuracy
and mathematical formulas
 Abstractness
 Mathematical language & Symbolism
 Applicability
KOTARO, SHANE

Applicability The art of drawing conclusions

 being able to reason is essential to
 the applicability of mathematics can lie
understanding mathematics; reasoning
anywhere on spectrum from the
is a way to use mathematical
completely simple (trivia) to the utterly
knowledge and to generate and solidify
complex (mysterious)
mew mathematical ideas
 can be used in all fields of human
A tool subject – mathematics is
endeavor Generalizations – the process
undeniably a highly powerful
of finding and singling out in a whole
instrument of investigation;
class of similar objects
mathematics is applied in the fields of
engineering, life sciences, industry, and
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
business
 A science of measures A system of logical procedure
 A tool subject  systematic deductive science wherein
 An intuitive method it processes conclusions deduced from
 A system of logical procedure certain fundamental assumptions and
 The art of drawing conclusions definitions that have been hypothesized
 An intellectual game  problem solving is a skill which can
enhance our logical reasoning
A science of measures  where is the solution?
 it is an activity that involves interaction  when can we find the solution?
with a concrete system with the aim of  how can we get the solution?
representing aspects of that system in  what is the solution?
abstract terms of “concrete” implies  who is the solution?
“real”  why is this the solution?
 measurement is an integral part of
modern science as well as engineering,  also requires the use of intuition, the
commerce, and daily life ability to see what is reasonable or not
 average weight of garbage from a and the ability to put all these together
community
 the kilowatt usage of electricity of a PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN
household NATURE AND THE WORLD Patterns
 are regular, repeated forms or
Intellectual game designs
 requires visual imagery; games and  studying patterns help students
mathematics both require a strong dose identify relationships and finding logical
of patience, restraint, and connections to form generalization and
concentration (intelligence and make predictions
cognitive effort)  indicate a sense of structure and
organization that it seems only humans
 discovering patterns & visualization
are capable of producing
KOTARO, SHANE

 it is from this perspective that some  Mathematics in Nature

people see an “intelligent design: in the  Mathematics in Medical Field
way that nature forms Mathematics as  Mathematics in Forensics
a Science of Patterns  Mathematics in Fluid Dynamics
 connotes order, regularity, and  Mathematics in Information
lawfulness Technology
 natural or man-made  Mathematics in Archaeology
 patterns of counting, measuring,  Mathematics in Social Sciences
reasoning, motion, shape etc.  Mathematics in Political
Sciences
PATTERNS IN NATURE  Mathematics in Music and Arts

Bilateral Symmetry FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS OF

 known as line or bilateral symmetry MODERN TIME
 most evident in most animals 1. Pythagorans
including humans o the butterfly is 2. Albert Einstein
symmetrical about an axis as the left 3. Rene Descartes
and right portions are exactly the same 4. Marie Curie
5. Johannes Kepler
 Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man is
6. Euclid
an example of bilateral symmetry
7. Leonardo Pisano
Rotational Symmetry
 for example, rotating Gerdenia Crape
Jasmine by several degree, you can still LOGICAL PATTERNS AND
achieve the appearance as the original MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND
position SYMBOLS
“A pattern is a visible regularity in the
Order of Rotation – a more common way of world or in a man-made design.” – G.H.
describing rotational symmetrical Hardy (a British mathematician who
characterized mathematics as the study
Angle of Rotation
of patterns)
 the smallest angles that a figure can be
rotated while still preserving the
original formation
To compute for the angle of rotation,
we use the formula:
THE IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS
KOTARO, SHANE

 deals with the metrical patterns of poems and

LOGIC PATTERN the syntactic patterns of how we make nouns
 the ability to discover meaningful
plural or verbs past tense are both word
patterns in strange and unpredictable
patterns, and each supports mathematical as
situations
well as natural language understanding
 solving patterns, finding rules,
understand the nature KSDJ of Number Patterns
sequence
 deals with the prediction of the next term in a
sequence, working with number patterns leads
directly to the concept of functions in
mathematics: a formal description of the
relationships among different quantities

Who was Fibonacci?

 A European Mathematican 1175-1250

 Real Name: Leonardo of Pisa

 He discovered Fibonacci sequence by

investigating how fast rabbits could breed
under ideal circumstances What is the Fibonacci
Sequence?

 A series of numbers that follow an unique

o Anan
integer sequence

 These numbers generate mathematical

o alyze the difference patterns that can be found in all aspects of life
between the two
successive terms  The patterns can be seen in everything from
the human body to the physiology of plants and
 deals with characteristics of
animals
various objects, order, or
sequence while other possess  a set of numbers that starts with a one
similar attributes or a zero, followed by a one, and
proceeds based on the rule that each
GEOMETRIC PATTERNS
number (Fibonacci number) is equal to
 deals with a motif or design that depicts the sum of the preceding two numbers
abstract shapes, like lines, polygons, and circles,  the rule is xn = xn-1 + xn-2
and typically repeats like a wallpaper Words  where: xn is term number n;
Patterns  xn-1 is the previous term (n-1);
 xn-2 is the term before that (n-2)
KOTARO, SHANE

Fibonacci numbers can be represented as a

spiral known as Fibonacci spiral Golden Ratio
n= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Φ) phi

xn 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 13
=

 in mathematics, two quantities are in the

n= 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 .. Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their
sum to the larger of the two quantities. “De
xn 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 … Devina Proportione” by Luca Paciolli
=
 ratio between two consecutive digits of the
Fibonacci series that is close to the Golden ratio
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, (1.618)
377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946,
 used extensively by Ancient Greeks in
17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418,
architecture
317811, ...
 phi (Φ = 1.618033988749895…) o is an
irrational number like pi (p) o the solution to
Binet’s Formula the quadratic equation

 the basis for Golden Ratio, Section, or

 an explicit formula used to find the nth term
Mean o known to the Greeks as
of the Fibonacci sequence. It is so named
“dividing a line in the extreme and
because it was derived by mathematician
mean ratio”
Jacques Philippe Marie Binet, though it was
already known by Abraham de Moivre.  known to the Renaissance artists as
“Divine Proportion”
 also called:
 Golden Section
 Golden Ratio

Golden Mean Golden Section in

Architecture
Why is it Significant?
 Golden section appears in many of the
 Fibonacci numbers show up unexpectedly in
proportions of the Parthenon in Greece
architecture, science, and nature (sunflower &
pineapples)  Front elevation is built on the golden section
(0.618 times as wide as it is tall)
 Fibonacci numbers have useful applications
with computer programming, sorting of data,  Golden section can be found in the Great
generation of random numbers, etc. pyramid in Egypt
KOTARO, SHANE

 Perimeter of the pyramid, divided by twice its interest, it does not contain a complete thought
vertical height is the value of Phi and it cannot determined if it is true or false

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND  Equation - a statement that asserts the

SYMBOLS equality of two expressions

 The language of mathematics uses symbols to  Inequality – relation which makes non-equal
communicate mathematical ideas comparison between two numbers or other
mathematical expressions
 Digits
The most common type involving an expression
 Symbols for operations is SIMPLIFY.

 Special symbols To simplify an expression means to get a

different name for the expression, that in some
 Context – this is the context in which we are
way is simpler.
working, or the particular topics being studied
The notion of simpler can have different
 Convention – where mathematicians and
meanings:
scientists have decided that particular symbols
will have particular meaning • Simpler means using fewer symbols.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language • Simpler means using fewer operations.

1. Precise – means able to make very find

distinction

2. Concise – means able to say things briefy

3. Powerful – means able to express complex

thoughts with relative ease EXPRESSIONS VS.
EQUATIONS

 Expressions

 numbers, symbols, operators grouped

together that show the value of something

 has no equal sign or inequality sign

 a finite combination of symbols that is

welldefined according to rules that depend on
the context

 a correct arrangement of mathematical

symbols used to represent the object of