DRYING

DRYING
Chapter Outline:
Introduction:
 Definition of drying
 Definition of evaporation
 Relation between drying and evaporation
 Non-thermal methods of drying
 Purpose of drying
Psychometry:
 Understanding psychometry
 Psychometric chart
 Humidity measurement
Theory of Drying:
 Mechanism of Drying
 Factors Affecting Drying Rate
Drying of Solids:
 Loss on drying
 Moisture content
 Behavior of solids during drying
 Classification of solids based on drying behavior
 Equilibrium moisture content
 Equilibrium relative humidity
 Water activity
 Measurement methods
Classification of Dryers:
 On the basis of method of solid handling
 On the basis of method of heat transfer
Specialized Drying:
 Freeze Dryers
 Microwave Drying
DRYING
Learning Objectives:
 Define drying and evaporation, and explain their relationship
 Insight to Non-thermal Methods of drying
 Identify the purpose of drying
 Explain the concept of psychometry and its importance in drying
 Describe the psychometric chart and its use in drying
 Discuss various methods for measuring humidity in drying processes
 Understand the mechanism of drying and how it works
 Analyze the factors that affect drying rate and how they can be controlled
 Define and differentiate between loss on drying and moisture content
 Describe the behavior of solids during drying and how they can be classified based
on their drying behavior
 Define equilibrium moisture content, equilibrium relative humidity, and water
activity and their significance in drying processes
 Discuss various methods for measuring equilibrium moisture content, equilibrium
relative humidity, and water activity
 Understand the different types of dryers and how they are classified based on the
method of solid handling and heat transfer
 Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different types of dryers and their
suitability for different types of products
 Understand the types of dryers in which solids are agitated and not agitated
 Understand the different types of specialized drying techniques.
 Explain the concept of freeze drying and its applications
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of microwave drying and its potential
applications
DRYING
INTRODUCTION:
Drying:
Drying is defined as;
“The removal of a liquid from a material by the application of
heat, and is accomplished by the transfer of a liquid from a surface into an
unsaturated vapor phase.”
 This definition applies to the removal of a small amount of water from moisture-
bearing material table salt as well as to the recovery of salt from the sea by
evaporation.
Evaporation:
Evaporation is defined as;
“Evaporation is a process by which liquid water goes directly into
the vapor phase due to an increase in temperature.”
OR,
“A type of vaporization of liquid that occurs from the surface of a
liquid into a gaseous phase below its boiling point.”
 The evaporation process is widely used to make drugs, especially in the
pharmaceutical industry.
Relation between drying and evaporation:
Drying and Evaporation are distinguishable merely by the relative quantities of
liquid removed from the solid.
Differences between Evaporation and Drying;
Evaporation Drying
Evaporation is a process in which a weak Drying means removal of moisture
solution is concentrated by vaporizing by content.
application of heat.
In evaporation the main process is carried Drying is carried out on solid materials.
out on liquid materials, especially water. Ex: Powders.
Ex: Solutions.
Evaporation involves removal of water by Drying involves removal of water at
boiling a solution. temperatures below its boiling point.
DRYING
Residue obtained is liquid rather than a Residue obtained is solid rather than a
solid. liquid.
Vapors formed are usually of pure solvent. Liquid is removed in the vapor form by
circulation of air around the solid.
Quantity of vapors is high. Quantity of vapors is low.
Non-thermal methods of drying:

There are, however, many non-thermal methods of drying which are;
Expression:
“The process of obtaining the liquid portion of a substance by applying
pressure, squeezing, or pressing.”
For Example:
In the industrial pharmacy, the process of expression is commonly used for the extraction
of oils from plant material. For example, the oil from citrus fruit peels is obtained through
expression by using specialized machinery to press the peels and collect the oil.
Extraction:
“The separation of a desired substance from a solid or liquid mixture using a
solvent, often performed by dissolving the desired substance in the solvent and then
separating it from the mixture.”
For Example:
Extraction is a widely used process in the pharmaceutical industry for the isolation of
active compounds from natural sources. For example, the extraction of alkaloids from
medicinal plants, such as opium poppy, for use in the production of painkillers.
Adsorption:
“The process of adhesion of a substance to the surface of another substance,
often used to remove impurities from a liquid or gas.”
For Example:
Adsorption is used in the pharmaceutical industry for purification purposes, such as in the
removal of impurities from APIs or excipients. For example, activated charcoal is used to
adsorb impurities and toxins from drugs and other medical products.
DRYING
Absorption:
“The process of a substance being taken up into another substance, often used
to describe the uptake of a gas or liquid by a solid.”
For Example:
Absorption is a crucial process in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly for drug
delivery. For example, oral drugs are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, and
transdermal patches allow the absorption of drugs through the skin.
Desiccation:
“The process of removing moisture or water from a substance, often achieved by
exposure to air, heat, or a drying agent.”
For Example:
In the pharmaceutical industry, desiccation is often used to remove water from materials
used in drug manufacturing, such as excipients or APIs. For example, the drying of wet
granules or powders before encapsulation or tablet compression.
Purpose of Drying:
In industrial pharmacy, drying serves the purpose of;
Application Benefit
For Preparation of Granules These granules can be converted into
tablets and capsules.
In Processing of Materials To prepare dried products i.e. aluminum
hydroxide
To Reduce Bulk Lowers the cost of storage and
transportation
To Reduce Chemical Reactivity of API Stabilizes the API \ Drug
For Preserving Drugs Makes drug less susceptible to mold and

bacterial growth
DRYING
PSYCHROMETRY:
Definition:
“It is the determination of the vapor concentration and carrying capacity of the
gas.”
A critical factor in drying operations is the vapor-carrying capacity of the air, nitrogen, or
other gas stream passing over the drying material. This carrying capacity determines not
only the rate of drying but also the extent of drying, i.e. the lowest moisture content to
which a given material can be dried.
Humidity of the Gas:
“It is the concentration of water vapor in a gas.”
Psychrometric Chart:
“It is the graphical representation of humidity characteristics of air.”
Saturation Humidity:
“The absolute humidity at which the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is
equal to vapor pressure of free water at the same temperature.”
Under these conditions, the air is completely saturated with moisture, and the humidity
does not change when it is in contact with liquid water at the same temperatutre.
Dew Point:
“The temperature to which a given mixture of air and water vapor must be
cooled to become saturated”
It means to hold the maximum amount of moisture without condensation taking place.
Relative Saturation:
“The ration of the partial pressure of water vapor in the air to the vapor
pressure of free water at the same temperature.”
It is also expressed as percent humidity or, percent absolute humidity and defined as;
“The ration of the absolute humidity to saturation humidity at the same
temperature.”
DRYING
Wet-bulb Temperature:
“The equilibrium temperature reached by an evaporating surface when rate of
heat transferred to the surface by convection is equal to the rate of heat lost by
evaporation.”
It is called the wet-bulb temperature because it is measured by means of a thermometer
whose bulb id covered by a wick saturated with water.
Dry-bulb Temperature:
“It is the actual temperature of the air measured by an ordinary thermometer.”
It is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air used for evaporation, thus can
be employed as a means of measuring humidity.
Humidity Measurements:
Humidity can be measured by the following methods;
Gravimetric Method:
In this process, a known amount of air is passed over the previously
weighed moisture absorbing chemical such as phosphorous pentoxide, and the
resultant increase in weight of the chemical is measured.
Temperature Measurement Method:
In this process, a sling psychrometer, is used, which consists of two bulb
thermometer set in a frame that is attached to a swivel handle. One thermometer,
the dry-bulb thermometer, has a bare bulb; the bulb of other thermometer, the wet-
bulb thermometer is covered by a wick saturated with water.
The psychrometer is whirled through the air, and the two thermometer
readings are taken at successive intervals until these temperature no longer change.
Dew Point Measuring Method:
Hygrometer:

DRYING

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DRYING

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DRYING

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DRYING

Quantity of vapors is high. Quantity of vapors is low.

Non-thermal methods of drying:

For Preserving Drugs Makes drug less susceptible to mold and

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.