Buildings 12 01205 v2

buildings
Review
Green Building Construction: A Systematic Review of
BIM Utilization
Yu Cao , Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman * and Nur Mardhiyah Aziz *
Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

* Correspondence: syahrulnizam@um.edu.my (S.N.K.); nurmardhiyah@um.edu.my (N.M.A.)
Abstract: As a multi-function method, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can assist construction
organizations in improving their project’s quality, optimize collaboration efficiency, and reduce
construction periods and expenditure. Given the distinguished contributions of BIM utilization, there
is a trend that BIM has significant potential to be utilized in the construction phase of green buildings.
Compared with traditional buildings, green buildings have more stringent requirements, including
environmental protection, saving energy, and residents’ comfort. Although BIM is deemed an effective
method to achieve the abovementioned requirements in the construction process of green buildings,
there are few systematic reviews that explore the capabilities of BIM in the construction phase of
green buildings. This has hindered the utilization of BIM in the construction of green buildings. To
bridge this research gap and review the latest BIM capabilities, this study was developed to perform
a systematic review of the BIM capabilities in the construction phase of green buildings. In this
systematic review, the PRISMA protocol has been used as the primary procedure for article screening
and review. The entire systematic review was performed from January 2022 to April 2022. In this
process, 165 articles were included, reviewed, and discussed. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus were
adopted as the databases. Through this systematic review, it can be identified that BIM capabilities
have significant advantages in project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage and management,
Citation: Cao, Y.; Kamaruzzaman,
collaboration optimization, planning, and schedule management optimization in the construction
S.N.; Aziz, N.M. Green Building phase of green buildings. Through the discussion, it can be concluded that BIM utilization can
Construction: A Systematic Review be adopted from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction stage in the green building
of BIM Utilization. Buildings 2022, 12, construction process. Besides these, the barriers to BIM utilization in the green building construction
1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ phase are also revealed in the discussion section, including the non-uniform data format, insufficient
buildings12081205 interactivity, ambiguous ownership, insufficient BIM training, and hesitation toward BIM adoption.
Academic Editors: Hongling Guo,
Moreover, the challenges and future directions of BIM utilization in green building construction are
Jia-Rui Lin and Yantao Yu identified. The findings of this study can facilitate construction personnel to be acquainted with BIM
capabilities in the construction of green buildings to promote the utilization and optimization of BIM
Received: 29 June 2022
capabilities in the green building construction process.
Accepted: 8 August 2022
Published: 10 August 2022
Keywords: building information modeling; information technology; green building; sustainable
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral building; construction
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
1. Introduction
As a multi-function method, Building Information Modeling (BIM) makes a significant
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
contribution to the Architectural Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. According
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. to the British Standards Institution [1], BIM uses shared digital representations of building
This article is an open access article assets to promote the design, construction, and operational process and form a reliable basis
distributed under the terms and for decision making. It is the process of generating and managing data about projects from
conditions of the Creative Commons the pre-construction phase to the post-construction phase [2]. In this process, the BIM that
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// is three-dimensional, used in real time, and dynamic is adopted to improve the productivity
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ and quality of projects in their lifecycle [2]. Despite no uniform definition of BIM across
4.0/). different countries and generations, there is a consensus in the AEC industry that BIM
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081205 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings

Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 2 of 29
is not just a tool and software installed on a computer [3]; rather, it is a combination of
software and process [3]. In summary, BIM is the multiple function method that integrates
business process, digital representation, organization, and control of the process. It can
provide three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the project, manage the project schedule
throughout the whole lifecycle, provide a communication platform for all stakeholders,
estimate and calculate project costs, detect clashes, and allow stakeholders to inspect and
manage buildings throughout their building lifecycle [4].
As an effective information technology method in the AEC industry, BIM can provide
a significant contribution to the construction of green buildings [5,6]. Green buildings are
also known as healthy buildings. They are the buildings that can prompt positive influence
and reduce the negative impact on the natural environment in the lifecycle of assets [7].
According to the Evaluation Standard for Green Building [8], green buildings contain one
or more of the following features and standards:
1. Efficient utilization of resources and energy.
2. Utilization of renewable energy, such as wind and geothermal energy.
3. Adoption of pollution- and waste-reduction measures.
4. Utilization of non-toxic, ethical, sustainable, recycled, and re-used materials.
5. Quality indoor environment and comfortable residential experience.
6. Suitable for the local environment and climate.
Given the strict standards and requirements of green buildings, it is difficult for con-
struction organizations to achieve the green buildings’ requirements through traditional
construction methods [9,10]. To overcome the obstacles of the conventional construction
process, an increasing number of AEC participants recommended that BIM should be
integrated into the construction of green buildings [4,11,12]. As an effective information
technology tool, BIM was deemed the efficient solution to assist AEC corporates in overcom-
ing the barriers in the construction process of green buildings [3,4,11–14]. Ghaffarianhoseini
et al. [5] comprehensively summarized the benefits of BIM application: “these benefits
range from its technical superiority, interoperability capabilities, early building information
capture, use throughout the building lifecycle, integrated procurement, improved cost con-
trol mechanisms, reduced conflict and project team benefits.” Moreover, BIM is the essential
method for implementing full automation of information integration, collaboration and
intellectual property issues, multi-party involvement, and collaboration [15].
Although the application of BIM in the AEC industry has had tremendous positive
influences on the technology involved to provide effective and optimal parameters to
facilitate users to achieve project requirements, the integration of BIM and green buildings
in construction activities is still deficient [9,16–18]. The major hindrance to BIM utilization
in green building construction was the unfamiliarity with the BIM capabilities of the
construction organizations [19–23]. According to the statistics of Akhmetzhanova et al. [24]
and Tatygulov et al. [25], 44% of respondents refused to adopt BIM because they were
unfamiliar with BIM functions and had not received the appropriate training. Given the
abovementioned content, it can be concluded that construction personnel generally suffer
from a lack of familiarity with BIM within the AEC industry. To enhance familiarity with
BIM capabilities that can be utilized in the green building construction process, this study
was developed to perform a systematic review of BIM capabilities in the construction phase
of green buildings.
Moreover, there are a few review articles that reviewed the BIM application in the
construction phase of green buildings [3,26–29]. However, most of these review articles
did not utilize a systematic review method in their research. According to Lu et al. [4],
most reviews of BIM utilization in the construction phase are conducted by traditional and
bibliometric review. Most traditional reviews lack the explicit retrieve and screen protocol
of the literature in their studies [30,31]. Thus, the article-screening processes in traditional
reviews are usually not transparent enough for the audience [31]. Moreover, no fixed and
formal article search process guidance is identified in the traditional review, which has led
to confusion in the article selection process in the traditional review to some extent [32,33].
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 3 of 29
From the perspective of a bibliometric review, this review is conducted through the quan-
titative analysis of bibliographic material (data) [34]. Although the bibliometric review
can perform a more quantitative description and discussion of the research area, it has
insufficient qualitative exploration and analysis of the particular study in this research [35].
Compared with the abovementioned review methods, the systematic review can provide a
complete summary of the current literature relevant to the research questions and develop
a reliable evaluation of future development directions [36,37]. Moreover, BIM software
is evolving rapidly, and BIM features are changing and iterating continually. To fill the
research gap of the insufficient systematic review of the BIM capabilities in green building
construction, it is necessary to perform a contemporary systematic literature review to
retrieve, summarize, discuss, and analyze the latest BIM capabilities that can be utilized
during the construction stage of green buildings.
Given the abovementioned background content, this study was developed with the
aim of performing a systematic literature review on BIM capabilities that can be utilized
during the construction stage of green buildings. To achieve this aim, three objectives were
developed:
1. Identify the BIM capabilities that can be utilized in the construction of green buildings.
2. Discuss and analyze the methods that BIM capabilities performed in green building
construction.
3. Summarize the advantages, challenges, and future direction of BIM utilization in the
construction of green buildings.
This study consists of the following sections. The introduction is presented in Section 1.
The research methodology is illustrated in Section 2, in which the process of article retrieval
and screening is demonstrated. Moreover, the search string and the inclusion and exclusion
criteria for the study are also presented in Section 2. The results of the systematic review
are shown in Section 3. Here, the reviewed BIM capabilities are categorized into four
categories, including project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage and management,
collaboration optimization, and planning and schedule management optimization. More-
over, the utilization methods of these BIM capabilities in green building construction are
reviewed in Section 3. The discussion and analysis are conducted in Section 4, in which the
authors discuss and analyze the BIM capabilities from the pre-construction phase to the
post-construction phase of green buildings. Besides these, the future direction, advantages,
and challenges of BIM utilization in green building construction are provided in Section 4.
Section 5 is the conclusion, and also discusses the contributions and limitations of this study.
2. Research Methodology
This study aimed to perform a systematic literature review on BIM capabilities that
can be utilized during the construction stage of green buildings. Given the precise scientific
design insisted upon in the systematic review process, it can assist researchers in mitigating
biases and random errors in the review process [38]. Moreover, a systematic review can
facilitate authors to become familiar with the primary knowledge retrieved in the screened
articles, and develop the research model through a robust approach, to explore the future
research directions more precisely [39–41].
To achieve the abovementioned aim, the preferred reporting items for systematic
reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) model [42] was used to conduct the systematic
review. In this study, the PRISMA was conducted through four phases, as per the systematic
literature review studies by Cho et al. [43] and Lee et al. [40]:
1. Determine the search database and keywords.
2. Develop the search strings based on the keywords, inclusion criteria, and exclusion
criteria. Conduct the primary article screening through the search strings.
3. Conduct the qualitative screening of titles, keywords, and abstracts according to the
inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.
4. Perform the qualitative assessment and literature review of the full content of the
remaining articles.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 4 of 29
The process of the systematic literature review in this study is shown below.
Phase 1: To ensure the retrieved articles can meet the requirements of the systematic
literature review, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus were determined as the databases in
this study. Articles that had not been peer reviewed were not permitted to be included in
this study. The keywords were determined as follows: “Building Information Modeling”,
“Building Information Model”, “BIM”, “Green Building”, “Sustainable Building”, and
“Construction”.
Phase 2: In this phase, the search strings (as shown in Table 1) were developed to
conduct the initial article search of this study. Moreover, the inclusion criteria and exclusion
criteria (as shown in Table 2) were formulated for further qualitative screening. In this study,
the retrieved articles included conference papers, articles, review articles, and proceedings
papers that can be searched for through WoS and Scopus. Other types and database sources
of articles were excluded in this process. Moreover, non-English articles were also excluded
from the retrieval process. Through the initial article search and review, the overview of
BIM capabilities in the construction process of green buildings was formed.
Table 1. Search string and initial search results.
Search Engine Search String Results

TS = ((“building information modeling” OR “building
information modelling” OR BIM) AND (green building OR 974
sustainable building) AND (construction OR construct))
WoS
Document Types: Articles or Proceedings Papers or Review
969
Articles
AND LANGUAGES: (ENGLISH) 965
“TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“building information modelling” OR
“building information modeling” OR BIM) AND (green AND
459
building OR sustainable AND building) AND (construction OR
construct))
Scopus
AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE,
“ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “re”) OR LIMIT-TO 445
(DOCTYPE, “cr”))
AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) 437
Sum of the papers = 1402
Duplicates = 137
Invalid = 109
After removing duplicates and invalid papers = 1156
After title and keyword screening = 537
After abstract screening = 249
After review of full content of papers = 165
Total = 165
The initial article search was conducted in April 2022. In this process, 1433 articles
were retrieved from WoS and Scopus (974 in WoS, 459 in Scopus). Then, 137 duplicated
articles and 109 invalid articles (articles that cannot be provided as an online version of
the full content) were removed by the author. In the end, 1156 articles remained after this
phase was complete. The remaining articles were carried over into the next step to conduct
further qualitative screening of the titles, keywords, and abstracts.
The detailed search strings and initial search results are presented in Table 1, and the
clear inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented in Table 2.
Phase 3: This phase involved performing the qualitative analysis based on the above-
mentioned inclusion and exclusion criteria. In phase 3, the titles and keywords of the
remaining articles were firstly screened manually according to the secondary inclusion-
ary and exclusionary criteria. In this step, 619 articles were eliminated, and 537 articles
remained. Then, abstract analysis was performed manually on the remaining 537 articles
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 5 of 29
based on the secondary inclusionary and exclusionary criteria. In total, 288 articles were
removed because their abstracts failed to meet the requirements of the secondary inclusion
and exclusion criteria (mentioned in Table 2). After phase 3 was accomplished, 249 articles
remained and were brought into the next phase.
Table 2. Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.
Primary Criteria Secondary Criteria

Inclusionary Exclusionary Inclusionary Exclusionary
Journal articles that Articles that contain Articles that contain
can be searched in BIM capabilities in no BIM capabilities in
Duplicated papers
Web of Science (WoS) the construction of the construction of
or Scopus green buildings green buildings
Conference paper and Invalid articles The articles that
Articles that can
proceeding papers (articles that cannot cannot provide
support authors to
that are searchable provide the online support for authors to
accomplish research
through WoS or version of full-text accomplish research
objectives
Scopus content) objectives
Review articles that
are searchable
through WoS or
Scopus
Non-English edited
Published in English
articles or papers
Phase 4: The qualitative assessment was performed on the remaining 249 articles and
a literature review of the full content based on the secondary inclusionary and exclusionary
criteria was carried out (mentioned in Table 2). Moreover, these articles were also reviewed
manually by the authors to identify whether they contain quality content on BIM utilization
in green building construction. In this process, the inclusion and exclusion of an article
relied on the subjective decisions of the authors without firm objective standards. In the
end, 165 articles were included in the study, and were brought over to the next stage of the
process (Section 3), namely, the systematic literature review.
The entire search and screening process of this study is presented in Figure 1.
Through the full-text review of the included studies, the BIM capabilities can be
categorized according to their contribution areas (see in Table 3).
Table 3. Process of categorization determination.
Identify the BIM capabilities that can be utilized in the green building construction through
full-text review.
Categorize the BIM capabilities according to their contribution areas.
Develop the classifications of BIM capabilities in green building construction.
Check for consistency by referring to other studies.
Verify the developed classifications in this study.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 6 of 29
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 29
.
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flowchart
Flowchart of
of article
article screening
screening process
processused
usedin
inthis
thisstudy.
study.
Through the full-text review of the included studies, the BIM capabilities can be cat-
egorized according to their contribution areas (see in Table 3).
Identify the BIM capabilities that can be utilized in the green building construction
through full-text review.
Categorize the BIM capabilities according to their contribution areas.
Develop the classifications of BIM capabilities in green building construction.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 Check for consistency by referring to other studies. 7 of 29
Verify the developed classifications in this study.
3. Results
3.1.
3.1. Descriptive
Descriptive Analysis
Analysis
After
After thethesearch
searchand andscreening
screeningcarried
carriedout in in
out Section 2, 165
Section articles
2, 165 werewere
articles retrieved and
retrieved
included in this systematic review. In Section 3, these included articles were
and included in this systematic review. In Section 3, these included articles were system- systematically
reviewed and summarized
atically reviewed by the authors.
and summarized by the authors.
The
The publication dates of
publication dates of the
the reviewed
reviewed articles
articles are
are presented
presented in in Figure
Figure 2. 2. According
According
to
to Figure
Figure 2, 2, it
it can
can bebe identified
identified that
that the
the earliest
earliest publication
publication of
of the
the articles
articles reviewed
reviewed was was
2010. From 2010 to 2015, the research on BIM capabilities in green building
2010. From 2010 to 2015, the research on BIM capabilities in green building construction construction
was
was still
still in
in the
the infancy
infancy stage.
stage. From
From 2010
2010 toto 2015,
2015, although
although the
the number
number of of articles
articles in
in this
this
area generally shows moderate growth, the overall number of publications
area generally shows moderate growth, the overall number of publications is still rela- is still relatively
few (from
tively few one(from to one
five).to five).
The number of published articles

35 32
30 27
26
25 22
21
20
14
15
11
10
5
5 3 2
1 1
0
2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
The number of published articles
Figure 2. Number of reviewed articles per year.

Figure 2. Number of reviewed articles per year.
Eleven of
Eleven of the
thereviewed
reviewedarticles
articleswere
werepublished
published in in
2016, andand
2016, thethe
research on BIM
research uti-
on BIM
lization in in
utilization green
green building
building construction
constructionwas
wasbecoming
becomingmore morepopular
popular and
and attractive.
attractive. From
From
2017 to
2017 to 2021,
2021, BIM
BIM utilization
utilization inin the
the construction
construction phase
phase of of green
green buildings
buildings had
had become
become aa
prominent discipline and received wide wide and
and significant
significant attention
attention from
from researchers.
researchers. The
included articles published exceeded 20 per year and gradually increased in this period
(from 21
(from 21 in
in 2017
2017 toto 32
32 in
in 2021).
2021).
The number of included articles that were published in 2022 was 14. However, given
that this study was performed between January 2022 and April 2022, it can be concluded
reviewed articles
that all reviewed articles were
were published
published in
in the
the first
first four
four months
months ofof 2022.
2022. Any
Any articles
articles
published after April could not be reviewed because of the publication date limitations. limitations.
Therefore, the decline
declinein inthe
thenumber
numberofofreviewed
reviewed articles in in
articles 2022 does
2022 notnot
does indicate thatthat
indicate the
the
BIMBIM capabilities
capabilities in in green
green building
building constructionare
construction areobsolescent.
obsolescent.Moreover,
Moreover, among
among the
reviewed articles in this study, 14 were published in the first four months of 2022. This
phenomenon can also indicate indirectly that this field is still valued and vital in 2022.
From the perspective of publication journals, these 165 reviewed articles were taken
from 64 journals and 12 conferences. According to the number of reviewed articles pub-
lished in each journal, the rank of journals is presented below (due to the length of the
study, only the top 10 journals are listed): Automation in Construction (25), Sustainability
(11), Procedia Engineering (8), Advanced Engineering Informatics (6), Buildings (6), Journal of
Cleaner Production (6), Journal of Building Engineering (6), Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews (5), International Journal of Project Management (4), and Journal of Civil Engineering and
reviewed articles in this study, 14 were published in the first four months of 2022. This
phenomenon can also indicate indirectly that this field is still valued and vital in 2022.
From the perspective of publication journals, these 165 reviewed articles were taken
from 64 journals and 12 conferences. According to the number of reviewed articles pub-
lished in each journal, the rank of journals is presented below (due to the length of the
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 8 of 29
study, only the top 10 journals are listed): Automation in Construction (25), Sustainability
(11), Procedia Engineering (8), Advanced Engineering Informatics (6), Buildings (6), Journal of
Cleaner Production (6), Journal of Building Engineering (6), Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Management (4). The ranking
Reviews (5), International of journals
Journal of Projectaccording
Managementto the
(4),number of the
and Journal of reviewed articles
Civil Engineering
being published (4).
and Management is demonstrated
The ranking of in journals
Figure 3 according
(Only the journals that ranked
to the number of thein the top ten
reviewed ar-
for thebeing
ticles number of articles
published in this study are
is demonstrated included).
in Figure 3 (only the top 10 articles).
The Number of Articles
Automation in Construction 25
Sustainability 11
Procedia engineering 8
Journal of Building Engineering 6
Journal of Cleaner Production 6
Buildings 6
Advanced Engineering Informatics 6
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 4
International Journal of Project Management 4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
The Number of Articles
Figure 3. Number of reviewed articles published per journal.

Figure 3. Number of reviewed articles published per journal.
3.2. Results Analysis

BIM is considered to be a potential technology in the construction stage of green
buildings. To Toencourage
encouragethe theadoption
adoption and anddevelopment
development of BIM in the
of BIM AECAEC
in the industry, the
industry,
importance
the importanceand and
potential of BIM
potential implementation
of BIM implementation havehave
beenbeen
highlighted by many
highlighted by many re-
searchers [44].
researchers Ghaffarianhoseini
[44]. Ghaffarianhoseini et et
al. al.
[5][5]
comprehensively
comprehensively summarized
summarized thethebenefits
benefitsof
of
BIMBIM application:
application: “these
“these benefits
benefits range
range from from its technical
its technical superiority,
superiority, interoperability
interoperability ca-
capabilities, early
pabilities, early building
building information
information capture,
capture, use throughout
use throughout the building
the building lifecycle,
lifecycle, inte-
integrated procurement,
grated procurement, improved
improved cost
cost controlmechanisms,
control mechanisms,reduced
reducedconflict
conflict and
and project
team benefits.”
In this
this study,
study, 165
165articles
articleswere
wereincluded
includedinin thethe systematic
systematic review
review andand analysis
analysis by
by the
the authors.
authors. Through
Through the systematic
the systematic review,review, the BIM
the BIM capabilities
capabilities are summarized
are summarized and
and cate-
categorized according
gorized according to their
to their benefits
benefits and advantages
and advantages duringduring the construction
the construction phasephase
of greenof
green buildings. In this study, the classification of BIM capabilities in the green build-
ing construction phase is as follows: project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage
and management, collaboration optimization, and planning and schedule management
optimization. Detailed information on the reviewed studies in terms of the four aspects
mentioned above is presented in Appendix A.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 9 of 29
3.2.1. Project Quality Improvement

BIM has made significant contributions to improving the project quality in the process
of green building construction. As an object-orientated 3D model, BIM can integrate the
knowledge of various disciplines to provide a quality platform for parametric modeling,
spatial visualization, and asset-process simulation [45]. Based on the abovementioned func-
tions, the situations of components can be demonstrated through BIM, which can facilitate
the architects’ and engineers’ ability to conduct clash detection [46]. In green building
construction, the clash detection in BIM can save up to 10% of the contract value and reduce
the construction schedule by 7% [5]. In addition, the comparison between different design
schemes can be conducted by BIM tools. It assists stakeholders in developing construction
schemes with better efficiency and sustainability [17]. Moreover, BIM can provide the 3D
demonstration at the initial stage of green building construction so that the clients can
become familiar with the intent of the design in a timely manner [47]. This advantage helps
the designers and civil engineers to effectively make changes in time to meet the clients’
requirements. Based on the statistics from Noor et al. [48], the most efficient contributions
from BIM are “better visualization compared to traditional CAD technology”, “the ability
of BIM in visualization”, and “helps to ensure that the quality-related activities are being
performed effectively”, with mean values of 3.7500, 3.6471, and 3.9853, respectively. As
a reference, a mean value between 3.5 and 4.49 can be defined as “much” in the mean
scale formulated by Aguila et al. [49]. According to the questionnaire survey from Huang
et al. [14], 87.8% (180/205) of respondents endorsed BIM facilitating designers’ ability to
integrate designs. Furthermore, 84.4% (173/205) of respondents agreed that the acceleration
of model generation and modification could be achieved through BIM, which can improve
working efficiency and quality [14].
For the construction organizations that adopted BIM in the green building construction
process, the advantages of BIM can be extended from the pre-construction phase to the
projects’ final acceptance and retrofit phases [50]. From pre-construction to retrofit, BIM
can assist stakeholders in performing construction activities’ documentation, information
real-time storage and exchange, monitoring and surveillance, emergency control, and asset
demolition [5]. Moreover, BIM has a remarkable effect on the renovation of green buildings
with the support of as-built data acquisition tools (such as laser scanning and infrared
thermography) [51]. In the retrofit process, Najjar et al. [52] put forward that BIM utilization
in lifecycle assessment can encourage architects to incorporate environmental criteria into
their decision-making process. This characteristic enables the stakeholders from various
aspects to consider ecological requirements reasonably when making decisions [52]. BIM
also has practical functions in supporting the assessment of energy consumption and
residential comfort in various renovation instructions [53]. In the interior retrofit case of
the Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of the University Hospital of Jaén, through thermal
simulation, daylight simulation, and energy analysis, the annual energy consumption in
the renovated building dropped by 120.94 kWh/m2 [54]. In the energy-efficient retrofit
project of Xindian Central Public Retail Market in Taiwan, the air conditioner system load
was reduced by 100 kWh due to the support of BIM [55].
Moreover, green buildings are required to meet the green building evaluation stan-
dards. Through the simulation and knowledge-storage functions in BIM, BIM-based green
building assessment models were proposed to record the energy consumption during con-
struction and to predict the energy performance of the building during the post-construction
phase [56–59]. In the case study of Wu et al. [60], the researcher inputted the green building
evaluation standard into the BIM to check the compliance of the green building item by
item, and then determined the corresponding green building rating of the target projects.
3.2.2. Collaboration Optimization

Due to the strict quality and technology requirements of green building construc-
tion, the practical cooperation and collaboration of multiple stakeholders from various
organizations in sustainable construction are required [10]. Collaboration is deemed one
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 10 of 29
of the most critical features of BIM. Collaboration aims to achieve the best results in a
cost-effective and timely manner by bringing together a variety of people and resources
and using their collective knowledge and capabilities to accomplish tasks that would be
difficult for an individual organization to perform [61]. Due to the massive scale and high
complexity of green building construction, it is necessary for the various stakeholders in the
lifecycle of projects to couple with other participants through project-specific collaborative
relationships [13,62,63]. The practical cooperation between multi-disciplines has significant
contributions to rework elimination, the reduction in clashes and misunderstandings, waste
mitigation, and the definition of risks and uncertainties [64,65].
The collaboration between multi-disciplines and various stakeholders (or organiza-
tions) can be effectively conducted through BIM. As a collaboration and communication
platform, BIM can develop a comprehensive shared operating environment intergraded
by multiple discipline models [64,66,67]. Through the cooperation platform in BIM, the
project information of their lifecycle is can more easily be updated, modified, inserted, and
extracted by various stakeholders. These stakeholders pertain to multiple disciplines and
organizations, and possess specific skill sets to fulfil BIM-related project requirements [68].
With the transparency of the BIM cooperation environment, the ownership of data through
the lifecycle of projects is shared by various stakeholders [69]. To eliminate the barriers and
ensure interoperability in collaboration, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) are generally
utilized as the standard file format specification [70]. In addition, the gbXML schema
(Green Building XML) was formulated to enhance the transfer of building data from BIMs
to engineering analysis software [26].
In BIM-utilized green building construction processes, the collaboration among vari-
ous disciplines and stakeholders is basically achieved through the BIM-based construction
network (BbCN) [64]. The BbCN contains team members from multiple organizations to
conduct BIM-related activities on BIM-enabled projects [64]. Cao et al. [71] revealed that the
enhancement of internal collaboration within the BbCN had been a particularly effective
selling point for BIM. In the cooperation process in BbCN, some prerequisites need to be
integrated, including the context, team, process, task, and actor [72]. With the assistance
of effective management and transparent and shared information exchange, collabora-
tion can be deemed a central element of success throughout the lifecycle of construction
projects [73,74]. In addition to BbCN, Wang et al. [75] introduced the stake source system
based on social network analysis (SNA), which can automatically recommend suitable
stakeholders through SNA. Through this system, stakeholders can easily become familiar
with others’ responsibilities, work progress, and position.
In conclusion, BIM can effectively improve collaboration quality. As a digital repre-
sentation tool and database inventory, all stakeholders can work on a sharing cooperation
platform through the BIM application, which enhances the quality of the decision-making
process [4]. The essential issues in the cooperation management process can be described
as: “which building elements, from which trades, should be developed at what time and
at what level?”. This issue can be addressed by the Level of Detail (LOD) decision plan,
which is conducted through BIM [76]. In state-owned assets projects and public–private
partnership projects, satisfaction from the government is necessary for collaboration. Ac-
cording to the statistics from Zuhairi et al. [77], the most important driving factor in BIM
implementation in Malaysia is “the advocation and enforcement in the implementation
of BIM by the government” with relative importance indicators (RII) of 0.950. BIM im-
plementation can effectively improve the government’s satisfaction, thus improving the
quality of cooperation. According to statistics from Huang et al. [14], 86.34% (177/205) of
respondents believed that BIM played an essential role in the establishment of collabora-
tive platforms. According to the questionnaire survey of the Collaboration Management
(CM)-based BIM model developed by Lin and Yang [66], 92% of the respondents were
satisfied with CM-based BIM creation work, and 86% of the respondents believed that it
could enhance the management of model creation work in the collaboration process.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 11 of 29
3.2.3. Lifecycle Data Storage and Management

In the process of green building construction, it is necessary for the construction
organizations to obtain the data and information on corresponding green buildings that are
produced in their design phase. If the information delivery is deficient, the construction
schedule might be delayed.
BIM can be formulated as a multifunction repository that stores data throughout
the project lifecycle [15,52,78]. The digital presentation and remarkable interoperability
capabilities facilitate the exchange and revision of data by users throughout the entire green
building construction process. This benefit can help stakeholders to capture comprehensive
building information [4]. With the development of BIM, the international BIM information
storage and exchange standard Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) were introduced into
BIM [79]. This effectively eliminated the format barriers involved in collaboration using
BIM [79].
BIM’s knowledge storage and management function can effectively overcome the
fragmented information issues that have developed in the green building construction
process [80,81]. In the research of Solihin et al. [82], they integrate spatial operations into
standardized SQL queries that are easy to query. This makes the data in BIM more accessible,
and better assists stakeholders in making decisions. Lu et al. [4] maintained that one
BIM model could contain information from multiple disciplines, which can continuously
incorporate sustainability measures into the project throughout the design process. BIM
can also make users familiar with the intricate relationship between stakeholders. Zheng
et al. [83] propose a novel method based on the Stakeholder Value Network (SVN) that could
quantify and visualize the value exchange between critical stakeholders when adopting
BIM in sustainable constructions. This allows users to visualize and quantify the perceived
value of BIM stakeholders [83].
Moreover, with the integration of BIM and third-party devices, BIM can achieve effec-
tive data collection and management in the construction phase of green buildings [84,85].
With the integration of BIM and GIS, BIM can assist the construction organization in
obtaining information on the construction site and surrounding environment, including to-
pography, terrain, soils, vegetation cover, road layout, and infrastructure layout [63,86–89].
Besides that, with the connection of BIM and the Internet, BIM can effectively retrieve
and integrate weather conditions on green building construction sites, thus mitigating
the natural hazard damage and ensuring the safety of construction personnel [90]. In
addition to these, with the BIM, RFID, barcodes, 2D imaging, and photogrammetry, BIM
can automatically capture and store the utilization situation, stock quantities, and input
and output information of materials and equipment on the green building construction
site [87,91–94].
3.2.4. Planning and Schedule Management Optimization

Quality scheduling and project management in green building construction can be
efficiently guaranteed through BIM implementation. BIM can enhance the construction
schedule management for stakeholders [95]. Not only can the resource requirements, equip-
ment requirements, and excepted expenditure for the next step be obtained through BIM,
but the percentage of progress, the number of expenses, and the deviation from the budget
can also be predicted by BIM [96]. Moreover, real-time updates and quality visualization
performance can be achieved by BIM to enhance planning activities [97,98]. The project
duration and expenditure can be efficiently reduced through the project management of
BIM. According to the summary from Ghaffarianhoseini et al. [5] in the aspect of project
management, BIM can eliminate 40% of unforeseen modifications, provide cost estimates
with a 3% error threshold, and reduce the generation time by up to 80%. In addition,
Gao and Pishdad-Bozorgi [99] put forward that BIM can facilitate the integration of AEC
knowledge, which has a significant advantage for the contractors and subcontractors of
green building construction projects to enhance their management personnel training.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 12 of 29
The use of BIM in the planning and schedule management of green building construc-
tion can be started at the pre-construction stage. Before the construction activities begin,
the feasibility studies of green building construction plans can be verified through BIM
simulation, to eliminate rework and waste for the subsequent activities [17]. In addition,
Wang and Liu [100] highlighted that engineers and constructors could propose optimized
methods and simulate their performance to conduct feasibility verification and trial and er-
ror if there are defects in previous plans. By evaluating the impact of construction activities
on the surroundings, the corresponding environmental protection measures can be adopted
to mitigate the negative influence of the construction [101]. In the site-planning process,
BIM can compare various siting alternatives to determine the most suitable construction
site layout with the most negligible impact on the surrounding environment [102]. In
this process, BIM provides an appropriate framework for decision making by bringing
together the necessary information at the right time, and clarifying details and existing
conditions [102]. A meta-heuristic algorithm is used to optimize the construction site’s
layout after thoroughly considering all factors [88,103].
In multiple dimensions of BIM modeling, the stakeholders can utilize BIM to for-
mulate schedules and conduct project management in the green building construction
process. BIM is a multi-dimensionality tool. The BIM applications can be divided into
BIM 3D, BIM 4D, BIM 5D, and BIM 6D according to their functions and application
aspects [54,104–108]. To clarify, 3D means that BIM can provide detailed 3D model simula-
tions of buildings [109–116]. BIM 4D integrates BIM 3D with the time dimension, so BIM 4D
can simulate the green building construction process to support the schedule development
and revision, constructability analysis, clash detection, and other functions [117–122]. BIM
5D is based on BIM 4D, with the addition of cost-related information [123,124]. Through
BIM 5D, the construction organizations can effectively forecast and account for the ex-
penditure of the green building construction project at different phases, and predict the
return-on-investment (ROI) ratio [125–128]. BIM 6D is based on BIM 5D and adds sustain-
ability management functions, which improves the sustainable efficiency and quality of the
green building construction process [104,129].
As an advanced scheduling and modeling tool, BIM 4D can effectively conduct the
integration of 3D visual modeling and project schedules. Compared with the regular Gantt
chart, the construction schedules and sequence of tasks can be visually demonstrated in
BIM, which helps stakeholders to become familiar with the green building construction
sequences [130]. Through the integration of geometric information with the schedule
and material information, Jupp [131] revealed the potential of BIM to identify work se-
quence errors and conflicts quickly. With the combination of the BIM management system,
surveillance, barcode, and radio-frequency identification, materials that are transported,
transferred, and utilized within the construction site can be automatically recorded and
updated in the bill of materials (BOM) [132]. To eliminate the uncertainties in green build-
ing construction schedule plans, Yuan et al. [133] developed the Monte Carlo method
(MCM) and BIM-based construction schedule early warning model (MCM-BIM-CSEWM)
to address the logical relationships between construction activities and provide timely risk
warnings. Irizarry et al. [134] also revealed that the supply chain is arranged in a better
precise, efficient, and cost-effective method with the integration of BIM and geographic
information systems (GIS). From the perspective of safety management and planning,
through BIM 4D’s simulation and visualization of the green building construction progress,
BIM can conduct risk identification and safety training for management personnel and
construction workers [135–139]. Moreover, through the BIM 4D hazard identification com-
ponent established by Heidary et al. [140], BIM can assist green building construction
managers in identifying and demonstrating the potential construction hazards in the early
stages of green building projects [140].
In the BIM-generated schedule, the components and schedules of each sub-progress
and each task can be contained and demonstrated in the entire construction schedule [141,142].
Based on the abovementioned functions, the intercomparison of construction schedules and
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 13 of 29
the detection of recurring processes can be conducted expediently through BIM 4D [143].
Moreover, through the visualization in BIM, the construction progress can be visually sim-
ulated, including engineering design, field environment, projected material consumption,
and machinery utilization [100]. This method enhances the predictability of construc-
tion and transforms the traditional pattern of construction plans [100]. By simulating the
construction progress and potential construction accidents, personnel training and safety
education can be provided by BIM utilization [135,136,144]. Nicał and Wodyński [129] put
forward that the impact of construction activities on the surrounding environment can be
simulated through BIM 6D, which is necessary to support green buildings to conform to
specific green building evaluation standards.
In the process of scheduling and project management, some repetitive tasks can
be conducted using the same or a similar method in the green building construction
process [143], and BIM 4D can provide predefined process templates to execute the required
tasks without wasting time or production [143]. To improve the generality of the template,
the IFC was adopted to provide required object definitions in BIM 4D [145]. In addition to
these, case-based reasoning (CBR) was utilized as an effective machine learning method
in BIM [146]. The faults can be settled by utilizing or adjusting the previous solutions
to tackle similar tasks [146]. In the process of CBR, new problems and malfunctions can
be matched and solved by the most similar solution through the typical four phases of
the CBR (retrieve, reuse, reserve, and modify), and then the new solution schemes can be
retained for future similar disposal [147]. To improve the accuracy of the match between
disputes and solutions, Sigalov and König [143] asserted that the graph indexing is settled
in partial BIM software.
One of the prominent features of BIM is simulation. In traditional AEC tools, with the
increasing size and complexity of green building construction processes, it is challenging
to generate sufficient suitable design and construction schemes with the distraction of
various undefined risks and uncertainties [148,149]. Therefore, the predictions about project
progress and results are hard to keep accurately [148,149]. However, these barriers can
be partially mitigated by the simulations of BIM. Based on virtual modeling, without the
consumption of materials, reliable simulations and predictions of projects can be developed
through the thorough consideration of factors and potential risks [150].
From the finance perspective, BIM can support green building construction teams to
generate bills of quantities automatically, perform procurement plans and logistical layout,
and conduct materials and equipment management. Given that the BOM can be updated
in BIM in real time, BIM can reflect real-time expenditure. Moreover, the construction
activities’ feasibility research can be conducted with the support of a data repository, 3D
visualization demonstration, and simulation in BIM [151]. In addition, BIM can provide
quality procurement management and optimization for construction organizations. In
the research of Vilas-Boas et al. [152], they proposed a four-dimensional BIM model to
analyze and optimize procurement. This model provides procurement suggestions by
comprehensively analyzing and comparing the following dimensions:
1. Product-based. Assess the properties, quality, and compliance of the purchased
materials.
2. User-based. Assess whether the material accords with the green assessment criteria
and whether it meets the requirements of stakeholders and participants.
3. Manufacturing-based. Test the operation status of the procured material, and check
whether these materials have clashed with other parts.
4. Value-based. Calculate the value of each material and procurement link, and evaluate
their cost performance. For stakeholders, value includes tangible and intangible
benefits.
4. Discussion
Through the systematic review in Section 3, it can be determined that BIM capabilities
have significant advantages in the construction phase of green buildings. BIM can develop
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 14 of 29
apparent benefits to green building construction, including improving the quality of the
projects, optimizing collaboration between different stakeholders, performing lifecycle
data storage and management, and assisting construction organizations in conducting
and optimizing their planning and schedule management in the process of constructing
green buildings.
In this section, these abovementioned capabilities are discussed and analyzed by the
authors. Through the discussion and analysis, it can be concluded that the implementation
of BIM can be utilized in the green building pre-construction phase, construction phase, and
post-construction phase. The detailed discussion and analysis processes are shown below.
4.1. BIM Capabilities in the Green Building Pre-Construction Phase

Given the enormous complexity, extensive information and uncertainty in pre-construction,
the pre-construction phase of green buildings is always an area to which construction teams
and subcontractors attach great importance [50,65,153,154]. According to the systematic re-
view and discussion in this study, the BIM implementation in the pre-construction phase of
green buildings can be adopted from the perspectives of information and knowledge deliv-
ery, feasibility study, construction team setup, construction plans and schedule formulation,
construction cost estimation and budget formation, construction material supplement and
transportation, and construction equipment management.
Given the extensive information and the complex structural construction of green
buildings, it is vital for construction organizations to obtain detailed information about
targeted green buildings before formal construction [9,155–157]. BIM can help the con-
struction teams to transfer the green building model and related information generated
during the design phase to the construction personnel in an error-free, omission-free man-
ner [4,15,45,47,52,78–83]. For green building projects that do not adopt BIM in their design
phase, BIM can also be utilized to automatically capture the related information to generate
the green building information model by identifying CAD drawings, or integrating with
photography, GIS, and 3D scanning [63,86–94].
In the aspect of feasibility studies, construction plans, and schedule formulation,
through the simulation function of BIM, the consequences and impact of different green
building construction plans can be simulated [5,17,48,99,100,117–122]. Moreover, it can as-
sist the project managers in comparing different green building construction plans [102,103].
Through the BIM’s comparison of the quality, estimated construction period, and environ-
mental protection and resource-saving conditions of various alternatives, the most suitable
green building construction plan can be selected [102,103]. In addition, based on green
building project planning, construction site conditions, and feedback from subcontractors,
BIM can assist the construction teams in developing the requirements and configurations
of personnel, materials, and equipment [4,5,99,100,130,141–143,150]. Based on the above-
mentioned information, the logistics and transportation routes can also be automatically
formulated through BIM [158–162]. Finally, through the information mentioned above, the
estimated cost and budgets can be put forward by BIM [123,124,151].
Despite the various benefits of BIM utilization in the green building pre-construction
phase, there are still some obvious challenges. Given that many formats can be adopted
in BIM applications, the green building construction organizations might have format
mismatch issues in the information delivery process from the design phase to construc-
tion [6,14]. Moreover, another hindrance is that project management personnel often
refuse to adopt BIM in the construction process [22,77,163]. According to Akhmetzhanova
et al. [24], 55% of companies refused to utilize BIM because clients or management do not
support the adoption of the technology.
4.2. BIM Utilization in the Green Building Construction Phase

Compared with the BIM utilization at the pre-construction and post-construction
phases, the most significant contributions of BIM capabilities are in the construction phase.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 15 of 29
Through the discussion of reviewed BIM capabilities in Section 3, it can be determined that
the BIM contributions in the construction phase can be summarized as below.
In the process of green building construction, 3D visual modeling is of significant im-
portance to the construction organization [48,54,97,98,104–112,116]. It can demonstrate the en-
tire green building project, the interior structures, and components in 3D [4,5,51,54,76,77,104–106].
Moreover, In BIM 4D, the stakeholders can become familiar with the conditions of build-
ings at different periods through visual 3D demonstrations [100,117–122,142,143,145,164].
From the perspective of safety management, BIM’s visualization can assist construction
teams in identifying the clashes and potential risks in a visual manner, so as to provide
the corresponding safety training and avoid delay, construction waste production, and
rework [5,14,46,99,133,135,136,138–140].
As a multi-function database, BIM can provide information and knowledge collection,
storage, and management in the entire green building construction process, and integrate
fragmented information in a unified format in the corresponding file [4,15,52,78–83,145].
Besides storing and categorizing the data that are generated in the green building construc-
tion process, BIM can automatically provide solutions to issues for stakeholders through
CBR [143,146,147]. With the integration of BIM and third-party devices, the construction
site’s natural environment, climate, infrastructure, and the utilization conditions of human
resources and materials are all available to stakeholders [5,63,85–94].
Moreover, simulation is an important characteristic of BIM utilization in green build-
ing construction. Simulation includes not only the simulation of the construction activities’
impact on the surrounding environment, but also the prediction of construction processes
and risks [4,5,10,17,46,100,101,117–122,129,131,133,141]. Given that green buildings are re-
quired to meet the green buildings’ assessment standards, through the simulation function
of BIM, the construction organization can perform comparisons of different construction
schemes and select the scheme that can match the evaluation standards of green buildings in
the most positive sense [52–55,102,103]. Based on the simulation and information manage-
ment, the bills of quantity can be automatically generated by BIM to estimate the consump-
tion of materials and the overall cost of the project [5,95,96,99,100,123–128,132,151,152].
BIM can provide an effective collaboration platform for all stakeholders to communicate
and collaborate in the construction process of green buildings [10,13,26,62–67,69–71,73,74,122,165].
Through BIM, all project changes can be reflected in a timely manner, and decisions made
by one stakeholder are immediately uploaded to the BIM platform and communicated to
all other stakeholders [4,14,66,73,76,165]. Moreover, BIM can demonstrate the positions,
responsibilities, and current status of all stakeholders, thus assisting stakeholders in ob-
taining an overview of other stakeholders’ situations [64,72,75]. In addition, construction
organizations can utilize BIM to communicate with design organizations and facilitate the
management requirements of green buildings, and to develop their requirements about the
corresponding green building projects [13,61,62,66–68,71]. Through the integration of BIM
with the Internet of Things (IoT), the construction team can be assisted remotely by profes-
sionals worldwide to improve the projects’ quality and solve existing issues [64,72,75].
Despite the significant advantages of BIM implementations in the green building
construction phase, the challenges are still non-negligible. In the process of BIM utilization,
many stakeholders cooperate using the same BIM platforms or files, which leads to the ob-
scure copyright of the developed data in the green building construction process [165–170].
It is difficult for project managers to define the ownership of involved data [167,168]. More-
over, given the relative independence of the design and construction organization, some
information required in the green building construction process might not be obtained
in the delivered BIM files [6,14]. In the green building construction process, the main
contractors might be required to cooperate with other subcontractors. In the context that
the uniform regulatory framework is absent, the interactivity between the main contractors
and subcontractors might be insufficient [24].
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 16 of 29
4.3. BIM Utilization in the Green Building Post-Construction Phase

The post-construction phase is the final phase of green building construction. It in-
cludes all of the final processes to hand over these green building projects to the building
owner and facility management organizations [171]. Through the systematic review and dis-
cussion of the BIM utilization in green building construction, the BIM’s contribution during
the post-construction phase can be summarized as follows: final acceptance, information
handover, and green building certificate inspection.
From the perspective of information handover and final acceptance, all building-
related information and construction activities can be stored, categorized, and retrieved
in BIM. This information is integrated into one single file in a given format (usually the
IFC format) [4,15,45,47,52,78–83,172–174]. Moreover, through the 3D visualization demon-
stration of BIM, the entire 3D model of green buildings can be demonstrated for the final
acceptance personnel to check [109–112,116]. Through BIM 4D, the specific situations of the
target green building projects at different points in time can be provided [100,117–122,130].
The green buildings must meet the green building evaluation standards. Regardless of
the various countries’ green building evaluation standards, the construction organizations
can adopt BIM’s simulation function to examine these buildings [175,176]. Utilizing BIM
to simulate and evaluate the energy consumption, environmental performance, material
utilization, and residents’ comfort of the green building can help to assess the compliance
of the green building to the green building evaluation standards [13,59,177–181].
In the post-construction phase, there are still barriers that impede BIM utilization. In
the process of information handover between green building construction organizations and
green building facility management organizations, information omissions and mismatched
formats are still the main challenges for both parties [6,14]. Moreover, given the high
expenditure on BIM training, the facility management organizations might lack sufficient
BIM operators. This issue can also disturb the handover of BIM documents [14,182,183].
5. Conclusions
Given the significant performance of BIM, there has been a dramatic increase in con-
struction organizations that utilize BIM in the green building construction phase. Despite
many studies exploring BIM utilization in green building construction, review articles
in this area are relatively rare. To enhance the understanding of AEC practitioners in
terms of the BIM capabilities in the green building construction phase and to bridge the
abovementioned research gap, this study performed a systematic review of these BIM
capabilities. Through the review of the retrieved articles, it can be summarized that the
BIM implementations in green building construction are categorized into the following ben-
efits: project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage and management, collaboration
optimization, and planning and schedule management optimization. Moreover, through
the discussion and analysis of the reviewed BIM capabilities, it can be concluded that BIM
can make significant contributions in the pre-construction phase, construction phase, and
post-construction phase of green building projects.
In spite of the tremendous abovementioned BIM benefits, there are still some obstacles
when using BIM in the green building construction phase, including non-uniform data
formats, insufficient interactivity, ambiguous ownership, insufficient BIM training, and
BIM adoption hesitancy. Despite the abovementioned shortcomings of BIM at the present
stage, through the comparison of the benefits and challenges of BIM capabilities in the
green buildings’ construction phase, it can be concluded that the BIM application still has
significant potential benefits and improvements for green building construction. Through
the systematic review, this study provided a comprehensive overview and understanding
of BIM capabilities in the green building construction phase to promote and optimize BIM
utilization in this area. Moreover, this study also pointed out the challenges and future
direction of BIM capabilities in green buildings to encourage other researchers to overcome
these issues.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 17 of 29
In addition to the contributions mentioned above, this study also has some limitations.
The limitations are presented below.
1. In this study, some reviewed BIM capabilities can be utilized in not only the con-
struction phase of green buildings, but also in the design and facility management
phase of other building types. This reduces the pertinence of the study to some extent.
However, to provide a comprehensive systematic review and avoid the omissions of
BIM capabilities in green building construction, these BIM capabilities are included in
this study.
2. Due to the language skills limitations of the authors, only English articles were
reviewed in this study. Non-English articles were excluded from the article screen-
ing process.
3. In this study, the majority of the reviewed BIM capabilities are on BIM utilization
in the pre-construction phase and the construction of green buildings. Rarely are
BIM functions reviewed that have been utilized in the post-construction phase of
green building projects specifically. It is recommended that other researchers perform
the corresponding studies to explore BIM utilization in the green building post-
construction phase.
In conclusion, this study develops a comprehensive systematic review and discussion
of BIM capabilities in the construction of green buildings. Given that the evolvement of
BIM is rapid, the BIM capabilities are updated correspondingly with the development of
internet technology. Thus, other researchers are welcome to further explore and review the
BIM utilization in the construction of green buildings based on this study.
Author Contributions: Y.C. wrote the original draft preparation and conducted data curation and
formal analysis; Y.C., S.N.K. and N.M.A. were responsible for the review and conceptualization;
S.N.K. and N.M.A. were responsible for the supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: I would first like to thank my supervisors, Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman and
Nur Mardhiyah Aziz. Your insightful supervision and constructive feedback pushed me to sharpen
my thinking and brought my work to a higher level. Moreover, I would like to acknowledge Mingru
Cao, Yan Zhang, Yuehua Ma, Runjia Chen, and Xiaoguang Lin. Your constructive suggestions and
warm-hearted psychic support sustained me in completing this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A
Table A1. Reviewed studies in Section 3.2.1 (sorted by order of appearance).
Title of the Article Publication Year

BIM in Off-Site Manufacturing for Buildings 2017
A Scientometric Review of Global BIM Research: Analysis and Visualization 2017
Building Information Modelling (BIM) Uptake: Clear Benefits,
2017
Understanding Its Implementation, Risks and Challenges
Effect of BIM on Rework in Construction Projects in Singapore: Status Quo,
2019
Magnitude, Impact, and Strategies
Applications of BIM: A Brief Review and Future Outline 2018
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 18 of 29
Table A1. Cont.

Adoption of Building Information Modelling (Bim): Factors Contribution
2018
and Benefits
Contribution and Obstacle Analysis of Applying BIM in Promoting Green
2021
Buildings
BIM-Based Approach for Optimizing Life Cycle Costs of Sustainable
2018
Buildings
Integration of BIM and LCA: Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of
2017
Building Materials at an Early Stage of Designing a Typical Office Building
Measuring the Feasibility of Using of BIM Application to Facilitate GBI
2019
Assessment Process
Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: BIM 6D. Study of the BIM
Methodology Applied to Hospital Buildings. Value of Interior Lighting and 2020
Daylight in Energy Simulation
Green BIM Assessment Applying for Energy Consumption and Comfort in
2019
the Traditional Public Market: A Case Study
Integrating BIM-Based LCA and Building Sustainability Assessment 2020
Step-by-Step Implementation of BIM-LCA: A Case Study Analysis
Associating Defined Construction Phases with Their Respective 2019
Environmental Impacts
LCA and BIM: Visualization of Environmental Potentials in Building
2018
Construction at Early Design Stages
Recommendations for Developing a BIM for the Purpose of LCA in Green
2020
Building Certifications
Developing a Green Building Evaluation Standard for Interior Decoration: A
2019
Case Study of China

Critical Success Factors for Small Contractors to Conduct Green Building
Construction Projects in Singapore: Identification and Comparison with 2020
Large Contractors
Differing Perspectives on Collaboration in Construction 2012
Relationship Network Structure and Organizational Competitiveness:
2018
Evidence from BIM Implementation Practices in the Construction Industry
BIM-Based Green Building Evaluation and Optimization: A Case Study 2021
Developing an Integrated BIM + GIS Web-Based Platform for a Mega
2022
Construction Project
Collaboration Barriers in BIM-Based Construction Networks: A Conceptual
2019
Model
BIM Tool Development Enhancing Collaborative Scheduling for
2020
Pre-Construction
A Framework for Collaboration Management of BIM Model Creation in
2018
Architectural Projects
Building Information Modelling in Construction: Insights from
2018
Collaboration and Change Management Perspectives
Communications in Hybrid Arrangements: Case of Australian Construction
2017
Project Teams
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 19 of 29
Table A2. Cont.

Modelling Building Ownership Boundaries within BIM Environment: A
2017
Case Study in Victoria, Australia
Interoperability Analysis of IFC-Based Data Exchange between
2018
Heterogeneous BIM Software
Review of BIM’s Application in Energy Simulation: Tools, Issues, and
2019
Solutions
Identifying and Contextualizing the Motivations for BIM Implementation in
2017
Construction Projects: An Empirical Study in China
Collaboration in BIM-Based Construction Networks: A
2017
Bibliometric-Qualitative Literature Review
Sorting out the Essence of Owner–Contractor Collaboration in Capital
2015
Project Delivery
The Conditions for Successful Automated Collaboration in Construction 2014
Collaborative Relationship Discovery in BIM Project Delivery: A Social
2020
Network Analysis Approach
Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Green Buildings: A Critical Review
2017
and Future Directions
Use of LoD Decision Plan in BIM-Projects 2017
Exploring the Barriers and Driving Factors in Implementing Building
Information Modelling (BIM) in the Malaysian Construction Industry: A 2014
Preliminary Study
Contribution and Obstacle Analysis of Applying BIM in Promoting Green
2021
Buildings

Transition from Building Information Modeling (BIM) to Integrated Digital
Delivery (IDD) in Sustainable Building Management: A Knowledge 2021
Discovery Approach Based Review
Enhancing a Building Information Model for an Existing Building with Data
2021
from a Sustainable Facility Management Database
Integration of BIM and LCA: Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of
2017
Building Materials at an Early Stage of Designing a Typical Office Building
Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Green Buildings: A Critical Review
2017
and Future Directions
Comparative Analysis of Energy Performance Assessment for Green
Buildings: China Green Building Rating System vs Other Major Certification 2016
Systems
BIM-Based Performance Monitoring for Smart Building Management 2021
Blockchain-Enabled IoT-BIM Platform for Supply Chain Management in
Modular Construction
A Simplified Relational Database Schema for Transformation of BIM Data
2017
into a Query-Efficient and Spatially Enabled Database
Quantifying and Visualizing Value Exchanges in Building Information
2019
Modeling (BIM) Projects
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 20 of 29
Table A3. Cont.

Application of ND BIM Integrated Knowledge-Based Building Management
2017
System (BIM-IKBMS) for Inspecting Post-Construction Energy Efficiency
Improving Maintenance Performance by Developing an IFC
2021
BIM/RFID-Based Computer System
3D Environmental Urban BIM Using LiDAR Data for Visualization on
2022
Google Earth
Research Trend of the Application of Information Technologies in
2020
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Reducing Noise Pollution by Planning Construction Site Layout via a
2019
Multi-Objective Optimization Model
Using BIM to Improve Building Energy Efficiency–A Scientometric and
2021
Systematic Review
Developing an Integrated BIM + GIS Web-Based Platform for a Mega
2022
Construction Project
Toward Sustainable Energy-Independent Buildings Using Internet of Things 2020
The Intelligent Use of RFID and BIM in Prefabricated, Prefinished,
2020
Volumetric Construction Work Flow
Building Information Modeling (BIM)-Based Modular Integrated
2020
Construction Risk Management–Critical Survey and Future Needs
An ICT-Enabled Product Service System for Reuse of Building Components 2019
Analysis of the Benefits, Challenges and Risks for the Integrated Use of BIM,
2022
RFID and WSN: A Mixed Method Research

A BIM-WMS Integrated Decision Support Tool for Supply Chain
2019
Management in Construction
Research on Construction Schedule Management Based on BIM Technology 2017
Life Cycle Energy Efficiency in Building Structures: A Review of Current
2017
Developments and Future Outlooks Based on BIM Capabilities
Real-Time Visualization of Building Information Models (BIM) 2015
Building Information Modelling (BIM) Uptake: Clear Benefits,
2017
Understanding Its Implementation, Risks and Challenges
BIM-Enabled Facilities Operation and Maintenance: A Review 2019
Effect of BIM on Rework in Construction Projects in Singapore: Status Quo,
2019
Magnitude, Impact, and Strategies
Research on the Project Management of BIM Project from the Perspective of
2016
Enterprise Strategy
Integration of BIM and GIS in Sustainable Built Environment: A Review and
2019
Bibliometric Analysis
Critical Success Factors for Implementing Building Information Modelling
2018
(BIM): A Longitudinal Review
BIM-Based Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Support the
2017
Decision-Making Process: Uses in the Planning of Construction Site Layout
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 21 of 29
Table A4. Cont.

Reducing Noise Pollution by Planning Construction Site Layout via a
2019
Multi-Objective Optimization Model
Sustainability-Based Lifecycle Management for Bridge Infrastructure Using
2020
6D BIM
Building Performance Optimization Using CFD for 6D BIM Application—A
2021
Case Study
Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: BIM 6D. Study of the BIM
Methodology Applied to Hospital Buildings. Value of Interior Lighting and 2020
Daylight in Energy Simulation
Evaluation of the Open Diversion Channel Capacity on Margatiga Dam
2021
Construction Project Using 6D BIM Analysis
Integration of Aerobiological Information for Construction Engineering
2022
Based on LiDAR and BIM
Permanent Magnet, Toroidal Winding Generator for 6D BIM Applications 2021
Research on PKIM Energy Construction Engineering Software System Based
2022
on Building BIM Technology
Automated 3D Volumetric Reconstruction of Multiple-Room Building
2018
Interiors for as-Built BIM
Green Construction Evaluation System Based on BIM Distributed Cloud
2021
Service
Green Building Investment Control System Based on a Three-Dimensional
2021
Parametric Model of the Green Building
Utilizing BIM and GIS for Representation and Visualization of 3D Cadastre 2019
A BIM Oriented Model to a 3D Indoor GIS for Space Management—A
2019
Requirement Analysis
A Full Level-of-Detail Specification for 3D Building Models Combining
2018
Indoor and Outdoor Scenes
Truss Construction of Green Fabricated Steel Structure Based on BIM
2021
Intelligent Technology
Integrated EDM and 4D BIM-Based Decision Support System for
2022
Construction Projects Control
Supporting Constructability Analysis Meetings with Immersive Virtual
2018
Reality-Based Collaborative BIM 4D Simulation
Impacts of 4D BIM on Construction Project Performance 2021
The Effects of BIM Maturity Level on the 4D Simulation Performance: An
2021
Empirical Study
BIM-Based Framework to Quantify Delays and Cost Overruns Due to
2022
Changes in Construction Projects
4D Modelling Using Virtual Collaborative Planning and Scheduling 2021
Quantity Surveying and BIM 5D. Its Implementation and Analysis Based on
2021
a Case Study Approach in Spain
Implementing 5D BIM on Construction Projects: Contractor Perspectives
2020
from the UK Construction Sector
Machine Learning-Integrated 5D BIM Informatics: Building Materials Costs
2022
Data Classification and Prototype Development
Cash Flow System Development Framework within Integrated Project
2021
Delivery (IPD) Using BIM Tools
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 22 of 29
Table A4. Cont.

A BIM-database-integrated system for construction cost estimation 2021
Application of BIM Technology in Construction Cost Management of
2021
Building Engineering
Enhancing Facility Management through BIM 6D 2016
The Adoption of 4D BIM in the UK Construction Industry: An Innovation
2017
Diffusion Approach
4D BIM for Environmental Planning and Management 2017
Integrating BIM and GIS to Improve the Visual Monitoring of Construction
2013
Supply Chain Management
Improving Effectiveness of Safety Training at Construction Worksite Using
2020
3D BIM Simulation
Information Technology and Safety: Integrating Empirical Safety Risk Data
with Building Information Modeling, Sensing, and Visualization 2016
Technologies
An Automated Safety Risk Recognition Mechanism for Underground
2018
Construction at the Pre-Construction Stage Based on BIM
A Research Framework of Mitigating Construction Accidents in High-Rise
Building Projects via Integrating Building Information Modeling with 2021
Emerging Digital Technologies
A Research Framework of Mitigating Construction Accidents in High-Rise
Building Projects via Integrating Building Information Modeling with 2021
Emerging Digital Technologies
Using BIM as a Tool to Teach Construction Safety 2017
Semi-Automatic Construction Hazard Identification Method Using 4D BIM 2021
BIM-Based Framework for Automatic Scheduling of Facility Maintenance
2018
Work Orders
Investigating Benefits and Criticisms of BIM for Construction Scheduling in
2018
SMEs: An Italian Case Study
Recognition of Process Patterns for BIM-Based Construction Schedules 2017
BIM-Based Augmented Reality Inspection and Maintenance of Fire Safety
2020
Equipment
Automated Schedule and Progress Updating of IFC-Based 4D BIMs 2017
Retrieving Similar Cases for Construction Project Risk Management Using
2017
Natural Language Processing Techniques
BIM-Based Risk Identification System in Tunnel Construction 2016
Construction Planning, Programming and Control 2013
Knowledge-Based Schedule Generation and Evaluation 2010
BIM-Integrated Construction Operation Simulation for Just-In-Time
2016
Production Management
Informetric Analysis and Review of Literature on the Role of BIM in
2019
Sustainable Construction
Outlining a New Collaborative Business Model as a Result of the Green
2019
Building Information Modelling Impact in the AEC Supply Chain
Buildings 2022, 12, 1205 23 of 29
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Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

Buildings 2022, 12, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081205 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings

Table 1. Search string and initial search results.

Search Engine Search String Results

Table 2. Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.

Primary Criteria Secondary Criteria

Table 3. Process of categorization determination.

The number of published articles

The number of published articles

Figure 2. Number of reviewed articles per year.

The Number of Articles

Journal of Building Engineering 6

Journal of Cleaner Production 6

Advanced Engineering Informatics 6

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 4

International Journal of Project Management 4

The Number of Articles

Figure 3. Number of reviewed articles published per journal.

3.2. Results Analysis

3.2.1. Project Quality Improvement

3.2.2. Collaboration Optimization

3.2.3. Lifecycle Data Storage and Management

3.2.4. Planning and Schedule Management Optimization

4.1. BIM Capabilities in the Green Building Pre-Construction Phase

4.2. BIM Utilization in the Green Building Construction Phase

4.3. BIM Utilization in the Green Building Post-Construction Phase

Table A1. Reviewed studies in Section 3.2.1 (sorted by order of appearance).

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A1. Cont.

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A2. Reviewed studies in Section 3.2.2 (sorted by order of appearance).

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A2. Cont.

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A3. Reviewed studies in Section 3.2.3 (sorted by order of appearance).

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A3. Cont.

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A4. Reviewed studies in Section 3.2.4 (sorted by order of appearance).

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A4. Cont.

Title of the Article Publication Year

Table A4. Cont.

Title of the Article Publication Year

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