Ex Scientometric Analysis

Energy & Buildings 250 (2021) 111292
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Energy & Buildings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enb
Using BIM to improve building energy efficiency – A scientometric and

systematic review
Vítor Pereira a, José Santos b,c,⇑, Fernanda Leite d, Patrícia Escórcio b
a
UMa – University of Madeira, ESTG – Higher School of Technology and Management, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
b
UMa – University of Madeira, FCEE – Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, DECG – Department of Civil Engineering and Geology, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
c
CONSTRUCT-LABEST, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal
d
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C1752, Austin, TX 78712-1094, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) sector is responsible for a great pro-
Received 19 May 2021 portion of the global energy consumption and associated environmental impacts. On this front, and from
Revised 15 July 2021 a sustainability improvement perspective, the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) capabilities
Accepted 18 July 2021
could represent an opportunity to improve these impacts in all steps of a building’s life. The main purpose
Available online 21 July 2021
of the current paper is to identify the areas in which BIM technology can or already is playing a role in
improving building efficiency, helping AECO sector stakeholders in reducing environmental impacts. In
Keywords:
the current paper, the impact of using BIM to enhance the building energy efficiency is explored through
Architecture
Construction
a scientometric analysis and a systematic literature review. There is a high interest among the scientific
Design community in these fields, given the recent rise in publications and citation numbers. Moreover, there is a
Energy performance lack of interoperability between BIM and energy analysis tools, a high potential for integrating BIM with
Building performance other technologies, such as thermography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and monitoring, and a
Engineering very positive impact from the use of BIM in the optimisation of construction solutions which allow
Environment energy savings in the AECO sector.
Operations Ó 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sustainability
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Research methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Phase one: Search for publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Phase two: Exclusion criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3. Phase three: scientometric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4. Phase four: Systematic literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Scientometric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Number of publications and citations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Publication source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. Origin of publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. Most cited publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.5. Keywords co-occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.6. Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.7. Software co-occurrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Systematic literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. BIM technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.1. Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2. Laser scanner and thermographic camera data merging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.3. Urban scale analysis (BIM/GIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jmmns@fe.up.pt (J. Santos).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111292
0378-7788/Ó 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Vítor Pereira, José Santos, F. Leite et al. Energy & Buildings 250 (2021) 111292
4.1.4. Building monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2. BIM model-based tool development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1. Software development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.2. Output visualization platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. Sustainable buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.1. Materials and solutions comparison and optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.2. Energy needs estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.3. Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3.4. Life-cycle analysis (LCA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4. Hygrothermal design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4.1. Energy certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4.2. Thermal comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4.3. Building renovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5.1. Training quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Declaration of Competing Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. Introduction rials and solutions in the design stage [6–8] and renovation pro-
cesses [9,10], evaluate the interior thermal comfort from BIM
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a revolutionary tech- models [11,12], estimate energy needs, act as a platform for visu-
nology that, when applied to the Architecture, Engineering, Con- alising analysis results [13,14] and aid in energy certification pro-
struction and Operations (AECO) sector, could transform the way cesses [15,16].
in which buildings are conceived, designed, built and maintained However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the extent to
[1]. which BIM technology is being used to improve energy efficiency
On the other hand, the AECO sector is currently responsible for a in buildings. Therefore, a systematic literature review is needed,
large part of the world’s energy consumption [2] and, conse- that comprises and organises all the information regarding the cur-
quently, its daily operation produces several negative environmen- rent methodologies and processes that enable energy efficiency
tal impacts [3]. Therefore, the AECO sector is under great pressure gains through BIM modelling, including existing limitations and
to reduce the levels of polluting emissions [4] and is compelled to possible future developments.
increase the energy efficiency of its current methods (materials, Thus, the current paper focuses on this subject and intends to
processes, equipment, buildings). help AECO stakeholders in understanding all the ways in which
To achieve this challenging goal, BIM technology can play a very BIM can be used as a tool to improve energy efficiency levels
important role [5], from the design phase until the end-of-life within the sector. With this goal in mind, the current paper is
phase, as it can, amongst others, allow comparisons between mate- organised in five sections. Section 1 introduces the topic and
Fig. 1. Research Methodology
2
details its structure. Section 2 details the scientific methodology 2.2. Phase two: Exclusion criteria
used in this research paper. Section 3 develops a scientometric
analysis of the literature. Section 4 performs a systematic literature Regarding exclusion criteria, these were applied in three stages.
review regarding the use of BIM to improve building energy effi- Firstly, the duplicates were removed. This stage excluded 215 ref-
ciency. Lastly, Section 5 presents the conclusions drawn in this erences from the library created. After that, through the reading of
paper. titles and abstracts, 781 records were excluded from the database.
The third and final stage consisted of a full and detailed reading of
the remaining papers and excluded 341 references. The final num-
2. Research methodology ber of publications used in the following sections of this paper was
219, corresponding to references [2–16,18–221].
A four-stage methodology was applied to develop the current
paper, with the first being the search for publications, the second 2.3. Phase three: scientometric analysis
the definition and application of exclusion criteria, the third the
elaboration of a scientometric analysis, and the last the execution Several categories of quantifiable bibliometric data, such as the
of a systematic literature review. This methodology is detailed in evolution of publications per year, evolution of citations per year,
Fig. 1. etc., were analysed with statistics-based methods. The metric data
was exported from EndNote to Microsoft Excel to process the data
2.1. Phase one: Search for publications and produce graphs, which help to interpret this type of data.
Additionally, co-occurrence and co-authorship analysis were
Systematic literature review guidelines describe at least three carried out, these types of analysis being the most associated with
types of inclusion criteria [17], these being databases to search, the concept of scientometric analysis [28,62,127,210]. The metric
keywords to use and type of publication to include. data was exported from EndNote to VOSViewer, a software capable
Four databases were used in the search for publications: Scien- of creating bibliometric networks [222], which allow these types of
ceDirect, Google Scholar, the American Society of Civil Engineers analysis to be performed.
Library and the Institution of Civil Engineers Library.
Regarding keywords, three different search terms were defined 2.4. Phase four: Systematic literature review
to gather the most relevant information related to BIM use to
improve building energy efficiency: In this phase, the main topics of information were identified
and grouped into key categories of information. In total, 14 main
i) ‘‘BIM” AND ‘‘Building” AND ‘‘Energy Efficiency”; topics were identified, and five main categories were created,
ii) ‘‘BIM” AND ‘‘Building” AND ‘‘Energy Efficiency” OR ‘‘Energy allowing for a structured presentation of information.
Performance”; The systematic literature review consisted of the establishment
iii) ‘‘BIM” AND ‘‘Building” AND ‘‘Green”. of the state of the art for each of the 14 main topics. Thus, for the
papers related to each topic, their research gaps, findings, conclu-
Considering the type of publications, all types of documents in sions, and current shortcomings were identified. Possible solutions
the research were included, to guarantee a wide diversity of infor- to overcome the actual gaps and shortcomings were proposed.
mation sources.
From these databases, and with the determined search terms, 3. Scientometric analysis
1271 publications were gathered and stored in the library man-
ager software EndNote. Additionally, 285 publications were In this section, a scientometrics analysis is made. Several biblio-
added to the library, these being gathered from the reference metric properties of all the gathered papers were analysed, with
lists of publications considered of major relevance to the subject the goal of exposing the current state and evolution of knowledge
of this paper. surrounding the topics of BIM and energy efficiency in buildings.
Fig. 2. Evolution of the number of publications and citations.
3
3.1. Number of publications and citations the analysis done in this paper. Similarly, a clear rise in the number
of citations is visible between 2009 and 2019.
The evolution of the number and type of publications was eval- With the exception of book sections, all the other types of pub-
uated over the period between the years 2009 and 2019. The evo- lications had their maximum number of occurrences in the year
lution of publications per year and the respective types are shown 2019, the last analysed, which corroborates the previous hypothe-
in Fig. 2. sis that research on the use of BIM to improve building energy effi-
There is an upward trend in research associated with the use of ciency is of current high interest.
BIM to improve building energy efficiency. Starting in 2011, a non-
linear evolution of publications was identified, with occasional 3.2. Publication source
exceptions in 2016 and 2018. The maximum number of publica-
tions was identified in 2019, with 67 publications. It can therefore Regarding the source of publications, only the two highest types
be said that the subjects under analysis in the current paper are of of publications were considered, these being journal articles and
current and high interest in the scientific community. conference papers. A total of 50 scientific journals and 27 confer-
Between the years 2009 and 2019, most publications (169 of ences were identified. Considering the high number of journals,
214) were journal articles. This may indicate that a great portion Fig. 3 includes only the journals with two or more articles pub-
of the gathered information is reliable, increasing the quality of lished and the total of articles presented in conferences.
Fig. 3. Publication sources.
Fig. 4. Distribution of publications by country.
4
It was observed that the three journals with the most publica- It can therefore be stated that the higher technological develop-
tions were Automation in Construction with 27 publications, fol- ment of each country can contribute to a greater amount of
lowed by Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews with 19 research on these fields, which are technology reliant. This is cor-
publications, and Energy and Buildings with 18 publications. These roborated by the lack of research in less developed countries.
journals are all edited by Elsevier and can be considered as refer-
ences regarding the use of BIM and/or energy efficiency in build-
3.4. Most cited publications
ings. On the conferences side, a total of 29 publications were
identified. Of these, 18 were held between 2017 and 2019, which
The absolute number of citations for each publication was also
indicates a growing interest in the topic.
analysed. The five most cited publications are presented in Table 1
and includes both general publications about BIM, as well as speci-
3.3. Origin of publications
fic publications about energy efficiency.
For this analysis, it was decided to assign to each publication

the country represented by the institution of its first author. A total 3.5. Keywords co-occurrence
of 37 countries with publications were identified. Of these, 26 had
two or more publications, as shown in Fig. 4. The research leaders For this analysis, a normalisation of ambiguous keywords was
in terms of number of publications are the United States of Amer- necessary. After this process, a total of 565 different keywords
ica, China, and the United Kingdom, which demonstrates the inter- were identified and used as input in VOSViewer, creating a key-
est of developed countries in reducing their environmental word co-occurrence network. The created network, shown in
impacts. Fig. 5, visually represents the number of occurrences of a keyword
Table 1
Top 5 cited publications.
Order Citations Title Authors Institution

1 1809 Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC S. Azhar Auburn University [USA]
Industry [34]
2 1163 Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing buildings — Literature review and future R. Volk Karlsruhe Institute of
needs [10] J. Stengel Technology [Germany]
F.
Schultmann
3 1064 A review on the prediction of building energy consumption [221] H. Zhao Ecole Centrale Paris [France]
F. Magoulès
4 602 How to Measure the Benefits of BIM [38] K. Barlish Arizona State University [USA]
K. Sullivan
Ò
5 582 Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings [16] C. Turner New Buildings Institute [USA]
M. Frankel
Fig. 5. Keyword co-occurrence network.
5
Fig. 6. Software used by authors/researchers.
Fig. 7. Software co-occurrence network.
6
by the node size, and the degree of co-occurrence between key- tool, and the link thickness represents the number of times that
words by the link thickness. both tools were mentioned. The created network thus gives some
As expected, ‘‘BIM”, ‘‘Energy” and ‘‘Building” are the biggest perspective on the current level of interoperability between mod-
nodes of the created network. In the keyword co-occurrence net- elling tools and energy analysis tools.
work, keywords such as ‘‘Sustainability”, ‘‘LCA”, ‘‘Design”, and It is clearly seen that the high use of AutodeskÒ Revit makes it a
‘‘Construction” display strong links with ‘‘BIM”, which may indi- central piece of the network. This tool presents several connections
cate that efficiency could be improved by analysing the effect that with energy analysis tools, including the four most used energy
BIM can have regarding the subjects that these keywords analysis tools and created or self-developed tools, previously
represent. identified.
Regarding the ‘‘Building” keyword, it displays strong links with ArchiCAD, on the other hand, presents a connection with only
keywords such as ‘‘Performance”, ‘‘Retrofitting”, ‘‘NZEB” and one energy analysis tool, EnergyPlus. As this tool is one of the most
‘‘Architecture”. These keywords may therefore represent processes popular amongst architects, this may represent a limitation,
capable of improving a building’s energy efficiency. regarding the design and conception of energy efficient buildings.
Thus, these secondary keywords represent relevant fields of Regarding the created, or self-developed, tools, these present a
study, representing some of the main topics of information identi- strong connection with Revit, which may indicate that they are
fied and analysed in Section 4.3. based on this tool or created as a plugin capable of enhancing
Revit’s capabilities, regarding energy analysis.
3.6. Software
4. Systematic literature review
A total of 94 different software tools were identified. Fig. 6 illus-
trates the 30 most used software tools in the library, organized by
In this section, a systematic literature review is done based on
their application fields: BIM modelling, energy analysis and soft-
the publications within the created library. While reading of these
ware development.
publications, key topics were identified. After that, these key topics
Regarding the BIM modelling software, AutodeskÒ Revit, was
were grouped in the main information categories. These categories,
the most used. Therefore, it can be considered as a reference in
topics, and associated publications are presented in Table 2.
BIM modelling. This group includes software for building mod-
elling, visual aspect of the models, and model errors checking.
For energy analysis, EnergyPlus is the most used in this field, 4.1. BIM technologies
followed by EcoTect, Green Building Studio, and IES-VE. Regarding
the remaining tools in this application field, most of them are used This category brings together topics associated with BIM tech-
in the energy evaluation of the building, while others are used to nologies or technologies that relate to BIM, and that can shape
simulate lighting, LCA analysis, CFD analysis and air quality energy efficiency increase in buildings. The main topics identified
analysis. in this category relate directly to BIM capabilities and compatibil-
Lastly, regarding the software development, new tools were ity, emergent technologies integration within BIM and external
identified, referring to several programming languages presented data combination with BIM tools.
mainly in Dynamo, Grasshopper and MATLAB. The first two are
visual languages which are usually incorporated into BIM mod- 4.1.1. Interoperability
elling tools. Interoperability, in the specific case of BIM and energy analysis
tools, is seen as low [92], tool-dependent [70] and as a challenge to
3.7. Software co-occurrence an industry-wide BIM adoption [5,30,85,189]. Some works, from
Gao et al. [73], Kim et al. [113] and Lu et al. [126] identify the pro-
A software co-occurrence network was created, regarding only cess of data extraction as one of the challenges hindering high
the tools identified in the publications. In this network, shown in interoperability levels, while others, as per Ceranic et al. [46],
Fig. 7, the node size represents the degree of utilisation of a certain Kamel et al. [110] and Tang et al. [190], mention discrepancies in
Table 2
Categories and topics identified.
Category Topic Publications

BIM technologies Interoperability [3,5,18,28,30–
32,39,46,55,60,67,70,72,78,85,91,92,103,106,110,113,126,133,140,152,156,160,167,176,188–
190,198,211]
Laser scanner and thermographic [42,54,74,75,79,89,90,118,119,166,199–201]
camera data merging
Urban scale analysis (BIM/GIS) [40,47,56,87,98,149,171,180,184,207]
Building monitoring [33,42,59,83,96,131,148,192,197,214,220]
BIM model-based tool Software development [21,22,48,50,77,109,123,129,130,134,135,146,154,155,216]
development Output visualization platforms [13,14,19,58,149,193]
Sustainable buildings Materials and solutions [2,6–
comparison and optimization 8,34,37,38,53,61,63,69,82,86,94,95,121,124,128,138,147,153,166,173,179,181,182,209,212,213,215,219]
Energy needs estimation [36,52,73,76,81,99,104,105,111,117,128,137,161,168,175,182,194,202,217,218,221]
Nearly Zero-Energy Building [23,44,52,100,112,116,127,141,187]
(NZEB)
Life-cycle analysis (LCA) [24–27,41,45,64,66,68,71,84,101,102,114,122,142–
144,150,151,158,162,163,172,177,178,185,186,196,205,207,208]
Hygrothermal design Energy certification [4,15,16,29,35,51,65,97,115,125,132,139,159,164,165,204,206]
Thermal comfort [9,11,12,48,57,93,141,203,210]
Building renovation [9,10,43,80,109,120,169,170,174,186]
Training Training quality [20,49,62,88,136,145,157]
7
data file structures of software as another obstruction to the evolu- 4.2. BIM model-based tool development
tion of interoperability. Another obstacle is due to loss of data in
the data exchange process between tools, as per Gao et al. [72] The wide range of BIM capabilities allow users and developers
and Ghaffarianhoseini et al. [78]. to explore and create new purposes within BIM models. As such,
An increase in interoperability levels is necessary [55], acceler- this category explores the role of BIM in the development of new
ating BIM based energy analysis with more reliable outputs tools, or new methods of analysis, with focus on enhancing energy
[39,91,106,152,167,211]. The automation of BIM models conver- efficiency in buildings.
sion to BEM models [18,140,198] and use of concepts such as open-
BIM and SimModel could lead to better energy analysis results 4.2.1. Software development
[28,60,67]. On the other hand, the standardisation of file structures BIM models are capable of storing vast amounts of information
could present itself as the most common solution for interoperabil- and can therefore be used as databases for external tools with
ity issues [133,156,211]. Actually, Industry Foundation Classes automatic access to the information [48,109]. On the other hand,
(IFC) stands out as the most used standard regarding BIM data the direct implementation of visual programming turns BIM tools
[3,31], and through their model view definitions, such as MVD into easily programmable tools [146], that simulate the most effi-
Energy Analysis View, IFC4 could streamline the process of energy cient combination of materials and solutions [21,129], taking
analysis using a BIM model, increasing interoperability levels advantage of the parametric nature of BIM models [50,154,155],
[28,103,223]. the simplification of model conversion [123,216], the energy eval-
uation of buildings [130] and optimisation of systems [77], includ-
ing sewage, as per Marzouk and Othman [135]. Also, through
4.1.2. Laser scanner and thermographic camera data merging Monte Carlo simulation and genetic algorithms [134], it is also pos-
Thermographic cameras can be used to create thermal images, sible to economically analyse BIM models with higher accuracy.
whose information (surface temperatures) can be merged with Some independently developed tools are making their way into
the geometric point clouds (laser scanner) [54], resulting in a file mainstream BIM tools.
with both geometric and thermal information, usually a gbXML file
[118,200,201]. This enables the creation and calibration of models 4.2.2. Output visualization platforms
with enough information to analyse their energy performance BIM models and tools could also be used to show results. San-
[89,119], including the assessment of the thermal resistance of key diagrams can be used to illustrate energy use flow through a
materials in their current states [90]. New tools, such as Leica- building, but these are based on models created with simplifica-
Geosystems’ BLK 360, could potentially increase the speed and pre- tions [19], that is, with lower accuracy. Alternatively, as Niu et al.
cision of the process of creating as-is BIM-thermal models. More- [149] and Truong et al. [193] have shown, results can be repre-
over, this process creates large files that can have their size sented with different colours directly on the BIM, improving the
reduced by increasing the spacing between points [74,75,200]. reading and clarity of the results, improving user behaviour
[13,193] and promoting the construction of more efficient build-
ings [14,58]. Therefore, BIM tools developers should concentrate
their efforts on making it easier to import data from energy analy-
4.1.3. Urban scale analysis (BIM/GIS) sis tools and on developing new styles of representation.
The energy performance of a building is directly influenced by
the dynamics and interdependencies between the built environ- 4.3. Sustainable buildings
ment [98,149], air convection, surface radiation and, when it exists,
public thermal and energy infrastructure and its own interdepen- This topic exposes the role of BIM models and BIM tools in the
dencies. In this regard, SIG 3D tools, like CityGML could help create creation of more efficient buildings, through the concept of sus-
large-scale models [87]. However, they lack the BIM level of detail. tainable buildings methodologies, paradigms, design solutions
Also, new BIM objects that represent all aspects of urban-scale and energy consumption estimation.
analyses should be made available in open BIM format. The inte-
gration of SIG in the BIM environment could revolutionise the 4.3.1. Materials and solutions comparison and optimisation
energy analysis of buildings [56,171]. BIM models possess high levels of versatility [34], allowing
design teams [37,212,219] to change building features in a fast
and simple manner [38,124,128,138,179], optimising designs and
4.1.4. Building monitoring solutions [63,82,209]. BIM tools can help analyse the effect on
Real-time building monitoring could contribute to keeping it in energy performance of the size and shape of glass panels in solar
its peak efficiency during its lifecycle [83]. Through the creation of radiation gains [8,153,173], different insulation materials
a Digital Twin model, maintenance plans can be created and stored [153,181], the use of recycled materials [53,215] and different wall
in the model. Currently, this type of data can be stored in BIM mod- solutions [7]. Regarding this topic, BIM tools are mainly used to
els [148,192] but, as seen by Zhang. [220], it requires manual data help analyse the effects of the building envelope [69,86,94] and
inputs and is only for historic record purposes, given that BIM tools building orientation [2,6,182] on energy performance. Given the
do not have real-time sensor information integration capabilities current complexity of building envelopes and their effect on heat
[33]. Sensor information could also ease diagnostics tasks [42]. losses [2,147], it is necessary to improve the modelling of thermal
However, it is necessary to enable the integration of sensor infor- bridges in the BIM environment [95].
mation and real-time sync with BIM models [59]. Sensor data inte-
gration could be the next step in the development of BIM tools, 4.3.2. Energy needs estimation
through BIM 7D, or the development of a BIM 11D, dedicated to Energy needs are influenced by the building geometry, equip-
building monitoring. Another relevant area to this topic, as shown ment and user behaviour [218,221]. So far, as a ‘‘proof of concept”
by Dibowski et al. [224,225] and Ferrari et al. [226], regards auto- [76], BIM models can store all of this information, apart from user
mated fault detection on buildings and its systems by making man- behaviour, which lacks research [81,99,104] but, as shown by Baldi
ual, time-consuming engineering tasks solvable by a computer, et al. [227], occupant-building interaction can be automated and
allowing the building to run at its peak efficiency more easily. help improve overall building performance, opening the door to
8
BIM integration. Moreover, BIM can act as a basis for energy anal- through BIM, the minimum points needed to obtain certification in
ysis software to estimate a building’s energy needs the LEED system, while Liu et al. [125] achieved 31 out of 78 Green
[36,175,194,202]. Regarding equipment, especially related with Mark certification items through BIM. Chen et al. [51] tried to join
renewable energy, BIM tools are not yet capable of modelling all geolocation services to the LEED certification system in BIM envi-
of the existing solutions on this front [105,111]. Seeing the interest ronment, in order to streamline the process and Wong et al.
in developing a cost estimation tool with 3D features [168], real- [206] identified 26 BEAM-Plus credits could be attained directly
time energy consumption should be available in future BIM tools through BIM. The main limitation to this integration concerns the
[73], with higher levels of interoperability between these and existence of several energy certification systems [132], with each
energy analysis tools [128] and country-specific energy standards one being specific to a certain country or area [97]. In future devel-
[137], achieving more accurate results. opments, the use of thousands of BIM models and big data tech-
niques [16,159] could improve the certification processes
4.3.3. Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) currently in use or help create standardised systems.
Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) are characterised as
highly efficient buildings, with low heat transfer coefficients 4.4.2. Thermal comfort
and highly efficient equipment. As detailed in Sections 4.3.1 Thermal comfort relies on six parameters [57], with four of
and 4.3.2, BIM tools can help designers to achieve more sustain- them (i.e., solar radiation, temperature, humidity, and air velocity)
able buildings [23], even in the early design stages [116,127], by being completely objective and independent from personal percep-
accelerating the estimation of energy needs, allowing them to tion. BIM tools can already estimate the levels of solar radiation
choose the solutions that bring the needs down to almost zero [48]. For interior air temperature and humidity, their estimation
[52,141,187]. can be performed in an energy simulation tool, after importing
the BIM model [11]. Interior air velocity, which can be simulated
4.3.4. Life-cycle analysis (LCA) using CFD tools, once again after BIM model export, [12,141,203].
Life-cycle analysis (LCA) applied to buildings involves, among These types of analysis and simulations have been increasingly
others, a thorough inventory of the energy used during con- used [9], with the goal of optimising thermal comfort [93]. How-
struction, use and demolition [24], given that all stages of a ever, data transfer and interoperability between tools must be
building’s life represent environmental impacts [178], with the higher or, alternatively, BIM tools should be developed with native
potential of reducing said impacts [26]. BIM tools can be used thermal comfort analysis capabilities.
for LCA analysis, as per Cavalliere et al. [45] and Fernández
et al. [71], on a database capacity [101], storing some physical 4.4.3. Building renovation
material properties, according to Edwars et al. [66] and Gao Improving the energy efficiency levels in existing buildings is a
et al. [72]. However, as per Kim [114] and Peng [158], the complex process, given that almost all of its physical properties
information that BIM can currently store may not be enough are fixed [43]. BIM tools have increasingly been used to evaluate
for complete and reliable LCA analysis. In spite of these limita- existing buildings’ energy performance [170], with the benefits,
tions, BIM-LCA integration can currently be accomplished on through simulation, of allowing the comparison of the current
three levels [185]: first, material quantification for environmen- performance with the performance after the proposed renovation
tal impact assessment [185,205], second, environmental data [9] and identifying the best renovation solutions [80]. Scherer
integration in BIM materials [64,185,208] and third, data extrac- [174] establishes two stages for the creation of an as-built BIM
tion and transfer between tools [185]. Currently, most of the model: data acquisition [10,169] and data analysis
BIM-LCA integration used by researchers is done through [109,120,186]. However, and in order to create more reliable
ATHENA, joined by Revit [150]. Of all the stages of use of a models, the process of data acquisition, specifically, thermal and
building, there is however a lack of knowledge regarding end- physical properties, must be developed, with possible solutions
of-life impacts [25,162,207] and its integration in BIM environ- as presented in Section 4.1.2.
ment. The LCA-BIM integration could also improve certification
processes on the environmental side of buildings [27,84,122], 4.5. Training
reduce analysis elapsed times [41,151,177] and improve LCA
analysis reliability [102,186]. This category represents the current state and limitations of
training future professionals in the use of BIM to enhance energy
4.4. Hygrothermal design efficiency in buildings.
This category gathers information about using BIM and energy 4.5.1. Training quality
tools to improve the hygrothermal design of buildings. Exploring The evolution of knowledge represents a challenge for edu-
the integration in BIM of concepts such as energy certification, cational institutions, and curricula must include the most
thermal comfort and renovation processes will allow owners, recent knowledge [88]. Regarding the scientific fields of BIM
developers and users to increase the levels of energy efficiency and energy efficiency, and despite the inclusion of modelling
actively and passively. in current curricula, HVAC systems design is not taught (except
for mechanical engineers), resulting in a low implementation
4.4.1. Energy certification level of BIM for energy calculations. However, the implementa-
Energy certification assigns a rating to buildings according to tion of energy analysis through BIM will allow future designers
their efficiency, which is influenced by many aspects that BIM is to solve existing issues more easily [20]. In this regard, the
capable of storing [35], and, as such, shows great potential for inte- European project BIMcert sought to find solutions to some
gration, as per Doan et al. [65]. Using BIM to perform energy certi- training limitations [136]. Collaboration between educational
fication of buildings could potentially accelerate the process and institutions can mitigate this issue [62], promoting a standard-
reduce associated costs, as per Li et al. [4], Ansah et al. [29] and isation of methodologies [49,145]. Additionally, BIM knowledge
Rezgui et al. [164]. However, for now, researchers are only able acquired in the classroom could lead to solutions to all the
to perform specific tasks within BIM regarding specific energy cer- current barriers associated with BIM tools and energy effi-
tification systems, such as. Jalaei et al. [15] proceeded to calculate, ciency analysis.
9
5. Conclusions between buildings in the urban environment and the impact

of urban infrastructures on a building’s energy efficiency,
With the rapid increase of the global population, we will need revolutionizing current energy efficiency calculation meth-
to build 13,000 new buildings per day by 2050 [228], which rep- ods [53,171].
resents a capital projects investment of approximately $3.3 tril- - Regarding building monitoring, the Digital Twin concept is
lion annually [229]. This growth represents significant potential the frontrunner technology. This process could, for instance,
environmental impacts. However, higher energy efficiency can ease fault diagnostics processes in buildings, as stated by
help reduce the negative environmental impacts frequently asso- Bruno, et al. [42]. However, as seen by Aste et al. [33], BIM
ciated with the AECO sector. BIM coupled with BEM can play an tools are not yet ready for the process (storing live data from
important role on this front, allowing designers to achieve more sensors and visualising the results). A new BIM dimension
efficient solutions, helping owners maintain their buildings at (BIM 11D – Monitoring) could result from this research
their peak efficiency level for longer, and constructors to achieve trend.
more efficient building processes, forging a way to a more sus- - Promoted by the ease of use of visual programming tools,
tainable future. This paper provides an overview of the current there has been a great deal of software development to
state of BIM adoption regarding the enhancement of energy effi- tackle current software limitations on building energy mod-
ciency in buildings. From this work, the following conclusions can elling and analysis.
be drawn: - BIM tools have been used as visualisation platforms, with
researcher using different methods to represent results.
i) Regarding the scientometric analysis: Some, such as Niu et al. [149] and Truong et al. [193] repre-
- There is a high interest among the scientific community in sent energy analysis results directly on models as colour
the topic covered in this paper, given the exponential gradients, while Abdelaim et al. [19] resorted to Sankey dia-
growth in the number of publications and citations verified, grams to display such results. However, new representation
the fact that there are 50 journals with publications on this capabilities should be implemented in future BIM tools, as
topic, and the number of conferences identified, the major- well as better data conversion and visualization mecha-
ity very recent. nisms [149].
- The main keywords identified were ‘‘Building”, ‘‘Sustainabil- - BIM tools and models have allowed designers to achieve the
ity” and ‘‘Design”. These keywords reveal that research into most efficient solutions and choose the most efficient mate-
BIM and energy efficiency may influence the sustainability rials when designing or renovating a building. Aspects such
levels in buildings, through designers’ choices. as building orientation, window sizes, and wall materials,
- ‘‘Revit” is the most used BIM modelling software. Regarding can be changed iteratively on the models, until the most
energy analysis, there are several tools in use, with the most efficient solution is achieved. Currently, some researchers
used being ‘‘EnergyPlus”, ‘‘Ecotect”, ‘‘Green Building Studio” focus their work on the impact of the building envelope in
and ‘‘IES – Virtual Environment”. ‘‘Revit” presents strong the building’s energy performance, such as Evins [69], Gran-
interoperability connections with several energy analysis adeiro et al. [86] and Hensen et al. [94], while others,
tools. On the other hand, ArchiCAD, which is most used by namely Pacheco et al. [2], Abanda et al. [6] and Singh et al.
architects, does not, which may make the design of energy [182] focus their research on the impact of building orienta-
efficient buildings difficult. tion on energy performance. However, given the complexity
ii) Regarding the systematic literature review: of current buildings’ envelopes, BIM tools need to improve
- Currently, interoperability is described by Hanafi et al. [92] their thermal bridges modelling capabilities [95].
as being low. Farzaneh et al. [70] characterizes this property - In the past, the energy needs of bigger buildings were esti-
as being software dependent. As such, interoperability is mated using specific software. Nowadays, with BIM, this
hindered by loss of information in the data transfer pro- can be easily done for all kinds of buildings, helping design-
cesses, mainly because of different file structures. On this ers while still in the design phase. However, as stated by
front, researchers, like Carvalho et al. [3] and Arayici et al. Gao et al. [73], there is a need for a BIM capability in which
[31] make use of Industry Foundation Classes to overcome real-time energy consumption can be calculated. Addition-
current interoperability challenges. Through IFC4 specifica- ally, country specific energy standards should be imple-
tion, MVD Energy Analysis View may represent a solution mented [137] in such a tool, allowing its use internationally.
to the issues of compatibility between tools. Regarding this - According to Cavalliere et al. [45] and Fernãndez et al. [71],
topic, a future survey paper, regarding only the interactions BIM technology represents a good support for LCA analysis.
between BIM and energy analysis tools would be beneficial However, there is still the necessity to research further the
to understand the true extent of current interoperability impact of the end-of-life phase of buildings [25,162,207]
levels. and its integration on BIM models, as well as the need to
- Currently, as is BIM models can have geometric data merged include LCA-relevant parameters in BIM databases.
with thermographic data, by using thermographic cameras - BIM could and should be used as the basis for future energy
with laser scanners, as seen by Chi et al. [54]. Ham et al. certification of buildings. However, first it is necessary to
[89] states that this data association is essential to enhance internationally standardise the energy certification
calibration process of as-is BIM and BEM models. However, schemes. As such, in future developments, the use of thou-
as seen by Lagüela et al. [118], thermal bridges and other sands of BIM models and big data techniques [16,159] could
defects cannot currently be included in the gbXML schema improve the certification processes and help the certifica-
used in this process. As such, new tools, capable of survey- tion systems standardization processes.
ing geometric and thermographic data simultaneously - The use of BIM to analyse thermal comfort levels has been
could be the solution to the current issues. increasingly used [9], with the goal of optimising them
- Energy efficiency in buildings is highly influenced by its sur- [93]. However, there is still a lack of interoperability
roundings [98,149]. As such, BIM-GIS integration, possibly between tools, hindering this process. As such, the inclusion
through CityGML, as suggested by Gröger et al. [87] will of plugins or native thermal capabilities into BIM tools
allow calculations to include energy interdependencies would improve these estimations.
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Energy & Buildings 250 (2021) 111292

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy & Buildings

Using BIM to improve building energy efficiency – A scientometric and

4.1.4. Building monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Fig. 1. Research Methodology

Fig. 2. Evolution of the number of publications and citations.

Fig. 3. Publication sources.

Fig. 4. Distribution of publications by country.

For this analysis, it was decided to assign to each publication

Order Citations Title Authors Institution

Fig. 5. Keyword co-occurrence network.

Fig. 6. Software used by authors/researchers.

Fig. 7. Software co-occurrence network.

Category Topic Publications

5. Conclusions between buildings in the urban environment and the impact

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