Water Sources, Treatment

& System
 Outline

1. The Water Cycle

2. Water Treatment
 Water Impurities
 Water Analysis
 Treatment Methods

2
 The Water Cycle

Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 3

 The Water Cycle

Components:
1. Evaporation. Change
of state of water (a
liquid) to water vapor
(gas)
2. Condensation. From
the gas phase to the
liquid phase; water
vapor (a gas) changes
back into a water
droplets (a liquid) e.g.
clouds, fog, dew, or frost
form.
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 4
 The Water Cycle
Components:
3. Transportation/Advectio
n. The movement of solid,
liquid and gaseous water
through the atmosphere.
Without this movement,
the water evaporated over
the ocean would not
precipitate over land.
4. Sublimation. Process
where ice and snow (a
solid) changes into water
vapor (a gas) without
moving through the liquid
phase.
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 5
 The Water Cycle
Components:
5. Precipitation. Water
that falls to the earth
(rain but includes
snow, sleet, drizzle,
and hail).
6. Transpiration.
Evaporation of liquid
water from plants and
trees into the
atmosphere (90% of all
water that enters the
roots transpires into
the atmosphere)
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 6
 The Water Cycle

Components:
7. Runoff. Remains on
the surface and flows
into streams, rivers,
and eventually large
bodies (lakes or the
ocean)
8. Infiltration - refers to
water entering the soil
surface.
9. Percolation - refers to
the movement of water
within the soil
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 7
 The Water Cycle
Components:
10. Ground Water - the
water that stands in or
passes through the
ground.
11. Storm Water -that
portion of the rainfall or
other precipitation which
runs off over the earth
surface after a storm.
12. Surface Water - that
portion of rainfall or other
precipitation which runs
off over the surface of
the ground.
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 8
 Water Treatment

Raw or
Water Treated Consumption
Source
Treatment Water & Use
Water

 Water to be treated is known generally as raw water.

 Water that has been treated is known as treated water.
 Natural, or source, water is never chemically pure H2O.

Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 9

 Water Sources

Level of Water Supply System (based on Philippine

Standards for Drinking Water):
1. Level I (Point Source) – a protected well /developed
spring with an outlet without distribution system, for
rural areas.
2. Level II ( Communal faucet system or standposts)
– system composed of source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network and communal faucets, for rural
and urban fringe areas . One faucet serves 4 to 6
households.
3. Level III (Waterworks system or individual house
connections) - a system with source, a reservoir, a
piped distribution network and a household taps for
densely urban areas.
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 10
 Water Sources

BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY of Drinking Water

(based on Philippine Standards for Drinking Water):
1. All drinking water supplies ( Level I, II, III, bottled water
& emergency supplies).
2. The presence of E-Coli or Thermo-tolerant (fecal )
coli-form bacteria is an indicator of fecal pollution.
3. The detection suggests possible presence of
organisms that can cause disease.
4. Water that is free from E-Coli or Thermo-tolerant
coli form bacteria is considered safe.
*DENR DAO 2016-08 WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES
AND GENERAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS OF 2016

Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 11

Water Treatment
Water Impurities

 Turbidity - (also called Suspended Solids) is a general

term used to describe any form of insoluble matter
suspended in water. Color is a chemical phenomenon
often associated with turbidity. Color may be an
indication of water containing decaying vegetation.

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Water Treatment
Water Impurities

 Dissolved solids (also known as solutes) - solid materials

that are an intimate part of a liquid system, having a mean
diameter of less than 0.000001 mm. Dissolved solids can be
subdivided into:
a. dissolved salts - solids that form ionic components
when in solution.
b. dissolved organic material - materials that generally
do not dissociate into ions but form covalent bonds with
water molecules and become nonionic solute

 Dissolved gases - gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide,

and hydrogen sulfide. All these gases dissolve in water and
are released on heating or on reduction of pressure in the
water supply.

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Water Treatment
Water Impurities

 Alkalinity is a measurement of the quantity of dissolved

earth minerals in water and the water’s ability to
neutralize acids. Alkalinity is regarded as an important
characteristic of water in determining its scale-forming
tendency.

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Water Treatment
Water Impurities

 Hardness is a measure
of the total calcium,
magnesium, iron, and
other metallic elements
that contribute to the
“hard” feel of water.
 Lots of bubbles  Minimal to no
bubbles
 Clear water
 Cloudy water

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Water Treatment
Water Analysis & Impurity Measurement

 Water samples are analyzed to determine the quantities

of various impurities. The quantities must be presented
in a logical and understandable manner to allow for easy
and practical interpretation.
 Results of analysis are expressed in many ways:
1. Milligrams per liter of water
2. Parts per million (ppm)
3. Grains per gallon
4. Equivalents per million (epm)

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Water Treatment
Water Analysis & Impurity Measurement

 Potential hydrogen (pH) is a measurement of the

hydrogen ion concentration in water and, therefore, a
measure of the water’s acidity.
 The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values lower
than 7 being acid, values higher than 7 being alkaline,
and 7 being neutral.

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Water Treatment
Water Impurities

Sample Water Analysis

Report

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Water Treatment
Deposits & Corrosion

The contaminants previously discussed will cause

piping system fouling by depositing material on the
walls of the pipe, thereby reducing the efficiency of the
system, and reduce the thickness of the pipe wall by
corrosion, which will cause failure of the piping system.

1. Scale is a solid deposit on the walls of a pipe

resulting from the precipitation of dissolved mineral
solids in the fluid stream. This scale reduces heat
transfer and interferes with the flow of water by
increasing the friction of the fluid with the walls of the
pipe.

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Water Treatment
Deposits & Corrosion

Scaling

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Water Treatment
Deposits & Corrosion

2. Microbiological fouling is caused by the growth of

bacteria, algae, fungi, and other organisms. Their
growth is aided by a favorable water temperature,
favorable pH, the presence of oxygen, and food. The
buildup of microbes and their waste products, which
also include dust and other suspended matter, is
called slime.

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Water Treatment
Deposits & Corrosion

3. Corrosion is the loss and

eventual failure of metals and
alloys from the electrochemical
reaction between water and
the pipe material.

22
Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

1. Aeration is a gas-
transfer process in which
water is brought into
contact with air for the
purpose of transferring
volatile substances to or
from the raw water. It is
used most often to
remove undesirable
gases such as carbon
dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, and methane.
Aeration, by introducing
oxygen, also is used to
remove iron and
manganese.
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Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

2. Filtration is a mechanical process for removal or reduction of

suspended solid contaminants. A filter is a device or system used
to effect such removal by a porous medium. Water passes
through the medium, whose porosity is sufficient to remove the
suspended solid components.

 Schmutzdecke is the layer

of the microbial community (in
a slow sand filter system) that
is responsible for treating the
water through the sand bed.
As water passes through this
biological layer, foreign
particles are trapped and
essentially eaten by bacteria
forms on this layer.
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Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

3. Coagulation - treated with compounds that make

small suspended particles stick together and settle
out of the water. This particle conglomerate is
removed from the water prior to filtration.

25
Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

4. Water softening is a process that reduces

or removes dissolved impurities that cause
hardness in water.
5. Deionization is an ion-exchange process
used for removal of all dissolved salts from
water.
6. Distillation is the process of (a) changing
water from a liquid to a vapor by boiling it,
then (b) condensing the water vapor by
cooling, to form a liquid. Theoretically, all the
contaminants are left behind, except those
with the same boiling point as water.

26
Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

7. Reverse osmosis is a technique used primarily to

remove salts from water. The water is forced, under
pressure, to pass through a membrane. The
membrane will not pass sodium or chloride ions or
macromolecules.

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Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

8. Biological Control or Disinfection. To control

microorganism fouling, microorganisms must be
destroyed if possible, inactivated to keep them from
reproducing, and removed from the water stream.
This usually is accomplished by chlorination,
filtration, ultraviolet radiation, ozone generation, and
special adsorbents.
a. Chlorination is the least costly and most often-
used method. Chlorine is the most widely used
disinfectant in municipal water supply systems.
b. Ozone. This powerful chemical, which consists of
oxygen in a three-atom form, is used to disinfect
some municipal water supply systems.

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Water Treatment
Common Treatment Methodologies

c. Exposure to ultraviolet
(UV) radiation is a method
of treating relatively small-
scale water supplies. In this
process, the water is
exposed to ultraviolet
radiation after it has been
filtered. Only momentary
exposure is required to kill
the bacteria, but this
condition may not be
fulfilled if the bacteria are
shielded by particles of
sediment in the water.
29
 References:

1. Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook Volume 2

by ASPE.
2. Practical Plumbing Engineering by Cyril M.
Harris.
3. Philippine Standards for Drinking Water

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