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Measuring Temperature by

1. The document discusses different types of thermometers including liquid-in-glass, bimetallic, and thermocouple thermometers. Liquid-in-glass thermometers use liquids like mercury or alcohol and measure temperature based on the liquid's expansion. 2. Bimetallic thermometers use two metals with different expansion coefficients joined together, which cause bending to indicate temperature. Thermocouples generate voltage from the junction of two different metals to measure temperature. 3. Each thermometer type has advantages like cost, temperature range, or accuracy, and disadvantages such as fragility, toxicity, or lower sensitivity. The best thermometer depends on the required temperature range and measurement properties.

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Abdla Doski
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12 views

Measuring Temperature by

1. The document discusses different types of thermometers including liquid-in-glass, bimetallic, and thermocouple thermometers. Liquid-in-glass thermometers use liquids like mercury or alcohol and measure temperature based on the liquid's expansion. 2. Bimetallic thermometers use two metals with different expansion coefficients joined together, which cause bending to indicate temperature. Thermocouples generate voltage from the junction of two different metals to measure temperature. 3. Each thermometer type has advantages like cost, temperature range, or accuracy, and disadvantages such as fragility, toxicity, or lower sensitivity. The best thermometer depends on the required temperature range and measurement properties.

Uploaded by

Abdla Doski
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Technical Engineering College

Energy Department
Course: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Class: First year, 2nd semester 2021 - 2022

Name of Experiment:
Measuring Temperature By
Using Different Types of Thermometers.

Submitted by:

Experiment No: 2
Date of experiment: / /2022
Date of submission: / /2022
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark

Name of Evaluator:
OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this experiment is to introduce several types of temperature


measurement devices (Thermometers).

Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

These thermometers are used for temperature measurements from


-200 to 750 C. They are contact-type thermometers. Fig. 3.1 shows the
principle of their design.

Figure (3.1): Parts of liquid in glass Thermometers

Liquid Temperature range, C


From To
Mercury -35 750
Toluene -90 200
Ethanol -80 70
Kerosene -60 300
Petroleum Ether -120 25
Pentane -200 20

Advantages:

1. They are cheap to manufacture.


2. Easy to carry and handle.
3. They are simple in design.
4. They are relatively highly accurate in temperature
measurement.

2
Disadvantages:

1. They tend to have high heat capacities. They are not sensitive
enough, that is they cannot measure rapid temperature changes.
2. they are fragile;
3. it is difficult to perform readings due to low visibility of the
scale;
4. They are not capable of distance transmission of a measuring
signal, therefore, they are used as locally placed devices;
5. Impossibility to repair;
6. High values of time lag;
7. Low visibility of mercury in the capillary.

Among these liquids mercury is the most widely used, because


mercury remains in liquid state in a wide temperature range.

Advantages (mercury);-

1. Mercury is a naturally opaque liquid (Silver). This means that it


can be directly utilized in its pure form
2. Mercury does not wet glass. When it moves up and down in the
capillary strong cohesive properties of mercury do not allow it
to leave any traces on the inside of the capillary.
3. Mercury is a liquid metal. As a metal it has high conductive
properties that allow it to be sensitive than the alcohol in glass
thermometer.

Among disadvantages inherent to mercury-in-glass thermometers we


can mention the following:
1. Mercury is a poisonous element, which affects the central and
peripheral nervous system, its vapor is the most toxic;
2. Small volumetric thermal expansion coefficient for mercury,
therefore, mercury is used in thermometers with capillaries of
small internal diameter;

Range: Covering a wide temperature range from -38 °C to 356 °C,


although the introduction of a strument can increase the range to 600 °C or
beyond.

3
The alcohol-in-glass thermometer:

As a liquid it utilizes ethyl alcohol, toluene and technical pentane,


which can be used down to -200 °C.
Advantages:

1. measure very low temperatures.


2. A higher volume thermal expansion coefficient comparing with that
for mercury (six times higher in average).

Disadvantages:

1. Alcohol is transparent therefore it requires a dye to make it


visible. Dyes tend to add impurities that may not have the same
temperature range as the alcohol making reading difficult
especially at the limits of each liquid.
2. These liquids wet glass, therefore, in order to increase the
accuracy of measurement/reading, glass capillaries with bigger
internal diameters (up to 1 mm) are used.

Bimetallic Thermometer:

The Bi-metallic expansion thermometer is made of two thin metal


strips, having different coefficients of expansion, are mechanically fastened
together. This result in a strip that bends significantly when heated. One end
is fixed while the other end is attached to a pointer. It is widely used
whenever accuracy is not so important.

The Bimetal thermometer was designed to be a less accurate, but more


rugged measuring device than the glass thermometer. In many industrial
applications there are still locations where it is desirable to know what the
temperature of a fluid or device is, but it is not worth the cost of a more
expensive probe and readout. Some examples of this are cooling water
loops, gas grills, furnaces and ovens. In general the user would like a quick
check to see what the approximate temperature is, but don’t need to know to
the tenth of a degree. Probably within a few degrees is more than enough for
most of the applications. Bimetal thermometers are constructed of a metal
sensing rod, which conducts the temperature to the thermal element, the
thermal element and a scale. The bimetal sensing element consists of a metal
4
element shaped like a flat spring. This element is two different metallic
materials sandwiched together. When a temperature is sensed by the
element, the metallic components want to expand. Since they are different
materials and expand at different rates, a stress in generated in the coil of
material. This stress causes the element to try to wrap around itself. The
indicator needle is attached to the end of this either directly or by
mechanism. The motion of the spring shaped material moves the indicator.
Prior to the advent of electrical thermostats, the most common use of these
thermometers was in home heating systems.

Figure (3.2): Types of Bimetallic Thermometers

5
Thermocouple

The thermocouple is an extremely versatile device. Since the


measurement of the temperature occurs only at the actual interface between
the two metals, the measurement area can be as large or as small as one
chooses. Most thermocouples today are made from two pieces of dissimilar
wire, welded together in a bead. This junction can be as large or small as
desired, simply by selecting the appropriate sized wire. Thermocouples can
be created by physically connecting the two metals together as well as
welding them.
The only requirement is that the two metals be in good physical
contact. If one is not careful with wire insulation, a spot of missing
insulation can quickly become the new thermocouple, rather than the welded
thermocouple that is inserted into the process.

Many different thermocouple combinations have been used, but only


8 are standardized. These include 3 noble metal thermocouples using
platinum and platinum-rhodium alloys, widely used for temperature
measurement up to 1600 °C. The remaining 5 mainly use nickel-based
alloys, which are cheaper and more suitable for industrial use up to about
1200 °C. Other refractory alloys can be used up to and beyond 2000 °C.
Advantages:
1. Cheap to manufacture.
2. The simplicity, ruggedness, low cost, small size and wide
temperature range of thermocouples make them the most
common type of temperature sensor in industrial use.
3. Low heat capacities making it capable of measuring rapid
temperature changes.

Disadvantages:

Sensitivity reduces accuracy.

6
The table below shows some common thermocouple sets and their
basic parameters.

7
The following colors are the standard indicator colors in the United
States. Other color codes exist in Europe.

Any measurement with a thermocouple requires an understanding of


how dissimilar metal junctions actually effect the measurement. Let’s take
the simple case of a single TC attached to a simple analog mV meter.

Figure (3.3): Thermocouple Scheme

8
Questions
1. Define the thermometers and explain the objective of the
thermometers.
2. Define the liquid-in-glass thermometer.
3. Create a table and show in it the difference between alcohol and
mercury thermometers including some properties, temperature
ranges, advantages and disadvantages.
4. For expected temperature of -200 oC and 500 oC, which
thermometer is better to use?
5. Define the Bimetallic thermometer and explain its work.
6. Where do you think it is appropriate to use Bimetal
thermometer?
7. Define thermocouple and explain its work.
8. Write some advantages and disadvantages of thermocouple.

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