List of Demons in The Ars

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List of demons in the Ars Goetia


The demons' names (given below) are taken from the goetic grimoire Ars Goetia, which differs in
terms of number and ranking from the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum of Johann Weyer. As a
result of multiple translations, there are multiple spellings for some of the names, explained in
more detail in the articles concerning them.[1][2] The sole demon which appears in
Pseudomonarchia Daemonum but not in the Ars Goetia is Pruflas.

The 72 angels of the Shem HaMephorash are


considered the opposite and balancing force against
these demons.

Demons

Kings
1. According to the Grand Grimoire, Baal (or Bael)
is the head of the infernal powers. He is also the
first demon listed in Wierus' Pseudomonarchia
daemonum. According to Wierus, Bael is the The 72 sigils
first king of Hell with estates in the east. He has
three heads: a toad, a man, and a cat. He also
speaks in a raucous, but well-formed voice, and commands 66
legions. Bael teaches the art of invisibility, and may be the
equivalent of Baal or Baalzebub, one of the Seven princes of
Hell.[3]
2. Paimon (also Paimonia, Paymon) is one of the Kings of Hell,
more obedient to Lucifer than other kings are, and has two
hundred legions of demons under his rule. He has a great voice
and roars as soon as he comes, speaking in this manner for a
while until the conjurer compels him and then he answers clearly
the questions he is asked. When a conjurer invokes this demon
he must look towards the northwest, the direction of Paimon's
house, and when Paimon appears he must be allowed to ask the Dictionnaire Infernal
conjurer what he wishes and be answered, in order to obtain the illustration of Bael.
same from him.
1. Paimon teaches all arts, philosophies, and sciences, and
secret things; he can reveal all mysteries of the Earth, wind, and water, what the mind is,
and where it is, and everything the conjurer wants to know. He gives good familiars,
dignities and confirms them, and binds men to the conjurer's will.
2. If Paimon is cited alone, buffering or sacrifice must be done, and he will accept it, though
the precise nature of the gift is unclear; then two kings called Beball (Bebal or Labal) and
Abalam (Abalim) will go to him together with other spirits, often twenty-five legions; but
these other spirits do not always come unless the conjurer calls upon them.
3. Paimon is depicted as a man with an effeminate face, wearing a precious crown, and riding
a dromedary. Before him often goes a host of demons with the shape of men, playing
trumpets, cymbals, and any other sort of musical instrument.
3. Marbas is a demon described in the Ars Goetia. He is described as a Great President of Hell
governing thirty-six legions of demons. He answers truly on hidden or secret things, causes
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and heals diseases, teaches mechanical arts, and changes men


into other shapes. He is depicted as a great lion that, under the
conjurer's request, changes shape into a man.
4. Beleth (also spelled Bilet, Bileth, and Byleth) is a mighty and
terrible king of Hell, who has eighty-five legions of demons under
his command. He rides a warhorse, and all kind of music is heard
before him, according to most authors on demonology and the
most known grimoires. According to Pseudomonarchia
Daemonum, Ham, son of Noah, was the first in invoking him after
the flood, and wrote a book on mathematics with his help.
1. When appearing, he looks very fierce to frighten the conjurer
or to see if he is courageous. The conjurer must be brave, Paimon as depicted in Collin
and holding a hazel wand in his hand must draw a triangle by de Plancy's Dictionnaire
striking towards the South, East, and upwards, and command Infernal, 1863 edition.
Beleth into it by means of some conjurations.
2. If he does not obey, the conjurer must rehearse all threats the
conjurations said. Then, Beleth will obey and do all that he is
commanded, but the conjurer must be respectful and pay
homage unto Beleth due to his rank, and hold a silver ring in
the middle finger of the left hand against his face, as it is the
use of hellish kings and princes before Amaymon.
3. Beleth gives all the love of men and women he is
commanded until the conjurer is satisfied.
5. Purson (also Curson, Pursan) is a Great King of Hell, being
served and obeyed by twenty-two legions of demons. He knows
of hidden things, can find treasures, and tells past, present and
future. Taking a human or aerial body he answers truly of all
secret and divine things of Earth and the creation of the world. Asmodeus as depicted in
He also brings good familiars. Purson is depicted as a man with Collin de Plancy's
the face of a lion, carrying a ferocious viper in his hand, and Dictionnaire Infernal.
riding a bear. Before him, there can be heard many trumpets
sounding. This demon blows internal trumpets, and is believed
connected to the revelator to the Antichrist.
6. Asmodeus (also Ashmodai, Asmodeus, Asmody, Asmoday)
appears as the king 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is
said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two
according to respective rank.[4] He "is strong, powerful and
appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a
man, and the third like a ram or a goat; the tail of a serpent, and
from his mouth issue flames of fire."[4] Also, he sits upon an
infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner, and amongst the
Legions of Amaymon, Asmoday governs seventy two legions of
inferior spirits.[4]
7. (King/Count) Vine (also Viné, Vinea) is an Earl and also a King Purson's image in Mathers'
of Hell, commanding 36 legions of demons. He can tell present, The Goetia corresponds to
past, and future, discover witches and hidden things, create Pruflas' illustration from the
storms and make the water rough by means of them, and also Dictionnaire Infernal.
bring down walls and build towers. This demon is portrayed as a
lion holding a snake in his hand and riding a black horse. The
etymology of his name seems to be the Latin word 'vinea', vine, that is also the name given to
an ancient war machine made of wood and covered with leather and branches, used to
overthrow walls.
8. Balam (also Balaam, Balan) is a great and powerful king of Hell who commands over forty
legions of demons. He gives perfect answers on things past, present, and to come, and can
also make men invisible and witty. Balam is depicted as being three-headed. One head is the
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head of a bull, the second of a man, and the third of a ram. He


has flaming eyes and the tail of a serpent. He carries a hawk on
his fist and rides a strong bear. At other times, he is represented
as a naked man riding a bear. His name seems to have been
taken from Balaam, the biblical magician.
9. (King/President) Zagan[5] (also Zagam) is a Great King and
President of Hell, commanding over thirty-three legions of
demons. He makes men witty; he can also turn wine into water,
water into wine, and blood into wine (according to A woodcarving of Belial and
Pseudomonarchia Daemonum blood into oil, oil into blood, and a some of his followers from
fool into a wise man). Other of his powers is that of turning Jacobus de Teramo's book
metals into coins that are made with that metal (i.e., gold into a Buche Belial (1473).
gold coin, copper into a copper coin, etc.). Zagan is depicted as a
griffin-winged bull that turns into a man after a while.
10. Belial (also Belhor, Baalial, Beliar, Beliall, Beliel) is listed as the
sixty-eighth spirit of The Lesser Key of Solomon. He is a King of
Hell with 80 legions of demons and 50 legions of spirits under his
command. He was created as the first, after Lucifer.[6] He has the
power to distribute senatorships and gives excellent familiars. He
must be presented with offerings, sacrifices, and gifts, or else he
will not give true answers to demands.[6]

Dukes The Seal of Belial according


to the Ars Goetia.

Amduscias Agares from Collin de Plancy,


Dictionnaire Infernal, Paris, 1863.

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Eligos (Abigor). Illustration from Astaroth illustration from the


Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Dictionnaire Infernal (1818)
Infernal.

The Seal of Murmur according to


the Ars Goetia.

1. Amdusias[5] (also Amduscias, Amdukias or Ambduscias) has 29 legions of demons and spirits
under his command. He is depicted as a human with claws instead of hands and feet, the head
of a unicorn, and a trumpet to symbolize his powerful voice. Amdusias is associated with
thunder and it has been said that his voice is heard during storms. In other sources, he is
accompanied by the sound of trumpets when he comes and will give concerts if commanded,
but while all his types of musical instruments can be heard they cannot be seen. He is
regarded as being the demon in charge of the cacophonous music that is played in Hell. He
can make trees bend at will.
2. Agares (or Agreas),[5] ruling the eastern zone of Hell, and being served by 31 legions of
demons. He can make runaways come back and those who stand still[7] run, finding pleasure
in teaching immoral expressions. He also has the power to destroy dignities, both temporal and
supernatural.[5][8] He is depicted as a pale old man riding a crocodile.[8][9]
3. Valefar (or Malaphar, Malephar, Valafar, Valefor) is a Duke of Hell.[10] He tempts people to
steal and is in charge of a good relationship among thieves. Valefar is considered a good
familiar by his associates "till they are caught in the trap."[11] He commands ten legions of
demons.[6] He is represented as a lion with the head of a man, or as a lion with the head of a
donkey.[6]
4. Barbatos is an Earl and Duke of Hell, ruling thirty legions of demons and has four kings as his
companions to command his legions. He gives the understanding of the voices of the animals,
says past and future, conciliates friends and rulers, and he can lead men to hidden treasures

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that have been hidden by the enchantment of magicians. His name seems to derive from Latin
"barbatus", bearded, old man, philosopher. He is mentioned in The Lesser Key of Solomon.
5. Gusion (also Gusoin, Gusoyn) is a strong Great Duke of Hell, and rules over forty legions of
demons. He tells all past, present and future things, shows the meaning of all questions that
are asked to him, reconciles friends, and gives honour and dignity. He is depicted as a baboon
or according to some, in the form of a "xenophilus."[6]
6. Eligos is a Great Duke of Hell, ruling 60 legions of demons. He discovers hidden things and
knows the future of wars and how soldiers should meet. He also attracts the favor of lords,
knights and other important persons. He is depicted in the form of a goodly knight carrying a
lance, an ensign and a serpent. The Pseudomonarchia Daemonum names his alias as Abigor
or Eligor.[12]
7. Zepar[5] is a Great Duke of Hell. He commands 26 legions of inferior spirits. His office is to
cause women to love men, and bring them together in love. He makes women barren. He is
depicted with red clothes and armor, like a soldier.
8. Bathin (or Bathym, Mathim, Marthim) is a Duke (Great Duke according to Pseudomonarchia
Daemonum) of Hell, who has under his command thirty legions of demons. He knows the
virtues of precious stones and herbs, and can bring men suddenly from one country to another.
He helps one attain astral projection, and takes you wherever you want to go. He is depicted
as a strong man with the tail of a serpent, riding a pale horse.
9. Saleos[5] (also Sallos and Zaleos) is a mighty Great Duke (a Great Earl to Johann Weyer) of
Hell, ruling thirty legions of demons, although Weyer does not mention anything concerning
legions under his command. He is of a pacifist nature, and causes men to love women and
women to love men. He is depicted as a gallant and handsome soldier, wearing a ducal crown,
and riding a crocodile.
10. Aim (also Aym or Haborym) is a Great Duke of Hell, very strong, and rules over twenty-six
legions of demons. He sets cities, castles and great places on fire, makes men witty in all
ways, and gives true answers concerning private matters. He is depicted as a man (handsome
to some sources), but with three heads, one of a serpent, the second of a man, and the third of
a cat to most authors, although some say of a calf, riding a viper, and carrying in his hand a lit
firebrand with which he sets the requested things on fire.
11. Buné is a Great Duke of Hell, mighty and strong, who has thirty legions of demons under his
command. He changes the place of the dead and makes them demons that are under his
power to gather together upon those sepulchres. Buné makes men eloquent and wise, and
gives true answers to their demands and also richness. He speaks with a comely high voice.
Buné is depicted as a three-headed dragon, being his heads like those of a dog, a griffin, and a
man (although according to some grimoires he has two heads like a dragon and the third like a
man).
12. Berith (also Baal-berith) is a Great Duke of Hell, powerful and terrible, and has twenty-six
legions of demons under his command. He tells things of the past, present and future with true
answers; he can also turn all metals into gold, give dignities to men and confirm them. He
speaks with a clear and subtle voice, and as recounted in Aleister Crowley's Illustrated Goetia,
he is a liar when not answering questions. To speak with him the conjurer must wear a silver
ring and put it before his face in the same form as it is needed in Beleth's case and demons do
before Amaymon. He is depicted as a soldier wearing red clothes, a golden crown, and riding a
red horse. Books on the subject tell that he is called according to whom invokes him, being
called Berith by the Jews (see below). According to some demonologists from the 16th century,
his power is stronger in June, meanwhile to Sebastien Michaelis he suggests murder and
blasphemy and his adversary is St. Barnabas. His name was surely taken from Ba'al Berith, a
form of Baal worshiped in Berith (Beirut), Phoenicia. In Alchemy Berith was the element with
which all metals could be transmuted into gold. "Berith" is the Hebrew word for covenant, it was
originated from the Akkadian (Babylonian) word "Biritu" which means "to fetter" or "to bond".
13. Astaroth (also Ashtaroth, Astarot and Asteroth) is referred to in The Lesser Key of Solomon as
a very powerful demon who commands 40 legions of demons. In art, in the Dictionnaire
Infernal, Astaroth is depicted as a nude man with feathered wings, wearing a crown, holding a
serpent in one hand, and riding a beast with dragon-like wings and a serpent-like tail.

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According to Sebastien Michaelis he is a demon of the First


Hierarchy, who seduces by means of laziness, vanity, and
rationalized philosophies. His adversary is St.
Bartholomew, who can protect against him for he has
resisted Astaroth's temptations. To others, he teaches
mathematical sciences and handicrafts, can make men
invisible and lead them to hidden treasures, and answers
every question formulated to him. He was also said to give
to mortal beings the power over serpents. His name is
possibly taken from the goddess Asherah or Astarte.
14. Focalor (also Forcalor, Furcalor) is a powerful Great Duke
of Hell, commanding three or thirty legions of spirits.
Focalor is mentioned in The Lesser Key of Solomon as the
forty-first of the 72 goetic demons. According to the Seal of Astaroth, as depicted in The
grimoire: Focalor appears in the form of a man with a Lesser Key of Solomon.
griffin's wings, kills men, drowns them, and overthrows
warships; but if commanded by the conjurer he will not
harm any man or thing. Focalor has power over wind and sea, and had hoped to return to
heaven after one thousand years, but he was deceived in his hope.
15. Vepar (also Separ, Vephar) is a strong Great Duke of Hell, and rules twenty-nine legions of
demons. He governs the waters and guides armoured ships laden with ammunition and
weapons; he can also make, if requested, the sea rough and stormy, and to appear full of
ships. Vepar can make men die in three days by putrefying sores and wounds, causing worms
to breed in them, but if requested by the conjurer he can heal them immediately. Vepar is
depicted as a mermaid.
16. Vual (also Uvall, Voval, Vreal, Wal, Wall) is a mighty Great Duke of Hell, commanding thirty-
seven legions of demons. He gives the love of women, causes friendship between friends and
foes, and tells things past, present and to come. Vual is depicted as a dromedary that after a
while changes shape into a man, and speaks the Egyptian language, but not perfectly, with a
deep voice.
17. Crocell (also called Crokel or Procell) is the 49th spirit of the Goetia, manifesting as an angel
with a tendency to speak in dark and mysterious ways. Once a member of the Powers, he is
now a Duke of Hell who rules over 48 legions of demons. When summoned by a conjuror, he
can teach geometry and other liberal sciences. He can also warm bodies of water, create the
illusion of the sound of rushing waters, and reveal the location of natural baths.
18. Allocer (also Alocer, Alloces) is a demon whose title is Great Duke of Hell, and who has thirty-
six legions of demons under his command. He induces people to immorality and teaches arts
and all mysteries of the sky. He is described by Johann Weyer as appearing in the shape of a
knight mounted on an enormous horse. His face has leonine characteristics; he has a ruddy
complexion and burning eyes; and he speaks with much gravity. He is said to provide good
familiars, and to teach astronomy and liberal arts. Allocer is often depicted riding a horse with
dragon legs.
19. (Duke/Count) Murmur (also Murmus, Murmuur, Murmux) is a Great Duke and Earl of Hell,
and has thirty legions of demons under his command. He teaches Philosophy, and can oblige
the souls of the deceased to appear before the conjurer to answer every desired question.
Murmur is depicted as a soldier riding a vulture or a griffin, and wearing a ducal crown. Two of
his ministers go before him making the sound of trumpets. "Murmur" in Latin means noise,
whisper, murmur, and the sound of the trumpet.
20. Gremory (also Gamory, Gemory, or Gomory) is a strong Duke of Hell that governs twenty-six
legions of demons. He tells all things past, present and future, about hidden treasures, and
procures the love of women, young and old, but especially maidens. He is depicted as
appearing in the form of a beautiful woman with the crown of a duchess tied around her waist,
and riding a camel.
21. Vapula (also Naphula) is a powerful Great Duke of Hell that commands thirty-six legions of
demons. He teaches philosophy, mechanics, and sciences. Vapula is depicted as a griffin-
winged lion.
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22. Flauros (also Flavros, Hauras, Haures, Havres)[13] is a strong Great Duke of Hell, having
thirty-six (twenty according to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum) legions of demons under his rule.
He gives true answers of all things past, present and future, but he must be first commanded to
enter a magic triangle for if not he will lie, deceive the conjurer, and beguile him in other
business. But if he enters the triangle he will answer truly, and gladly speak about divinity, the
creation of the world, himself, and other fallen angels. He can also destroy all the conjurer's
enemies by burning them up. If the magician requests it, he will not suffer temptations from any
spirit or in any form. Commonly people represent him as a humanoid leopard with big claws.
Flauros is depicted as a terrible and strong leopard that under request of the conjurer changes
into a man with fiery eyes and an awful expression. Flauros can also supposedly be called
upon when a mortal wishes to take vengeance on other demons. This is likely included in his
capability to destroy the conjurer's enemies.
23. Dantalion (or Dantalian) is a powerful Great Duke of Hell,
with thirty-six legions of demons under his command; he is
the 71st of 72 spirits of Solomon. He teaches all arts and
sciences, and also declares the secret counsel of anyone,
given that he knows the thoughts of all people and can
change them at his will. He can also cause love and show
the similitude of any person, show the same by means of a
vision, and let them be in any part of the world they will. He
is depicted as a man with many appearances, which means
the faces of all men and women. There are also many
depictions in which he is said to hold a book in one of his
hands:

Dantalion's seal from the Lesser


The Seventy-first Spirit is Dantalion. He is a Duke Key of Solomon[14]
Great and Mighty, appearing in the Form of a Man
with many Countenances, all Men's and Women's
Faces; and he hath a Book in his right hand. His
Office is to teach all Arts and Sciences unto any; and
to declare the Secret Counsel of any one; for he
knoweth the Thoughts of all Men and Women, and
can change them at his Will. He can cause Love, and
show the Similitude of any person, and show the
same by a Vision, let them be in what part of the

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World they Will. He governeth 36 Legions of Spirits; and


thou, etc.
—The Lesser Key of Solomon

Princes

Sytry's Seal. Stolas as illustrated by Louis Le


Breton in Dictionnaire Infernal.

A description of the demon


Stolas. Illustrated by Louis Le
Breton.

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An early woodcut image of


Orobas.

1. Vassago (also Vasago, Usagoo) is a mighty Prince of Hell (see Hierarchy of demons), ruling
over twenty-six legions of demons. He can be persuaded to tell the magician of events past
and future, can discover hidden and lost things, and has a "good" nature.[9] A partial description
from The Lesser Key of Solomon is as follows: "The Third Spirit is a Mighty Prince, being of the
same nature as Agares. He is called Vassago. This Spirit is of a Good Nature, and his office is
to declare things Past and to Come, and to discover all things Hidden or Lost." According to the
Liber Officium Spirituum, he manifests as an angel.
2. Sitri[5] (also spelled Bitru, Sytry) is a Great Prince of Hell, and reigns over sixty legions of
demons. He causes men to love women and vice versa, and can make people bare
themselves naked if desired. He is depicted with the face of a leopard and the wings of a
griffin, but under the conjurer's request he changes into a very beautiful man.
3. (Count/Prince) Ipos (also Aiperos, Ayperos, Ayporos, Ipes) is an Earl and powerful Prince of
Hell who has thirty-six legions of demons under his command. He knows and can reveal all
things, past, present and future. He can make men witty and valiant. He is commonly depicted
with the body of an angel with the head of a lion, the tail of a hare, and the feet of a goose, less
frequently in the same shape but with the body of a lion, and rarely as a vulture.
4. (Prince/President) Gaap (also Goap, Tap) is a mighty Prince and Great President of Hell,
commanding sixty-six legions of demons. He is, according to The Lesser Key of Solomon, the
king and prince of the southern region of Hell and Earth, and according to the
Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (False Monarchy of the Demons) the king of the western region
and as mighty as Beleth, but for both he is the guide of the four kings (the others being
Ziminiar, Corson and Amaymon, although some translations of The Lesser Key of Solomon
consider Belial, Beleth, Asmodai and Gaap, not giving detail on the cardinal point they rule). He
is said to be better conjured to appear when the Sun is in a southern zodiacal sign. Gaap
teaches Philosophy and all liberal sciences, can cause love or hate and make men insensible
and invisible, deliver familiars out of the custody of other magicians, teaches how to consecrate
those things that belong to the dominion of Amaymon his king (there is a contradiction here,
see above), gives true answers concerning past, present and future, and can carry and re-
carry men and things speedily from one nation to another at the conjurer's will. According to a
few authors he can make men ignorant. According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, certain
necromancers honour him with sacrifices and burning offerings. He is depicted in human
shape.
5. Stolas[5] (also known as Stolos, Stoppas and Solas) is "a Great Prince of Hell, commands
twenty-six legions of demons. He teaches astronomy and is knowledgeable about herbs,
plants, and precious stones. He is often depicted as a raven or a crowned owl with long
legs."[15]
6. Orobas is a very powerful Great Prince of Hell, having twenty legions of demons under his
control. He supposedly gives true answers of things past, present and to come, divinity, and
the creation of the world; he also confers dignities and prelacies, and the favour of friends and
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foes. Orobas is faithful to the conjurer, does not permit that any spirit tempts him, and never
deceives anyone. He is depicted as a horse that changes into a man under the conjurer's
request. The name could come from Latin "orobias", a type of incense.
7. Seir (also known as Seire, Seere, or Sear) is a Prince of Hell with 26 legions of demons under
his command. He can go to any place on earth in a matter of seconds to accomplish the will of
the conjurer, bring abundance, help in finding hidden treasures or in robbery, and is not a
demon of evil but good nature, being mostly indifferent to evilness. He is depicted as a man
riding a winged horse, and is said to be beautiful.

Marquises
1. Gamigin (also Gamygin, Gamigm or Samigina) is a Great Marquis of Hell who rules over thirty
legions of demons.[8][9][16] He teaches all liberal sciences and gives an account of the souls of
those who died in sin[9][16] and who drowned in the sea,[8] speaking with a rough voice.[8][9][16]
He also answers what is asked about, and stays with the conjurer until they are satisfied.[8]
Gamigin is depicted as a little horse[8][9][16] or a donkey,[9][16] which changes form into a man
under the conjurer's request.[8][9][16]
2. Aamon[5] (or Amon, Nahum) is a Marquis of Hell who governs forty infernal legions. He
appears as a wolf with a serpent's tail who can breathe fire, or as a man with a raven's head,
sometimes depicted with canine teeth. He tells of all things past and future. He procures feuds,
and reconciles controversies between friends and foes.
3. Leraje (also Leraie, Leraikha, Leraye, Loray, Oray) is a mighty Great Marquis of Hell who has
thirty legions of demons under his power. He causes great battles and disputes, and makes
gangrene wounds caused by arrows. He is depicted as a gallant and handsome archer clad in
green, carrying a bow and quiver.
4. The demon Naberius (also Naberus, Nebiros and Cerberus, Cerbere) was first mentioned by
Johann Weyer in 1583.[17] He is supposedly the most valiant Marquis of Hell, and has nineteen
legions of demons under his command. He makes men cunning in all arts, but especially in
rhetoric, speaking with a hoarse voice. He also restores lost dignities and honors, although to
Johann Weyer he procures the loss of them. Naberius appears as a three-headed dog or a
raven. He has a raucous voice but presents himself as eloquent and amiable. He teaches the
art of gracious living. He is depicted as a crow or a black crane. Concerning his name, it is
unclear if there is an association with the Greek Cerberus. It is said that in 1583, Johann
Weyer considers both of them to be the same demon. He claimed:

Naberius [Naberus], alias Cerberus, is a valiant marquesse, shewing himselfe in the


forme of a crowe, when he speaketh with a hoarse voice: he maketh a man amiable
and cunning in all arts, and speciallie in rhetorike, he procureth the losse of
prelacies and dignities: nineteene legions heare (and obeie) him.

5. (Marquis/Count) Ronové (also Ronove, Roneve, Ronwe) is a Marquis and Great Earl of Hell,
commanding twenty legions of demons. He teaches Rhetoric, languages, and gives good and
loyal servants and the favour of friends and foes. He is described as a monster holding a staff,
without detailing his appearance. He is also described as taker of old souls; often coming to
earth to harvest souls of decrepit humans and animals near death.
6. Forneus is a Great Marquis of Hell, and has twenty-nine legions of demons under his rule. He
teaches Rhetoric and languages, gives men a good name, and makes them be loved by their
friends and foes. He is depicted as a great sea monster. His name seems to come from Latin
"fornus", "furnus": "oven".
7. Marchosias (also Marchocias) is a powerful Great Marquis of Hell, commanding thirty legions
of demons. He is a strong and excellent fighter and very reliable to the conjurer, giving true
answers to all questions. Marchosias hoped after 1,200 years to return to heaven with the non-
fallen angels, but he is deceived in that hope. He is depicted as a wolf with a man's form as
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well as a griffin's wings and a serpent's tail, that under


request changes shape into a man. The name Marchosias
comes from Late Latin marchio, "marquis".
8. Phenex (also Pheynix, Phoenix, Phoeniex) is a Great
Marquis of Hell and has twenty legions of demons under
his command. He teaches all wonderful sciences, is an
excellent poet, and is very obedient to the conjuror. Phenex
hopes to return to Heaven after 1,200 years, but he is
deceived in this hope. He is depicted as a phoenix, which
sings sweet notes with the voice of a child, but the conjurer
must warn his companions (for he has not to be alone) not
to hear them and ask him to put in human shape, which the
demon supposedly does after a certain amount of time.
Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum describes
this spirit as follows: Ronové as depicted in the
Dictionnaire Infernal.
Phoenix is a great marquesse, appearing
like the bird Phoenix, having a child's voice:
but before he standeth still before the
conjuror, he singeth manie sweet notes.
Then the exorcist with his companions must
beware he give no eare to the melodie, but
must by and by bid him put on humane
shape; then will he speake marvelous of all
wonderfull sciences. He is an excellent
poet, and obedient, he hopeth to returne to
the seventh throne after a thousand two
hundredth yeares, and governeth twentie
legions.

9. Sabnock[5] (also spelled Sab Nac, Sabnac, Sabnach,


Sabnack, Sabnacke, Salmac and Savnock) is a mighty
Great Marquis of Hell, who has 50 legions of demons Marchosias
under his command. He builds high towers, castles and
cities, furnishing them with weapons, ammunition, etc.,
gives good familiars, and can afflict men for several days making their wounds and sores
gangrenous or filling them with worms. Sabnock is depicted as a soldier with armor and
weapons, the head of a lion, and riding a pale horse.
10. Shax[5] (also spelled Chax, Shan, Shass, Shaz, and Scox) is a Great Marquis of Hell, and has
power over 30 legions of demons on evil horses. He takes away the sight, hearing and
understanding of any person under the conjurer's request, and steals money out of kings'
houses, carrying it back to the people. He also steals horses and everything the conjurer asks.
Shax can also discover hidden things if they are not kept by evil spirits, and sometimes gives
good familiars, but sometimes those familiars deceive the conjurer. He should not be bothered
too often. Shax is thought to be faithful and obedient, but is a great liar and will deceive the
conjurer unless obliged to enter a magic triangle drawn on the floor. He will then speak
marvellously and tell the truth. He knows when lies are told and uses these to teach lessons.
He is depicted as a stork that speaks with a hoarse but subtle voice; his voice changes into a
beautiful one once he enters the magic triangle.
11. Orias (also spelled Oriax) is a Great Marquis of Hell, and has thirty legions of demons under
his command. He knows and teaches the virtues of the stars and the mansions of the planets
(the influence of each planet depending on the astrological sign in which it is in a specific
moment and the influence of that sign on an individual depending on how the zodiac was
configured at the moment of their birth or at the moment of asking a question to the

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astrologist); he also gives dignities, prelacies, and the favour of friends and foes, and can
metamorphose a man into any shape.
12. Andras[5] is a Great Marquis of Hell, having under his command thirty legions of demons. He
sows discord among people. According to the Goetia, Andras was a Grand Marquis of Hell,
appearing with a winged angel's body and the head of an owl or raven, riding upon a strong
black wolf and wielding a sharp and bright sword. He is the 63rd of the 72 spirits of Solomon.
Andras was considered to be a highly dangerous demon, who could kill the conjuring magician
and his assistants if precautions were not taken. The Dutch
demonologist Johannes Wier, in his Pseudomonarchia
Daemonum, says of Andras:

Andras is a great marquesse, and seemes in an


angels shape with a head like a blacke night
raven, riding upon a blacke and a verie strong
woolfe, flourishing with a sharpe sword in his
hand, he can kill the maister, the servant, and all
assistants, he is author of discords, and ruleth
thirtie legions

Another demonologist, Collin de Plancy, also mentions Andras


Andras in his writings:

Grand Marquis of Hell. He appears to have the


body of an angel and the head of a wood owl,
and to be riding a black wolf and carrying in his
hand a pointed saber. He teaches those whom
he favors to kill their enemies, masters and
servants. He stirs up trouble and dissension. He
commands thirty legions.

13. Andrealphus[5] (also Androalphus) appears as the 54th demon in Johann Weyer's tome on
demonology Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and is described as a great Marquis with the
appearance of a peacock who raises great noises and teaches cunning in astronomy, and
when in human form also teaches geometry in a perfect manner. He is also described as ruling
over thirty legions and as having the ability to turn any man into a bird. Andrealphus also
appears as the 65th demon in the Goetia where he is described with similar traits, but also
including the ability to make men subtle in all things pertaining to Mensuration, among other
things. He is also alternatively known as Adrammelech.
14. Kimaris (also known by the alternate names Cimeies, Cimejes and Cimeries) is most widely
known as the 66th demon of the first part of the Lemegeton (popularly known as the Ars
Goetia). He is described as a warrior riding a goodly black horse, and possesses the abilities of
locating lost or hidden treasures, teaching trivium (grammar, logic and rhetoric) and making a
man into a warrior of his own likeness. He holds the rank of marquis, and is served by 20
legions. He also rules over all the spirits of Africa. Much the same description is found in the
earlier text of Johann Weyer's catalog of demons, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (published
1563). Earlier still is the Munich Handbook of Necromancy: Clm 849 (published by Richard
Kieckhefer, as Forbidden Rites: a necromancer's manual of the 15th century 1998) which lists
an entity named Tuvries with much the same characteristics, except that he has 30 legions of
servitors, and can cause a person to cross seas and rivers quickly. Most likely, Tuvries is a
mistranscription of Cymries. Kimaris, as Cimeries, is also found on Anton LaVey's list of
infernal names, although it is not known why LaVey chose Kimaris as one of the comparatively
few Goetic daimons included. Aleister Crowley, in 777, gives Kimaris the Hebrew spelling
KYMAVR and attributes him to the four of disks and the third decan of Capricorn by night.
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KYMAVR may allude to "Khem-our" (black light), a form of Horus mentioned in H. P.


Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine. In Sepher Sephiroth, he is listed as KYTzAVR, with a gematria of
327, although KYMAVR=277. Since Tzaddi=90, which is also Mem spelled in full, the gematric
substitution may be deliberate or a blind. In Harleian Ms. 6482, titled "The Rosie Crucian
Secrets" (printed by the Aquarian Press, 1985), Dr. Rudd lists Cimeries as the 26th spirit made
use of by King Solomon. He also attributes an angel Cimeriel to one of Dee's Enochian
Ensigns of Creation, the tablet of 24 mansions (see McLean, Treatise on Angel Magic). The
earliest mention of Chamariel is in Rossi's Gnostic tractate (see Meyer and Smith, Ancient
Christian Magic). It is probable that the earliest mention of Kimaris is also Coptic, found in the
London oriental mss 6796 where the name "Akathama Chamaris" appears (Meyer and Smith).
In this text, the entity in question does not appear to be evil; rather, he is addressed as a
godlike helping spirit. Baskin's Dictionary of Satanism speculates that Cimeries is derived from
Cimmerians, a warlike people mentioned in the works of several classical authors as dwelling
totally in darkness. It is also possible that Cimeries is derived from Chimaira, the three-headed,
fire-breathing lion-goat-serpent who eventually became one of the guardians of the underworld.
There is a precedent, considering that the harmless Phoenix is also demonized in the Goetia.
15. Decarabia[5] (also called Carabia) is a demon and, according to The Lesser Key of Solomon, a
Great Marquis of Hell, or a King and Earl according to the original Latin version of the
Pseudomonarchia Daemonum[18] (these were somehow left out of the English translation by
Reginald Scot). He has thirty legions of demons under his command. Decarabia knows the
virtues of all herbs and precious stones, and can change into all birds and sing and fly like
them before the conjurer. He is depicted as appearing as a pentagram star, changing into a
man under the conjurer's request.

Earls
1. Furfur (also Furtur) is a powerful Great Earl of Hell, being
the ruler of twenty-six legions of demons.[19] He is a liar
unless compelled to enter a magic triangle where he gives
true answers to every question, speaking with a rough
voice. Furfur causes love between a man and a woman,
creates storms, tempests, thunder, lightning, and blasts,
and teaches on secret and divine things. He is depicted as
a hart or winged hart, and also as an angel. "Furfur" or
"furfurēs" in Latin means "bran". However, it seems more
likely that the name is a corruption of "Furcifer", the Latin
word for "scoundrel". Slightly less likely considering the
context, but still possible, is that the name originated from
"fūr", Latin for "thief".
2. Malthus (also Halphas, Malthas, or Malthous) is an Earl of
Hell, commanding 26 legions of demons, who is said to
Image of Furfur from Collin de
have a rough voice when speaking. He is often depicted in
Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.
the shape of a stork. Malthus builds towers and fills them
with ammunition and weapons, an armorer of sorts. He is a
prince of Hell. He is also said to send his legions into battle,
or to places designated by higher commanding demons.
3. Raum (also Raim, Raym, Räum) is a Great Earl of Hell, ruling thirty legions of demons. He is
depicted as a crow which adopts a human form at the request of the conjurer. Raum steals
treasures out of kings' houses, carrying them where he wishes, and destroys cities and
dignities of men (he is said to have great dispraise for dignities). Raum can also tell things
past, present, and future, reconcile friends and foes and invoke love.
4. Bifrons (also Bifrovs, Bifröus, Bifronze) is a demon, Earl of Hell, with six legions of demons
under his command. He teaches sciences and arts, the virtues of the gems and woods, herbs,
and changes corpses from their original grave into other places, sometimes putting magic
lights on the graves that seem candles. He appears as a monster but then changes his shape
into that of a man. The origin of the name is the Roman god Janus.
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Bifrons. An illustration from the


"Dictionnaire Infernal" (1863).

5. Andromalius[5] is a mighty Great Earl of Hell, having thirty-six legions of demons at his
service. He can bring back both a thief and the stolen goods, punishes all thieves and other
wicked people, and discovers hidden treasures, all evilness, and all dishonest dealing.
Andromalius is depicted as a man holding a big serpent in his hand.

The Seventy-second Spirit in Order is named Andromalius. He is an Earl, Great and


Mighty, appearing in the form of a Man holding a Great Serpent in his Hand. His Office
is to bring back both a Thief, and the Goods which be stolen, and to discover all
Wickedness and Underhand Dealing, and to punish all Thieves and other Wicked
People and also to discover Treasures that be Hid. He ruleth over 36 Legions of Spirits.
His Seal is this, the which wear thou as aforesaid, etc.
—The Lesser Key of Solomon

Knights
1. Furcas (also Forcas) is a Knight of Hell, and rules 20 legions of demons.[20] He teaches
philosophy, astronomy, rhetoric, logic, chiromancy and pyromancy. Furcas is depicted as a
strong old man with white hair and long white beard, who rides a horse while holding a sharp
weapon (pitch fork).

Furcas is a knight and commeth foorth in the


similitude of a cruell man, with a long beard and
a hoarie head, he sitteth on a pale horsse,
carrieng in his hand a sharpe weapon, he
perfectlie teacheth practike philosophie,
rhetorike, logike, astronomie, chiromancie,
pyromancie, and their parts: there obeie him
twentie legions.

— Johann Weyer (1583)[21]

Image of Furcas from Collin de


Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal

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The etymology of his name may be derived from the Latin word furca, meaning fork,[22] or from
Greco-Roman also meaning a sepulchre (tomb).[23]

Presidents
1. Buer is a spirit that appears in the 16th century grimoire Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and its
derivatives, where he is described as a Great President of Hell, having fifty legions of demons
under his command. He appears when the Sun is in Sagittarius. Buer teaches Natural and
Moral Philosophy, Logic, and the virtues of all herbs and plants. He also heals all infirmities,
especially of men, and gives good familiars. He is depicted in the shape of Sagittarius, which is
as a centaur with a bow and arrows. Additionally, Louis Le Breton created an illustration of
Buer, later engraved by M. Jarrault, depicting the demon as having the head of a lion and five
goat legs surrounding his body to walk in every direction. The etymology of his name is
uncertain.
2. (Count/President) Botis (or Otis) is a Great President and Earl of Hell, commanding sixty
legions of demons. He tells of all things past and future, and reconciles friends and foes. He is
depicted as an ugly viper, but when he changes shape, he puts himself in human shape, with
big teeth and two horns. When in human shape he carries a sharp and bright sword in his
hand.
3. (Count/President) Morax (also Foraii, Marax and Farax) is a Great Earl and President of Hell,
having thirty-six legions of demons under his command. He teaches Astronomy and all other
liberal sciences, and gives good and wise familiars that know the virtues of all herbs and
precious stones. He is depicted as a big bull with the face of a man. It has been proposed that
Morax is related to the Minotaur which Dante places in Hell (Inferno, Canto xii). See Fred
Gettings, Dictionary of Demons (1988) His name seems to come from Latin "morax", that
delays, that stops.
4. (Count/President) Glasya-Labolas (also Caacrinolaas,
Caassimolar, Classyalabolas, Glassia-labolis, Glasya
Labolas, Gaylos-Lobos) is a mighty President of Hell who
commands thirty-six legions of demons. He is the author
and captain of manslaughter and bloodshed, tells all things
past and to come, gains the minds and love of friends and
foes causing love among them if desired, incites homicides
and can make a man invisible. He is depicted as a dog with
the wings of a griffin.
5. Foras (alternatively Forcas or Forrasis) is a powerful
President of Hell, being obeyed by twenty-nine legions of
demons. He teaches logic and ethics in all their branches,
the virtues of all herbs and precious stones, can make a
man witty, eloquent, invisible, and live long, and can
discover treasures and recover lost things. He is depicted
as a strong man. His name seems to derive from Latin Caacrinolaas as depicted in the
foras (out, outside). "Dictionnaire Infernal" (1863).

The Thirty-first Spirit is Foras. He is a Mighty


President, and appeareth in the Form of a
Strong Man in Human Shape. He can give the
understanding to Men how they may know the
Virtues of all Herbs and Precious Stones. He
teacheth the Arts of Logic and Ethics in all their
parts. If desired he maketh men invisible, and to
live long, and to be eloquent. He can discover

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Treasures and recover things Lost. He ruleth over 2


Seal is this, which wear thou, etc.

— S. L. MacGregor Mathers (1904)[24]

6. Malphas is a mighty Great President of Hell, having forty legions of demons under his
command. He builds houses, high towers and strongholds, throws down the buildings of the
enemies, can destroy the enemies' desires or thoughts (and/or make them known to the
conjurer) and all what they have done, gives good familiars, and can bring quickly artificers
together from all places of the world. Malphas accepts willingly and kindly any sacrifice offered
to him, but then he will deceive the conjurer. He is depicted as a crow that after a while or
under request changes shape into a man, and speaks with a hoarse voice.
7. Haagenti (also Haage, Hage) is a Great President of Hell, ruling thirty-three legions of
demons. He makes men wise by instructing them in every subject, transmutes all metals into
gold, and changes wine into water and water into wine. Haagenti is depicted as a big bull with
the wings of a griffin, changing into a man under request of the conjurer.
8. Camio (also Caim, Caym) appears in Ars Goetia, the first
part of The Lesser Key of Solomon as a Great President of
Hell, ruling over thirty legions of demons. Much detail is
offered: he is a good disputer, gives men the understanding
of the voices of birds, bullocks, dogs, and other creatures,
and of the noise of the waters too, and gives true answers
concerning things to come. He is depicted in 19th and 20th
century occultist illustrations as appearing in the form of the
black bird called a thrush, but soon he changes his shape
into a man that has a sharp sword in his hand. When
answering questions he seems to stand on burning ashes
or coals. The title "President" of Hell would suggest a
parallel with the presiding officer of a college or
convocation, which are the only pre-modern uses of the
term. Camio's name seems to be taken from the biblical Camio in bird form as depicted in
first murderer, Cain. Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire
9. Ose (also Osé, Oze, Oso, Voso) is a Great President of Infernal, 1863 edition.
Hell, ruling three legions of demons. He makes men wise in
all liberal sciences and gives true answers concerning
divine and secret things; he also brings insanity to any person the conjurer wishes, making
them believe that they are the creature or thing the magician desired, or makes that person
think he is a king and wearing a crown, or a pope. Ose is depicted as a leopard that after a
while changes into a man. His name seems to derive from Latin "os", mouth, language, or
"osor", that who abhors.
10. Amy (also Avnas) is the 58th spirit, a President of Hell,[6] and according to Johann Weyer's
Pseudomonarchia daemonum:[25]

Amy is a great president, and appeareth in a flame of fier, but having taken mans
shape, he maketh one marvelous in astrologie, and in all the liberal sciences, he
procureth excellent familiars, he bewraieth treasures preserved by spirits, he hath
the government of thirtie six legions, he is partlie of the order of angels, partlie of
potestats, he hopeth after a thousand two hundreth yeares to returne to the seventh
throne: which is not credible.

11. Valac (also Ualac, Valak, Valax, Valu, Valic, Volac) is a mighty Great President of Hell, having
thirty legions of demons under his command. Valac is said to give true answers about hidden
treasures; he reveals where serpents can be seen, and delivers them harmless to the

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magician. He is said to appear as a small poor boy with angel wings riding on a two-headed
dragon.

References
1. Crowley, Aleister; Mathers, Samuel Liddell MacGregor (1995), The Goetia: the lesser key of
Solomon the King : Lemegeton--Clavicula Salomonis Regis, book one (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=5XtJ_Go8euwC) (2 ed.), Red Wheel, ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3
2. Peterson, Joseph H. (2001), The lesser key of Solomon: lemegeton clavicula Salomonis (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=wfIrE3QtmFEC), Weiser, ISBN 978-1-57863-220-6
3. "Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil" (http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/
delirium/articleview.asp?Post=102). www.deliriumsrealm.com. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20100827181325/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=102)
from the original on 2010-08-27.
4. MacGregor, Mathers (trans.) (1995), Crowley, Aleister; Liddell, Samuel (eds.), The Goetia: The
Lesser Key of Solomon the King, York Beach: Samuel Weiser, ISBN 0-87728-847-X
5. Mathers, S. L. MacGregor; Crowley, A. (1995) [1893], The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon
the King, Weiser Books, ISBN 0-87728-847-X, OCLC 9032192 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9
032192) (Full text (https://books.google.com/books?id=pXqeXi6T1D0C))
6. Mathers, S.L. MacGregor, Crowley, Aleister (Editors - 1904), The Lesser Key of Solomon,
"Goetia: Shemhamphorash (http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm) Archived (https://
www.webcitation.org/66dbvepRp?url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm) 2012-
04-03 at WebCite", p. 23, at sacred-texts.com (http://www.sacred-texts.com) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20141016053353/http://www.sacred-texts.com/) 2014-10-16 at the
Wayback Machine
7. Goetia, Mathers/Crowley
8. Weyer, Johann. "De praestigiis daemonum" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015554/htt
p://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm). Pseudomonarchia Daemonum. Archived
from the original (http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm) on 2013-07-14.
Retrieved 2007-05-15.
9. Peterson, Joseph. "Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or Lesser Key of Solomon" (http://www.es
otericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm). Ars Goetia. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200
70523204557/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm) from the original on 2007-
05-23. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
10. Waite, Arthur Edward (1913), The Book of Ceremonial Magic, Chapter IV: "The Mysteries of
Goëtic Theurgy according to the Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Demons: I. (Baal) to IX.
(Paimon) (http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm#fn_183) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20100201153105/http://sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm) 2010-02-01 at
the Wayback Machine, p. 197 at sacred-texts.com (http://www.sacred-texts.com) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20141016053353/http://www.sacred-texts.com/) 2014-10-16 at the
Wayback Machine
11. ibid., footnote #7 (http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm#fn_183) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20100201153105/http://sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm) 2010-02-
01 at the Wayback Machine
12. Ferre, Lux. "ELIGOS – ELIGOR – ABIGOR – OCCULT WORLD" (https://occult-world.com/eligo
s-abigor/). Occult World. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
13. The last three spellings (Hauras, Haures, Havres) probably came from copyists mistaking the
first two letters of "Flauros", when written too closely together, for an "H".
14. "fig079" (http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/img/fig079.jpg). Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20121023162742/http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/img/fig079.jpg) from the original
on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-10-09.

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15. Jones, Marie; Flaxman, Larry (1 September 2017). Demons, the Devil, and Fallen Angels (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=No8SDgAAQBAJ). Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578596676.
Retrieved 17 January 2020. "Stolas is a Great Prince of Hell who commands 26 legions of
demons. He teaches astronomy and is knowledgeable about herbs, plants, and precious
stones. He is often depicted as a raven or a crowned owl with long legs."
16. Crowley, Aleister. "The Lesser Key of Solomon" (http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.ht
m). Goetia. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426233733/http://www.sacred-texts.co
m/grim/lks/lks05.htm) from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
17. "Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil" (http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/
delirium/articleview.asp?Post=304). www.deliriumsrealm.com.
18. "Decarabia vel Carabia, magnus Rex & Comes: venit similis *" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130714015554/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm#par52).
Esotericarchives.com. Archived from the original (http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/we
yer.htm#par52) on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
19. Mathers, S. L. MacGregor; Crowley, Aleister; Beta, Hymenaeus (1995-12-01). The Goetia the
Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Lemegeton, Book 1 Clavicula Salomonis Regis (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=5XtJ_Go8euwC). Weiser Books. ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3.
20. Foras (http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm#foras) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20111115025901/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm) 2011-11-15
at the Wayback Machine Esoteric Archives
21. Article view @ DileriumRealm.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20060519182635/http://www.d
eliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=154)
22. "Furca (Latin); fork" (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/morphindex?lang=la&lookup=furca&
bytepos=44411783&wordcount=2&embed=2&doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059).
Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
23. Furca from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/
0569.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20051220145025/http://www.ancientlibrary.co
m/smith-dgra/0569.html) 2005-12-20 at the Wayback Machine AncientLibrary.com
24. Foras (https://web.archive.org/web/20060528103445/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/a
rticleview.asp?Post=152) DeliriumsRealm.com
25. Pseudomonarchia daemonum, Johann Weyer (1583)

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