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Topic 1
Matter and its State

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 What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and volume and can be felt by our one or more organs.

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 Classification of matter
Matter is classified into groups according to their physical and chemical properties.

Physical Chemical
Properties Properties

Solid Elements
Liquid Compounds
Gas Mixtures

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 Physical Nature of Matter

The particles of matter are

Matter is made up of particles very small. The particles which
which differ in shape, size and constitute a certain matter are
nature from other type of so small that we cannot see
matter. them individually with naked
eyes.

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 Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of matter have space between them. This space is called intermolecular
space.

Example
 Particles of matter have space between them. This space is called intermolecular
space.

When we dissolve sugar or salt in the water it disappears

and level of water remains same. Where did the
sugar/salt go?

The level of water remains same as the sugar particles gets into the spaces
between water molecules therefore the level of water remains same.

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 Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of matter are in a state of continuous movement. This suggests that they
possess some energy, called kinetic energy.
As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and hence
particles move faster.

Example
Particles of matter are in a state of continuous movement. This suggests that they
possess some energy, called kinetic energy.
As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and hence
particles move faster.
How does the smell of burning incense stick spread in the whole
room?
The particles of hot (after lighting it) incense
stick possess large kinetic energy and diffuse in air
rapidly and reach several meters away. ... At higher
temperatures, particles have high kinetic energy and
move faster hence, the smell of incense
stick reaches us.

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 Characteristics of Particles of Matter
A force of attraction exists between the particles, that is known as intermolecular force
of attraction.
This force keeps the particles together. The strength of this force varies from one kind
of matter to another.

Example
A force of attraction exists between the particles, that is known as intermolecular force
of attraction.
This force keeps the particles together. The strength of this force varies from one kind
of matter to another.
Why a piece of chalk is easier to break than an iron nail?
in case of iron nails, there are huge intermolecular forces of
attraction between the particles of iron nails. But in the case
of chalk ,there are less intermolecular forces of attraction
between the particles of chalk as compared to iron nails .
Therefore chalk breaks very easily.

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 Characteristics of Particles of Matter
The particles of matter have a tendency to diffuse [intermix] on their own with each
other because of the presence of intermolelcular spaces.
The property of diffusion increases with increase in temperature, kinetic energy of the
particles increase and hence, they move faster.
State of Matter

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 State of Matter

Matter around us exists in three different states namely, solid, liquid and gas.
These states of matter arise due to the variation in the characteristics of the particles of
matter.

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 Solid State

Solid is defined as that form of matter which possesses rigidity, is incompressible and
hence has a definite shape and a definite volume.

Properties
 Properties of Solid State

[i] Solids have definite shape and distinct boundaries.

[ii] Solid generally do not change its shape at normal room temperature and without
applying force.
[iii] Solids have definite volume at a definite temperature.
[iv] Solids can be heaped, they do not tend to flow.
[v] Solids either do not diffuse or diffuse at a very slow rate.
[vi] Solids have least [negligible] attraction force between themselves but maximum
attraction force between their particles.
[vii] Generally, solids have higher densities as compared to their liquid or gaseous forms.

Liquids
 Liquid State

Liquid is defined as that form of matter which possesses fluidity but is almost
incompressible and hence has a definite volume but no definite shape.

Properties
 Properties of Liquid State
[i] Liquids do not have a definite shape. They take up the shape of the container in which
they are kept.
[ii] Liquids have a definite volume at a given temperature.
[iii] Liquids tend to flow, so they cannot be heaped. Due to the property of fluidity, liquids
are also called fluids.
[iv] Within the liquids, not only the liquids but solids and gases can also diffuse. Liquids
can diffuse easily as compared to solids. This is because of greater intermolecular space
between the particles of liquids as compared to solids.
[v] Liquids are almost incompressible.
[vi] The attraction of force between the particles of liquid is greater than that of gases
but less than that of solids.
[vii] Density of a liquid is generally less than that of its solid form.
Gases
 Gaseous State

Gas is defined as that form of matter which possesses fluidity but highly comprassible
and hence has neither definite shape nor definite volume.

Properties
 Properties of Gaseous State
[i] Gases do not have definite shape.
[ii] They do not have a definite volume too.
[iii] Gases also have a tendency to flow as liquids do. Therefore, they are also considered
as fluids.
[iv] Gases diffuse very easily among other substances at considerable rate. Due to high
speed of particles and large space between them, gases show property of diffusing very
fast into other gases.
[v] Gases are highly compressible.
[vi] The intermolecular space between their particles is maximum but for od attraction
between them is minimum. That is why gas particles occupy all the space available to
them.
[vii] The density of gases is minimum. A gas is much lighter than the same volume of a
solid or liquid. Next
 What we’ve
learnt so far?
What are the conditions for ‘something’ to be called ‘matter’?

The condition for something to be called as matter is that it should occupy space and have mass.

When sugar is dissolved in water, there is no increase in the volume. Which characteristic of
matter is illustrated by this observation?

The characteristic of matter illustrated by this observation is that the particles of matter have
spaces between them.

When an incense stick (agarbatti) is lighted in one corner of a room, its fragrance spreads in
the whole room quickly. Which characteristic of the particles of matter is illustrated by this
observation?

This illustration shows that the particles are constantly moving in all directions.

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A piece of chalk can be broken into small particles by hammering but a piece of iron cannot be
broken into small particles by hammering. Which characteristic of the particles of matter is
illustrated by these observations?

Matter is made up of small particles which attract each other and the attraction differs from
substance to substance. Chalk breaks easily on hammering but iron cannot be broken which shows
that the particles of iron attract each other with greater force.

What is the scientific name of particles which make up matter?

Atoms or molecules make up matter or matter is composed of atoms/molecules.

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What is the general name of :

Rigid form of matter? Solid

Fluid form of matter? Liquid and Gas

Out of solids, liquids and gases, which one has:

Maximum movement of particles? Gas

Maximum interparticle attractions? Solid

Minimum spaces between particles? Solid

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Name the physical state of matter which can be easily compressed.

Gas

‘A substance has a definite shape as well as definite volume’. Which physical state is
represented by statement?

Solid

A substance has a definite volume but no definite shape’. State whether this substance is a
solid, a liquid ,a gas.

Liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape.

A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. State whether it is solid, a liquid or
a gas.

Gas does not have a fixed shape and fixed volume.

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Name the physical state of matter which can be easily compressed.

Gas

‘A substance has a definite shape as well as definite volume’. Which physical state is
represented by statement?

Solid

A substance has a definite volume but no definite shape’. State whether this substance is a
solid, a liquid ,a gas.

Liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape.

A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. State whether it is solid, a liquid or
a gas.

Gas does not have a fixed shape and fixed volume.

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 Topic 2
Change of State of Matter
 Interconversion of State of Matter
The phenomenon of change of matter from one state to another and back to the
original state by altering the conditions of temperature and pressure is called
interconversion of states of matter.
Two factors are responsible for conversion of state of matter from one to another.
[i] Change in temperature [ii] Change in pressure

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Terms involved in Change
of State
 Melting and Melting Point

The process of conversion of a matter from its solid state to its liquid state at specific
conditions of temperature and pressure, is called melting.
The definite temperature at which a solid starts melting is called the melting point of
that solid.
Melting point is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between particles
of solid. Higher the melting point of a substance, greater will be the force of attraction
between particles.

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 Boiling and Boiling Point

The process of conversion of a matter from its liquid state to vapours [gaseous state]
at specific conditions of temperature and pressure is called boiling.
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known
as boiling point.

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 Sublimation

The process of change of a solid state directly into gaseous state without passing
through the liquid state upon heating and vice-versa on cooling is known as
sublimation.

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 Vaporisation

The process of conversion of a matter from its liquid state to gaseous state at specific
conditions of temperature and pressure is called vaporization.

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 Freezing and Freezing Point

The process of conversion of matter from its liquid state to solid state at specific
conditions of temperature and pressure, is called freezing. It is a reverse process of
melting.
The definite temperature at which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out heat
energy at one atmosphere is called freezing point.

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 Condensation

The process of conversion of matter from its gaseous state to liquid state at a specific
conditions of temperature and pressure, is called condensation.

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Effect of Change of
Temperature
When a solid is heated, the kinetic energy of its particles increase. Due to increase in
kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed.
The energy supplied by the heat overcomes the forces of attraction between particles.
The particles leave their position and start moving more freely. At a certain stage, solid
melts and converted into liquid state. When we supply heat energy further to liquid,
particles start moving even faster.
At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy to
break free from the forces of attraction of each other.
At this temperature, the liquid starts changing into gas.

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Effect of changes in temperature on physical state
Heat
[ melting ]
[i ] Solid State Liquid State
Cool
[ freezing ]

Heat
[ Boiling ]
[ii ] Liquid State Vapour or Gaseous State
Cool
[ Condensation ]

Heat
[Sublimation]
[iii ] Solid State Gaseous State
Cool
[Sublimation ]

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 Scales of Measuring Temperature
There are three scales on which the temperature of a system can be measured. These
are known as:

Celsius Scale Fahrenheit Scale Kelvin Scale

°𝐶 °𝐹 𝐾

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 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 + 273.16
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑡 °𝐶 + 273.16

Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. 0°𝐶 = 273.16𝐾

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 273.16

𝑡 °𝐶 = 𝑇 𝐾 − 273.16

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

∶ 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
9
°𝐹 = °𝐶 + 32
5

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 Try Yourself
The room temperature on Celsius scale is 20°𝐶. Convert it into other two scales of
measurement.

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 Latent Heat
When a heat is given to a substance, its temperature increases. However, when heat is
supplied to change the physical state of a substance, there is no increase in
temperature of a substance.
The heat energy which is used to break the force of
attraction between the particles of matter is known as
latent heat. Since the heat is hidden therefore it is called
as Latent Heat.
The supplied heat is called latent because this heat
becomes hidden in the substance undergoing the change
of state and cannot be detected by a thermometer.

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 Two Types of Latent Heat

Latent Heat of Fusion [ Solid to Liquid Change]

The amount of heat energy that is required to convert 1 kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.

Latent Heat of Vaporisation [Liquid to Gas Change]

The amount of heat energy that is required to convert 1 kg of liquid into vapor state at
its boiling point without any rise in temperature is known as the latent heat of
vaporisation.

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What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

Steam has more energy than boiling water. It possesses the

additional latent heat of vaporization.
So, when steam falls on skin and condenses to produce water it
gives out more heat than boiling water at the same temperature.
Steam has more energy than boiling water. Therefore, burns
produced by steam are more severe than those produced by
boiling water.

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 Effect of Change of Pressure
The physical state of a substance can also be changed by changing the pressure. As
increase in pressure brings the particles closer and increase the force of attraction
between them, that brings about the change.
When high pressure is applied to a gas and its
temperature is reduced, the gas is converted to liquid
[gas is liquefied].
Pressure exerted by a gas is measured in atmosphere
[atm].
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is taken as 1 atm which
is also normal atmospheric pressure. As we go higher,
atmospheric pressure decreases.

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 Critical Temperature/ Critical Pressure
There is certain temperature above which a gas cannot be changed to the liquid state
however large pressure may be on its surface. This temperature is called Critical
Temperature and corresponding pressure is called Critical Pressure.

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 Evaporation
The process of a liquid into vapour state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called
evaporation.
Particles of matter are always in a state of random
motion. This is also true for liquids. The particles of a
liquid have different amount of kinetic energies.
The particles present at the surface possess
comparatively higher kinetic energy to those present
in bulk.
Therefore, particles at the surface with higher kinetic
energy is able to break away from the forces of
attraction of other particles and gets converted into
vapour. This phenomenon is called evaporation.
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 Factors affecting Evaporation

Surface Area: The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the
liquid. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
Temperature: The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases with a rise in temperature.

Humidity: It is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold
more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of
water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases. That is why clothes dry
up faster on a dry day than on a wet [rainy] day.

Wind Speed: It is known that clothes dry faster on a windy day. This is because with
increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind,
decreasing amount of water vapour in the surroundings. That is why rate of
evaporation of a liquid increases with increasing wind speed.

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 Factors affecting Evaporation

Nature of the liquid: The rate of evaporation also depends upon the nature of the liquid.
Some liquids evaporate at a faster rate, while others evaporate at a slow rate. Like
petroleum, alcohol, chloroform etc, evaporate much faster than water. Liquids having
smaller latent heat of vaporization evaporate faster. Liquids in which intermolecular
forces are weak, evaporate faster.
The liquids which evaporate fast are called volatile liquids.

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 Evaporation causes Cooling Effect

Evaporation is an endothermic process. So, a liquid absorbs heat during evaporation.

This heat may be provided by the liquid itself or by the surroundings.
When the evaporating liquid takes the required heat from the other parts of the liquid,
the rest of the liquid cools down. On the other hand, if the liquid takes heat from the
surroundings, it causes cooling in the surroundings. Thus, evaporation causes cooling
effect.

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 Two more states of Matter

Solid, liquid and gas are the three common states of matter. Scientists have also
discovered two more states of matter. These are plasma and Bose-Einstien
condensate.
Plasma: The sun glows during day while stars shine during the night. The sun and stars
glow because of the presence of plasma in them. The plasma is created in stars because
of very high temperature.
Plasma is a mixture of free electrons and ions which is responsible for the glow or shine.
The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consists of plasma. This state consists of super
energetic and super-excited particles. These particles are in the form of ionized gases.

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 Two more states of Matter

Solid, liquid and gas are the three common states of matter. Scientists have also
discovered two more states of matter. These are plasma and Bose-Einstein
condensate.
Bose-Einstein Condensate: Condensation happens when several gas molecules come
together and form a liquid. It all happens because of a loss of energy. Gases are really
excited atoms, when they lose energy, they slow down and begin to collect. These
particles can collect into one drop. Water condenses on the lid of your pot, when water
boils.
It cools on the metal and becomes a liquid again. You would then have a condensate.
In 1995 two scientists, Cornell and Wieman, finally created this new state of matter. Two
other scientists Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein had predicted it in 1920.

End of Topic
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