IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF GRADE 10 LEARNERS OF LLANERA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

MANLANLAN, RIZZALHYNNE D.
ESTEBAN, JASMIN FAITH B.
BRAVO, JIANNE NICOLE E.
BAGUIO, RAIGN YUAN C.
DELOS SANTOS, RHEA T.

A research proposal submitted to the faculty of the Science, Technology, & Engineering,
Llanera National High School, Llanera, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research II

2024

1
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Interest on the impact of social media on the academic performance of learners

has been growing so we have come up with an idea to study it with our schoolmates.

Over the past few years, the widespread use of social media platforms has significantly

connected itself into the academic performance of the current Grade 10 student in Llanera

National High School. This introduction is set to examine the other effects of social

media on their academic performance. Recent researches have focused on some

comparative study, that’s why we are here to find the major impacts of using social

media.

Different studies related to the effects of social media to each individual or users

are conducted and examined but the impact of it to students was lacked specifically on

how different types of social media platforms being used and how it runs to the life long

process of their academic performance as well. This research focus on the impact of

social media such as Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, Twitter, and the like to minimize

their time in using social media and to understand the possible risks of using it. This

study aims to widen each students understanding and behavior in terms of using social

media and how they can apply it to their academic performance without abusing it.

We, the researchers want to conduct this study to know if social media is

relevantly related to academic performance of grade 10 learners of Llanera national high

school. Many learners of LNHS who spend too much time on social media may struggle

with time management and become less productive in the classroom. Learners are easily

2
distracted from their studies by message alerts, endless scrolling feeds, and being

attracted of viral material and learner's need to be aware of the ways in which they

use social media an advantage to their study rather than a distraction. This study will

examine the many ways in which learner's use of social media might impact their

performance in the classroom and will provide advice on how they can find a better thing

to do on their online activities and their schoolwork. In conclusion, this research wants to

fill that gap so we can find better ways to help grade 10 learners be productive in doing

their school works.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the impact of Social Media on the Academic

Performance of Grade 10 Learners of Llanera National High School

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic characteristics of Grade 10 Learners in terms of:

1.1. age;

1.2. gender;

1.3. section?

2. How may we describe the Grade 10 Learner’s level of engagement on social

media in terms of:

2.1. duration of social media in general

2.2. types of social media

2.3. types of contents

2.4. types of media?

3
 3. How may we describe the Grade 10 Academic Performance?

4. What is the impact of social media on the academic performance of Grade 10

learners?

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of social media on the

academic performance of Grade 10 learners of Llanera National High School.

Objectives of the Study

Specifically, this study seeks to:

1. determine the demographic characteristics of Grade 10 Learners in terms of:

1.1. age;

1.2. gender; and

1.3. section.

2. explore the Grade 10’s level of engagement on social media.in terms of:

2.1. duration of social media in general

2.2. types of social media

2.3. types of contents

2.4. types of media

3. determine the Grade 10 academic performance; and

4. find out the impact of Social Media on the Academic Performance of Grade 10

learners.

4
Hypothesis

Ho: The social media has no significant impact on the Academic Performance

of Grade 10 learners of Llanera National High School.

Ha: The social media has a significant impact on the Academic Performance

of Grade 10 learners of Llanera National High School.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will benefit the following:

To Educators/Teachers. This research will seek help to Educators/Teachers at Llanera

National High School to establish teaching methods, encouraging a helpful learning

environment that states the impact of Social Media on Academic Performance.

To Learners. Grade 10 Learners will be benefited by obtaining awareness of the

potential effect of Social Media on their Academic Performance. This knowledge allows

them to make choices, have balance between Social Media engagement and Academic

Performance.

To the future researchers. This study will benefit to the future researchers to help them

to conduct their studies. To have another review of related literature.

Delimitations of the Study

This study limits its coverage on the Grade 10 Learners of Llanera National High

School who use social media only. Its main purpose is to identify the common problems

that they encounter and to propose possible solutions regarding this problems.

5
 This study considers every aspect of Learners personal information that has an

impact on their academic performances such as age, gender and sections. Each of

respondents are given same questionnaires to answer and also this study focuses on the

current Grade 10 Learners of the present school year, 2023-2023.

Limitations of the Study

Assumptions of the Study

In this section, the researchers show their propositions and anticipated outcomes.

The study’s assumptions are listed as follows:

1. The researchers assumed that Grade 10 Learners of Llanera National High School

will respond to all the questions honestly.

2. The researchers assumed that the respondents will be a great source of

information and transparency.

3. The researchers assumed that respondents level of expectations and satisfaction

may vary on their perception however there will be similarities.

Definition of Terms

Here are some unidentified word stated in this study:

Social Media. Refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create,

share and/or echange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.

(https://communications.tufts.edu/marketing%20-and-branding/social-media-overview/)

6
Academic Performance. The evaluation of pupils performance in a range of academic

areas.

Learners. Students inside Llanera National High School in Grade 10 level.

Organization

This research study is organized in three chapters. Chapter one introduces the

problem under inquiry is defined and the study is contextualized. Also defines the

problem on the Impact of Social Media on the Academic Performance of Grade 10

Learners of Llanera National High School.

7
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-

depth search done by the researchers.

Social Networking Services

The term "social networking services" describes a range of technological tools

that allow people to share information and ideas with one another. Approximately 60% of

the global population, or over 4.7 billion individuals, utilize social media, including

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and X platform (previously Twitter). Early in 2023,

94.8% of users visited websites and apps for chat and messaging, with social media

platforms coming in second with 94.6% of users. (Dollarhide, 2023)

According to Walsh (2022), social media serves as a platform for users to

establish and manage networks and friendships. Users craft profiles, sharing diverse

content with their groups while carefully curating their online image to form a personal

brand. Those with substantial followings may transition into 'influencers,' leveraging their

audience to disseminate sponsored content.

A social networking site is an online location where users can set up profiles and

communicate with other users through their own networks. Globally, the social

networking phenomena has grown quickly. A lot of people who use the Internet have

created personal profiles on social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, or MySpace.

One of the most popular social networking sites, Facebook, boasts more than 500 million

8
active users and an extra two hundred thousand new members every day. Facebook users

spend an average of 20 minutes on the site each visit, and they visit it twice daily on

average. Online users build social networks and relationships that provide them a sense of

emotional support and community. (Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z.,

2014)

In accordance with Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi and Mohd Shahizan Othman

(2013) In recent years, social media has emerged as a crucial channel for communication.

Nevertheless, social Networking exists to facilitate communication between individuals

across long distances, making it accessible to all. readily exchange data, files, images,

and videos, establish blogs, send messages, and carry out real-time These systems are

called social because they facilitate communication with friends and coworkers. workers

so effortlessly and successfully. It also fortifies the bonds amongst members of those

systems. The most popular in the Facebook, Twitter, and other websites are examples of

online spaces where people can communicate. directly interact with others on social

media and in the media. They are heavily involved in decision-making inside the events

from the global world in terms of politics, economy, society, and education.

Facebook

According to Kerner (2021), In February 2004, Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin

Moskovitz, Dustin Hughes, Andrew McCollum, and Eduardo Saverin, all undergraduates

at Harvard University, developed Facebook, a social networking service.

Facebook was created with the intention of giving college students access to an

online directory where they could interact and exchange knowledge. Originally a

9
Harvard-specific social network, it was opened up to all universities. Ultimately, it

developed into a global social network accessible to all people.

It is an online platform that enables users to communicate with friends,

coworkers, and strangers through free profile registration. Users can express their own

ideas and opinions with as many people as they choose, in addition to sharing articles,

music, movies, and photographs.

Users may or may not know the individuals they "friend request" on social media

Facebook users number in the billions. Upon acceptance, both users' profiles are linked

and they may view everything the other posts. Facebook users have the ability to share

nearly anything on their "timeline," which serves as a picture of their social circle at any

given moment. They may also initiate private conversations with other friends who are

online.

Individuals who have profiles provide personal details. Many users upload a lot of

information that is readily visible to their friends and others, including their age, place of

employment, place of education, and other personal facts. Users can also "like" other

pages that pique their interest. Supporters of Liverpool FC, for instance, can follow the

team by connecting with its Facebook page. The user can write comments and receive

updates, images, and other club content there. (Webster, 2018)

Instagram

According to Instagram (2023) , Instagram is a social media and photo-sharing

app that lets users take and share short videos or pictures with their followers. Instagram

posts can also be shared on Facebook, Flickr, Twitter, and other social media platforms.

10
 Instagram uses a feed format to arrange material similarly to Facebook. The

algorithm chooses and appends new photographs to the end of the feed as users read

through them, giving them access to a constantly updated and customized stream of

content.

In 2012, Facebook purchased Instagram, a free online photo-sharing software and

social media platform.

Using a smartphone app, Instagram users may edit, post, and share images and

short videos. Every post that a user makes can have a caption added to it. The user can

then utilize location-based geotags and hashtags to index these posts and enable other

users to search for them within the app. Every Instagram post a user makes gets seen by

their followers as well as the general public when hashtags or geotags are used to tag the

post.

In order to limit who can read their postings to just their followers, users can also

choose to make their profile private. Users of Instagram can bookmark, like, and

comment on other people's posts much like they can on other social media sites. (Emily

Mclaughlin, Coravin & Holak, 2017)

According to Hetler (2023) On the free social networking site Twitter, members

share brief messages known as tweets. These tweets may include links, images, videos, or

text. Users can use the Twitter app or website, twitter.com, by connecting to the internet

or by using a smartphone.

11
 Posting, sharing, like, and replying to tweets with brief messages is possible for

registered users of this microblogging site, which combines instant messaging and

blogging. Users who are not registered can just view tweets.

People use Twitter to follow celebrities, politicians, and corporate executives, stay

in touch with friends, and learn about the newest news and promotions from brands. They

also utilize it to keep up with events and news.

Learning Assessment

Learning assessment is a larger evaluation and monitoring of schooling includes

learning assessment. It encompasses a broad range of techniques and instruments for

assessing, quantifying, and recording learning goals and advancement. It involves

assembling data about learners' knowledge and practical applications from a variety of

sources. It also offers details on the conditions and procedures that facilitate learning as

well as those that might be impeding it. (UNESCO, 2017)

According to Baker (2012) In the context of education, assessment usually relates

to conclusions drawn about students' conduct, occasionally their academic performance,

and occasionally their emotional condition. The process of gathering data regarding the

state of students' learning, either formally or informally, will be referred to as assessment

in this article. For a long time, teachers were responsible for conducting assessments.

They could take the form of exams, quick quizzes, recitations, or larger tasks like science

projects or research articles. Assessment in the classroom had two purposes: first, to

determine the student's level of progress and, second, to offer feedback.

12
Class Rank

Class rank provides a means of assessing how your academic accomplishments

compare to those of your peers.

It is determined by juxtaposing your GPA with the GPAs of others in the same

grade. For instance, if you're a junior in a high school with 500 juniors, each student

receives a numerical ranking from 1 to 500, with the individual boasting the highest GPA

securing the top spot as #1. If your class rank is 235, it signifies that 234 classmates have

a higher GPA than you, while 265 have a lower GPA, positioning you in the upper

echelon.

Class rank undergoes periodic reassessment, aligning with the grading periods at

your school, be it semesters or trimesters. With each update to transcripts, reflecting new

grades, class rankings are recalibrated, potentially causing your rank to either ascend or

descend. (Sarikas, 2016)

According to Admin (2013), the term "class rank" describes how students are

arranged hierarchically according to their grade point average or academic standing. It

can be shown as percentiles (e.g., top ten percent, top twenty-five percent) or in

numerical order (e.g., first, second, top ten). Class rank, which is usually decided after

middle or high school, is important for identifying academic accomplishments and for

choosing awards like salutatorian (second in the class) and valedictorian (first in the

class). Schools frequently publicly recognize and congratulate high-achieving children,

especially those who fall into the "top ten" or top tenth percentile, even though they

frequently withhold the full rating.

13
 Class rank is a numeric representation enabling students to assess their academic

standing relative to peers within their school and grade. It is established by computing

individual GPAs and making comparisons. Typically, class rank information is included

on a student's transcript or report card at most schools. (College, 2023)

According to Wikipedia (2022), A student's class rank indicates how they stack

up against other students in their class based on their performance. A percentile is another

frequent way to express it.

Academic Performance

According to Steinmayr, R., Meißner, A., Weidinger, A. F., & Wirthwein, L..

(2014). Academic achievement is a measure of performance outcomes that show how

well a person performed in relation to particular objectives that were the main focus of

activities in educational settings, such as schools, colleges, and universities. Most

educational systems set forth cognitive objectives that are either general (like critical

thinking) or include learning and comprehension in a particular intellectual field (like

numeracy, reading, science, or history).

The evaluation of a student's performance in a variety of academic areas is called

academic performance. Typically, classroom performance, graduation rates, and test

scores are used by educators to gauge student achievement. (Ballotpedia, n.d.)

In accordance with Kapur (n.d.) It is widely believed that education is important

to the advancement of individuals as well as the community and country. To make

changes in all aspects and apply contemporary and inventive approaches and strategies,

people must raise awareness and increase their academic abilities. The factors influencing

14
students' academic performance, learning abilities and large class sizes, parental and

other factors related to academic achievement, the contribution of school factors to

students' academic performance, the impact of poverty on students' academic

achievement, and other causes of low academic achievement are the main areas that have

been considered.

15
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

(Intro statement)

Theoretical Framework

In investigating the influence of social media on the academic performance of

Grade 10 learners at Llanera National High School, the theoretical framework provides a

conceptual framework to examine the interplay between social media engagement,

cognitive processes, and educational outcomes.

According to (Lin, 2014) A systematic examination of the impact of mass media

on audiences and the dynamic interactions between media, audiences, and societal

systems constitutes the framework of media effects theory. Introduced by American

communications researchers Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in 1976, this

theory explores three potential effects stemming from audience dependency on the

media: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Cognitive effects involve alterations in

attitudes, beliefs, and values, with a focus on the media's role in shaping political

agendas. Affective effects encompass emotional responses, such as fear and anxiety,

influenced by media reports. Behavioral effects, exemplified by "deactivation," involve

16
individuals refraining from actions due to exposure to specific media messages, like

abstaining from voting in elections.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 demonstrates the research methodology for this study, which shows a

specific correlation between students’ academic achievement and their sleeping patterns.

The framework shows the impact of Social Media usage and academic performance. One

of the key indicators used to predict a learner’s future academic standing is their

academic performance. As a result, Social Media usage were taken into account while

evaluating the academic performance of students.

Based on the students’ individual usage of Social Media, the researchers will

examine the academic performance of the participants in this study in connection to the

Media Dependency Theory.

Social Networking
Services

Duration of Social
Academic Performance
Media Usage

Frequency of Social
Media Usage

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

17
 Research Paradigm

This figure shows the Input, Process, and Output (IPO) of the study. Three stages

of a system are represented by the IPO model: input, process, and output. Models of

inputs include efforts and consumables added to a system at the start of its lifecycle. The

outcome generated by the system is modeled as an output.

Input Process Output

• Grade 10 Learners of Analysis of Data through: • Findings
Llanera National High
School 's profile in terms of:
• Research Survey
1. Age
• Social Networking Addiction
2.Gender
Scale (SNAS)
3. Section
• Data Collection
• Social Media usage in
• Statistical Analysis
terms of:
1. facebook
2. Tiktok
3. messenger
4. instagram
5. twitter
6. telegram
7. school purposes
8. dance trends
Feedback
• Academic Performance
Figure 2: Research Paradigm
1. General weighted average
(GWA)

18
 The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model in this study demonstrated the students

profile (in terms of age, gender, and section), and their Social Media usage, (particular

attention to Types of Social Media Platforms, Duration of Social Media Usage,

Frequency of Social Media Usage), and academic performance (by their General

Weighted Average (GWA) during first quarter of School Year 2023-2024) (input). By

using a research questionnaire, data collection, statistical analysis, and interpretation of

the data (process), the researcher will be able to ascertain the respondents.

Locale of the study

This study will be conducted at Llanera National High School, partially rural

secondary public school and mother school of all secondary school in Llanera. This

school consists of a junior high school with the Science, Technology, and Engineering

(STE) department as well as a senior high school run by Matrietta W. Javier, the

Principal I. There are rice fields all around and this is next to an irrigation side. Llanera

National High School, also known as DepEd-Vaca Valley High School or Vaca Valley

High School, was a large sized school established in Sevilla Street in Barangay

Bagumbayan, Llanera, Nueva Ecija in the late 1960s. It is located next to Victoria,

Llanera, and Nueva Ecija, with Inanama, Llanera, Nueva Ecija, on one side.

Research Design

The research methodology chosen for this study is quantitative, employing a

descriptive-correlational approach. Descriptive correlational research is utilized to

explore the relationship between two or more variables without inferring causality. In this

19
study, the descriptive-correlational method is applied to investigate the association

between social media usage and academic performance among Grade 10 learners at

Llanera National High School. The sampling technique employed is cluster sampling,

allowing for the selection of specific clusters or groups within the Grade 10 population

for data collection.

Population and Sampling

This study will use cluster sampling technique, particularly the purposive

sampling in which the respondents must be Grade 10 Learners of Llanera National High

School. This is based on a certain standard established by the researchers.

The researchers used the following criteria in choosing the respondents for the study:

1. The respondents should be in Grade 10 Learners of Llanera National High School

School Year 2023-2024

2. The respondents must be real students of Llanera National High School enrolled

as 10th Grade, school year 2023-2024.

3. The respondents who joined the research willingly agreed to participate and were

not compelled to respond to the survey.

Development of the Instruments

A questionnaire will serve as the main information source for the researchers. The

profile of the respondents will be established in the first section of the instruments.

Regarding age, gender, and academic standing. In the second section, Grade 10 Learners

of Llanera National High School, will be ask to complete the Social Networking

Addiction Scale (SNAS) questionnaire and then put their General Weighted Average

20
(GWA) during the first quarter of 2023–2024 in the last part. Meanwhile in the academic

performance, the respondents will put their GWA.

The respondents were presented five (5) responses for Academic performance

using the following guide.

Table 1
Academic Performance Legend

5 96-100
4 91-95
3 86-90
2 81-85
1 75-80

Piloting the Instrument

The purpose of the instrument pilot is to evaluate the initial effectiveness, clarity,

and usability of our research tool, which intends to measure the impact of social media

usage on the academic performance. Ensuring the validity and reliability of our

instrument prior to its implementation in the larger study will be based upon this crucial

step.

Following the completion of our three-part instrument, which includes a survey

for the respondents’ profile in the first section, the adopted Social Networking Addiction

Scale (SNAS) instrument in the second section, and their General Weighted Average

(GWA) for the first quarter of 2023–2024 in the third section. A small, diversified group

of ten students will be chosen by the researchers; nevertheless, they are not members of

the population being targeted. The researchers will give participants a brief orientation

before distributing the pilot survey. The goal of this session is to clarify the study’s

21
objectives, the value of their honest input, and the kind of data we were looking for. It

was emphasized that their feedback was essential for determining whether the survey

questions were relevant and clear as well as for spotting any technical or interpretation

problems that would hinder the response process.

After then, participants will finish the questionnaire. Each participant will have a

brief interview with researchers following the submission of their responses. These

interviews will delve into their perceptions of the instrument’s length and structure, as

well as any challenges they encountered and questions they felt were unclear or

unnecessary.

The researchers will be able to better understand the instrument’s overall timing

and flow because of this approach, which will enable them to reorder some sections to

make sense. The researchers will establish the foundation for gathering trustworthy,

legitimate data through this rigorous piloting procedure, which will greatly advance our

knowledge of Social Media Addiction and how they relate to academic achievement.

Validity of the Instrument

The validity of the Social Networking Addiction Scale (SNAS) as an instrument

for assessing social media usage and its impact on the academic performance of Grade 10

learners at Llanera National High School can be evaluated through various aspects.

Firstly, the content validity of SNAS can be assessed by examining its ability to

comprehensively capture relevant aspects of social media addiction, such as frequency of

use, engagement level, and interference with academic responsibilities. This would

22
involve ensuring that the scale adequately covers the range of behaviors and attitudes

associated with social media addiction among students of this demographic.

Reliability of the Instrument

The Reliability of social networking addiction scale has a Cronbach alpha of 0.88.

Throughout the investigation, several procedures will be put in place to guarantee the

reliability of the research instrument. The methods will be used to improve the instrument

and procedure reliability used in this study are described in this section.

The questionnaire survey, which was a small number of participants who are

typical not from the target population participated in a pilot testing phase for the principal

data collection instrument. Finding any contradictions in the questions was the goal. The

necessary modifications will be made in response to the input in order to increase

comprehension and clarity and, as a result, the instrument’s reliability. Moreover,

Cronbach’s alpha will be utilize to evaluate the survey items’ internal consistency. A

Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.7 or above was considered acceptable for the purposes of

this study, indicating a high level of reliability in the measures used. To provide

transparency and facilitate replication, this procedure will be documented carefully.

The aim of this study is to improve the reliability of its results by putting these

ideas into practice. Valid and useful outcomes depend on the study instruments and

techniques being dependable. These requirements illustrate the strict methodology

employed to preserve the coherence and reliability of the gathered data.

23
Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will adopt ready-made questionnaire which is the Social

Networking Addiction Scale (SNAS) to make sure of its reliability in identifying the

impact of Social Media addiction of each respondents. The questionnaire is made and

will be validated by the adviser. The researchers will identify how many respondents

from Grade 10 Learners of Llanera National High School are going to response for this

study. Respondents from Llanera National High School (LNHS) will be asked to answer

a set of questions in a form of statement and the researches will conduct this study

through online – google forms in particular.

Methods of Data Analysis

The statistical methods that follow will be applied to the data collected for this

study:

The age, gender, and grade level profile of the respondents will be evaluated

using the frequency and percentage distribution. The Scoring Instructions for the Social

Networking Addiction Scale (SNAS) will be used to describe the impact of social media

usage on the respondents.

To describe the academic performance, weighted mean will be employed.

Table 2
Academic Performance Equivalence
Legend
4.51 – 5.00 96-100
3.51 - 4.50 91-95
2.51 – 3.50 86-90
1.51 – 2.50 81-85
1.00 – 1.50 75-80

24
 To establish the relationship between social media and academic performance of

the learners, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was utilized.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers will protect the privacy and anonymity of research participants.

Even when it is presented in public, the information that was collected from the

participants is kept confidential. Researchers and participants need to communicate

honestly and openly for the study to move forward. The researchers will also ask that the

records of the participants to be maintained. Every piece of information submitted by the

participants is sworn in confidence to preserve individual participation.

25
 References

(n.d.).
Admin. (2013, august 29). class rank. Retrieved from edblog: https://www.edglossary.org/class-
rank/#:~:text=The%20term%20class%20rank%20refers,five%20percent%2C%20etc.).
Ahrberg, Dresler, Niedermaier, & Genzel, S. &. (2012). The interaction between sleep quality and
academic performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1618-1622.
Ali, Majeed, Saba, Amanda, Bodenaran, & Bukhari. (2013). Effects of different sleeping patterns
on academic performance in medical school students. Natural Science, 2013.
Al-Wandi, & Shorbagi. (2020). Sleep patterns and its relation to lifestyle habits: a study of
secondary high school students in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Aims Public Health,
pp. 713-722.
Baker, E. L. (2012). Assessment in Learning . Retrieved from link springer:
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_22
Ballotpedia, A. p. (n.d.). academic performance. Retrieved from Ballot Pedia:
https://ballotpedia.org/Academic_performance
College, H. (2023, may 12). High School rank. Retrieved from say hello college:
https://sayhellocollege.com/blog/high-school-class-rank-explained/
Dollarhide. (2023, August 31). Social Media. Retrieved from Investopedia:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-media.asp
Emily Mclaughlin, Coravin & Holak. (2017, May 26). Instagram definition. Retrieved from CIO:
https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/Instagram
Garcia, Recio, Ilagan, & Escueta. (2023). The Relationship of Sleep Hours on the Academic
Performance and Classrom Participation of Senior High School Students . Edukasiana:
Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan, pp. 223-236.
Government of Canada & Statistics Canada. (2021, September 10). School attendance of person.
Retrieved from statcan: https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?
Function=DEC&Id=85119
Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). social network site. Retrieved from
sciencedirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/social-networking-site
Hetler, A. (2023, July 27). Twitter Definition. Retrieved from CIO:
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Twitter#:~:text=Twitter%20is%20a
%20free%20social,or%20website%2C%20Twitter.com.
Hirshkowitz, Whiton, Alber, Alessi, Bruni, DonCarlos, . . . Hillard. (2015). National Sleep
Foundation's sleep duration recommendations: methodology and results summary.
Retrieved from Sleep Health: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073412/#:~:text=For
%20teenagers%2C%208%20to%2010,and%20from%20person%20to%20person.
Hyet, M. B. (2017). Insomnia: Medical Sleep Disorder & Diagnosis. Anchor Academic
Publishshing.
Instagram. (2023, December 10). What is instagram. Retrieved from mycomputerhope:
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/instagram.htm
Jalali, Khazaei, Paveh, Hayrani, & Menati. (2020). The Effect of Sleep Quality on Students'
Academic Achievement. Advances in Medical Education and Practice.
Jawbri, K. H., & Raja, A. (2023). StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

26
Kapur, R. (n.d.). Factors Influencing the Student’s Academic Performance in. Retrieved from
Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Radhika-Kapur-2/publication/324819919_Factors
_Influencing_the_Students_Academic_Performance_in_Secondary_Schools_in_India/
links/5ae42185458515760abe8912/Factors-Influencing-the-Students-Academic-
Performance-in-Secondar
Kerner, S. M. (2021, November 22). Facebook Definition. Retrieved from techtarget:
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Facebook
Kline. (2022). Effect of sleep and mood on academic performance-at interface of physiology,
psychology, and education. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications.
Lawson, Wallens-Mensah, & Nantotgma. (2019). Evaluation of Sleep Patterns and Self-Reported
Academic Performance among Medical Students at the University of Ghana School of
Medicine and Dentistry. Sleep Disorders, p. 8.
Lin, Y. (2014, may 29). Media Dependency Theory. Retrieved from Britannica:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/media-dependency-theory
Mokarrar, Afsharmanesh, Afshari, & Mohammadi. (2017). Prevalence of Sleep Disorder among
Medical Students in an Eastern University in Iran. Iran J Health Sci, pp. 49-54.
Pangnin, Queiroz, d., & Queiroz. (2014). The Relationship Between Burnout and Sleep Disorders
in Medical Students. Empirical Report, pp. 438-444.
Sarikas. (2016, August 06). What is Class Rank. Retrieved from Prep Scholar:
https://blog.prepscholar.com/what-is-class-rank-why-is-it-important
Steinmayr, R., Meißner, A., Weidinger, A. F., & Wirthwein, L. (2014). Academic achievement.
Retrieved from researchgate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351870823_Academic_Achievement
Suni, E., & Rehman, D. A. (2023). Sleep Dictionary. Retrieved from SleepFoundation.org:
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-dictionary#:~:text=Sleep
%20pattern%3A%20A%20person’s%20schedule,a%20person’s%20typical%20sleep
%20period.
Sygaco, K. P. (2021). The Correlation of Sleep and Academic Performance. Asian Journal of
Interdisciplinary Research .
Tadese, Yeshaneh, & Mulu. (2022). Determinants of good academic performance among
university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, p. 395.
Tarokh, L., & Carskadon, M. (2009). Encyclopedia of Nueroscience.
Teachmint. (2022, september 21). Attendance. Retrieved from teachmint:
https://www.teachmint.com/glossary/a/attendance/
Thabit, i. K., & Alsulami, A. A. (2023). Impact of Sleep Pattern of Pharmacy College Students on
Academic Performance. Sleep and Vigilance, pp. 43-47.
Toscano-Hermoso, Arbinaga, Fernandez-Acosta, Gomez-Salgado, & Ruiz-Frutos. (2020).
Influence of Sleeping Patterns in Health and Academic Performance Among University
Students. MDPI.
Toyong, P. J. (2020). Sleeping Habits, Classroom Behaviour, and Academic Performance of Senior
High School Students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and
Education Resaerch.

27
Tsang, T., Mui, K., & Wong, L. (2021). Investigation of thermal comfort in sleeping envireonment
and its association with sleep quality. Building and Environment.
UNESCO. (2017). Learning Assessment. Retrieved from learning portal iiep:
https://learningportal.iiep.unesco.org/en/glossary/learning-assessment
Villar, M. A. (2023). An Act Establishing A Sleep Disorder Awareness and Education Program.
Senate of the Philippines 19th Congress.
Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi and Mohd Shahizan Othman. (2013). Social media. Retrieved from
Google schollar:
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38998648/SocialMedia_and_AcademicPerforma
nce-libre.pdf?1443971864=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DSocial_Media_and_Academic_Performance.pdf&Expires=1705139120&Signature=
MLfiEOQX9CtX9wcscgFk-MKjLge-U
Walsh, S. (2022, september 12). Engine journal. Retrieved from search engine journal:
https://www.searchenginejournal.com/social-media/
Wang, Ren, Liu, Xu, Jiang, Skora, . . . D.ABSM. (2016). Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance
During Preparation for College Entrance Exam in Chinese Adolescents. Journal of School
Health, 298-306.
Webster. (2018, august 9). What is facebook. Retrieved from webwise:
https://www.webwise.ie/parents/explained-what-is-facebook-2/
Wikipedia. (2022, august 27). Class Rank. Retrieved from wikipedia:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_rank
Xu, & Lian. (2023). Optimizing bedroom thermal environment: A review of human body
temperature, sleeping thermal comfort and sleep quality. Energy and Built Environment.

28