Fire Safety

1 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

2 Copyright@ 2016 Edition
 Objective

At the end of this course, participant able to

1. To describe concept of fire triangle
2. To describe fire classes

3. To describe concept of fire management

4. To describe concept of fire prevention

3 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Scope

1. The Fire Triangle

2. Classification of Fire
3. Fire Protection, Prevention & Suppression
4. Fire Management

4 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 DEFINITION OF FIRE

Fire is an oxidation process that emits LIGHT, HEAT, and

other products of COMBUSTION.

5 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 ❖ The Fire Triangle is a simple model used to

The Fire
understand the ingredients necessary for most
fires.

Triangle ❖ Triangle illustrates a fire requires three elements:

Heat - to reach ignition temperature
Fuel - or combustible material to feed the fire
Oxygen - to sustain combustion

Together, they produce the Chemical Reaction

that is Fire.

❖ The fire is prevented or extinguished by removing

anyone of the three elements. Keep fuel and
ignition sources separate.

❖ A fire naturally occurs when the elements are

combined in the right mixture.

6 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Fire Classes
A Trash Wood Paper B Liquids Grease

❖ wood • gasoline
❖ paper • oil
❖ cloth • grease
❖ etc. • other solvents

C Electrical Equipment • magnesium

COMBUSTIBLE
• sodium
• computers
• potassium
• fax machine
D • titanium
• other energized
• other
electrical equip.
flammable
METALS
metals

7 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 FIRE MANAGEMENT
THERE ARE 2 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING AGAINS
AND DEALING WITH FIRE
1. Fire Protection or Suppression
- 2 categories, Active & Passive
- Active meant to be utilized by fire fighters by manual /
automatically.
- Passive meant protect structures, stop fire spread & allow
time for evacuation and control.

2. Fire Prevention
- Role of everyone working in the building to prevent fire
from happening.
- Need skill & knowledge about fire.
- eg. Fire Safety Policy, Emergency Response Plan, ERT

8 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Types of Fire Extinguishers
❖ Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight
different classes of fires.

❖ The three most common types of fire extinguishers are:

1. Water (Class A)
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (Class BC)
3. Dry Chemical (Class ABC, BC, DC)

9 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Types of Fire Extinguishers

10 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Types of Fire Extinguishers
PRESSURIZED WATER
• Class “A” fires only.
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper

• Has pressure gauge to allow visual

capacity check.

• 30-40 ft. maximum effective range.

B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease

• Extinguishes by cooling burning

C Electrical Equipment
material below the ignition point.
C Electrical Equipment

Taking away the heat element from

the fire.

11 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Types of Fire Extinguishers
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
• Class “B” or “C” fires.
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper

• Has NO pressure gauge--capacity

verified by weight.
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease

• 3-8 ft. maximum effective range.

• Extinguishes by smothering burning

C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment materials. Displaces oxygen.

• Effectiveness decreases as
temperature of burning material
increases.

12 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Types of Fire Extinguishers
MULITPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL

A Trash Wood Paper

A Trash Wood Paper

• Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires. On

campus mostly Class ABC.
• dry chemical (ammonium
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease
phosphate) nitrogen gas
• Has pressure gauge to allow
visual capacity check.
• 5-20 ft. maximum effective range.
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment
• Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials. This separates
the fuel from the oxygen in the air.

13 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)

CARRYING
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN HANDLE
AND SEAL

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE ORIFICE

14 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Remember this easy acronym when using an extinguisher -
P.A.S.S.
✓ Pull the pin.
✓ Aim the nozzle.
✓ Squeeze the handle.
✓ Sweep side to side at the base of the fire.

15 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN PRECAUTIONS
Elements : mean of escape, alarm, fire extinction,
fire extinguisher, maintenance of equipment &
suitability to usage, standard & specification. Refer
Uniform Building by Laws 1984 Act
E.g compartmentalization, smoke control,
unobstructed means of escape.
Building fire protection service
e.g water spray, hydrant system, hose reel,
automatic sprinklers
Emergency indicators
e.g emergency lighting, signal indicator, exit sign,
alarm system, emergency illumination arrows.

16 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 FIRE DETECTOR AND ALARMS
Activated by sensing heat, flame, smoke or flammable
gases.
e.g. Heat detectors, fire detectors, gas detectors and
smoke detectors
Heat detection ;
sensor operate by the melting of metal (fusion
detectors) or expansion of a solid, liquid or gas (thermal
expansion detectors)

17 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Radiation detection ;
photoelectric cell detect the
emission of infra-red/ultra-violet
radiation from the fire

Smoke Detection ;
Using ionizing radiations,light scatter
(smoke scatters a beam of
light),Obscuration (smoke entering a
detector prevents light from
reaching a photoelectric cell)

18 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 FIRE DETECTOR AND ALARMS
▪ Flammable gas detection
measures the amount of flammable gas in the atmosphere
and compares the value detected to the normal range.

▪ Automatic Fire Detectors System

▪ Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System

▪ Fire alarms
fire alarms must make a distinctive sound, audible in all parts
of the workplace.
infra-red sensor.

▪ E.g bell, break glass

19 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 FIRE SUPPRESSION
Removing sources of FIRE TRIANGLE :
Heating systems, hot surfaces, friction, electricity, static
electricity, smoking, heat transfer

1. Cooling
- By applying water / other method to reduce the
ignitiontemperature of the burning substances.

2. Separation
- By compartmentation. Remove of fuel from the fire.

3. Smothering
- Exclude / remove of oxygen by covering the top
surface; use fire blanket, foam, sand

20 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 Controlling the fuel :

▪ waste debris and spillage

▪ gases and vaporizing liquids
▪ flammable liquids
▪ flammable compressed gases
▪ liquefied gases
▪ liquid sprays
▪ dusts

21 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 HEALTH EFFECTS

1. BLISTER
2. BURN
3. DERMATITIS, SKIN IRRITATION (DRY SKIN)

22 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 HEALTH EFFECTS

4. ELECTRICAL SHOCK (FROM BURN & FAULTY

EQUIPMENT)
5. EYE BURN/HOT FLASH (SPARK & FLYING CHIPS)
6. HEAT CRAMPS

23 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 HEALTH EFFECTS

7. HEAT EXHAUSTION (DEHIDRATION)

8. HEAT STROKE
9. SUFFOCATION (CO & TOXIC GAS PRODUCE IN
SMOKE)

24 Copyright@ 2016 Edition

 SAFETY ROLE ON FIRE MANAGEMENT
1. Providing direct access to service provided by BOMBA,
which will include new information and technology
when necessary (Also communication with related
Hospital or Paramedic).
2. Conducting comprehensive hazards and risk
identification, assessment and control at least for basic
physical examinations and relevant safety procedures
such ERP & Crisis Management.
3. Monitoring “good housekeeping” with an emphasis on
preventive principles.
4. Enhance employers and employees awareness and
education (for ERT – First Responder + First Aider) on fire
safety through training.
25 Copyright@ 2016 Edition
 THANK YOU

26 Copyright@ 2016 Edition