Table of Contents

Unit 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Development 1

(17 hours)
Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science
and Technology ..................................................
...................................................................
................. 3
Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution...........................
Rev olution..........................................
............... 12
Topic 3: Science
Sci ence and Technology and Nation Building
Buil ding .... 18
Unit 2: Science, Technology and Society and the Human
Condition (18 hours) .............................................................
.......................................................... ... 33
Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of
Science and Technology ..............................................
...................................................
..... 35
Topic 5: Technology as a Way
W ay of Revealing ..................... 41
Topic 6: The Good
Go od Life ...................................................... 45
Topic 7: W hen technology and humanity cross ................
.......... ...... 53
Unit 3: Special Issues in Science, Technology and Society
(18 hours) .......................................................................
.......... ...................................................................
...... 65
Topic 8: Information Age ................................................... 67
Topic 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society ..................... 72
Topic 10: The Nanoworld
Nano world ..................................................
......................... ......................... 82
Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy........................... 87
Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic) ................... 96

0
 Unit 1:
General Con
Concepts
cepts and
STS Historical Development
(17
(17 hour
ho urs)
s)

Introduction

Human creativity is beyond limit that

t hat even our ancestors might not have
imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as
today. Our current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of
constant over throwing of paradigm wherein an old o ld paradigm like Geocentric
Model is replaced by a paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory
power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is is termed scientific revolution. This
is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the history of Science
and have helped shaped our society.

Development of Science and Technology does not only o nly leave indelible impact
in the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and
country as a whole. In this unit, you will learn how science and technology has
greatly influenced the development of the t he Philippine society. You will
evaluate different government policies and programs
pro grams to see how tthey
hey have
shaped the nation. You will also learn significant inventions and projects
accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’
countr ies’ science and
technology, and have been a major contributor
co ntributor to the Philippine nation-
building.

This unit will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and
a nd
technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and
technology came into being, and explore the major turns in the course of
global and national history that led it to its exhilarating and captivating
development.

Learning
Learning Outcomes

At the end of
of this unit, students
students w
will
ill be able to:

 Discuss the interactions between S&T and society

soc iety throughout history;
history;

1
 Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society
and the environment;

 Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;

 Explain how intellectual revolution change the

t he way how humans see
the world;

 Describe the technological advancements that happened in the

information age;

 Explain the role of Science and

a nd Technology in Philippine nation
building;

 Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in

terms of their contributions to nation building; and
and

 Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and

appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

2
 Hist ori
Topic 1: Hist orical
cal Antecedents in the
t he Cours
Cours e of Science
and Te
Technolo
chnolo gy

Learning Objectives

At the end of
of this topic,
topic, student
studentss will be able to:

 Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society;

societ y;
and
 Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to
the environment
environment

Activating Prior Learning

In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner,
we are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the
t he
major turns in the development of Science
Sc ience and Technology that had led us tto o
the innovation of cutting edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.

Your task is to fill in the K-W-L

K- W-L chart below by jotting
jott ing down what you have
known and what are the things
t hings that you would like to know about our
historical antecedents in terms of Science and Technology.

What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

Presentation of Contents

Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and

Technology
along keepsDue
these areas. on advancing in order
to the constant to meet the
innovation growing
intro
introduced needs
duced by of people
Science and

3
Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making the work
easier, faster and efficient,
e fficient, our society respond by changing as well. These
changes are evident as each ancient civilization
c ivilization keep on creating technology
that has been modified and that is being used today.

To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first
writing system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce
pro duce food, they
invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel forfo r farming. Throughout the
existence of this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also
a lso known to develop the first
road.

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice",

2019)

On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged

e merged near Tigris and
Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and
architects. One of major contributions is the hanging garden of
o f Babylon which
one of the seven wonders of the world.

Figure 1.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon ("Image: Hanging

Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia", 2019)

4
 Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like
the death mask of Tutankhamen
Tut ankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is thet he Egyptian
Civilization. Also, ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions
co ntributions
like water clock or clypsedra, paper or
o r papyrus, ink and a system of writing
known as hieroglyphics. They have also invented cosmetics
co smetics for aesthetic
reason. Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by wealthy Egyptians to
protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.

Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image

Figure 1.3 Death Mask ("Google
Result
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Figure 1.5 Papyrus ("Image:

Figure 1.6 Hieroglyphics ("Image:
Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay |
Hieroglyph | writing character |
Heilbrunn Timeline
Timeline of Art ...",
Britannica.com", 2019)
2019

Apart from being the birthplace of

o f western philosophy, some of tthehe major
achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and
Mathematics. They are also celebrated for their
t heir contribution to the world like
coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock and water mill.

5
 Figure 1.7 Olympics ("Image: Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum
The Olympic Games ("Image: the coliseum (greece) -
[ushistory.org]", 2019) YouTube", 2019)

Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity

ent ity in the west, Roman
Empire was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other
civilizations looked up to it as a model in terms
ter ms of codified laws and
legislation. They are also celebrated for the invention of newspaper, bound
books or codex. In terms of architecture and engineering, Rom Romans
ans are known
for building elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters
and residential houses. They have also devised their own number system syste m
which is the Roman Numeral System.

Figure 1.8 Roman numeral system Figure 1. Roman aqueduct

("Google Image Result for ("Image: Roman Aqueducts—
http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/ Ancient Engineering
Engineering Marvels
Marvels",
",
user_upload/roman-numerals.jpg", 2019)
2019)

Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk
trade, tea production,
production, gun powder and the
t he living legend great wall of C
China.
hina.

6
 Figure 1.10 Silk Road ("Image: Silk Figure 1.11 The Great Wall of
Road - HISTORY", 2019) China ("Image: Great Wall -", 2019)

Science and Technology in Middle Ages

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasi

invasions
ons and migrations.
Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology
t echnology was needed in

the
warsfields
haveof weaponry,
resulted navigation,
to population food and
decline. farm production
However, in the laterand health.
part of thisThe
period, there was significant increase in population.
population. Trade and commerce
among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation
technology. Some
Some of the most innovative
innovative minds came from
fr om this period.

To facilitate record
r ecord keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was
improved by the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press.
This general invention soon evolved to be the t he mechanical printing press which
was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented
invent ed to
address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many
people at a faster rate. This invention also made
made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write (Streissguth,
( Streissguth, 1997).

Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press ("Image: Johannes

Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ...", 2019)

7
Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations
caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more
people transferred to polluted and populated
populated urban areas which resulted in
more people getting sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study
microorganisms in order to develop proper
pro per medicines for illnesses. Guided by
the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias
Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope (Davidson, 2015).

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope ("Image: Molecular

Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an o
optical
ptical
instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time.

Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred

occur red in this era. This
include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range
r ange hand-to-hand
hand-to -hand
combat, soldiers should wear something
so mething to protect themselves, a need
addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were
heavy and limited the movements of the soldiers, chainmail was invented to
solve the problem.

Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient
means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance.
Machines that required animals to operate must thus
t hus be upgraded. Faster and
easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish
est ablish
connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the
development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and
medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern.

8
As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs
of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist
microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve
the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products
to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this
process, milk could be stored and consumed
consumed for a longer period. It also
prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
bacteria (Macalester
(Macalest er College, 2010).
Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry,
as ymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation. This led to the
t he development of kerosene and the petroleum
refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles,
automobiles, factories and power plants, among others.

The more people got connected

connected by trade and exploration, the more they
needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each
other in real time.
t ime. Governments likewise needed some kind of cocommunication
mmunication
system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day-
to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the
t he fastest time possible.
Thus, the invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell wasw as one of the
t he
most important inventions at that
t hat time.

Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone ("Image: Inventor of the

Tele
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19

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more
complicated equations. Computing
Computing devices must also be easy to carry since
they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic
arit hmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like
computer.

9
 Application

Your task
1. Write down the top 10 invention
invention in the World and in the Philippines

2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each

eac h invention
3. Discuss briefly the impact of
o f each invention to society

Feedback

1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing do

down
wn what you have
learned from this topic
What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

10
2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world

11
Topic 2: Inte
Intellectua
llectuall Re
Revoluti
voluti on

Learning Objectives

At the end of
of this topic,
topic, student
studentss will be able to:

 Discuss paradigm shifts through history;

 Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the wor
world;
ld;
and
 Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech
representing his/her theory

Activating Prior Learning

You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to
be true during ancient times. In Astronomy,
Astronomy, for example, you have learned
that Sun is the Center of the
t he Solar System and that the planets, including
Earth, are revolving around it in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient
times believed that the earth
eart h was the center of the universe. Ear
Early
ly beliefs also
claimed that human beings were created
creat ed through “Divine Creation” but this
was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
Se lection. These
are just some of the examples of early
ear ly theories that wer
weree challenged in the
history of Science.

What were the great Intellectual

Intellectua l Revolutions that significantly shaped our
Society? What made these new theories controversial?
contro versial? Who were these people
or groups of people behind these upheavals that
t hat permanently changed the
course of history of Science? What were their
t heir needs, and what were their
struggles that motivated them to engage in such scholarly contribution?

This topic will lead you to some of the answers of

o f these aforementioned
questions. Moreover, this topic
to pic describes how science and technology
t echnology theories
paved the way for
for the Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of
the fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.

12
 Presentation of Contents

The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about Solar System

Syste m has changed many times tthroughout
hroughout
history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on
what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar
System was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that
planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved
moved in a circular motion around th
thee
Earth, a concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model,
considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all
a ll time, was widely
accepted by the people and became the astronomical
astro nomical dogma in Western
civilization for 1,400 years.

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged

c hallenged the geocentric model by
putting sun at the center of the solar
solar system and known as the concep
conceptt of
heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many
since their religious belief had taught them
t hem that the Earth was created first
before all other things. Copernicus
Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

Figure 2.1 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine

Creation ("Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs.
Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants,

around the world in the 19 th
animals and fossils during a five-year voyage around
century. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that God made all a ll
the animals and plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted
the commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific
work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.

Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations,

observat ions, which were
enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded

13
scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed
the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual
organisms within a particular species show a wide
w ide range of variation for a
characteristic, individuals
individuals with characteristics
character istics most suited to the environment
are more likely to survive to breed successfully;
successfully ; and the characteristics that
have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to thet he next
next
generation.. This is called
generation ca lled Theory of Evolution
Evolution by Natural Selection

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

14
 Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the

t he field of Psychology was always classified
c lassified under philosophy.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late
19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with
with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. InI n his theory, Freud explained
that there are many conscious and unconscious factors
facto rs that can influence
behavior and emotions.
emotions. He also argued that personali
personality
ty is a product of three
conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science

since concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed
that Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data
could support it.

15
Despite criticisms, Freud still
st ill continued to work on refining his ttheory
heory and in
fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating
some mental disorders. Soon enough,
enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
classif ying
psychology as a science.

Application
What’s New

What we had just studied are the major intellectual

intellectua l revolutions in the past. At
present, what are the widely acceptable theory that could
could explain

1. Celestial Mechanics

2. Evolution of human beings

3. Psychoanalysis

16
 Feedback
Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science
non-science majors about intellectual
revolutions and present the synthesis of your interview to the class. (Note:
Kindly prepare an interview schedule prior to the conduct
co nduct of the interview).

17
Topic 3: Science
Science and Technolog
Technolog y and Nation
Nation Buildi ng

Learning Objectives
At the end of
of this topic,
topic, student
studentss will be able to:

 Explain the role of Science and

a nd Technology in Philippine nation
building;
 List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their
t heir major
contributions in shaping the Filipino nation;
 Identify science and technology policies of the government;
 Appraise the impact of these policies on the
t he development
development of the
Filipino nation; and
 Recognize the need for balance between freedom and responsible
behavior during the exchange
exchange of ideas.

Activating Prior Learning

Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by
completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch
the movie clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas.
Happy watching and reading!

Questions to Ponder:
1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental
progress of the country?

Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg

Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and

a nd Technology in nation
building. Journal of
of the Nationa
Nationall Science
Science Foundat
Foundation
ion of Sri Lanka,
34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram
below by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the

nation. Then, choose one from your

your list and explain it tto
o the class.

18
 Role of S & T in
Nation Building

Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

Presentation of Contents

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period

Even before the Spain colonized the t he country, some indigenous science and
technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming,
far ming, animal
– raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of
technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by
ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.

Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the waywa y native Filipinos built
the rice terraces
terr aces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting,
cooking, fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal
t ribal conflicts. They
used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation,
both on land
land and on waterways.

The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now
considered as indigenous science or folk science.

Colonial Period

Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of o f construction. Roads,

bridges, churches, and other
other large infrastructures were built with more
sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the

19
Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education
educat ion
system in the country.

The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the
country. They established the Bureau of Science
Science to initi
initiate
ate the development in
the field of science and technology.

Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines,

under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and
technology. Each leadership had its own
o wn S&T agenda. However, it is
important to note that some Philippine presidents introduced more
developments in the field than others, which you will find out soon as you
course through this topic.

Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of Science

and Technology in the Philippines

Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration

Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)

-lack of support of experimental work

-marginal budget for scientific research
-low salaries of scientists
scient ists employed by the government
government
-established the National Science Development Board

Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)

-directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science

courses in public high schools
- channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences
and science education
- he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of
the Philippine Science Community
- scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on
fisheries and oceanography
- added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry.
- support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972
- he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and Technology
Technology
- He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life

20
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños
(Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
- he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science
High School to encourage careers in science and technology
-established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company
among others

Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

- National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the

Department of Science and Technology
- science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted
- created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP
- Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine
Inventors Incentive Act.”
- gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent
application assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their
products domestically and abroad
abroad
- R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to
free education up to the secondary level
- “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological
literacy among Filipinos

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)

-significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and

technology field
-addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao
- government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were
taking up professions related to S&T
- Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-
tech equipment for student
- Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (Republic
(Republic Act No. 8439) was established
- award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who
have been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
or Republic Act No. 7459)
- programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology
-enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in
the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
1994)
- enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No.
8293)

21
 Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation

technologies
- establishment of one science high school in every province
- advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age,
-passage of the e-Commerce Act

Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)

- the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed

as the "golden age“ during her term
- Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment
and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's
economic level
- the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to
be an innovation
innovation hub in Asia
- Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science
High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in
their curriculum
- imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech)

(Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines)

Filipino Scientists and their Inventions

Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal

energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an
electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first
geothermal power generated in the Philippines.

Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing

alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production
of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.

22
 Pedro Escuro (1923 - )
Filipino
Filipino scientist,
scie ntist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolat
isolation
ion of
nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding
in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4,
HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and
C-12.
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the

t he Father of poultry science in
the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods
met hods of
production for the poultry
poultry and livestock industry.
industry.

Felix Maramba

Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He

also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas
systems.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)

Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the

t he
phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural
phytochemical
products, essential oils, and the medicinal
medicinal qualities.

Emerita De Guzman

Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation

propagat ion
of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation
of pure macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production
from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented
tissue culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and
banana plants.
Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)

Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo

Filipino Mundo is credited with
w ith studies that lead to
the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving
device.

Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)

Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made

improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the two-
way television telephone or videophone
videophone (1955) patented as a
"photo phone signal separator network"; discovered thet he physical
law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930); invented
an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952).
(Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)

23
 For more information, please go to the
t he links provided below, then watch and
read the following:

Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/R

https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc
U21nUiKaoc

Read: 1. The Philippine Men and

and Women of Science.
http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
2. Philippine Great Inventions

Application

Let’s have some practice, shall we?

Activity 1: Take a Roll on the Roles

Form groups of 5 and choose 1 role of S & T from the diagram you did at the
t he
beginning of this topic,
topic, then perform a simple role-play that manifests the role
of S & T that you have picked. Below is a rubric to rate
r ate your performance. Do
this within 15 minutes. Enjoy acting!
act ing!

Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Criteria
(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

 Factual information  Factual information is  Information is

Understandi is accurate mostly accurate inaccurate
ng of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation
Presenta tion is off
understanding of of topic topic

topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most
most ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
Teamwork compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members
members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
 Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls
 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining;  Presents some  Audience
Audienc e bored
Presentation engages audience information  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience  Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate
Approp riate use of  Some use of body
body language language

24
Activity 2: Back Through
Through Time

r evisitt our country’s rich historical

A. This activity is meant for you to revisi histor ical
background on itsits journey to scientific and technological progress.
Your class will be divided into 5 groups, where each gro group
up shall
choose one period to elaborate the development of S&T in each period
and its contributions and implications to the present society.
societ y. Com
Complete
plete
the table below.

a. Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period

b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post – colonial period

Science Implications
Contribution culture and of S&T and
State of of the period practices/ science
Period S&T during in the Society’s culture of
the period development norms each period
of S&T during the to the
period present

Note: Please read the article below for additional information

information

A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili

Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-
philippines_pdf#dow
philippines_pdf#download-requir
nload-requiree

A. Retaining your group, make a 3 – 5-minute skit portraying the

development of S&T in the period/era you are working on. Present

25
 your skit to the class next meeting. The rubrics below will serve as
your guide, and basis for rating your performance.

Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Criteria
(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

 Factual information  Factual information is  Information is

Understandi is accurate mostly accurate inaccurate
ng of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation
Presenta tion is off
understanding of of topic topic
topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most
most ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
Teamwork compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members
members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
 Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls
 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining;  Presents some  Audience
Audienc e bored

Presentation engages audience information  Mumbles

 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience  Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate
Approp riate use of  Some use of body
body language language

Activity 3: New Generation

Generation Science Genius
Genius

Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino scientists and their
respective inventions/ discoveries. Describe the inventions and their major
contributions in the development of our nation.

26
 Feedback

1. List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s

Science and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and
give their Pros, as well as their Cons. Support your claims by citing
examples of their positive/negative impact to our nation’s
development.

Policy/ Program Pros (with Positive Cons (with Negative

Impacts) Impacts)
1.

2.

27
3.

4.

2. Take photos that depict the

t he use of science/technology in your communi
co mmunity,ty,
and compile them to make a photo album. Upload your work in social media,
and try to elicit comments from the viewers, then have a sharing with
w ith the class
next meeting.

28
Summary

In this unit, you have

have learned the
t he different contributions to Science and
Technology of each epoch of human history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern
Times. Necessity and adversity drive people to thint hink
k and invent ttechnology
echnology to
address the needs and problems they encountered in everyday life. These T hese
inventions paved way to major developments from ancient to modern society

and
that along with it,
influenced ourthe t ransmission
transmission
very own notionofof
oscientific and technological
f the world. t echnological knowledge
knowledge

The advent of technology opens

opens the door for more scientific
scie ntific endeavors in the
quest of unravelling the mysteries of the natural world, and hence the birth of
scientific revolution. The revolution had sparked human creativity
creat ivity and critical
thinking, and by this time, many a discovery and scientific ideas were
developed, and new scientific paradigms were generated which had
overthrown previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific knowledge is
not permanent, and subject to constant change through careful research and
experimentation.

In the Philippines, even before period of colonization, our society has been
faring on its improvement
improvement in terms
t erms of Science and Technology
T echnology especially in
agriculture, handicraft and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow
s low
growth of S&T since majority of its sophistication is brought about by the
foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of Science by Americans paved
the way for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During post-colonial
period where Philippines
Philippines had given the autonomy for executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different programs and
policies of the government gear towards reinforcing
reinforcing progress of S&T. Many
Filipinos were renowned not only in thet he national but also around the global
society for their outstanding feat.

29
 Reflection

Think about these

1. What value of a scientist have you learned from
fro m the major revolutions?
Why?

2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions

did not take place?

3. What value of a scientist have you learned from

fro m the major revolutions?
Why?

4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual

intellectua l revolutions
did not take place?

5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good
way, otherwise, or both? Explain how.

30
References:

A History of
of Science and
and Techn
Technology
ology in the
the Philippines by Olivia C.
C. Caoili
Retrieved from: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-
the-philippines_pdf#download-require

McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society
(1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building . Journal of
the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

Web
Web Sourc es:
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xrHBDz

Image: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from

https://bit.ly/2XlPv0B

Google Image Result for https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep-tutmask1.jpg. (2019).

Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RVGm7

Google Image Result for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/Can-

you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/FRWES

Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U

Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved from

https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7

Image: the coliseum (greece) - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/pbCTX

Image: The Olympic Games [ushistory.org]. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/vD5wU

Google Image Result for http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/user_upload/roman-

numerals.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/EnPPz

Image: Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/ePC9t

Image: Silk Road - HISTORY. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ittbA

Image: Great Wall -. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/xH83x

Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ... (2019).

Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/fAo55

Image: Ιnventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History. (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ASZiC

Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiW8Kaqy5rjAh

31
VEA4gKHUNtA-
YQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F846606429
926395000%2F&psig=AOvVaw2Sl_sc8daokDiWkZShMf4F&ust=1562306475204989

Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube. (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/jFeHS

Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RTR14c

Image: The 15 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved from:

https://nobert-bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/06/15-presidents-of-republic-of.html

Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines

Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q

The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg

Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc

The Philippine Men and Women of Science. Retrieved from:

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/man
http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PM
uscript/PMWS27.pdf
WS27.pdf

32
 Unit 2:

Science, Te
Techn
chnolo
ology
gy and Soci
ociety
ety and
and the
Human Conditi
Condi tion
on (18 hou
hours)
rs)

Introduction

There can be no doubt that we are rapidly moving towards a global society,
spanning the whole earth. Yet thist his global society derives its uunity
nity not from
philosophy or religion,
religion, but rather from technology. Tech Technology
nology is improving
improving
life and improving it fast. It is technology that is leading to the
homogenization of all forms of social
soc ial interaction and co
comm
mmunication,
unication,
irrespective of their historical and cultural
cultura l provenance.
provenance. It is technology
t echnology that is
creating a shared horizon for economic productivity, just as it is technology
that permits the limitless accumulation
accumulat ion of public
public wealth. Technology is the
salient social activity of human beings as a species and, as an activity, and is
both cumulative
cumulative and linear, irrespective of its consequences for human
happiness.

In this chapter, we will be discussing the different conceptions

co nceptions of human
human
flourishing, which connotes the “well-being” and “happiness” of men and
suggests positive emotional experiences. Also, the
t he development of scientific
method and validity of science, human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of
science and technology.
technology. It has been noted
noted that human flourishing
flourishing in our
present societies seem dwarfed by difficulties, not only inin the developing
world, but also in the developed world.
wor ld.

Also, this chapter covers the concept of human condition before and after the
existence of science and technology and ways on how ttechnology
echnology aided
aided in
revealing the truth
tr uth about human being.

Furthermore, we will also be discussing the meaning of a good life and the
different possibilities available in attaining
att aining a good life and happiness. It will
point out how humans
humans strive to become happy,happy, achieve a comfortable and
convenient life and the desire to make the work lighter, easier and faster.

33
Finally, we shall also be taking up the different technologi
t echnological
cal advancements in
society, development of Science and Technology in the Philippines and a nd the
effects of the interplay between technology and humanity through dilemmas
where the world is entering a period of transformative change, and many of
people will be surprised
surprised by the developments they simply hadn’t anticipated.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of
of this unit, student ca
can:
n:

 Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and

express philosophical ratifications that are
ar e meaningful to the
student as a part of society;

 Criticize human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science

and technology so that the
t he student can define for himself/herself
the meaning of the good life;

 Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to

come up with innovative, creative
creat ive solutions to contemporary
issues guided by ethical standards;

 Examine human rights in order to uphold such rights in

technological ethical dilemmas;

 Evaluate contemporary human experience in order to strengthen

and enlighten the human person functioning in society; and

 Find and examine local government policies that protect the

wellbeing of the person in the face of new technologies.

34
Topic 4: The Human
Human Pe
Person Flouris hing in terms of
Science and Techn
Techn olog y

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

 analyze the steps in scientific method;
 explain the concepts of human flourishing and their importance for the
“common good” and present examples;
 enumerate some career jobs related
re lated to science and technology that lead
to human flourishing.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Learning Activity: SPOT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Direction: Each sentence below describes a step ofo f the scientific method.
Match each sentence with the step of
o f the scientific method listed below.
A. Recognize the problem
B. Making Observation
C. Form a hypothesis
D. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
E. Draw conclusions

______________ 1. Mark predicted

______________ predicted that seeds would start to grow faster if an
electric current
travelled through the soil in which they were planted.
______________
__________ said, “If I fertilize my orchid plants, they will
____ 2. Scott said,
blossom.” stronger
stronger
when she gave the hen feed, to which extra calcium had
been added.
______________
______________ 3. Phili
Philip’s
p’s data showed that hous
household
ehold cockroaches moved
moved
away from raw
mangoes.
______________
__________ ____ 4. Ameera fed different diets
diets to three groups of tilapia. Her
experiment
showed that tilapias need vitamins and protein in their
diet.
____ 5. Angela’s experiment
_____________
__________ experiment proved that earthworms mov movee away
from light.
______________
__________ ____ 6. Justine
Justine wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant

35
leaves, flowers and
stems.
______________
__________ ____ 7. Kathy used a survey to determine how many classmates
were left-handed
and how many were right-handed.
______________
__________ ____ 8. Bob read about
about growing plants in water. He wanted
wanted to
know how plants

______________ 9. could
______________ Kevingrow without
said “If soil.affects plants in a particular pond,
acid rain
it might affect
sa me water. ”
small animals, such as crabs, that live in the same
______________10.
__________ ____10. Ali
Alicia’s
cia’s experiment showed that chicken eggshells
eggshells were

Presentation of Contents

Problems that you encounter could be solved by simple

s imple ways. Maria cocould
uld
have solved her problem if she tried to approach it systematically.
systemat ically. This lesson
will introduce you to the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical
and systematic way of solving a problem.

Making Observation and Stating the Problem

Different things happen around you. As you notice these, you take a mental
note of what you see, hear, feel, smell or taste.
tast e. These mental notes are your
observations. On the space below, write five things that you can observe
around you right now.
1. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
________________
_____________
___________ __
2. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
________________
_____________
___________ __
3. ______________________
_________________________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
4. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
5. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________

Choose one observation from your list above. Choose the most interesting and
from that, compose your statement of the problem.

Statement of the problem:

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Formulating the Hypothesis

Your statement of the problem must have an answer. But at this point, you still

36
do not have a definite one,
o ne, so you formulate
formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis is a
logical guess that answers the question or problem. It could bbee correct oorr
incorrect, which is what you will find out in the next step. You could have
more than one hypothesis, but you will consider them one at a timet ime in the
succeeding steps.

Answer your statement of the problem by formulating three hypotheses.

1. ___________
_________________________________
______________________
_____________
__ ______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
2. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
3. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________

Testing the Hypothesis with experiment

After proposing possible answer to the

t he problem, you should prove whether
your hypotheses are true or not. This could be through experiments, test, or
research. You need to plan how you would test your hypothesis by logically
writing down the steps that you will do.

Since you will be writing

wr iting down steps of a procedure, your methodology
should be numbered and logically arranged. It should contain practical
procedures, which are significant to the study being
being conducted.

Choose one among the hypotheses you formulated. On the space below, write
the procedure on how you will test the hypothesis.

1. ______________________
_________________________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
2. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
3. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
4. ______________________
_________________________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________

Stating the Conclusion

At this point, you now know if your hypothesis answered your question. If it
did, you just restate your hypothesis
hypothesis as your conclusion. If it did not, then
t hen you
need to test other
ot her hypotheses.

Human Flourishing

According to Aristotle, there is an end of all o f the actions that we perform

which we desire for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia , flourishing,
or happiness, which is desired for its own sake with all other
ot her things being
desired on its account. Eudaimonia is a property of one's life when considered
as a whole. Flourishing is the
t he highest good of human endeavors and that
t hat

37
toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life is
one of excellent human activity.

For Aristotle, the good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities.
He defines the good proper to human beings as the activities in which the life
functions specific to human beings are most fully realized. For Aristotle, the
good of each species is teleologically immanent to that
t hat species. A person's

nature
should as a human
live his life.being provides him
A fundamental factwith guidance
of human with
nature is respect to howof
the existence ohe
f
individual human beings each with his own rational
rat ional mind and free will. The
use of one's volitional consciousness is a person's
perso n's distinctive capacity and
means of survival.

One's own life is the only life that a person has to live. It follows that, for
Aristotle, the "good" is what is objectively good for a particular man.
Aristotle's eudaimonia is formally egoistic in that a person's normative reason
for choosing particular actions stems from the idea that he must pursue his
own good or flourishing. Because self-interest is flourishing,
flo urishing, the good in
human conduct is connected to the self-interest ofo f the acting person. Good
means "good for" the individual moral agent. Egoism is an integral part of
Aristotle's ethics.

Application

Activity 1: Applying the Scientific Method

Direction: Follow the scientific method focusing on what you can

immediately observe that is happening in the environment
e nvironment at 8 o’clock in the
t he
morning. Use the data sheet below to write down your answers. For the data
analysis, assume that you performed the test and were
w ere able to prove that your
hypothesis is an answer to the problem.

Location of Observation:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

I. Making Observations and stating the Problem

________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________
_________________
_____
_____________
_____________
_____________________
________________________________
______________________
______________________
_________________
______
_____________
_____________
_____________________
________________________________
______________________
______________________
_________________
______
_____________
_____________

II. Formulating Hypothesis

1. ______________________
_________________________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
2. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___

38
 _____________
_____________
3. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________

III. Testing the Hypothesis with an experiment

1. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
2. ______________________
_________________________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
3. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________
4. ___________
______________________
______________________
_______________________
_______________________
____________
_
_____________
_____________
5. ___________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
_____________
___
_____________
_____________

IV. Stating the Conclusion

________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________
_________________
______
_____________
_____________

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think will happen if the steps in scientific

scient ific method are in
different order?
2. If you would be adding more steps to the scientific method, what
would be these steps? Discuss the additional
addit ional steps you are proposing.

Activity 2: Role Play

Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each
group will role play the Golden
Go lden Rule “Do not do unto others what you want
others do unto you” After the role each
ea ch group will answer tthe
he following guide
questions.

Guide Question:

1.What role do your relationships with others

ot hers have in the de
development
velopment of
meaning in your life?

2. How would you categorize what is important in life and what is not?
Activity 2: G-R-E-A-T-W-O-R-K

39
Complete the mind map below by writing words that come to your mind when
you hear the word science and technology.

Feedback

From the picture below describe and assess the evolution and development of
science and technology along fields of medicine, agriculture, education,
information and technology and many more.

(Source: Fundamentals of Science and Technology, www.tutorialspoint.com)

www.tutorialspoint.com)

Figure: 4.1

40
Topic 5: Te
Tech
ch nolo gy as a Way
Way of Revealing
Revealing

Learning Objectives

After successful
successful completion
completion o
off this topic
topic,, you shoul
should
d be able to
to::

 Explain the concept of human condition before science and technology;

 Identify the change that happened
happened in human condition after
a fter science and
Technology and
 Name ways on how technology
technology aided in revealing the truth about
about the human
being

Activating Prior Knowledge

Reaction Paper Writing

Make a reaction on the saying “Comparing the lives of people before and now
will make anyone realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms
of culture, language or rights, but more importantly, changes in people’s way of
a nd technology”.
life due to the existence of science and

Film Viewing

You will be asked to view the Film: Akiro Kurosawa’s Dreams “Village of the
Watermills”
After the film viewing, you are now directed to make a collage
co llage You will be
needing the following materials in the activity below.

Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures from
the web, Scissors, Cartolina, Glue, Bond papers

Using the materials listed above, make a collage

co llage by cutting pictures in magazines
or newspapers or make illustrations that will demonstrate
demonstrat e human condition
condition
before the common era and the the human condition during
during the common era and.
You may include their day to day activities, their ways of achieving survival and
their strategies to attain
att ain high productivity.
productivity. You may opt to print pictures
pictu res using
the web.
After making the collage, you may list down notable human conditions before
the common era and during the common era and briefly discuss these conditions.

41
1.Before the Common Era

2. During the Common Era

Presentation of Contents

Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive paved the way for the invention of
several developments. As
As we always claim tthat
hat humans are gifted with wisdom
w isdom
and more advanced than any other creatures,
cr eatures, our ancestors were able to utilize
available materials to make their life more comfortable.

In your own perspective, how has technology affected the following aspects
given the two-time frames? Fill out the table
t able below.

Human Conditions Before the common During the common

era era
Mortality Rate

Average Life Span

42
 Literacy Rate

Gross Domestic
Product

Application

Activity 2: Role Playing

You are now dependent on the comforts

co mforts of what technology has brought to us.
This time, try to imagine our world without technology? How do you think our
daily routine would be like? Demonstrate a scenario where certain
cert ain technological
innovation does not exist. You may form a group
gr oup of five and use any
technological advancement for your role playing

Science and technology have aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our
adversaries,
advers aries, provided us comfortable life, allowed us to explore the world and
assisted us
us in discovering
discovering more about ourselves
ourselves and the truth
truth..
-Unknown

Feedback

Activity 3: Hear Their Voice

Following your groupings,

groupings, make a survey from different
differe nt groups with minimum
of 50 interviewees per group as follows:

Group 1- BSIT Students

Group 2- CTED Students
Group 3- CCJE Students

Group
Gropu 4-
5- CA Students
Faculty Members

43
Group 6- Administrative Personnel

Each group should elicit their answers to the following questions

quest ions below.
Summarize their responses and rank the said responses.

1. What would have happened to humankind

humankind if technology did not exist?
2. Do you agree with Martin Heidegger in his idea that
t hat technology should
only be seen as one of the approaches in perceiving truth?
tr uth? What other
approaches you know that can be considered?
co nsidered?

44
Topic 6: The Good Lif e

Learning Objectives

After successful
successful completion
completion o
off this topic
topic,, you shoul
should
d be able to
to::

 Examine what is meant by a good life in various philosophies;

 Examine what you consider to be the good life and determine which
philosophy that represents;
 Identify how humans attempt to attain what is deemed to be a good
life;
 Recognize possibilities available to human beings to attain the good
life; and
 Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come
up with innovative, creative solutions and ethical solutions.

Activating Prior Learning

Checkpoint 1

“The truth is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the good is the end goal of
the practical ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an
attempt to find the good”.

Aristotle

Materials
You will be needing the following materials in the activity below.

Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures

from the web, Scissors, Cartolina, Glue, Bond papers

Using the materials listed above, make a good life collage by cutting pictures
in magazines or newspapers that demonstrate how technology has made the
man’s desire for a happy life more realizable. You may opt to print pictures
using the web.

45
 Presentation of Contents

What is Good Life as Perceived by different schools of thought?

Aristotle and Good Life

It is interesting
interest ing to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem
of reality from scientific lens is Aristotle who is also the first thinker
t hinker who
dabbled into the complex problematization of the end goal of life: happiness.

Compared to his predecessor and teacher, Plato, Aristotle embarked on

different approach in figuring out reality.
r eality. Plato thought that things in this
world are not real and are only
o nly copies of the real in the world of forms. While
Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in claiming that this world is all
there and that this world is the only reality, we can all access.
Aristotle also forwarded the idea that there
t here is no reality over and above what
the senses can perceive. As such, it is only by observation of the external
world that one can truly understand what reality is all about. Change
Change is a
process that is inherent in things. We, along
along with all other entities in the world
start as potentialities and move towards actualities. The movement, of course,
entails change.

https://wellbeingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/seedling-
growth.jpg

Figure 6.1

46
Look at the seed in the picture. It eventually germinates
ger minates and grows into a
plant. The seed that turned to become
become the plant underwent change from the
potential plant that is the seed to its full actuality.
actuality.

This can be likened to what Aristotle says that every hum

human
an person aspires for
an end. This end is happiness or human flourishing. And no one resists
res ists
happiness because we all want to be happy.

Materialism
The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. DeDemocritus
mocritus and
Leucippus led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of
and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or
seeds. Accordingly, the world including human
human beings, is made up of matter
and there is no need to possess immaterial
immater ial entities as sources of purpose.
Atoms simply comes together randomly to form the things in the world. As
such, only material entities matter.

https://zenfulspirit.com/2018/02/16/materialism/
Figure 6.2

In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain

att ain happiness. The
material things we possess give us ultimate happiness. We see this at work
with most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source
of meaning of their existence.

47
Hedonism
The Hedonists see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has
always been the priority
priorit y of hedonists. For them life is obtaining and indulging
in pleasure because life is limited. They believe that pleasure give meaning to
their life without thinking of the future. The mantra of this school of thought is
the famous, “Eat, drink and merry for tomorrow we will die.

https://australianluxuryboatsales.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/boat-
1024x683.jpg
Figure 6.3

Stoicism
Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics, exposed the idea that to
generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
apat hetic. The
original term apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent. These group believe
that they can do things
t hings at their own and believe tthat
hat happiness can only be
attained by a careful practice of apathy.

48
http://lyfetainment.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1.-Can-Loneliness-Kill-You-Why-
You- Feel-Lonely.jpg
Figure 6.4

Theism
Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as the fulcrum of their
existence. The Philippines, as predominantly country, is witness to how people
base their life goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality
called heaven. The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion
with God.

https://coffeewiththelord.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/god-
alone.jpg?w=350&h=200&crop=1
Figure 6.5
Humanism
Humanism as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve car ve
his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles
s hackles of a God
that monitors and controls. For humanists, man is literally the captain of his
own ship. They see themselves not merely as stewards of
o f the creation but as
individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outside them.

49
As a result of the motivation of the humanist current, scientists eventually
turned to technology in order to ease the difficulty of life. Scientists
Sc ientists of today
meanwhile are ready to confront more sophisticated attempts
att empts at altering the
world for the benefit of humanity. Some people now are willing to tamper
with time and space in the name of technology.

https://soheefit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screenshot-2014-04-10-
13.04.01.png
Figure 6.5

Application

Acitivity2: Fill in the blanks

Using the table below, list down the different advantages and disadvantages of
the different schools of thought
t hought in attaining good life and happiness.

School of Thought Advantages Disadvantages

1. Materialism

50
2. Hedonism

3. Stoicism

4. Theism

5. Humanism

51
 Feedback

Activity 3: Think about these questions

1. What is a good life?

2. What is the relationship between good life and science?
3. Does technology always lead us to the good life? Support your answer.

Now you are ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.

52
Topic 7: When technolog
technolog y and humanity cross

Learning Objectives

After successful
successful completion
completion o
off this topic, sstudents
tudents w
will
ill be able to:
to:

 List examples of technology and give their risks and benefits to

humanity;
 Examine some technological advancements and ethical issues they
entail; and
 Discuss the interplay between technology and humanity.

Activating Prior Learning

Are you ready for your next topic? I’m sure you are! As a start, let’s do this
preparatory activity especially prepared for you. Happy learning!

Using a graphic organizer, list down some technology you see or you use at
home, at school or in your communi
community,ty, and in social media. Categorize them
according to their purpose (transportation, communication, education, etc.).
Describe briefly how you or the
t he community use these technologies you
mention.

53
Great work! Now let’s proceed to the next section of tthis
his module.

Presentation of Contents

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=technology+and+humanity
Figure 7.1.
or a between
When technology and humanity cross… Will it be a convergence
man and machine?
cl sh

54
Television sets, Mobile phones, Computers, and Humanity

A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the
most accessible place to anyone. Having said that, it can also
a lso be easily
inferred that these technological devices are some of
o f the most popular and

most commonly used types of devices across all age groups. To be more
specific, these “celebrities” in the field of
o f technology are television
television sets,
mobile phones, and computers. People all over the
t he world use these
technologies every day to accomplish different purposes.

In television, used mainly as a platform for advertisements and information

dissemination. It remains to be the most used avenue by
different advertisement companies not only in the
Philippines but also all over the world. Various
advertising companies trust that television is still
st ill one of
the most used technological devices up until today. It
also serves as a recreational
recreat ional activity and good stress
reliever to most families, specifically
specif ically to Filipino
families. Television also is a good platform for Komando.com
different propagandas and advocacies. Lastly,
Last ly, it can Figure 7.2
also be a good way to bond with one’s family members.

In mobile phones, used primarily for

communication. It offers services like
texting and calling. In the past, these
were the only functions ofo f the mobile
phone but as technology
technology progressed,
there have been many additional features
included on mobile phones. In the
t he
canstockphoto.com present, people use their mobile phones
phones
Figure 7.3
to surf the Internet and to take pictures
more than text or to call people. This is the reason why more and more people
all over the world prefer to buy smartphones over the o ld models where such
features are
not available. These make this particular technological device very appealing
to the masses. Additionally, it is very portable and convenient because it can
fit into any space, may it be inside the pocket or bag.

55
Computers and laptops, on the other hand, can be used to surf the Internet and
communicate. For a lot of people, they prefer to do their job using either a
personal computer or a laptop than
than a mobile phone. Personal computer or a
laptop has wide keyboard, wide screens and separate keyboards than mobil
mobilee
phones. Another reason isis that the
availability of a mouse or a touchpad made

these two technological devices easier to

maneuver than mobile phones. Lastly, for
the youth and those who love to play
different computer games, personal
perso nal
computers or laptops are really the better
choice because these allow them play with
comfort and convenien
co nvenience.
ce.
http://crossram.co.uk
Figure 7.4

Ethical Dilemma Faced by these technological advancements

It is true that these

t hese technological devices are useful and beneficial, the fact
remains that there are several dilemmas faced by these “necessities”. First,
most parents would argue that these devices make their children lazy and
unhealthy. This is because of the fact that
t hat people who are fixated on these
technological advancements start and end their day by using such devices. For
example, those who love to watch television shows stay in front of the
television for more than six hours a day while those who love to surf the
Internet or play computer
co mputer games stay on their laptops, computers, or mobile
phones for more than half
half a day. These people have the tendency to be
unaware of the time because they are so engrossed with
w ith the use of
technological device. Also, there are the
t he same people who are more likely to
experience alienation because they no longer take time to get out their
t heir houses
and mingle with other people. It is really concerning to know that there are
people who develop
develop different kinds of sickness because of too much use of
technological devices. The agents using the devices are the ones to be blamed
for the undesirable consequences, namely, laziness and unhealthiness. In terms
of alienation, it can be concluded that the people in the scientific-technological
scient ific-technological
world are blameworthy because they tell the people something that seems
positive but when examined closely, brings worse than good.

Another dilemma faced by these technological devices is the moral dilemma.

People, especially the children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding
for themselves what is right or wrong, are freely exposed to different things on
television, mobile phones, laptops, or computers. Because of the availability
and easy access to the
t he Internet, they can just easily search tthe
he web and go to

56
different websites without restrictions. This allows them
t hem to see, read, or hear
things which are not suitable
su itable for their very young age. This makes them very
vulnerable to character change and can greatly affect the way they view the
world and the things around them. The people in the scientific world nor the
children are blameworthy because first, the children are not yet capable of
rationally deciding for themselves what is good and what is bad. Second, even

if creators of these technologies

t echnologies went out of their way to inform children of the
pros and cons of these
these technological contributions, it would still be useless
because the children have no no capacity to understand them yet. So, the ones to
be blamed are the adults who
who allowed the children to have access to such
devices in first place without any supervision.

Robotics and Humanity

Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is tthe he robot which
are now widely used. For example, there are so -called service robots that do
specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting
assist ing their masters in their everyday
tasks.

Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots.

ro bots. As part of
the German Federal Ministry
Ministr y of Education and Research’s “Service Robotics
Innovation Lead
Initiative,” it sponsored a
collaborative project called
DESIRE (Deutsche
Servicerobotik Initiative-
Germany Service Robotics
Initiative) which was
launched on October 1,

2005. Some of the

expected work to be
performed by DESIRE
DESIRE are
the following: (1) “Clear
up the kitchen table” – all http://news.mit.edu
Figure 7.5
objects on top of the
t he kitchen table will be
moved to where they belong; (2) “Fill the dishwasher” – the dirty dishes will
be sorted correctly into
into tthe
he dish
dishwasher;
washer; and (3) “Clear up this room
room”” – all
objects that are not in their proper places will be moved to where they belong.

Roles played by Robotics

57
Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the
society as a whole. They are primarily used to ease the
t he workload of mankin
mankind.d.
They were invented to make life more efficient and less stressful.
str essful. They
perform complicated activities which human beings are incapable of doing. doing.
On the other hand, they perform the simplest tasks at home so that their
masters can perform the complex ones without stressing themselves over the

simple tasks. There are also robots which are made for pleasure. To be more
specific, these types of robots perform activities to
t o entertain people. They can
usually be found in amusement parks or exhibits. In addition, there are also
some robots which were made to serve as toys. They also perform different
activities but they are usually child-friendly.

Ethical Dilemma/s faced by Robotics

Just like any other technological advancements, robotics also faces different
problems and dilemmas. Although
Although the idea is to help people and mak makee their
lives a lot easier than
t han before, it is still not immune to different ethical
dilemmas and possible undesirable outcomes.
out comes. One of the dilemmas faced by

robots is safety.
compromised byWho should
a robot? It isbeimportant
held accountable
to know if
whosomeone’s
should besafety is and
blamed
who should be held responsible if such
suc h thing happens.

Another dilemma is the emotional component. This may seem a little absurd
as of the moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays, it
is not completely impossible for robots to develop emotions. So here, the
questions become, “What if robots become sentient? Should they be granted
robot right? Should they have
have their own set of rights
r ights to be upheld, respected,
and protected by humans?” It is just right for the robots to be given their own
set of rights
r ights should they develop the ability to feel different kinds of emotion.

Moral and Ethical Issues in Advanced Technology

Individuals and organizations use technology to enhance their

t heir daily
operations, be it business, learning, construction, or medical activities.
Advancement in technology does not elicit ethical or moral issues, but it is the
t he
use of technological inventions that raises these issues.

Ethical dilemmas arise when there are competing goods and comp competing
eting evils.
In regard to IT, the sharing of private information within an organization
raises the question of whether the action is moral or immoral. Information
systems enable people to manipulate records within a short period, thus raising
questions on whether the information is genuine or vague.

58
In addition, will genetic engineering improve the
t he quality of life or destroy it?
These are some of ethical dilemmas that
t hat are yet to be solved. Furthermore,
biotechnology raises some
some moral issues. It is difficult to justify the use of
of
living organisms during research and other
ot her technological discoveries. For

instance, vitro fertilization enables women who are not in a position to have
their own children to undergo thet he process. Religious groups are opposed to
such practices because their beliefs do not agree with them.

Similarly, the uses of technology have the capability of making many innocent
people to suffer; this is a moral concern. For example,
example, nuclear technology has
the potential of killing many people, and consequently destroying the
environment. This raises some health problems. People affected by nuclear
emissions, such as those witnessed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are deemed to
be genetically impaired. Such effects can affect the next generations of
affected individuals.

The use of computers also raises health issues. Even though com
computer
puter makes
our work easier, it is evident that prolonged use of computers results to
repetitive stress injuries.

In regard to job displacement, machines have enabled companies to cut down

their labor force. Many companies use technological tools and knowledge,
such as robots and computer to run their business operations. Some people are
forced to take different roles other than
t han their qualification requirements and
others are faced with stress
stre ss related to work difficulties.

The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long
thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to
recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades
away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts
take seriously the possibility of super intelligence in our lifetime. Because AI
has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no
surefire way of predicting how it will behave. People now control the planet,
not because we’re the strongest,
st rongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the
t he
smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?

59
But there are other examples of potential ethical dilemmas
d ilemmas in scientific
research and technology. There are things like genetic engineering, where
people worry that we might
might one day create super-humans that will outcompete
regular humans. There is surveillance technology, making people wonder how
human rights could be violated. People ask questions
quest ions about whether we're
going where only God should tread, and whether we should do something just

because we can. The implications of many of these technologies are complex

and philosophical.

The biggest risk to our future is not that technology

t echnology will take over but that we
will become too much like technology. Let’s think about where it’s going.
Let’s balance the EQ with the IQ. We should think of technology not as what
we seek but rather how we seek – it is a tool we should embrace, not one we
should become.

Application

It’s time for an exciting activity! The class will form 4 groups with equal
number of members as possible. Two groups shall make a skit and the other
two groups shall have a simple debate.

1. Skit: Each group should choose a topic

to pic and think of its perceived
effects and dilemma that it entails. Show your stand on a technological
dilemma through a skit . The group must be able to
t o show the role/s
played by the technological
technological advancement in the lives of the people.

a. What if robots become sentient, must we give them robot rights?

b. Google and stupidity
c. Genetically Modified Organisms and Food Safety

2. Debate: Each group will pick one topic to debate on. Members of
each group must form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as
the Con. The topics for the debate are the
t he following:

a. Is technology a friend or a foe?

b. Automation - A Threat to Employment?
c. Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity
d. Cloning and Stem cell technology

60
 Note: The teacher may use ‘toss coin’ or ‘throw
‘ throw a die’ strategies to decide
which groups shall perform a skit or a debate.

Task Description:

Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation eeds Improvement

Criteria
(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

 Factual information  Factual information is  Information is

Understandi is accurate mostly accurate inaccurate
ng of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation
Presenta tion is off
understanding of of topic topic
topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most ideas
ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
Teamwork compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members
members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
 Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls
 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining;  Presents some  Audience
Audienc e bored
Presentation engages audience information  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience  Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate
Approp riate use of  Some use of body
body language language

Feedback

1. From the graphic organizer you completed at the very start of this
section, choose one technology in each category
cat egory and give their rrisks
isks
and benefits as regards to their
t heir purpose. Explain briefly
briefly each point you
included.

Technology Benefits Risks

61
2. “My Ideal Technology”. Think of an issue (be it environmental,
economical, transportation, etc.), and come up with
w ith a technology that
would somehow address the issue. Give a description of the features of
your technology.
technology. What are
ar e its benefits and drawbacks to the society?

62
Summary

While it is true that

t hat science equips its knowers some details about the world,
its main claim to objectivity and systematic methodology is at the
t he very least
flawed. Science and technology has aided us in our survival and helped us
outsmart our adversaries, provided us comfortable living, allowed us to
explore the world, and assisted us in discovering more about o ourselves
urselves and the
truth.

However, it also leads us to the paradox in which we are only able to see the
world in the lenses of technological innovations leaving behind other aspects
which are deemed important. In I n our pursuit of growth, we had conveniently
forgotten that technology only presents one approach in viewing thet he world,
thus leading us to evaluate objects or not.
It is undeniably true that man constantly aims for good life and has worked
hard in pointing out what amounts to be good and what happiness means to
them. Science and technology has been at the forefronts of man’s attempts at
finding this happiness and attaining good life for many if not all of us.

In our modern times, there are different advancements given by science and
technology. However, there are still
st ill problems faced by these technological
advancements specifically on the ethical aspects in nature and mankind. It is
now impossible for technology and humanity not to cross paths and it is
necessary that ethics be enforced in the field of technology to ensure safety
and morality of these advancements to living things.

Reflection

1. What do you think will happen if human person did not flourish in terms of
science and technology?

2.Debate: Each group will pick one topic to debate on. Members of each
group must form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as the Con.
The topics for the debate are the following:
a. Is technology a friend or a foe?
b. Automation - A Threat
Threat to Employment?
c. Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity
d. Cloning and Stem cell technology

Note: The teacher may use ‘toss coin’ or ‘throw a die’ strategies to decide
which groups shall perform a skit or a debate.

3.From among the different schools of thought presented above, which among
them describe you as a person or as a member of the community? Do you
think it can develop you better and attain a good life? Why or why not?
not?

63
References

Blitz, M. (2014). “Understanding Heidegger on Technology,” The New Atlantis,

Number 41, Winter, pp 63-80

Mcnamara et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Patria, Javier et al. Science, Technology and Society, pp 63-74

Serafica et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Rex Bookstore

Macat Thinking News. (2006) Aristotle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us
happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017. https://www.macat.com/blog/aristotle’s -
secret-happiness

The Basics of Philosophy. (2008). Theism. Accessed February 3,2017.

http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_theism.html .

64
 Unit 3:

Special Issues in
i n Science, Technol
echnolog
ogyy and
Soci
ociety
ety (18
(18 hou
hours)
rs)

Introduction

Biological diversity is the foundation for livelihoods and sustainable

development, supplying
supplying basic needs such as food, energy, medicine,
recreational and cultural benefits. However, population growth,
industrialization and urbanization have accelerated the decline and extinction
ext inction
of species as well as the
t he degradation of ecosystems. The losses are due to a
range of pressures driven by socio-economic factors, including climate
change, ecosystem degradation, illegal trade and unsustainable use.

Biotechnology can help conserve biodiversity and help protect

prot ect some species
from going extinct. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products
and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our
o ur
environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and
have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial
industrial manufactur
manufacturing
ing processes.
With the development of genetic engineering, research in biotechnology
developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make changes in the
organisms' genetic
genetic material (DNA). Through gen genetic
etic engineering farm
farmers
ers can
raise more food for a growing world population while reducing agriculture’s
impact on the environment. Genetically modified crops enable farmers to
grow more crops using less land while applying fewer chemicals and
conserving water and energy allowing farmers to be more productive and

efficient. Nanotechnology
and food packaging is alsomatter
by breaking increasingly being
down into used to create
microscopic new foods
nanoparticles
that are jus
justt atoms
ato ms wide and “programming” them to perform specific tasks.
t asks. A
range of nanotech applications for food have been used and proposed, from
packaging (e.g., forming
forming an air-tight vacuum seal) to taste (e.g., mimicking the
flavor and texture of familiar foods).

The Nano world is perhaps the fastest growing

growing world in the twenty-first
century. Global competition among nations in nanotechnology research,
development and marketing is on thet he rise. Advantages of nanotechnology
towards improving the quality
quality of life are
ar e many. However, disadvantages of
nanotechnology especially related to human health, genetic disorders and
climate change are only beginning to surface raising serious concerns. The
Nano world will continue influence science and technology.

65
 Learning
Learning Outcomes

At the end of
of this unit, students
students w
will
ill be able to:

 Link learned concepts to the development of the information age and its
impact on society;

 Illustrate how the social media and the information age have impacted our
lives;

 Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment and health;

 Discuss the ethics and implication of GMOs and potential future impacts;
impacts ;

 Discuss the major impacts (both potential and realize) of nanotechnology

on society;

 Analyze the issue through the conceptual STS lenses;

 Critique the issue and its cause and

a nd benefits to the society;

 Describe gene therapy and its various forms;

 Assess the issues potential benefits and detriments to global health;

 Identify the causes of climate change;

 Assess the various impacts of climate change including economic, geo-

political, biological, meteorological, and etc.; and

 Apply STS concepts to the issues of climate change.

66
Topic 8: Inform ation Age

Learning Objectives
At the end of
of this topic,
topic, student
studentss will be able to:

 Discuss the history of Information Age

 Determine the human and social impacts of developments in the
Information Age

Activating Prior Learning

Situation:

Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and

a nd there is a substitution cypher
(a method of encrypting message in which the letters of o f the original text are
systematically replaced by different alphabet) that
t hat y
you
ou need to answer to solve
your dilemma.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S T U V WX Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

Hint: This is the first thing

t hing that you will be doing when you
you are at lost

Encrypted word: AFXGJESLA

AFXGJESLAGF
GF KWSJUZAFY

Answer: __________________________________

Presentation of Contents

Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and reality. If

there are information available, our lives might be enigmatic and chaotic.
chaot ic. The

development of our system of acquiring, storing and retrieving information

67
had spurt with the advent of
o f science and technology and now we ar
aree in the
century which is considered by many as the Information Age.

Information Age is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century
when information became effortlessly accessible
access ible through publication and
through the management of informat
information
ion by computers
computers and computer networks.
It is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via
telecommunications, with these systems operating
operat ing on bo
both
th real-time and as
needed basis- Theory of Information Age (Messenger, 1982).

Before it has reached its current state, constant change has taken place in the
revo lution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of
form of information revolution.
information resulted to difficulty in collecting
co llecting and managing them1980’s there
was Information Anxiety (Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became
the currency of the business world. At present, information
infor mation turned out to be a
commodity,
commodi ty, an over
o ver developed product, mass produced and unspecialized.

Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He described it
as follows

1. Information must complete

2. Newer is equated to truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anythin
Anything
g in great demand
de mand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit

Accessibility of information was made faster and easier

eas ier with the aid of
computer. One of the significant applications of computers for science and
research is evident in the field of bioinformatics.
bioinformat ics. Bioinf
Bioinformat
ormatics
ics is the
application of information technology to store, organize and analyze vast
amount of biological data which is available in the form sequences and
structures of proteins – the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids- the t he
information carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the t he need to
create databases of biological sequences. Application includes the Human

68
Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and
Annotator.

Application

Activity 1
Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each
photo and explain the manner by which
w hich information is being acqu
acquired,
ired, stored,
retrieve and utilize.

69
70
Activity 2

Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform,

p latform, with
these, users must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a
source. Create a checklist on how
how to check on the reliability
reliability and
a nd authenticity
of information found in websites and journals.

Feedback
Create a poster on the
t he advantages and disadvan
disadvantages
tages of Technology.

71
Topic 9: Biodi ve
vers
rs it y and
and the Hea
Health
lth Soci ety

Learning Objectives

After successful
successful completion
completion o
off this topic, yyou
ou shoul
should
d be able to:
to:

 Define biodiversity;

 Determine the interrelatedness of

o f biodiversity, environment, and
health;

 Discuss the ethics, implications,

implicat ions, and potential future impacts of
GMOs; and

 Propose a plan or make a stand that would show the relatedness of

species in forming up a diverse and healthy society
societ y without
compromising each other.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Think- Pair- Share

Checkpoint 1

All living things exist in balance

balance with other living things and physical
physical factor
factor..
Unknown

Bio diversity

Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined together.
With your partner, breakdown the meaning of the
t he two words in biodiversity.

Bio means___________________________________________________

Diversity means_______________
means________________________________
___________________________
__________________
________

Now, combine
combine the two words and try to come up with
with your own definition
definition of
biodiversity:

Biodiversity means
____________________
__________ _____________________
______________________
______________________
_________________
______
____________________
__________ _____________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________
__________
_______________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________
____________________
_________
____________________
________________________________
_______________________
______________________
____________________
_________
____________________
_______________________________
_______________________
_______________________
____________________
_________

72
Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided:

Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety

var iety of life forms in the entire earth
eart h
which includes the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex
multicellular organism. (Serafico, 2018)

Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms including

species thriving in different ecosystems like marine, freshwater or any aquatic
and terrestrial and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this
includes diversity between, within and of ecosystems. (Villago Globale, 2009)

Biodiversity comprises abiotic and biotic factors. Several biomes have diverse
characteristics in terms of their abiotic factors that dictate the biotic factors
that thrives on it.
it. The aquatic bi
biome
ome can be divided into
into two, the freshwater
biome and the marine biome.
biome. The freshwater biome includes ponds and lakes,
streams and rivers, and wetlands. It is usually less than one (1 % ) of the
earth’s resources. Marine regions include
include oceans, coral reefs and esestuaries.
tuaries. It
comprises about three fourths of the earth’s
eart h’s surface. Terrestrial biomes include
deserts, forest, grasslands, and tundra.

After you are done defining biodiversity, ask your pair to take a walk around
the campus and note of the different organisms
or ganisms present as well as the
characteristics of their habitat. Write your answers on Table 9.1. Don’t for to
enumerate the organisms and their corresponding density. Synthesize data into
any graphical presentation that you can illustrate in Figure 9.1.

Now that you have

have shared your knowl
knowledge
edge of local biodiversity, it’s time
time to
think about biodiversity on a bigger scale. Research on the biodiversity of the
country as well as the global scale and
a nd illustrate them using the same graphical
representation that you have used in your local biodiversity on Figures 9.2 and
9.3.

Here are some questions to think

t hink about.

What do you think scientist expect to discover more species?

Why do you think

think these or
organisms
ganisms would
would thrive more as the
t he time pass by?

What patterns have you observed from

fro m the graphs that you have
have drawn?

73
Table 9.1 Local Biodiversity o f __________________________
____________________________________
__________

Species Taxon Representative Population Type of

Species Count Environment

Figure 9.1 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of

______________________

74
Figure 9.2 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the
Philippines

Figure 9.3 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the World

75
 Presentation of Contents

Your answer in the above questions actually explains that biotic factors (living
things) are related to the
t he abiotic factors (non-living things). For example, your
answer is an increase in the population
populat ion of rats in a rice field or decrease in the
number of dragonflies in the area; therefore, there
t here must be changes in the
environment. Thus, a change in the environmen
e nvironmentt can cause
cau se a change in the
biodiversity. And a change
change in the biodiversity could have erratic effects in not
only in wildlife and marine but also in human beings.

Now get a copy of the following articles and proceed to Activi

Activity
ty 1.
1. ( Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. Jul-
“The politics of golden Rice” (Dubock,
Sep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging
Countries: The Golden Rice Case.” (Duguet, Anne Marie
Mar ie et. al., Journal
of International Law and Commercial Regulations.
Regulat ions. Summer 2013, Vol.
38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p)
3. Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is
I s this the future of
farming?

Activity 1: Collaborative Annotation Chart Think- Pair-Share

Directions:

You were tasked to read the different articles

art icles above. The first ttime
ime you read
your hand-out (assignment
assignment),), you placed your pencil down and just read to
understand. Today, while listening, it’s time to mark your hand -outs by using
the symbol asterisk (*) to mark key ideas, exclamation
exclamat ion point
point ( !) symbol to
mark surprising ideas and check mark ( √) symbol to mark things you connect
with. Write a quick comment about why you picked that sentence, wor word
d or
idea. Lastly, share with your partner. Be sure to identify the quote or passage
you selected. Then, share your comment using a “Sample
“Sa mple Language Support”
to get your discussion flowing. Record your partner’s response as well.

Symbol Comment Sample Language Support

*  Key ideas expressed  One significant idea in the
 Main points lecture is
 The article is trying
tr ying to convey
convey
!  Surprising details/claims  I was surprised to know that…
 How can anyone claim that..
√  Ideas/ sections you  This section reminded me of...
connect with  This connects with my
 What this reminds you of experience in that…
.

76
Use this part as your answer sheet

Symbol Your Comment or reason for Your partner’s comment/

marking this passage question to what you said

77
 Here is a gist of what you have read…

Life here on earth is affected

a ffected by changes in the environment. Life represented
by the various species
species face tthreats
hreats every day that leads to evolution an
and
d gene
modification. There are major threats to biodiversity
biodiversity that were identified by
the United Nations’ Environment Programme (WHO,n.d.). These threats
include habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition,
over-exploitation, pollution and contamination and global climate change.

Given those threats to biodiversity, different aspects in the society, health,

biology and environment are at risk. Researchers have been discovering new
ways to improve crop production, address health
health illness a nd decrease
biodiversity loss.
loss.

Application

Activity 2: Biodiversity Saver in the Making

BIG IDEA:

“We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn

to use it and come
come to understand what
what it means to humanity.”

Complete the table below:

Today, you must analyze the different statements on Table 9.2 and put a check
(√) mark on the box of your choice under Day 1: My Opinion. Ask your
teacher to affix her signature on the sides of your answers. Tonight, look for
evidences and that may support and not support the statements and place a
check mark on your decision whether you agree or disagree.

Day 1: My Evidences/ Findings Day 2: My Decision

Opinion
Agree Disagree Support No Agree Disagree
support
1.
Environmental
changes
caused by
humans can
always be
reversed.

78
 2. We can
learn from
previous
environmental
disasters so
that we will
not repeat the
same mistake.

3. All
scientific
experiments
do not affect
biodiversity

4. One
organism
becoming
extinct does
not hurt nature
because there
are millions of
organisms on
earth

BIG IDEA:
Based on evolutionary theory, organisms’ innate characteristic in its genome
79
dictates its ability to survive. Breakthroughs in modern technology lead to
what we call genetically modified organisms or GMOs which has changed the
concept of survival.

Activity 3: Search the Facts and Make a Stand: Debate

Divide the class into two groups and ask them to research on the different
genetically modified organisms, the pros and cons of genetically modifying
crops, and ethical implications and impacts of it.

Ask each leader to come up with different arguments supposing they belong to
the negative and positive side.

Using the toss coin system let the leaders choose head– pros and tail– cons.

Let the groups debate in class with the argument below:

Genetically modified products are safe to eat.

The rubric below will be used in grading the students’ outputs.

http://course1winona.edu/shatfield/air/classdebate.pdf

80
 Feedback

BIG IDEA:

We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to

use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.
E.O. Wilson

Activity 4: Think about thes

thesee questions

1. How would you reconcile the emerging

e merging needs of human beings regarding
their health and
the need to protect the biodiversity?
2. Do you think scientific researches that modify the genes of organisms bring
more
advantages than disadvantages?

Now you are ready to take a quiz

quiz for today’s discussi
discussion.
on.

Reflection

BIG IDEA:

Together let us make a stand in protecting the nature, in this way we can
protect our children's
children's future.
future.
-Unknown

ACTIVITY 5: I-Pledge

Advocacy Writing

In groups of five, brainstorm and come up with an advocacy on the need to

reconcile the emerging needs of human beings and the need to protect the
growth of biodiversity.

81
Topic 10: The Na
Nanow
now orl
orldd

Learning Objectives

After success
successful
ful completion of
of this topic
topic,, you should be able to
to::

 Define nanotechnology;
 Characterize nanoscale;
 Describe the various use of nanotechnology;
 Discuss concerns on the
t he uses of nanotechnology; and
 Explain the status on the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the realm of
of
science, try answering these questions:
Can you think of fields where size or weight of materials or products is
important?

Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?

Can you think of situat

situations
ions were scientist have to make assumptions because
they couldn’t see what they
t hey were studying?

Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how natural elements are
designed and created?

82
 Presentation of Contents

“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology introduced in

the modern world…”-D. Allan Bromley

Figure 10.4 Timeline of Technological

Techn ological Advanceme
Advancements
nts
Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik

Nanotechnology is is defined as the study and use of structures between 1

nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. These include the t he design,
characterization, production and application of structures, devices and
controlling shape and
and size on a nanometer scale. (Royal Society, 2004). It is

just like studying

the width eighhair.
eight
of a human t hundred 100 n
nanometer
anometer
Nanoscience stparticles
is the study side by side
udy of phenomena to match
and
manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales.
This includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of atomsato ms which is
approximately 0.2nm.
0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is approximately 7,
000nm wide and a water molecule is almost 0.3 nm across. (K. Ban et.al,
2011.)

Studying nanoparticles
nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and
a nd the
field flourished with the development of microscopes capable of displaying
particles called nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one
dimension on the nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm); material can be in one
dimension (very thin surface coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions
(nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all three dimensions (nanoparticles,
quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro). (Nanoyou, 2011). Nanomaterials
are of two types.
types. Inorganic nanomaterial
nanomaterial which includes gold gold nano clusters,
fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials on the other hand are
made up of carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists employ self- self -
organization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an
environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of of
nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial layers
la yers of skin, liver tissues and
other organs. (Lohith, 2014).

As shown on Figure 10.5, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth of a

meter (10-9) hence it expresses a very tiny
t iny amount or size. In nanotechnology,
nanotechnology,
you will be able to manipulate matter in atomic or subatomic scale. Some
So me of
the uses of nanotechnology include the production of microprocessors and

strain-resistant fabrics.

83
 Photo credits to ht
https://www
tps://www.understandingnano.com/introdu
.understandingnano.com/introduction.html
ction.html

Figure 10.4: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More

The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different
equipment like electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and scanning
tunneling microscope. Electron microscope was built by Ernst Ruska and Max
Knoll during 1930s. There
There are two
t wo general types of electron microscopes
namely scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.
The former directs a high voltage electron beam towards the specimen to
illuminate it and create a magnified image of the sample while the latter
directs a focused electron beam across the
t he rectangular area of the specimen,
which loses energy as it passes through.
t hrough. The
The resolution of scanning electron
microscopes tends to be poorer than that achieved from the transmission
tr ansmission
electron microscope. Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig,
Calvin Quate and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of mechanical probe
that gathers information from the surface of a material. Scanning TunnTunneling
eling
microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles,
atoms, and small molecules. This invention gave a Nobel Prize Awards in
Physics to their inventors,
inventors, Gerd Binigand
Binigand Rohrer. (Javier.et.al, 2018).

Numerous innovations
innovations in development as well as those un under
der investigations
are now the focus of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology impacts many
industries like transportation,
tr ansportation, environment,
environment, energy, electronics,
e lectronics,
manufacturing, agriculture
agriculture and
a nd pharmaceuticals. In the field of health care,
nanotechnologists work on chemical and biological sensors, drugs and
delivery devices, prosthetics and biosensors. They have created the quantum
dots that glow in UV light to locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells.
ce lls. They are
also trying to grow laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue
t issue or even replace

them. In technology,
and computation (e.g.they are looking
a DVD forhold
t hat could
that solutions for amovies)
a million better data storage
while in
environment, nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean energy
 84

and clean air (Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000).

In the Philippines, PCAS TRD-DOST ha funded

funded most ofo f the nanotech projects
which includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and biomedical, energy,
environment, agriculture and food, health and environmental risk nano-
metrology and education and public awareness. (Serafica, 2018).

Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are very

delicate. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during manufacturing thus
development requires very clean environments making only a few, out of
many produced, are perfect. Aside from manufacturing issues, there are also
potential risks of nanotechnology in health and environment. Nanoparticles
can be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or deliberately injected.
If this happens, inflammation can be triggered and weaken the immune
system. Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and plants
(www.trnmage, 2004).

Application

Be Informed!

Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next

Ne xt Step in
Nanotechnology” by George Tule ski, TED Tal
Talks.
ks. Here’s a link for a
faster access.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0 . In pairs, answer the following question:

1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?

2. Why do you think few scientists

scient ists works on nanotechnology?

3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve

so lve environmen
environmental
tal
problems?
 85

4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big role in the

repair of cells, cure diseases and
a nd even delay aging, if this happens,
what would this mean to our society?

Feedback

From those innovations presented in class, think of a product or output that is

made up of nanomaterial that has an impact in various aspects (health,
environment, economy etc.) that you want to create. Present it in class next
meeting.
 86

Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy

Therapy

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Describe gene therapy and its related processes;

 Compare and contrast vectors of gene delivery;
 Enumerate the pros and cons of gene therapy in the society.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P

Directions: Using the grid

grid below,
below, find words related
related to gene therapy. You
may use the statements that follow as your clues to identify the words. Write
your answer on the space provided after each statement.
stat ement.

E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C W M
C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E
G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N
V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I
V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O
J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T
B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A
O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I
L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M
P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P

1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of
45. ________________
2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin
(the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells).
______________________
___________ ___________
3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from
one cell to
t o another. _________________
_________________
4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an
organism, virus oro r extrachromosomal DNA. __________
____________________
__________
5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that
controls the development
development of one or more
more traits. ______________
______________
 87

6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes
made to the DNA will be passed on to the next generation.
_________________
___________ ______
7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It specifically
targets cells in the body which are not passed on to the person’s
children. ___________________

Presentation of Contents

Gene therapy has become an increasingly important topic in science-related

science-re lated
news. The aim of gene therapy is the successful integration
integrat ion of corrected,
therapeutic DNA into the genomes of cells to alter gene expression and, in
turn, protein synthesis to correct genetic diseases.

Two Types of Gene Therapy

Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good" gene into

targeted cells to treat the patient — but not the patient's future children
because these genes do not get passed along
along to offspring.
Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating
creat ing a
beneficial genetic change that is transmitted to the offspring.
offspring.

Vectors for Gene Delivery

Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as the
targeted tissues must properly receive the appropriate
appropriat e genes. Gene therapy can
be carried out using naked
naked DNA delivered directly Vectors for Gene Delivery.
 88

(Source: www
www.biologydiscussion.com)
.biologydiscussion.com)

Fig: 11.1 Structure of Adenovirus

Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining of your eyes,
airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're common
causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.

Source: www.andrew.cmu.edu

Fig: 11.2 Structure of Retroviru

Retroviruss

Retrovirus is a type
t ype of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the
DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the
the genome of that cell.

i
 89

Source: http://m.wikipedia.o
http://m.wikipedia.org
rg
Fig. 11.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a non-enveloped virus that can be

engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted
att racted a significant
amount of attention in the field, especially in clinical-stage
clinical-st age experimental
therapeutic strategies.

(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 11.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex

Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes
called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most
cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected
 90

person may have sores around the genitals

genitals or rectum.

Source: library.ope
library.open.oregonstate.edu
n.oregonstate.edu
Fig. 11.5 Structure of Naked DNA

Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or any
other molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of genetic
information into the surrounding environment,
environment, such as fro
fromm bu
bursting
rsting cells.

Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy

The first death

deat h associated with gene therapy occurred on September 18, 1999,
at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger was participating
part icipating in a
clinical trial, a biomedical experiment for evaluation
evaluat ion of safety and efficiency

of a therapy for a disease. Gelsinger,

Ge lsinger, who was 18 years old at the time of the
t he
treatment, had a deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylase, an important
enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this rare metabolic
disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a series of medicines to
avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream. The gene therapy Gelsinger
took triggered a chain reaction in his immune system, resulting in hepatic and
respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four days after being treated.

Effects on the Environment

Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be enormous, there are
many questions raised that needs to be answered. New o organisms
rganisms created by
genetic engineering could present an eco logical problem.
problem. One cannot
ca nnot predict
the changes that a genetically engineered species would make on the
 91

environment. The release of a new genetically engineered species would

wou ld also
have the possibility of causing an imbalance in the ecology of a region just
exotic species would do. An accident or an unknown result could cause
several problems. An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus or
bacteria for example could result
result in a stronger type, which could cause a
serious epidemic when released. This could be fatal in human genetic
engineering creating problems ranging from minor medical problems, to
death.

Effects on Human

Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral vector that carries
Looking carr ies
functional gene inside the human body; the repercussion are stillst ill unknown.
unknown.
There are no clues as to where functional genes are being placed. They may
even replace the important genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this may
lead to another health condition or disease to human. Also, as defective genes
are replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that
t hat there will be a
reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings will have identical
genomes, the population as a whole will
w ill be susceptible to virus or any form of
diseases.

Antibiotic Resistance

Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance

res istance as "selectable
markers." Early in the engineering process, these markers help identify cells
that have taken up foreign
fore ign genes. Although they have no further use, the genes
continue to be expressed in plant tissues. Most genetically engineered plant
foods carry fully functioning antibiotic-resistance genes.

The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could have lethal effects.

Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics
ant ibiotics to
fight disease when these antibiotics are taken
t aken with meals. More so, the
resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens, making
them impervious to antibiotics. If transfer were to occur,
o ccur, it could aggravate the
already serious health problem of antibiotic resistant disease organisms

Ethical and Social Issues

"Playing God" has become a strong

st rong argument against genetic engineering.
Several issues have also been raised as regards
r egards the acceptance of this
technology. These
These concerns rrange
ange from ethical issues to lack of knowledge on
the effects genetic engineering may have. One major concern is that once
o nce an
altered gene is placed in an organism, the process cannot be reversed. The
 92

production of medicines
medicines through the use of genetically altered organisms
might develop extremely infectious forms that
t hat could cause worldwide
epidemics.

Application

Activity 1: What genes are you wearing?

Break up your class into groups of four or five students, assigning one of the
following diseases to each group:

• HIV • Cystic fibrosis • Hemophilia

• Muscular dystrophy • Rheumatoid arthritis • Coronary
heart disease
• Alzheimer’s disease • Ulcer • Bone fracture
• Cancer • Sickle cell anemia • Huntington’s
disease
• Tay-sach's disease

Give each student a “What Genes are you Wearing?” packet that t hat is tailored to
his or her group’s disease. Each group will present their
t heir output regarding the
topic they have chosen. If time allows have groups compare and share in a
whole class room discussion. Each student
st udent will answer the followin
following
g
questions.

1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease

d isease are you willing
to undergo gene therapy? Why?
 93

Activity 2: Vector Voyage

Direction: Using the library resources, complete the table

t able below.

Retroviru Adenoviru Adeno- Herpes Nake

s s associate Simple d
d Virus x Virus DNA
How the
vector carries
the genetic
material
Maximum
length of
DNA that can
be inserted in
the vector

Advantages

Disadvantage
s

Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDERS

Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic disorders.

Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features

 94

Activity 4: Pros and Cons

Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each group
had their own assigned respondents regarding on the effects of gene therapy to
health and to the society. Each group will present their output.
Pros Cons

Human Health

Society

Guide Questions:
1. What was the respondent think about gene therapy?

2. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should or should

not approve gene therapy treatments for use in the Philippines?

3. Do you think the government should or should not fund scientific

researches on changing the genes of unborn babies that aims to
improve their characteristics such as intelligence or physical traits
such as athletic ability or appearance?

Feedback

What does the picture show?

Source: www.tutorialspoint.com
www.tutorialspoint.com
 95

Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic)

Learning Objectives

At the end of
of this topic,
topic, students w
will
ill be able to
to::

 Identify the causes of climate change;

 Discuss various impacts of climate change including economical,
geopolitical, biological and meteorological aspects; and
 Create a simple climate change advocacy through poster, slogan
slogan,, and
infomercial.

Activating Prior Learning

You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social platforms
as a hot issue and advocacy that calls for biological, economical, sociological
soc iological
and political concerns. Below is a concept map, with the word climate change
at the center, write something out of what you know and understand about this
issue.

Climate
Change
 96

Presentation of Contents

“There is no question that climate change is happening; the only arguable

point is what part humans are playing in it.”

- David
Attenborough

Climate Change

Climate change is a change in the statistical

stat istical properties of the climate system
that persists for several decades or
o r longer. Climate change may be due to
natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation,
radiat ion, volcanoes or internal
variability in the climate system,
syste m, or due to human influences such as changes
in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.

Many linesofofheat-trapping
emissions evidence
heat-tr demonstrate
apping that
greenhouse human
gases activities,
from especiall
especially
fossil fuel y
combustion
co mbustion, ,
deforestation, and land-use change, are primarily responsible for the climate
c limate
changes observed in the industrial era, especially over the last six decades. The
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to human-
caused warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era. This
change has intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an increase in
global surface temperatures and other widespread changes in Earth’s climate
that are unprecedented in the history.

Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following

phenomena that ultimately
ultimately leads to climate change.

Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is a natural

process that warms the Earth’s surface.
When the Sun’s energy reaches the
Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is
reflected back to space and the
t he rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse
gases. This blanket of greenhouse gases
serves as the Earth’s ins
insulator,
ulator, of which
without it, ours will be a called dead
planet.
Figure12.1. Trapping of heat by the Greenhouse
gases
 97

Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous

nitrous
oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons
chlorofluorocar bons
(CFCs). Carbon dioxide and methane in particular,
part icular, trap the heat radiated by
the sun.

The problem we now face is that human activities are

ar e increasing the
concentrations of greenhouse gases. From NASA’s observation, the increase
and too much concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause Earth's
Eart h's
atmosphere to trap more and more heat that warms up the planet leading to a
phenomenon called global warming.
warming.

Global Warming

Global warming is the term

used to describe a gradual
increase in the average
temperature of the Earth's
atmosphere and its oceans,
a change that is believed to
be permanently changing
changing
the Earth’s climate.
Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Figure12.2. The rise in global temperature

The increased volumes of carbon

car bon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released
re leased
by the burning of fossil
fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human
activities, are believed to be the
t he primary sources of the global warming that
has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental
I ntergovernmental
Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently
predicted that average global temperatures could increase
increase between 1.4 and 5.8
°C by the year 2100.

Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due to
the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as
a s an increase in occurrence and
a nd
severity of storms and other severe weather events – all of which are signs of a
changing climactic patterns.


Impacts of Climate Change on Society

 98

Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center - Montree Hanlue/Shutterstock.com.

Figure12.3. Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: From left to right: Forest Fire, Drought,
Typhoon

According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program , the aspects of

climate change are having increasingly complex and important impacts on all
the nations’
nat ions’ economy and quality of life. Impacts related to climate change are
evident across regions and in many sectors important to society—such as
human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation,
energy, ecosystems, and others —and are expected to become increasingly
disruptive throughout this century and beyond.

Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme
weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted
by insects, food, and water. Climate
Climate disruptions to agriculture have been
increasing and are projected to become more severe over
o ver this century, a trend
securit y of the world’s food supply. Surface and
that would diminish the security

groundwaterin
diminishing supplies in some
many areas, regions
in part due are already stressed,
to increasing andand
sediment water quality
quality is
contaminant
concentrations after heavy downpours.

In some regions, prolonged periods of high temperatures

te mperatures associated wwith
ith
droughts contribute to conditions
conditions that lead to larger wildfires and longer fire
seasons. For coastal communities, sea level rise, combined
c ombined with coastal
storms, has increased the risk of erosion,
eros ion, storm surge damage, and flooding.
flooding.
Extreme heat, sea level rise, and heavy downpours are affecting
affect ing infrastructure
like roads, rail lines, airports, and all other infrastructures.

The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to

buffer the impacts of extreme events like fires, floods, and severe
severe storms is
being overwhelmed.
overwhelmed. The rising temperature and changing ch chemistry
emistry of ocean
 99

water is combining with other stresses, such as overfishing and pollution, alter
marine-based food production and harm fishing communities.

Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for specific sectors or
regions. For example, current benefits of
o f warming include longer growing
seasons and longer ice – free period for agriculture.

Application

After learning about climate change, what natural processes and human
activities causes it and the possible
poss ible consequences brought about this
phenomenon,, the question that comes next is, as a concerned citizen and a
phenomenon
student, what can you do about it? What ways can you think of to mitigate the
hazards caused by climate change?

And so here are some amazing activities prepared for you. Have fun!

Activity 1: Nature’s Advocates

A. Form groups of 5 and create

creat e an infomercial sshowing
howing how community
community
can help mitigate the hazards caused by climate change. Each group
must choose one from the given areas below that are affected
affect ed by
climate change. A rubric is prepared below to rate your performance.
You have 15 minutes to conceptualize, and 2 – 3 minutes to present
your output. Enjoy acting!

1. Agriculture and Food Security

2. Economy
3. Biodiversity
4. Health
5. Geography and Ocean ecology
6. Climatic patterns
 100

Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Criteria
(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

 Factual information  Factual information is  Information is

Understandi is accurate mostly accurate inaccurate
ng of Topic  Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation
Presenta tion is off
understanding of of topic topic
topic
 Accepts ideas of  Accepts most
most ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
Teamwork compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members
members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
 Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls
 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining;  Presents some  Audience
Audienc e bored
Presentation engages audience information  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience  Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate
Approp riate use of  Some use of body
body language language

B. Retaining your group in activity A, create

cr eate an advocacy campaign by
making a poster and a slogan that tells how community will help
mitigate the effects of climate change. Upload your work in social
media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers, and then share
them with the class next meeting.

Feedback

Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test

t est your understandin
understandingg of our
topic on climate change.

Answer the following questions and follow the procedure on each item.

1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is released

r eleased
through human activities such as deforestation
de forestation and burning of fossil
fuels, as well as natural
natura l processes such as respiration
respiratio n and volcanic
eruption.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the last letter of your answer and put in it box # 1)
 101

2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed largely to the

increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 3rd letter of your answer and put in it box # 10)

3. It is a critical
crit ical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest cover
that will absorb and reduce the amoun
a mountt of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 8th letter of
o f your answer and put in it box # 4)

4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source of emission

of carbon dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from the remains
of living organisms million years ago. The name given to natural fuel
is ___.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd lett
letter
er of your answer and put in it box # 11)

5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap
the Sun’s heat making the Earth much warmer.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 6th letter of
o f your answer and put in it box # 5)

6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the

t he Earth’s
climate system, generally attributed to greenhouse effect.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 7th letter of
o f your answer and put in it box # 6)

7. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land

available for other uses, which consequently add more atmospheric
carbon dioxide as a result of large – scale removal of trees that
t hat will
absorb this harmful gas.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 5th letter of
o f your answer and put in it box # 8 and 12)
 102

8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a

result of drought or deforestation, and leading to shortage of food
supply.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 11th letter of
o f your answer and put in it box # 7)

9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.

t ime.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 5th letter of
o f your answer and put in it box # 2)

o f below – average precipitation, resulting in

10. This is a disaster of
prolonged shortages in water supply that could cause reduced crop
yield, and potentially loss of harvest and or of livestock.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd lett
letter
er of your answer and put in it box # 3 and 9)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12

You did a great job!

 103

Summary

The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the special
topics that would allow you to reflect on the role of science and technology
t echnology
not only in the community where you are living but to the whole world.
wor ld.

The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital
information to the society. With the advance technological devices like
computers, laptops, cellular phones, personal digita
digitall assistants, servers,
mainframes and internet that lets us access social media and online resources,
and even microchips and other high technologies, the life that we are living
living
today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives we have.
From communicating through simple ways like papyrus,papyrus, letter writing etc., we
have shifted to calling through mobile phones, sending files through email,
chatting with our love ones through video calls,
ca lls, etc. Highly modernized,
automated, data-driven and technologically advanced-these is how we
describe our society nowadays. This era of our life offers us a lot for the
development of noble researchers but it also entails responsible use. You must
learn how to check the reliability of the sources you are accessing before
dissemination for those information poses both positive and negative impacts.
You must always consider that the information you share could be of great
help to our lives and others.

Advances in science and technology

t echnology hav
havee also affected our biodiversity. Some
efforts have been made by the government to conserve all species.
spec ies. Threats like
habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, over-over -
exploitation, pollution, contamination, and global climate change has cause
drastic decrease in the population of species all over the
t he world. The decrease
has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional,
nutr itional, health and bi
biological
ological
problems. Together we must
must be all biodiversity savers to have a better
environment.

Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of

nanotechnology.. Through this, products can be manufactures to help improve
nanotechnology
health, environment, food, water, and agriculture. Though this field promises
pro mises a
lot, you must take into account the social, ethical, and eenvironmental
nvironmental concerns
of using such.

Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a method

that may treat or cure genetic related
relat ed human illness. As this science flourish,
many ethical issues were raised.
r aised. Thus, as a future researcher, you must
must be able
to distinguish what is vital if you wished to venture in the field of
nanotechnology.

Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several factors
like natural processes and persistent human activities have statistically
increased the percentage of climate change for a period of time. The
continuous climate change has affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of
o f the
earth.
 104

Reflection

Now that you have

have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move by
answering the following questions

1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?

2. How does Information Age influence our society?
3. As a part of the planet earth,
eart h, what can you do in your own simple way
to help in the advancement of science and technology
t echnology for the
improvement of the society?
4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed
that as it matures, it will become an effective treatment for tthe
he myriad
of genetic diseases that affect humanity”
5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developt by a
nanotechnologist and made available to anyone.
anyone. This rep
replicator
licator could
allow people to simply produce any item they need themselves without

the help of any manufacturer or a company. What would this do to ouro ur

economy as we know it today? Can ou think of some impacts of these
breakthrough on employment,
employment, science, politics, society and other
sectors. What are some of the social and ethical considerations scientist
must consider in conducting researches in nanotechnology?
 105

Culminating Activity (optional)

Learning Objectives

After successful
successful completion
completion o
off this cour
course,
se, you should
should be able to
to::

 Present different outputs in selected topics

to pics of STS in an exhibi
exhibit;
t; and
 Propose a project plan to address selected problems in the world
applying all the concepts learned in STS.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Recall all outputs that you have done in the subject. Plan a mini exhibit where
you can present all of these outputs to showcase your talents not only
o nly in class
but in your
your university.

Presentation of Contents

This activity will develop your skills in planning and organizing a mini exhibit
in Science, Technology and Society. Here is some of the committee that
t hat you
may form to help you organize the event:

1. General Chair/ Organizing Committee

2. Graphics, Signage and Marketing Committee
3. Registration (Pre- and On-site)
4. Program and Moderator Committee
5. Physical Arrangement Committee
6. Audio-visual/ Technical Committee
7. Finance and Sponsorship Committee
8. Hospitality/ Food Committee
Committee
9. Photo-documentation Committee
10. Evaluation and Post-event Activities Committee

After forming the committee, seek instructors’ direction for the planning and
conduct of the exhibit.

Application

I-pledge

After your guest have completed the different stations of the gallery, you may
now ask them to signify their own advocacy that would help suggest possible
solutions to the persisting issues in the society brought by science and
technology through writing i n the prepared “I-pledge for Mother Earth”
billboard.
 106

References

Lohith, M. (2014) Nanotechnology. https//www.researchgate.net

Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us
happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017

Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_defec
ts_Brief_090804.html

Nanooyou, (2011). Nanotechnology for Youth.http//nanoyou.eu

Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_defec
ts_Brief_090804.html

R. Benefits et al., "Atomic scale memory at a silicon surface" Nanotechnology

13, 499 (2002)

Report Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties. The

Royal Society, 16-17 (2004).

Science, Technology and Society, (2018) Janice Patria Javier Serafica et al.
Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us
happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017.

UnderstandingNanotechnology. www.understanding nano.com/introduction.html

nano.com/i ntroduction.html

Web
Web sour ces

Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved from

https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7

Image: Codex - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3080HuB

Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U
Google Image Result for https://images-na.ssl-images-
amazon.com/images/I/41P0JwP7c5L._SX466_.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2J5wFly

Image: USB 3.1 Flash Drive DUO Plus 256GB Memory & Storage - MUF-256DB/AM
... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Yrf2Sl

Image: VP4 - Four-Line Alphanumeric pager for in-house wireless paging ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/300frvs

Image: Best Retro Style Big Brother Mobile Phone Antenna Good Signal ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XGVVqq

Image: ENIAC - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/PpmU3

Image: Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/93r6v
 107

Image: Typewriter: The History · The Machines · The Writers: Tony Allan ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RvNsu

Image: iOTA BASE 21.5" FHD All-in-One Desktop PC (Black) - (Intel Quad ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/vJM12

Image: Apple Pre-Owned iPhone 6 4G LTE with 16GB Memory Cell Phone ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/m1wb8
 108

Abo
A bo ut t he A ut h or s
Gerlie Urbi Bayani is an Instructor of Cagayan State University and a
Licensed Fisheries Technologist. She finished her Baccalaureate Degree,
Bachelor of Science in Fisheries at Central Luzon State University. In the
same university, she finished her Master of Science in Aquaculture.
Aq uaculture.

Madel Batang-Tanguilan is an Instructor of Cagayan State University. She

finished her Baccalaureate Degree, Bachelor of Science in Biology at
University of the Philippines- Baguio. She earned her Masters of Arts in
Biology under the Commission on Higher Education Continuing Education
Program at St. Marys University Bayombong. She is currently enrolled at
Cagayan State University taking her Ph. D. in Science Education.
Education.

Babylyn Paliwanan Canceran is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary

Education Major in General Science at St. Louis College of Tuguegarao now
the University of St. Louis, Tuguegarao Cagayan. She also Finished her MS
Physics Education and Doctor of Philosophy Major in Science Education at
Cagayan State University Andrews Campus. She is currently Teaching
Science subjects at Cagayan State University Piat Campus and is also the
Coordinator of the Office of Student Developm
Development
ent and Welfare and the Office
Off ice
of the Quality Assurance of the said campus.
Jennifer Lloren Luyun is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Physical Science at Cagayan State University Andrews campus. She
finished Master of Science in Teaching Major in Chemistry and currently
earning her Ph.D. Science Education at the same institution. At present, she
is a Faculty of the College of Allied health Sciences of CSU Andrews Campus
teaching Physics, Chemistry and Earth Science.

Gwyn Manuel is a Marine Biologist and a Licensed Professional Teacher.

She finished Master of Science Teaching major in Biology at Cagayan State
University. Ms. Manuel was conferred by the Department of Science and
Technology the Scientific and Technological Specialist eligibility. Currently,
she is taking her Ph.D in Science Education at Saint Paul University
Tuguegaro City.