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    Measure Lecture7

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    mohamed tawfik
    The document discusses analog to digital conversion. It describes the key steps of sampling and filtering input analog signals before conversion. A low-pass filter is used to eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency. The sampled value is then held constant until the next sample. Analog to digital conversion quantizes the sampled value into a binary code. Two common conversion methods are described: flash ADCs use comparators to directly compare the input to reference voltages, while successive approximation ADCs use a DAC and comparator in a feedback loop to iteratively determine the binary code.

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    Measure Lecture7

    Uploaded by

    mohamed tawfik
    9 views14 pages
    The document discusses analog to digital conversion. It describes the key steps of sampling and filtering input analog signals before conversion. A low-pass filter is used to eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency. The sampled value is then held constant until the next sample. Analog to digital conversion quantizes the sampled value into a binary code. Two common conversion methods are described: flash ADCs use comparators to directly compare the input to reference voltages, while successive approximation ADCs use a DAC and comparator in a feedback loop to iteratively determine the binary code.

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    Measure-Lecture7

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    The document discusses analog to digital conversion. It describes the key steps of sampling and filtering input analog signals before conversion. A low-pass filter is used to eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency. The sampled value is then held constant until the next sample. Analog to digital conversion quantizes the sampled value into a binary code. Two common conversion methods are described: flash ADCs use comparators to directly compare the input to reference voltages, while successive approximation ADCs use a DAC and comparator in a feedback loop to iteratively determine the binary code.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views14 pages

    Measure Lecture7

    Uploaded by

    mohamed tawfik
    The document discusses analog to digital conversion. It describes the key steps of sampling and filtering input analog signals before conversion. A low-pass filter is used to eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency. The sampled value is then held constant until the next sample. Analog to digital conversion quantizes the sampled value into a binary code. Two common conversion methods are described: flash ADCs use comparators to directly compare the input to reference voltages, while successive approximation ADCs use a DAC and comparator in a feedback loop to iteratively determine the binary code.

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    Electrical Instrumentations and

    Measurements
    ELC213

    Lecture 7
    ❑ In order to use digital measurement devices, a process is needed, which is called Analog to Digital (ADC).
    Since most of digital measurement devices depend on processing system performs its operations digitally.

    Sampling and Filtering


    The first step to convert signals from analog
    to digital, is sampling and filtering input
    analog signals.
    ❑ All analog signals (except a pure sine wave) contain a spectrum of component frequencies. For a pure sine
    wave, these frequencies appear in multiples called harmonics. The harmonics of an analog signal are sine
    waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. Before a signal can be sampled, it must be passed through a
    low-pass filter (anti-aliasing filter) to eliminate harmonic frequencies above a certain value as determined
    by the Nyquist frequency.
    ❑ A low-pass anti-aliasing filter must be used to limit the frequency spectrum of the analog signal for a given
    sample frequency.
    Holding the Sampled Value

    ❑ The holding operation is the second part of the sample-and-hold function. After filtering and sampling, the
    sampled level must be held constant until the next sample occurs. This is necessary for the ADC to have time
    to process the sampled value.
    Analog-to-Digital Conversion

    ❑ Analog-to-digital conversion is a process used to convert the output from the sample-and- hold circuit to a
    series of binary codes that represent the amplitude of the analog input at each of the sample times.
    Quantization

    ❑ The process of converting an analog value to a code is called quantization. During the quantization process,
    the sampled values that are converted by ADC is converted to a binary code. The more bits that are used to
    represent a sampled value, the more accurate is the representation.
    Reconstruction process
    Methods of Analog-to-Digital Conversion

    An op-amp is a linear amplifier that has two inputs (inverting and noninverting) and one output. It has a very
    high voltage gain and a very high input impedance, as well as a very low output impedance.

    𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑓
    =−
    𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖
    1-Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter

    ❑ The flash method uses special high-speed comparators to


    compare reference voltages with the analog input
    voltage. When the input voltage exceeds the reference
    voltage for a given comparator, a HIGH is generated.
    ❑ The large number of comparators necessary for a
    reasonable-sized binary number is one of the
    disadvantages of the flash ADC

    ❑ In general, 2𝑛 − 1 comparators are required for


    conversion to an n-bit binary code.

    ❑ Its chief advantage is that it provides a fast conversion


    time because of a high throughput, measured in
    samples per second (sps).
    Example

    Determine the binary code output of the 3-bit flash ADC for the input signal in the Fig and the encoder enable
    pulses shown. For this example, 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 = +8 V.
    2-Successive-Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter

    It composed of a DAC, a successive-approximation register (SAR), and a comparator.

    ❑ As each bit is enabled, the comparator produces an


    output that indicates whether the input signal voltage
    is greater or less than the output of the DAC. If the
    DAC output is more than the input signal, the
    comparator’s output is LOW, and that causes the bit in
    the register to reset. If the output is less than the input
    signal, the 1 bit is retained in the register.

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