LESSON 5:

Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions

MR. RUSSEL D. JIMENEZ, RChT, LPT

ISO/ISA/QAM Coordinator
Faculty, College of Arts and Sciences ,Pablo Borbon Campus
Batangas State University – The National Engineering University
Topic Outline
Atomic Mass/Molecular Mass
Percent Composition of Compounds
Mole Concept: Avogadro’s Number
Chemical Reactions and Chemical
Equations
Amounts of Reactants and Products
 Limiting Reagents
 Reaction Yield
 A Look Ahead
• Our discussion of atomic mass leads to molecular mass, which is
the sum of the masses of the constituent atoms present.
• To continue our study of molecules and ionic compounds, we learn
how to calculate the percent composition of these species from their
chemical formulas.
• Relationship of mole to many elementary entities.
• Next, we learn how to write a chemical equation to describe the
outcome of a chemical reaction. A chemical equation must be
balanced so that we have the same number and type of atoms for
the reactants, the starting materials, and the products, the
substances formed at the end of the reaction.
 A Look Ahead

• Building on our knowledge of chemical equations, we then

proceed to study the mass relationships of chemical reactions. A
chemical equation enables us to use the mole method to predict
the amount of product(s) formed, knowing how much the
reactant(s) was used. We will see that a reaction’s yield
depends on the amount of limiting reagent (a reactant that is
used up first) present.

• We will learn that the actual yield of a reaction is almost always

less than that predicted from the equation, called the theoretical
yield.
 MOLAR MASS
The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms of every element in
the formula is called the Atomic mass (also called atomic weight)
MOLAR MASS/molecular weight =gram/mole or in amu
The term formula mass is used for ionic compounds that do not contain discrete
molecular units.
The formula unit of NaCl consists of one Na+ ion and one Cl ̄. Hence, the formula
mass of NaCl is the mass of one formula unit:

formula mass of NaCl = 22.99 amu + 35.45 amu

= 58.44 amu
And its molar mass is 58.44 g.
In general, we need to multiply the atomic mass of each
element by the number of atoms of that element present in the
molecule and sum over all the elements.

Examples:
1. Calculate the molecular masses of the following
compounds: (a) a typical soap, C17H35CO2Na
and (b) caffeine (C8H 10N4O2 ).
2. Determine the molar masses of formaldehyde, CH2O,
and glucose, C6H12O6,
 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
A chemical formula is a symbol or combination
of symbols used to represent the composition of
substance.
The numerical subscripts in the formula indicate
the mole ratio of one element to another. Each
symbol in the formula represents an atom which
has corresponding atomic mass.
Calculating the percentage composition of any
element:
 Examples:
1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a colorless, syrupy liquid used in
detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes, and in carbonated beverages
for a “tangy” flavor. Calculate the percent composition by
mass of H, P, and O in this compound.
2. Calculate the percent composition of Gold in
Gold (III) Nitrate

3. Calculate the percentage composition of the

common table salt (Sodium Chloride) %Na,
% Cl
3. Experimental data shows that a 12.30 g sample
of Molybdenum (Mo) combined with 17.83g of
Sulfur (S). Calculate the percent composition of the
composition of each element.
4. Calculate the percentage of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen (by mass) in C12H22O11.
 THE MOLE CONCEPT
Defining the Mole
The mole (abbreviated mol) is the SI unit for amount of
substance. It is defined as the amount of a substance that
contains the same number of entities as there are atoms
in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. This number is called
Avogadro’s number, in honor of the 19th-century Italian
physicist Amedeo Avogadro,
1 mole = 6.022X 1023 entities (The units may be
electrons, ions, atoms, or molecules, depending on
the character of the reaction and the nature of the
substance.)
One mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 × 10²³
units of that substance (such as atoms, molecules, or
ions).
Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical
Entities
1. From amount (mol) to mass (g):

2. From mass (g) to amount (mol)

3. Converting between amount and number

Converting Moles of Elements For problems involving mass-mole-
number relationships of elements, keep these points in mind:

oTo convert between amount (mol) and mass (g), use the molar mass
( in g/mol).
o To convert between amount (mol) and number of entities, use
Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023 entities/mol).
Examples:
1. Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low-
temperature research, deep-sea diving tanks, and balloons.
How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?
2. Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is used in making
brass (with copper) and in plating iron to prevent
corrosion. How many grams of Zn are in 0.356 mole
of Zn?
3. A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit of a microcomputer has a
mass of 5.68 mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present in the chip?
4. Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important
metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of
Fe?
5. Cobalt (Co) is a metal that is added to steel to improve its
resistance to corrosion. Calculate both the number of moles in a
sample of cobalt containing 5.00 x 1020 atoms and the mass of
the sample.
6. Sulfur (S) is a nonmetallic element that is present in coal.
When coal is burned, sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide and
eventually to sulfuric acid that gives rise to the acid
rain phenomenon. How many atoms are in 16.3 g of S?
Chemical Reactions and Chemical
Equations
Chemical Reaction-a process in which a substance
(or substances) is changed into one or more new
substances.
A Chemical Equation-uses chemical symbols to
show what happens during a chemical reaction
 Parts of a Chemical Reaction
Reactants  Products
Reactants: the substances that exist before a
chemical change (or reaction) takes place.
Substances that are destroyed by the chemical
change (bond breaks).
Products: the new substance(s) that are formed
during the chemical changes.
Substances created by the chemical change (new
bond forms).
The arrow () is read as “yields”.
Other symbols for chemical reaction
 Evidence for a Chemical Reactions
 Evolution of light or heat.
 Temperature change (increase or decrease)
to the surroundings. Exothermic and
endothermic
 Formation of a gas (bubbling or an odor)
other than boiling. Effervescence
 Color change (due to the formation of a
new substance).
 Formation of a precipitate (a new solid
forms) from the reaction of two aqueous
 Characteristics of Chemical
Equations
 The equation must contain the correct formulas for the
reactants and products.
 The law of conservation of mass must be satisfied.
(The Law of Conservation of Matter)
Because the same atoms are present
in a reaction at the beginning (reactants)
and at the end (products), the amount
of matter in a system does not change.
 An equation must be balanced.
Word Equations
You can describe a chemical reaction by writing a word
equation.

A WORD EQUATION describes chemical change using

the names of the reactants and products.
EXAMPLE:
Examples:
Write the Chemical Formula and balance the chemical
equation
Balancing Chemical Equations
 Balanced Equation - in which the number of atoms
of each element as a reactant is equal to the
number of atoms of that element as a product
 Write a word equation for the reaction.
 Write the correct formulas for all reactants and
products.
 Determine the coefficients that make the equation
balance.
 CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O
Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom
4 H atoms 4 H atoms
4 O atoms 4 O atoms

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

carbon oxygen carbon dioxide
Reactants Product
1 carbon atom 1 carbon atom
2 oxygen atoms 2 oxygen atoms
Examples:
1.When hydrogen gas (H2) burns in air (which
contains oxygen,(O2) to form water (H2O).Write the
chemical equation and balance the reaction.

2.Ammonium phosphate reacts with potassium

chloride to form ammonium chloride and potassium
phosphate
3. PROBLEM Within the cylinders of a car’s engine,
the hydrocarbon octane (C8H18), one of many
components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen from the
air and burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
LEARNING CHECK
1. Write the correct formula for this word equation
A. aluminum sulfate + calcium chloride  calcium sulfate
+ aluminum chloride

B. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas

2) Determine the coefficients that make the

equation balance.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
1. Synthesis reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Single displacement reaction
4. Double displacement reaction
5. Combustion reaction
1. Combustion reaction
GENERAL FORM
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
a) All involve oxygen (O2) as a reactant, combining
with another substance
b) All combustion reactions are exothermic
c) Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon always
produces CO2 and H2O
d) Incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon will
produce CO and possibly C (black carbon soot)
as well
Examples:
1. CH4 + 2O2 => CO2 + 2H2O
(complete combustion – blue flame)
2. CH4 + 1.5O2 => CO + 2H2O

(incomplete combustion – yellow flame)

Write a balanced chemical equation for the
following combustion reactions:

A. C5H12 + O2  CO2 + H 2O

B. C22H46 + O2  CO2 + H2O

Write a balanced chemical equation for the
following combustion reactions:

C. C15H28 + O2  CO2 + H2O

2.Synthesis/Combination
.
Reaction
A combination reaction is a reaction in which
two or more substances combine to form a single
new substance. Combination reactions can also
be called synthesis reactions. The general form of
a combination reaction is:
General Form
A + B → AB
3.Decomposition reaction
GENERAL FORM

AB → A + B
The opposite of a combination reaction – a
complex molecule breaks down to make simpler
ones.
 Some common reaction that fall in this category
1.Metal oxide. Some metal oxide decompose to yield free
metal plus oxygen.
HgO → Hg + O2
2.Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates are decomposes
to yield CO2 when heated:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2
 Other examples Decomposition Reactions
Hydrogen Peroxide
H2 O 2 H2O + O2
Electrolysis of water
H2 O H2 + O2
Nitrogen triiodide
NI3 N2 + I2
 4. Single-Replacement/Displacement
Reactions
If A is metal, A will be replace B to form AC,
provided that
A is more reactive than metal B.
A + BC  AC + B
If A is halogen, it will replace C. to form BA,
provided that A is more reactive halogen
than C. A + BC  C + BA
 Single-Replacement/Displacement Reactions
How do we know which reactions will occur and
which ones will not?

We look at the “activity series”.

Elements with higher activities replace elements

with lower activities during a single-replacement
reaction, but not vice-versa.
• Element + Compound →Element + Compound

A + BX → AX + B

Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Activity Series for Nonmetals
(HALOGENS) Highest Activity
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Lowest Activity
Reactivity Series for metals
 EXAMPLES:
1. Examine the reactions:

Zn + CuSO4 
Cu + ZnSO4 
Sn + AlCl3 
Cl2 + NaBr 
Cl2 + KI 
Br2 + KI 
LEARNING CHECK :
Predict the product, write and balance the
following single replacement reaction
equations:

1. Zn + HCl 
2. NaCl + F2 
3. Al + Cu(NO3)2
 5. Double
Displacement/Replacement
Reaction
2 Compounds exchange partners with each other to
produce two different compounds.

General form :AB + CD  AD + CB

LEARNING CHECK:
Predict the Product and balance the
following Chemical reactions
1. NaCl + KNO3 
2. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 
3. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 
4. HNO3 + KOH 
REFERENCES:
Chang, Raymond, Kenneth A. Goldsby, (2017). Chemistry,
(12th International Edition), New York: McGraw-Hill.

"Silberberg, M.S. (2013). Principles of General Chemistry

(3rd edition). New York:McGraw-Hill."

Zumdahl, S.S., and Zumdahl, S.A. (2012). Chemistry, An Atoms

First Approach (International Edition), Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning.