Pernkopf Vol. 1 - Djvu

Eduard Pemkopf
Atlas of
Topographical and Applied

Human Anatomy
Edited by
Helmut Femer, M.D.
University of Vienna
Translated from German by
Harry Monsen, Ph.D.

University of Chicago
Volume I
Head and Neck
2nd Revised Edition
231 full color and 108 black and white illustrations
1980
Urban & Schwarzenberg Baltimore-Munich

W. B. Saunders Company Philadelphia
Table of Contents
The Head
The Skull
Figs.
Points for skeletal measurements . 1
External aspect of head, from behind. 2
Adult skull, from the right side . 3
Adult skull, from front . 4
Adult skull, from behind . 5
Base of skull, from the inside . 6
Calvaria, from above .

Skull with muscle attachments, from front. 8
Skull with muscle attachments, from the side . 9
Base of skull, from below. 10
Base of skull with muscle attachments . 11
Skull, midsagittal section (left half) . 12
Skull, midsagittal section (left half) with muscle attachments . 13
Skull, posteroanterior roentgenogram. 14
Skull, right lateral roentgenogram . 15
Paranasal sinuses I, posteroanterior roentgenogram . 16
Paranasal sinuses II, posterior roentgenogram . 17
Paranasal sinuses III, axial roentgenogram . 18
Head, arterial pattern (semischematic) . 19
Head, venous pattern (semischematic) . 20
Head, nerve pattern (semischematic) . 21
Head, lymphatic pattern (semischematic) . 22
External carotid angiography . 23
Diploic veins, lateral roentgenogram. 24
Diploic veins of the calvaria. 25
Newborn skull, from right side . 26
Newborn skull, from above . 27
Skull of an aged edentulous individual. 28
Brain and Meninges
Dura mater in situ, from the side. 29
Brain with the arachnoid membrane, from the side . 30
Dura mater in situ, from above . 31
Brain surface in situ, from above. 52
Brain surface in situ, from the side . 53
Insula, exposed in situ . 54

Figs
Lateral ventricle in situ, from the side . 35
Left lateral ventricle. 36
Brain stem and falx cerebri in situ, lateral view . 37
Frontal lobes in situ, from front. 38
Olfactory bulb and tract in situ, from front . 39
Optic nerve and chiasm, from front . 40
Suprasellar hypophyseal region, arteries and nerves, from front . 41
Lateral ventricle, horizontal section through telencephalon in situ . 42
Choroid layer of prosencephalon and tentorium in situ .. 43
Lateral ventricle in situ, from above . 44
Lateral ventricle in situ, from above . 45

Ba>al ganglia and cerebellum in situ, from above . 46
Brain stem and basal ganglia in situ, from above . 47
Head, median section. 48
He^d. horizontal section at the level of the external occipital protuberance . 49
Occipital region, blood vessels and nerves. 50
Dura mater and dural sinuses in situ, from behind . 51
Arachnoid and dural sinuses in situ, from behind . 52
Brain surface and cerebellomedullary cistern in situ, from behind . 53
Cerebellum and roof of the fourth ventricle in situ, from behind. 54
Rhomboid fossa in situ, from behind . 55
Brain stem and cervical cord in situ, from behind . 56
Dura mater, on the base of the skull . 57
Brain with arteries and cisterns in situ, from below. 58
Brain with arteries and nerves in situ, from below. 59
Cerebral arterial circle, inferior surface of brain, in situ . 60
Left hemisphere, arteries. 61
Cerebrum, medial surface, arteries . 62
Upper brainstem, arteries . 63
Anteroposterior carotid angiogram . 64
Basal vein and great cerebral vein. 65
Internal cerebral veins and tributaries . 66
Head. venous trunks and dural sinuses, semischematic . 67
Anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries in situ,
horizontal section through the brain. 68
Foramina on base of skull with contents, from inside . 69
Dura mater and dural sinuses in situ, from inside . 70
Arteries of the brain, relationship to base of skull. 71
Base of skull and paranasal sinuses. 72
Basal vein (of Rosenthal) and its tributaries . 73
Lateral carotid angiography . 74

Fronto-occipital vertebral angiography. 75
Lateral vertebral angiography . 76
Superficial veins of brain, lateral phlebogram . 77
Trigeminal nerve, intracranial portion in situ, and arterial circle . 78
7r.gr min a! cave (of Meckel) and trigeminal cistern, multi-level sections through
the base of the skull . 79
FiKxaliier%âi>dmiipaiiic cavity, base of skull from inside . 80
Se —: t-t c ca m : - bio yd \ essels and nerves . 81
IMJr rwrruM with vessels and nerves . 82
Zjt zc arc ac;a:r”: :cg: a . S3
■ lil.if iabove . 84
Figs.
Tentorial notch, from above . 85
Arachnoid and subarachnoid space on the base of the brain . 86
Arachnoid and subarachnoid space, median section (semischematic) . 87
Arachnoid, subarachnoid space and cisterns of the brain, lateral view

(semischematic) .... 88
Surface of cerebral hemispheres after removal of the meninges, from above . 89
Cerebral hemispheres after removal of leptomeninx, from above . 90
Cerebrum after removal of leptomeninx, from below . 91
Cerebrum, midsagittal section . 92
Cerebrum, horizontal section viewed from below .. 93
Basal ganglia of the brain, third ventricle, lamina quadrigemina, and cerebellum,
from above . 94
Brain stem with associated structures, from below . 95
Medulla oblongata, rhomboid fossa, and cerebellar peduncles after removal
of cerebellum, dorsal view. 96
Medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, and diencephalon, from below. 97
Rhombencephalon and mesencephalon, seen from right side. 98
Brain stem and cerebellum, from right side, dissection . 99

Medulla oblongata, cross section at level of decussation of medial lemniscus . 100
Medulla oblongata, cross section through lower third of olive. 101
Medulla oblongata, cross section at the level of the lateral recess of the fourth
ventricle .... 102
Pons, cross section through the facial and abducens nuclei . 103
Midbrain, cross section through the superior colliculi . 104
Pons, cross section at the level of the trigeminal nerve . 105
Brain stem, cross section through the inferior colliculi . 106
Caudate and lentiform nuclei, model of the basal ganglia, lateral view. 107
Basal ganglia, lateral view, model. 108
Cerebrum, cross section through the region of the anterior horns. 109
Brain, frontal section through the anterior commissure. 110
Brain, frontal section through the boundary between the anterior horn and central
part
of the lateral ventricle . Ill
Brain, frontal section through the third ventricle . 112
Brain, frontal section through the third ventricle . 113
Cerebellar tracts and basal ganglia, fiber preparation . 114
Radiations of corpus callosum, dissection . 115
Optic pathway, dissection . 116
Ansa peduncularis and anterior commissure, dissection . 117
Fornix and hippocampus, from the side . 118
Fornix and dentate gyrus, from below . 119
Pyramidal tract, dissection . 120
Corona radiata and internal capsule, dissection . 121
Superior sagittal sinus and lateral lacunae, frontal section. 122
Head of a three-week-old child, median section . 123
Association tracts of the left hemisphere, lateral view, dissection. 124
Ventricular system, cast. 125
Temporal lobe, frontal section . 126

Lateral ventricle, third ventricle, corpus callosum, fornix, and hypothalamus,
frontal section at the level of the mammillary bodies . 127
Brain stem, midsagittal section . 128
Ventricular system and its topographical relationships within the brain and
the bony skull, semischematic . 129
Anteroposterior ventriculogram . 130
Lateral ventriculogram . 131

Figs.
Neurocranium in situ, frontal section at the level of the epiphysis and
the superior colliculi. 132
Brodmans cvtoarchitectonic cortial areas. 133
Cytoarchitectonic cortical areas of v. Economo and Koskinas . 134
Brain stem and cranial nerves, their relationship to base of skull . 135
The Face Region
Mimic musculature, superficial vessels and nerves of face, from front . 136
Mimic musculature, from skeletal side. 137
Face and scalp, superficial blood vessels and nerves, side view . 138
Face region, parotid gland and retromandibular fossa, blood vessels and nerves,
lateral view 139
Retromandibular fossa and facial nerve... 140
Retromandibular fossa and jaw joint, vessels, nerves, and muscles of the deep face
region . . 141
Infratemporal and retromandibular fossae . 142
Deep face region, lateral view after resection of the ramus of the mandible. 143
Infratemporal, retromandibular, and submandibular fossae after removal

of the right half of the mandible . 144
The Visceral Compartments of the Head

Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Mucosal spaces of the head visceral tract, from front, semischematic. 145
Facial skeleton, retrobulbar frontal section . 146
Facial skeleton, frontal section through mouth and nose regions . 147
Nose and paranasal sinuses, frontal section through the bones . 148
Nose and paranasal sinuses, frontal section showing mucosal relationships . 149
Paranasal sinuses, on the skeleton, lateral view. 150
Paranasal sinuses, on the skeleton, medial view . 151
Nasal septum, arteries, and nerves . 152
Head, median section with blood vessels, nerves, and muscles . 153
Parapharyngeal vessels, nerves, and muscles at the base of the skull, from behind .
154
Pterygopalatine fossa, parapharyngeal space, nasal cavity, blood vessels and

nerves,
medial view . 155
Oral Cavity and Teeth
Vessels and nerves of the oral cavity, from front . 156
Sublingual region and pharynx, musculature, lateral view. 157
Muscles of mastication and oral cavity with muscles, from behind . 158
Floor of mouth, tongue, vessels, and nerves, cross section at the level of
the occlusal plane . 159
Lingual, sublingual, and submandibular regions, frontal section . 160
Submandibular and retromandibular regions, transverse section. 161
Salivary glands, from front . 162
Salivary glands, lateral view . 163
Salivary glands, medial view . 164
Roof of mouth, mucosal innervation . 165

Figs.
Floor of oral cavity, mucosal innervation. 166
Oral cavity, cross section through the facial skeleton at the level of the occlusal
plane . 167
Jaw and deep face region, arteries and nerves, from right side. 168
Jaw and deep face region, veins and lymphatics, from right side . 169
Peripheral taste conduction (semischematic) . 170
Upper and lower sets of teeth . 171
Dental root, transverse section through the alveolar process . 172
Deciduous teeth of a 4- to 5-year-old child . 173
Deciduous and early permanent teeth of 6-year-old child. 174
Rows of deciduous and permanent teeth on the right side, vestibular view . 175
Rows of deciduous and permanent teeth on the right side, oral view . 176
Roentgenogram of incisors and canines of upper and lower jaws in a
2 1 / 2 -year-oldchild . 177
Roentgenogram of deciduous molars and developing first permanent molar in a
2^-year-old child . 178
Roentgenogram of permanent teeth, upper jaw . 179
Roentgenogram of permanent teeth, lower jaw . 180
Ear and Vestibular Apparatus
Bony framework of the ear and vestibular apparatus . 181
Middle ear cavity, projected on lateral surface of skull. 182
Bony labyrinth, vestibulocochlear, and facial nerves in situ in the petrosal bone .
183
Membranous labyrinth with vessels and nerves, schematic representation . 184
Ear, horizontal section at level of vestibular window . 185

Mastoid air cells and antrum . 186
Mastoid antrum with ear and opened facial canal . 187
Mastoid antrum with ear and opened sigmoid sinus . 188
Bony labyrinth (cast), posteromedial view . 189
Bony labyrinth (cast), anterolateral view. 190
Bony labyrinth (cast), from above . 191
Fundus of internal acoustic meatus. 192
Petrosal bone, frontal section . 193
Middle ear, frontal section. 194
Middle ear, medial wall . 195
Middle ear, lateral wall . 196
Auditory ossicles, disarticulated. 197
Auditory ossicles, medial view . 198
Auditory ossicles, from above. 199
Ear drum, shown translucent, lateral view. 200
Ear drum with arteries . 201
Ear drum, otoscopic view . 202
External ear . 203
Eye and Orbit
Orbital region, exterior of eye. 204
Orbital region, inverted upper lid . 205
Lacrimal ducts . 206

Ocular bulb, muscles from above, schematic. 207
Ocular bulb, muscles from front . 208
Eye and nose region, superficial layer . 209
E>e and nose region, deeper layer . 210
Eye and nose region, deep layer . 211
Ocular bulb in situ, from front. 212
Orbit with contents, sagittal section . 213
Orbit with contents and pterygopalatine fossa . 214
Orbital contents from above after removal of orbital roof. 215
Orbital contents from above after removal of orbital roof, exposure of cavernous
sinus .... 216
Orbital contents from above after removal of orbital roof and opening the
superior orbital fissure . 217
Orbital contents from above, branches of the ophthalmic division of trigeminal

nerve 218
Ocular bulb, blood vessels, schematic . 219
Ocular bulb, exposure of vascular tunic . 220
Ocular bulb, pattern of blood vessels in middle layer . 221

Ocular bulb, horizontal section. 222
Optic nerve, cross section . 223
Optic papilla, horizontal section . 224
Anterior part of bulb, horizontal section . 225
Ocular bulb, from front . 226
Anterior portion of bulb, seen from inside. 227
Fundus of the living eye, ophthalmoscopic view . 228
Anterior half of eye, from behind . 229
Lens and suspensory apparatus, from front. 230
Neck
Skeleton, Musculature, and Visceral Compartments
Skeleton, of head and neck, from front . 231
Skeleton of head and neck, from the side. 232
Skeleton of head and neck, from behind . 233
Exterior of neck with skeleton and viscera drawn in. 234
Craniovertebral joints, from behind. 235
Craniovertebral joints, frontal section, dorsal view of cut surface. 236
Craniovertebral joints, transverse section at the level of atlas (viewed from

above). 237
Craniovertebral joints, median section with ligaments . 238
Head and neck skeleton, midsagittal section . 239
Upper cervical vertebral column, anteroposterior roentgenogram through mouth . 240
Adult cervical vertebral column, lateral roentgenogram . 241
Neck musculature, from front . 242
Neck musculature, from the side. 243
Pre and paravertebral neck musculature, from front . 244
Intrinsic muscles of posterior neck (schematic), seen from behind .245
Back of neck, deep muscles, bloodvessels, and nerves. 246
Neck, crosssection at the level of the 7th cervical vertebra. 247

Neck, cross section at the level of the 5th cervical vertebra . 248
Neck, cross section at the level of atlas . 149
Head-neck region, cross section at the level of oropharynx. 250
Head-neck region, cross section at the level of nasopharynx. 251
Head-neck region, cross section through the oropharyngeal fold. 252
Neck, cross section at the level of the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae . 253
\ isceral and neural compartments of the neck, median section . 254
Neck and facial skeleton, midsagittal section . 255
Neck musculature, medial view . 2^6

Neck and adjoining head region, midsagittal section without the spinal cord . 257
Mucosal innervation in head and neck regions, median section . 258
Topography of Neck Region
Superficial layers of the neck with platysma . 259
Superficial layers of the neck after removal of platysma. 260
Superficial fasciae of the neck ... 261
Parotid compartment and related structures . 262
Retromandibular fossa . 263
Submandibular triangle . 264
Submandibular triangle and retromandibular fossa . 265
Carotid triangle . 268
Carotid and submandibular triangles . 269
Neck, arteries and nerves, from the side. 270
Neck, veins, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes, from the side . 271
Median neck region and carotid triangle . 272
Sternocleidomastoid region and cervical fascia. 273
Anterior neck region . 274
Thoracic inlet with pleural cupula. 275
Thoracic inlet with pleural cupula, multilevel sections . 276
Thyroid region, from front . 277
Thyroid region and thoracic inlet, from front . 278
Thoracic inlet and deep neck region after removal of the manubrium of sternum
as well as the 1st and 2nd ribs. 279
Neurovascular bundles of deep neck region, left side . 280
Neck, transverse section through the isthmus of the thyroid gland and the
7th cervical vertebra. 281
Posterior triangle of neck. 282

Posterior triangle of neck, deep layer. 285
Posterior triangle of neck, thoracic inlet, and axilla . 286
Posterior neck region, neurovascular bundle . 287
Posterior neck region, opened vertebral canal, from behind . 288
Suboccipital region, superficial layers . 289
Suboccipital region, intrinsic back musculature . 290
Suboccipital region, deep layer. 291

v_ —?
Figs.
Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Cervical vertebral canal, extradural structures . 292
Cervical vertebral canal, cross section . 293
Cerv ical vertebral canal, arachnoid sac and adjacent structures . 294
Cervical vetebral canal, median section. 295
Cervical spinal cord and spinal nerves in situ, from behind (schematic) . 296
Vertebral canal and cranial fossa without dura, opened from behind . 297
Cerebello-medullary cistern, roentgenogram (air filled). 298
Pharynx and Pharyngeal Region
Pharynx and neurovascular bundle, from behind, with some of the fasciae . 299
Pharvnx and neurovascular bundle, from behind, with the internal jugular veins .
300
Pharynx, opened from behind. 301
Muscles of pharynx and palate, from behind . 302
Pharynx and facial skeleton, median section . 303
Parapharyngeal structures, medial view . 304
Auditory tube and related structures . 305
Parapharyngeal region, from behind . 306
Deep face region and pterygoid region . 307
Cervical neurovascular stalk (lateral) and branching of mandibular nerve . 308
Cervical neurovascular stalk (lateral) with lateral pharyngeal wall. 309
Cervical neurovascular stalk (lateral) with sublingual region . 310
Oral cavity, from front, and arteries of the palatine tonsils . 311
Pharynx and facial skeleton (midsagittal plane) with tubal and sublingual regions .
312
Larynx
Larynx and pharynx, mucosa and tonsils (semischematic). 313
Laryngeal entrance and portions of pharynx (semischematic) . 314
Pharyngeal musculature and part of the piriform recess. 315
Back side of larynx and root of tongue with nerves and vessels . 316
Submandibular region and larynx, lateral view. 317
Submandibular region and larynx without lamina of thyroid cartilage, lateral

view .318
Laryngeal musculature, from behind . 319
Laryngeal musculature, obliquely from behind . 320
Laryngeal musculature of opened larynx, from inside . 321
Larynx, from behind . 322
Larynx, from the side . 323
Larynx, median section . 324
Larynx and root of tongue, median section . 325
Larynx, frontal section. 326
Larynx and pharynx, cross section at level of ventricular fold . 327
Larynx and pharynx, cross section at level of vocal fold . 328
Rima glottidis and larvngoscopic view . 329
Neck, cross section at level of glottis. 330
Joints of laryngeal cartilages, semischematic. 331
Rima glottidis. cartilage, and musculature in various functional states. 332

Laryngeal muscles and their actions, semischematic . 333
Larynx, lateral roentgenogram . 334
Alimentary and respiratory tracts in median section, semischematic . 335
Larynx, anteroposterior tomogram during pronounciation of the vowel “U”.336
Larynx, anteroposterior tomogram during normal respiration . 337
Larynx, anteroposterior tomogram during deep respiration . 338
Digestive and respiratory tracts during eating and breathing, semischematic . 339
Index
Preface
The first edition of this atlas which appeared in

1963/64 in German, English, Italian and
Japanese was received with great enthusiasm
because of its high quality from scientific and
technical viewpoints.
With a view toward the needs of the surgical

specialties this edition represents a continuing
effort to complement the illustrative material
from the original drawings by Pernkopf and his
collaborating artists with new color plates as
well as new roentgenograms which reflect new
techniques and requirements in modern
medicine. To this end, Dr. Lothar Wicke of
Vienna has supplied most of the roentgen¬
ograms. The formulation of new short and pre¬
cise captions was an important prerequisite for
translation into other languages. From a tech¬
nical viewpoint, the editor and publisher have
gone to the trouble of making further im¬
provements, such as significantly decreasing
the number of reference lines on the color

plates in order to improve “readability/* re¬
producing two-page drawings, which were se¬
verely impaired by the center crease, in a re¬
duced single-page format, and reorienting the
horizontally wide plates so as to conform to the
vertical configuration of the page wherever
this was possible without impairment of qual¬
ity, etc.
The nomenclature used is based on Nomina

Anatomica (Oxford, Paris, New York, Wies¬
baden) with a few exceptions where the term
did not seem acceptable to the editor (e.g.
Esophagus instead of Oesophagus). For
anatomical structures not listed in the Nomina
the Latin names used by Pernkopf were emp¬
loyed.
Fall 1979
Helmut Ferner
The Head
The Skull
Bregma
Vertex
Ti biale
S phyrion
Acropodion
Thelion
(Mamilla)
Radiate
Sty I ion
Phalangion
Dactyl ion
Mesosternale
Xyphion
Infrathoracale
Omphalion
Supracristale
lliocristale
Promontorium
lliospinale ant.
Symphysion (sup
Trochanterion
Symphysion (inf
Tuberale
Glabella
Nasion
Orbitale
Prosthion
Gonion
Gnat hi on
Acromion
Suprasternale
Lambda
Opisthocranion
Inion
Porion
Zygion
Cervicale
Lumbale
- lliospinale post.
Pternion
Fig. 1. Skeleton of the human body viewed from the front and from the left side.
The more im¬
portant points for skeletal measurements are indicated.
Fig-1
Acromion (tip of shoulder): Flat, lateral projection of the

scapular spine overhanging the shoulder joint; origin of
the trapezius and deltoid muscles.
Acropodion: The most distant soft part of the big toe.
Bregma (named by Aristotle): Point of junction of the

coronal and sagittal sutures; craniometric point.
Cervicale: Anthropol., somatometric point; spine of the

seventh cervical vertebra.
Dactylion: The most distal point on the middle finger of a

hanging limb. Corresponding points on the remaining
fingers are designated dactylion I, II, IV or V.
Glabella (L., small bald spot): 1) Anat., slightly curved

part of the frontal bone between the superciliary arches,
deep to an area of hairless skin. 2) Anthropol., an eleva¬
tion on the forehead above the root of the nose between
the eyebrows; a point above the nasofrontal suture
between the superciliary arches.
Gnathion: The most prominent point in the median plane

on the lower margin of the mandible.
Gonion: 1) Anat., the angle of the mandible. 2) An¬

thropol., the lowest, most posterior and externally lo¬
cated point on the angle of the mandible; a craniometric
point at the intersection of a line along the inferior bor¬
der of the body of the mandible with that along the
posterior border of the ramus.
Iliocrista: The farthest laterally projecting point on the

iliac crest.
Iliospinale anterius: The most downward projecting point

of the anterior superior iliac spine; an osteometric
point.
Iliospinale posterius: The most backward projecting point

of the posterior superior iliac spine; an osteometric
point.
Infrathoracale: The most lateral point on the lower margin

of the bony thorax (here, the tip of the eleventh rib).
Inion: The point of the external occipital protuberance; a

cephalometric and craniometric point.
Lambda: Anthropol., a point at the intersection of the

sagittal and lambdoid sutures.
Lumbale: The tip of the spinous process of L5; a

somatometric point.
Mesosternale: Point of intersection of a line connecting the

fourth sternocostal joints with the median plane; a
somatometric point.
Nasion (nasale): Point of intersection of the nasofrontal

suture with the median plane; a craniometric point.
Omphalion (navel point): Central point of the umbilicus in

the median plane; a somatometric point.
Opisthocranion: Most prominent point on the posterior

aspect of the skull in the median plane used for measur¬
ing the greatest longitudinal diameter of the cranium.
Orbitale: Lowermost point on the inferior margin of the

orbit.
Phalangion: Somatometric point on the dorsal aspect of

the proximal surface of the metacarpophalangeal joint.
Porion: Craniometric point in the center of the upper

margin of porus acusticus ext. “Skin-porion” at the cor¬
responding site in the living.
Promontorium: More or less prominent anterior projec¬

tion of the upper edge of the first sacral vertebra, form¬
ing an angle with L5 (up to 90 degrees).
Prosthion (upper alveolar point): Point of the most down¬

ward projecting alveolar process in the midline between
the upper medial incisors.
Pternion: The farthest dorsally projecting (somatometric)

point on the calcaneus of a weight-bearing foot.
Radiale: The highest (somatometric) point on the upper

edge of the head of the radius (with the arm hanging by
the side and the palm facing medially).
Sphyrion: Tip of the medial malleolus when standing.
Sty lion: Tip of the styloid process of the radius with the
arm hanging.
Supracristale: Highest point on the iliac crest in the lateral

line.
Suprasternale (upper sternal point): Somatometric point

in the jugular notch of sternum, in the median plane.
Symphysion (superior, interior): Somatometric point in

the midline on the upper and lower borders of the sym¬
physis, respectively.
Thelion (mamelon, mamillary point): Midpoint of the

nipple; somatometric point (except in women with pen¬
dulous breasts).
Tibiale: Highest point on the proximal joint surface of the

tibia in erect posture.
Trochanterion: Highest and most lateral point on the

greater trochanter.
Tuberale: Lowest point on the downward projecting is¬
chial tuberosity.
Vertex (crown): In erect posture, the highest point on the

skull in the midline.
Xyphion: Suture between the body of sternum and the

ziphoid process in the midline.
Zygion: The most lateral point on the zygomatic bone

(zygomatic arch).
Fig. 1
Vertex pilorum x
Sufura occipitomastoidea
Foramen mastoideum
Atlas (Proc. transv.
Atlas (Arcus post)
Foramen parietale
— Os parietale
Os occipitale (Squama sup.)

Protuberantia occip. ext.
Linea nuchae sup.
occip. ext.
nuchae inf.
Incisura mastoidea, Proc. mast.
Foramen occip. magnum,

Os occipitale (Squama inf.)
Sutura sagittal is -
Vortex pilorum
Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura parietosquamosa
Sutura parietomastoidea
+ = Pressure point for
La = Lambda
N. occipitalis major
Ob = Obelion
I—VI = 1.-6. Cervical vertebrae
O. cr = Opisthocranion
As = Asterion
Op = Opisthion
Eu = Euryon
V = Vertex
I = Inion
Fig. 2. External aspect of the male head viewed from behind, superimposed on the
skeletal parts.
Planum, Tuber parietale,

Foramen
Sutura squamosa
Porus acusf. ext.,

Crista supramastoidea,
Sutura squamomastoidea
Fissura tympanomastoidea, Os tempor. (Proc. mastoideus),
Pars tympanica
Proc. retroarticularis
Processus styloideus
Proc. condylaris, Incisura mandib.
Mandibula (Proc. coronoideus)
Angulus mandibulae, Tuberositas masseterica
Linea obi
Foramen menfale
Sutura lambdoidea
(parietooccipital is)
Foramen mast.,
Sutura parietomastoid.
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris,
Foramen infraorbitale
nasalis ant.
v Arcus zygomaticus,
Sutura temporozygomatica
Sutura corona I is,
Os pariet. (Angulus sphenoidalis)
Sutura sphenoparietal is,

sphenofrontal is,
sphenosquamosa
■Sutura frontozygomatica,
Os frontale (Proc. zygomaticus)
Os frontale (Pars nasalis)
- Os frontale (Pars orbitalis)
— Os lacrimale
~ Os ethmoidale,
Lamina orbitalis
Fossa sacci lacrim.,
Sutura nasomaxillaris
a 3 , 84 = Squama occipitalis
= Os temporale, Pars mastoidea

b 2 = Os temporale, Pars squamosa
c 3 = Os sphenoidale, Ala major
d = Os parietale
fx = Squama frontalis
g = Maxilla (Corpus)
gi = Maxilla, Processus frontalis
gs = Maxilla, Processus alveolaris
h = Mandibula (Corpus)
h 3 = Mandibula (Ramus)
h 2 = Mandibula, Processus alveolaris
i = Os zygomaticum
ix = Os zygomaticum, Processus
temporalis
1 2 = Os zygomaticum, Processus
frontalis
1 3 = Os zygomaticum, Processus
maxillaris
j = Os nasale
Fig. 3. Right side of an adult skull. The bones of the neurocranium and the
visceral cranium are
shown in different colors; visceral cranium: blue, violet and green.
Glabella
Sutura coronal is
Tuber frontale
Margo, Incisura supraorbitalis

Canalis opticus
Fissura orbital is sup.
^ Sutura sphenofrontal is
Sutura frontozygomatica
Sutura sphenozygomatica,
Foramen zygomatico orbitale
__ Fissura orbitalis inf.
s Sutura temporozygomatica
Margo infraorbitalis
Foramen infraorbitale, Fossa canma
Os ethmoidale, Concha nasalis media
Concha nasalis inf.
Angulus mandibulae
Foramen mentale
Sutura frontonasal is, internasal is
Os ethmoidale (Lamina perpendicularis) —
Linea obliqua
Protuberantia mentalis,
Tuberculum mentale —
Arcus superciliaris, Proc. zygomaticus
Sutura sphenosquamosa
Os sphenoidale (Ala minor)
Os ethmoidale (Lamina orbitalis)
Fossa sacci lacrimal is

(Crista lacrim. ant. et post.)
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris /
Spina nasalis ant., Sutura intermaxillaris
Key to Figs. 4 and 5
a 3 = Lower part of squama occipitalis
84 = Upper part of squama occipitalis
b x = Os temporale, Pars petrosa

b >2 = Os temporale, Squama
C 3 = Os sphenoidale, Ala major
d = Os parietale
f t = Os frontale, Squama
f 2 = Os frontale, Pars orbitalis

f 3 = Os frontale, Pars nasalis
g = Maxilla (Corpus)
gi = Maxilla, Proc. frontalis
g 2 = Maxilla, Proc. zygomaticus
gs = Maxilla, Proc. alveolaris
g 4 = Maxilla, Processus palatinus
h = Mandibula (Corpus)
h a = Mandibula (Ramus)
h 2 = Mandibula, Proc. alveolaris
i = Os zygomaticum
i x = Proc. temporalis
1 2 = Proc. frontalis, Os zygomaticum
1 3 = Proc. maxillaris, Os zygomaticum

j = Os nasale
k = Os lacrimale
Tuber parietale
Os temporale (Squama) —
Sutura occipitomastoidea,
Foramen mast.
Sutura palatina mediana, For.
— Squama occipitalis
” Linea nuchae suprema
" Protuberantia et crista occip. ext.,

Linea nuchae superior
Linea nuchae inf., Planum nuchale

'•'Proc. mastoideus
Incisura mastoidea
Condylus occipitalis
" Tuber retromolare
Foramen mandibulae, Lingula
Processus pterygoideus
(Lamina medialis)
Angulus mandib., Tuberositas pterygoidea

N Fovea sublingualis, Sulcus mylohyoideus
Fossa digastrica, Spina mentalis
Sutura sagittalis, Foramen parietale
Sutura lambdoidea,
Os parietale (Angulus occip.)
Processus pterygoideus (Lamina lateralis,
Maxilla (Processus alveolaris)

Concha nasalis inferior /
Os palatinum (Lamina horizontalis),
Processus pyramidalis
Fig. 4. (Top) Adult skull from the front (neurocranium: yellow, orange and red;
visceral
cranium: blue, violet and green).
Fig. 5. (Bottom) Adult skull seen from behind.
Os frontale (Pars
Tuberculum sellae, Sulcus n. optici
Planum orbitale, Fossacranii ant., Sulci
Os sphenoidale (Ala minor), Fissura orbit, sup.

Proc. clinoideus ant
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Fossa cranii media, Sulci arteriarum,
Foramen spinosum
Pars petrosa
Pars petrosa (Margo sup.),
Sulcus petrosussup.,
Pyramis (Facies post.), Porus acusticus int.
Sutura squamosa -
Sulcus sigmoideus,
Foramen mastoideum
Foramen jugulare
Sutura occipitomastoidea
Foramen occipitale magnum, Fossavermiana
Sulcus transversus
Protuberantia occipitalis int.
Sinus frontalis ^ Crista galli, Foramen caecum

Sutura frontoethmoidalis
Planum sphenoideum, Limbus sphenoideus,

a sphenoethmoidea
Sutura sphenofrontal is, Canalis opticus

Fossa hypophyseos, Os sphen. (Sulcus caroticus)
Sutura sphenoparietal is et coronalis
Foramen lacerum,
Processus clinoideus post.
Canalis caroticus (Apertura int.),
Fissura sphenopetrosa
Sutura sphenosquamalis,
Sutura squamalis
Pyramis (Facies ant.),

Eminentia arcuata,
Hiatus canalis n. facialis
Sutura squamosa
Teg men tympani
Fossa cranii post.,
Aquaeductus vestibuli (Apertura ext.)
Canalis n. hypoglossi, Tuberculum jugulare
'-Os occipitale, Fossa cerebellaris
Clivus, Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis,
Fissura petrooccipitalis (Sulcus petrosus inf.)
Crista occipitalis int.
Key to Figs. 6 and 7
aj = Os occipitale, Pars basilaris
a 2 = Os occipitale, Pars lateralis
a 3 = Os occipitale
84 = Squama occipitalis
= Os temporale, Pars petrosa

t >2 = Os temporale, Squama
q = Os sphenoidale
C 2 = Os sphenoidale
(Os basisphenoideum), Corpus

c 4 = Os sphenoidale, Ala minor
d = Os parietale
fi = Squama frontalis
j = Os nasale
Sutura internasalis \
Tuber frontale \
Os frontale (Processus zygomaticus)
Os zygomaticum (Processus temporalis)
Os temporale (Processus zygomaticus) _

Linea temporalis inf. -
Linec temporalis sup.
Foramen parietale
Sutura lambdoidea
Arcus zygomaticus,
Sutura temporozygomatica
Sutura coronalis
- Sutura sagittalis
Tuber parietale
Fig. 6. (Top) Base of skull seen from the inside.
Fig. 7. (Bottom) Adult human skull seen from above (calvaria, skullcap).
N I. buccinator
M. orbic. oculi (Pars palpebr

M. obliquus sup
N. nasociHaris,
N. oculomotorius, N. abducens
M. levator palpebr.
/VI. temporalis^^
N. lacrimalis,
V. ophthalmica sup.
Anulus tendineus commun
—— N. frontalis, N. trochlearis
M. zygomaticus min.
M masseter
A., N. infraorbit.,
Foramen infraorbit.
M. levator labii sup.
M. temporalis y
M. levator anguli oris /

M. masseter /
N. ethmoidalis ant. et post.
A., R. nasal is ext. \
M. corrugator
A., N. infratrochlean's
\
V., N. supratrochlearis
A., V., N. supraorbital is (Ramus med.)
A., V., N. supraorbital is

(Ramus lat.),
N. opticus, A. ophthalmica
M. rectus lat _
" Anulus tendineus comrhunis,

V ophthalmica inf.
— M. levator labii
sup. alaeque nasi
"" A., Rr. zygomaticofaciales
M. nasal is (Pars transversa et alaris)
N 1. orbicularis oris
" A.,V.,N. mentalis
Platysma (
M. depressor anguli oris \

M. depressor labii inf.
x M. mentalis
M. orbicul. oculi
(Pars lacrimalis)""
M. obliquus inf.-—
M. zygomaticus maj. —
M. orbicularis oris (Origo nasal is)

(M. depressor septi )
/VI. orbicularis oris
A = Os frontale
D = Os zygomaticum
G = Maxilla
B = Os temporale
E = Os ethmoidale (Lamina orbitalis)
H = Os nasale
C = Os sphenoidale
F = Os lacrimale
I = Mandibula
Fig. 8. The skull from the front. On the right, areas of muscle attachments are
encircled in
brown. On the left, blood vessels and nerves are indicated where they pass through
foramina.
M. temporalis,
V. emissaria pariet .n
/ A., V., N. supraorbit.
M. occipital is-
M. trapezius--
M. semispinalis capitis
M. splenius capitis
V. emissaria
M. rectus capitis post, min/
A/1. obliquus capitis sup.
M. rectus capitis post. maj.
A/1. longissimus capitis, R. auricularis (X)
M. digastr. (Venter post.)
A/1. sternocleidomastoideus
A/1. styloglossus, A/l. stylohyoideus
M. masseter
A/I. pterygoideus lat.
M. zygomaticomandib.
M. temporalis
M. buccinator
/VI. masseter, A., R. alveolar is sup., post, et med.
M. procerus,
A., R. nasalis ext.
- M. levator labii
sup. alaeque nasi
-M. obliquus inf.
— M. levator labii sup.
M. zygomaticus maj.,
A., R. zygomaticofacialis
~~ M. levator anguli oris

— nasalis (Pars alaris
et transversa)
M. orbicularis oris,
(Origo nasalis)
(7VI. depressor septi)
M. orbic. oris,
(Origo maxillaris)
M. orbic. oris,
(Origo mandib.)
M. mental is
M. depressor labii inf.,
A., N. mentalis
x M. depressor anguli oris
M. zygomaticus min., A., N. infraorbit, platysma
A., N. ethmoid, ant., M. orbicularis oculi

(Pars lacrim. et palpebr.)
/ N. supratrochlearis
A., N. infratrochlearis,
A/1, corrugator supercilii
A = Os frontale
B = Os parietale
C = Os sphenoidale
D — Os temporale
E = Os occiptale
F = Os zygomaticum
G = Mandibula
H = Maxilla
I = Os ethmoid.
(Lamina orbitalis)
K = Os lacrimale
L = Os nasale
Fig. 9. Lateral view of skull. Areas of muscle attachments are encircled in brown.
Foramen incisivum.
Fissura orbital is inf.
Sutura palatina mediana et transversa

Foramen palat. majus et minus
Os front., (Proc. zygom.)

Foramen sphenopalatinum,
Crista infratemporal is ^
Os sphenoidale (Ala major),

Os palatinum (Proc. pyramidalis)
Fissura pterygomaxillaris_
(Lamina lat.) —
(Lamina medialis)
Fossa mandibularis,
Tuberculum articulare
Os tempo rale, Pars tympanica
<
Foramen stylomastoideum
Canalicus cochleae (Apertura ext.)
Foramen occipitale magnum,

Crista occip. ext., Canal is n. hypoglossi ^
Sutura parietomastoidea ^
Sutura lambdoidea
Linea nuchae inf. ^
Linea nuchae sup. /

Protuberantia occipit. ext. (Inion)
petrotympanica
Porus acusticus ext.
Incisura mastoidea
art. occipitalis
occipitomastoidea
. mastoideus, Foramen jugul.
Hamulus pterygoideus
/ Foramen ovale
^ Os zygomaticum (Proc. temp.)

Sutura sphenoparietal is
Os temp. (Proc. zygom.),

Lingula mandib.
^ Foramen condyloideum,
Fissura petrooccipitalis
lacerum, Tuberc. pharyngeum,

Fissura sphenopetrosa
Foramen spinosum,
Canalis musculotubarius
Canalis caroticus (Apertura ext.),

Crista tymp.
a = Os parietale
a x = Os occipitale, Pars basilaris
a 3 = Unterschuppe des Os occipitale
84 = Oberschuppe des Os occipitale
b x = Os temporale, Pars petrosa
t»2 = Os temporale, Pars squamosa
C2 = Os sphenoidale (Basisphenoid)
C3 = Os sphenoidale, Ala major

d = Os parietale
(Angulus mastoideus et sphenoideus)
fi = Os frontale, Squama
g2 = Maxilla, Processus zygomaticus
g? = Maxilla, Processus alveolaris
g* = Maxilla, Processus palatinus
h = Mandibula, Corpus
^ = Mandibula, Ramus, Angulus
i = Os zygomaticum
j = Os nasale
m = Vomer
n = Os palatinum, Lamina horizontalis
Fig. 10. The bony base of the skull from below. The right half of the mandible has
been removed.
A., N. incisivus, Canalis incisivus

M. zygomaticus major
M. buccinator
A/I. zygomaticomandib.
(M. tempor.)
Sulcus hamuli pteryg..

Raphe pterygomandib.
M. pterygoideus I at.
(Caput infratemp.)
M. pterygoideus med.
M. tensor veli
Fibrocartilago basalis,
M. levator veli palat.
M. longus capitis,
A/1. rectus capitis ant.
A/1, rectus capitis lat.
M. longissimus capitis
M. digastricus
(Venter post.)
/VI. splenius capitis
M.sternocleidomastoideus
M. obliquus capitis
M. rectus capitis post, major —
M. rectus capitis post, minor
M. semispinalis capitis —
A/I. trapezius
M. occipitalis
M. masseter
Foram. palat. majus et minora, Aa. palatinae,

Nn. palatini major et minor
^ Aa., Nn. nasales post.
(For. sphenopalat.),
Os palatinum (Proc. pyramidal is)
Rr. pharyngei,
Canalis palatinovaginalis
N. mylohyoideus,
A., N. alveolaris inf.
N. mandibularis,
For. ovale (Rete ven.)
A. carotis int., N. petrosus prof.
Sinus petr. inf., IX, X, XI
N. hypoglossus, Canalis hypoglossi (Rete ven.)
N A. vertebralis, Radix spinalis XI,
V. emissaria condylaris
N Medulla spinalis, A. spin. post.
N. petrosus minor,
Canaliculus innominatus
A., V. meningea media,
Ram. men. (V 3 ),
N. tens. tymp.
A. tymp. ant., Chordatymp.

(Fissura petrotympanica)
carotis int.,
Plexus carot. int. (nerv.)
facialis, A. stylomast.,
R. auricularis X
^V. jugularis int. (Bulbus),
A. meningea post.,
N. tympanicus (Canalic. tymp.)
a = Area vertebronuchalis (nuchalis)
P = Area vertebralis
y = Area pharyngea
6 = Area vasorum et nervorum
s = Area infratemporalis
£ = Area articularis
y] = Area auditiva (acustica)
ft = Area parapharyngea
a! = Os occipitale, Basis
a 3 = Os occipitale, Squama
bx = Proc. mastoideus
c = Os sphenoidale, Corpus
C3 = Os sphenoidale, Ala major
C5 = Processus pterygoideus
f = Os frontale
g4 = Maxilla, Processus palatinus

hx = Mandibula, Ramus
m = Vomer
n x = Os palatinum, Lamina
horizontalis
Fig. 11. The base of the cranium and its areas of muscle attachments seen from
below. The right
half of the mandible has been removed. On the right side, the areas of muscle
origins are encircled
in brown; other basal cranial areas (see key) are outlined in green. On the left,
vessels and nerves
are indicated where they pass through foramina.
Sutura coronalis
Sutura sphenoparietal is,

Canal is n. optici
Os sphen. (Ala minor),
Sut. sphenofront.
Sinus frontalis
Os frontale (Pars nasalis)

Os front. (Spina nasalis),
Sutura frontonasalis
— Os nasale
. — - Maxilla (Processus frontalis)
- Concha inf.
- Apertura piriformis
- — Spina nasalis ant.
Maxilla, Processus alveolaris
Sutura squamosa
Sinus sphenoidalis,
Fossa hypoph.,
Dorsum sellae
Fovea submandibularis, Linea

mylohyoidea, Fovea sublingualis
Spina (M. genioglossus

et geniohyoideus),
Fossa digastrica
Sutura
parietomastoidea
Sutura
parietooccipit.
For us acust. int.,

Crista pyramidis,
Fiss. petrooccipit.
Sulcus sigmoideus,
Sutura occipitomastoidea,
Sulcus transv. —
styly
Foramen jugulare ""
Proc. mast., Condylus occip.,

Canalis n. hypoglossi
Mandibula (Incisura et Ramus)
Proc. pteryg. (Lamina lat.)
Foramen mandib., Lingula, Sulcus mylohyoideus
Angulus mandib., Tuberositas pterygoidea
Proc. pterygoideus (Lamina med.) ^

Trigonum retromolare
Os palatinum (Proc. pyramidalis)
aj = Os occipitale, Pars basilaris
% = Squama occipitalis
bj = Os temporale, Pars petrosa
bs = Os temporale, Pars squamosa
q = Os sphenoidale (Os praesphenoideum)
q = Os sphenoidale (Os basisphenoideum)
q = Os sphenoidale, Ala major
d = Os parietale
q = Os ethmoidale, Lamina cribrosa

e2 = Os ethmoidale, Lamina perpendicularis
f a = Os frontale, Squama
g = Maxilla, Corpus
g* = Maxilla, Processus palatinus
^ = Mandibula, Ramus
h 2 = Mandibula, Pars alveolaris
m = Vomer
n x = Os palatinum, Lamina horizontalis
Fig. 12. Adult skull, midsagittal section (left half).

A., R. meningeus ant.
— " Sinus sphenoidalis
A., R. nasal is ext.
A., V., N. incisivus
Sinus frontalis
M. pterygoid, med.
V. emissaria mastoid.
/ / 1 I
N. facialis, / / / I
N. vestibulocochlearis, A. labyrinthi j j j
V. jugular is int., A. meningea post. / I
/ll
N. vagus, N. accessorius l / /
I I i
N. glossopharyngeus I /
I I
N. hypoglossus (Rete venosum), j

A. comitans XII (Var.), M. pterygoid, lat. /
A/I. temporalis
A/|. pterygoid, med. \
A.,V., N. alveolaris inf.,

A., V. meningoorbitalis
" A.,N. palatinus maj.,
M. tensor veli palatini
(Tendo)
M. mylohyoideus
M. geniohyoid et genioglossus
— M. digastricus (Venter ant.)
N. mylohyoid., M. buccinator
A = Mandibula, Corpus
A 1 = Mandibula, Ramus
B = Maxilla
C = Os palatinum
D = Vomer
E = Os ethmoid.,
Lamina perpendiculars
F = Os nasale
G = Os frontale
H = Os parietale
I = Os sphenoidale
K = Pars petrosa
L = Os temp., Pars squamosa
M = Os occipitale, Pars basilaris
N = Squama occipitalis
Fig. 13. Skull in median section (left half). Areas of muscle attachments are
encircled in brown;
vessels and nerves are indicated where they pass through foramina.
Foveolae granulares ^
Sutura sagitfalis v
Os pariefale v S ' N
Crista frontalis ^
Sutura lambdoidea x
x n n
Septum sinuum front. x
x \
Cavum nasi (Paries sup.) N N
Proc. alae min. \ \
X \ N
Planum sphenoideum V \ x
\ \
Orbita (Paries sup.) x
X X
X
S/'nus sphenoid.
Os sphen. (Ala minor) N
Cellulae ethm. x
Fissura orbit, sup.
Sulcus
sphenoparietal is
Impressiones gyrorum
Margo aditus
ad orb itarn
Crista lacrimalis ant.
Fossa temporalis
Foramen rotundum
Sinus sphenoidalis
(Basis)
Fossa cranii
media (Basis)
Septum nasi osseum

Fossa mandibularis
Mandibula (Caput)
Tuberculum articulare
Processus coronoideus "
Foramen
infraorbitale
Sinus maxi I laris ""

Cellulae mastoideae ^ ^
Planum nuchale
Fossa occipitalis
cerebellaris
Recessus "
alveolaris sinus ^ "
maxillaris ^ ^
Crista zygomatico- '' ✓
alveolaris
Concha nasal is inf. '
A-leafus ^
nas/ inf. s'
Articul. '
atlantoaxialis /
Dens ax/s
Dentes praemolares
(Mand.)
_ Mandibula (Ramus)
__ Atlas (Proc.
transversus)
__ Dent. mol.
et praemol. (Max.)
_ Foramen mand.
_- Dentes incisivi (Mand.)
_ Canal is mand ibulae
- Mandibula (Angulus)
Dens molaris mand.

Mandibula (Margo)
Os parietale
- ^ (Lamina ext.)
^ Squama frontalis
^ Os pariet. (Lamina int)
z Sutura coronalis
/ S/nus frontalis
y Crista galli
/ Limbus sphenoideus
' y Fossa cranii ant.
/ (Paries lat.)
/Orbita (Paries medialis)
/ /
Concha nasal is
/ / / med/a
/ Cr/sta pyram. sup.
' Linea innominata
/ Os front. (Proz. zygomat.
/ /
y y y Corum nasi (Paries lat.)
/ /
' Eminentia arcuafa
' / Os zygomaticum
s’ (Proc. frontosphenoideus)
Crista nasalis
/
/
y Condylus occipitalis
z Cavum nasi (Paries inf.)

Articul. atlantooccipitalis
„ Ax/s
Atlas
Dentes incisivi (Maxilla)
-Vert, cervic. IV
Fig. 14. Posteroanterior roentgenogram of skull

(from Clementschitsch).
Sutura coronal is
Sulcus sphenoparietal is J
Planum sphenoideum, \
Juga cerebralia * \ N \
Impressiones gyrorum \\\
Fossa cranii media (Paries ant.) k \\\^

Orbita (Paries sup.) \\ \
Os frontale (Lamina int.),\\ s \ \
\ v\ \\ >
Sinus maxill. (Paries post.)
Os ethmoidale (Labyrinthus) s
\ \ \\\ V
iv \ \\\ 1
Sinus maxillaris. \ \ \\ >
\ \ \
v \ \
Lamina cribriformis I \\ \ \
\W 1
Os zygomaticum (Proc. front.) v \ \ \
Sinus frontalis^ \\
Margo aditus ad orbitam .J
Os zygomat. (Facies temporalis )J

Margo orbit. I at. *j|
S/nus max. (Paries sup.) v
Ossa nasalia ^\
Orbita (Paries inf.).^

Concha inf. J
Maxilla (Processus frontalis)

Margo infraorbitalis
Maxilla (Facies temporalis) ...
Sinus maxill. (Recessus ant.) L^

Sinus maxill. (Paries ant.)
Processus pterygoideus __
Cr/sta zygomaticoalveoL
Sinus maxill. (Paries inf.)
Spina nasal is ant.

Maxilla (Proc. alveolaris
Palatum durum—-
Spatium periodontale 1
Dens serotinus (Maxilla)
Dentes incisivi (Maxilla)-'

Dentes molares (Maxilla j"
Dentes incisivi (Mandibula)-
Dentes molares (Mandibula)--""

Mandibula (Corpus)
Mandibula
(Substantia compacta)
tr Mandibula „
(Substantia spongiosa)~"(
Mandibula (Margo inf.)--

Os hyoideum (Corpus)-
Os parietale
(Lamina ext.)
— Diploe
hOs parietale
(Lamina int.)
Os parietale
Canales diploid
'Sinus sphen.
Ala minor (Proc.
Limbus sphenoid
Sinus sphen.
CFossa hypophyses
^Dorsum sellae
jh'Fossa pterygopal
Auricula
.<1 "Squama tempore

-"Os sphenoid. (Co
Pyramis (Crista :
-4" Facies infratemp

Clivus
lirPy ram ides

Processus ptery^
| (Facies sphenom
Sutura lambdoidt
'Tuberculum art'n
—-Porus acusticus e
-?'Sulcus transversL
„J-Os occipit.
(Pars basilaris)
--Os occipitale
■—Protuberantia
occipitalis int.
— -Pyramis (Facies
Cellulae mastoid
Fossa occipitalis
cerebellaris
Mandibula (Capi
Planum nuchale
Processus mastoi
Incisura mandibi
Lumen pharyngis
Atlas
(Tuberculum ant
Atlas
Uvula
Radix linguae
Mandibula (Angu
Hypopharynx
- Vert, cervic. Ill
Phar. (Paries pos
J- Epiglottis
Os hyoideum
: (Cornu majus)
Fig. 15. Lateral roentgenogram of adult human skull

(from Clementschitsch).
Sinus frontalis sin.
Septum sinuum frontalium
Jugum sphenoid., Sulcus chiasmatis
Septum nasi osseum
Concha nasalis inferior
Crista galli
Cellulae ethmoidales
Linea innominata
Os ethmoidale (Lamina orbitalis)
Pars petrosa (Margo superior)
Concha nasalis media
Sinus m axil laris
Palatum durum
Fig. 16. Posteroanterior roentgenogram of paranasal sinuses I

(L. Wicke, Vienna).
Sinus frontalis
Septum sinuum frontalium
Meatus nasi
Sinus maxi I laris
Sinus max. (Recessus alveolaris)
Sinus sphenoidalis
Cellulae ethmoidales
Tegmen sinus max.
Linea innominata
Canalis infraorbitalis
Arcus zygomaticus
Sinus maxillaris (Paries lat.)
Pars petrosa (Margo sup.)
Sinus max. (Paries lat.)
Orbita (Paries lat.)
Os sphen. (Ala major)
Vomer
Septum sinuum sphen.
Sinus sphenoidalis
Fig. 17. (Top) Paranasal sinuses II; head is tilted back with mouth open (L. Wicke,
Vienna).
Fig. 18. (Bottom) Paranasal sinuses III, axial view (L. Wicke, Vienna).
V,
Rr. alveolar, (dentales) inf.
1 =
Aa. nasales post.
v =
A. meningea media (R. ant.)
A. profunda linguae
(A. sphenopalatina)
w =
A. meningea media (R. post.)
A. palatina ascendens
m =
A. alveolaris sup. post.
X =
A. infraorbitalis
A. pharyngea ascendens
n =
A. alveolaris sup. ant.
y =
A. zygomatico-orbitalis
A. alveolaris inf.
o =
A. zygomaticofacialis
z =
A. ethmoidea ant.
A. buccalis
P =
Aa. temporales prof.
(meningea ant.)
A. transversa faciei
q =
A. meningea (duralis) media
o. H. =
Horizontal line
A. palatina descendens
r =
A. temporalis media
(supraorbital margine)
A. maxillaris (Pars mandibularis,
s =
A. ophthalmica
V, =
Vertical line (middle
pterygoidea et pterygopalatina)
t =
A. zygomaticotemporalis
of zygomatic arch)
A. masseterica
u =
A. nasofrontalis
v a -
Vertikal line (posterior
A. auricularis prof.
margin of mastoid)
A. supraorbital is
A. supratrochlearis
A. temp, superfic.
(Ram. pariet.) —
A. temp, superfic.
(Ram. front.)
-A. angularis.
A. meningea post. (A. phar. asc.
A. carotis ext.
A. vertebralis
A. pharyngea asc. __
A. carotis int. -
A. carotis comm. (Bulbus
A. dorsalis nasi
A. nasal is ext.
A. auricularis post.
A. stylomastoidea
A. vertebralis
A. infraorbitalis
- A. thyroidea sup.
A. palatina
^^-A. labial is inf.
-A. menfalis
- A. alveolaris inf.
— A. facialis
—A. lingual is
""-A. submental is
-A. carotis ext.
A. tempor. superfic.
A. occipitalis
Rami alveglares
(dent.) sup.
A. labialis sup.
Fig. 19. Semischematic representation of the large arteries of the head. Kronlein’s
points I and II are anterior and
posterior trepanation sites for ligation of the middle meningeal artery.
Sinus sagittal is sup. x
V. emissaria parietal is -
V. supraorbital is
V. supratrochlearis
Confluens sinuum,
Sinus transv. ^
Sinus sigmoideus
V. emissaria mastoidea
V. facialis comm . —— "
V. jugularis ext.
V. jugularis int.
V. angular is
Vv. alveolares
(dentales) inf.
' V. labialis inf.
Sinus sigmoideus,
V. emissaria condyloidea -
V. occipitalis-
V. jugularis int., Bui bus sup. '
V. auricul. post
V. occipitalis —
V. cervical is prof. ——
V. pharyngea ascendens-
V. retromandibular is—""
e.
V. nasalis ext.
Vv. alveolares sup.

(dental es)
- V. labialis sup.
- V. mentalis
- V. facialis
-V. submentalis
Vv. palatinae asc.
V. comitans n. hypoglossi
■ V. thyroidea
a = V. alveolaris inf.
b = V. maxillaris
c = V. masseterica
d = Plexus ven. pterygoideus
e = V. buccalis
fi = Vv. alveolares sup. post.
f 2 = Vv. alveolares sup. ant.
g = V.palatinadesc., Vv. nasalespost.
h = V. infraorbitalis
i = V. meningea media
j = Sinus petrosus inf.
k = Rete foraminis ovalis
1 = V. ophthalmica inf.
m = V. ophthalmica sup.
n = V. diploica temporalis ant.
o = V. nasofrontalis
p = Sinus cavemosus
q = V. diploica temporalis media

r = V. temporalis superfic.
s = Sinus petrosus sup.
t = V. diploica temporalis post,
u = V. diploica front,
v = V. diploica occipitalis
w = Sinus rectus
x = Sinus sagittalis inf.
Fig. 20. The large veins of the head and their branches (semischematic). Deep veins
and dural sinuses normally obscured
by bone are projected on the bony skull.

N. supraorbit. (R. lat.)
— Ansa cervic. (R. sup.), R. thyrohyoid. (XII)

"- — Ansa cervicalis (prof.)
Ansa cervicalis superfic.
Plexus iympanicus --
N. meatus acust. ext. (V 3 )—
R. auricular is (X) —
N. auricularis post. —
Ganglion sup. (IX)
N. tympanicus, Ganglion sup. (X)
Truncus n. facialis ^
R. comm. N. facial. - N. auriculotemp.
R. comm. VII-IX
N. cervicalis descend, sup/
'E.Stber
N. cervicalis descend, inf.
N. supraorbit. (R. med.)
N. supratrochlearis
N. ethmoid, ant. (Rr. nasales)
N. infratrochlearis
N. zygomaticus
R. nasal is ext. (Vi)
N. infraorbitalis
R. zygomaticofacial is
Rr. alveolares sup. ant.
_-N. infraorbit.
(Pes anserinus minor)
R. comm. N. facial. -
s N. infraorbit.
— — - Plexus dentalis sup.
Plexus dentalis inf.
N. mentalis
" (Rr. labiates inf.)
N. sublingualis
N. auriculotemp. ^
Chorda tympani
a = N. supraorbitalis
b = N. nasociliaris,
N. ethmoidalis ant.
c = N. lacrimalis
d = R. zygomaticotemporalis
e = Rr. nasales post. sup.
f = Nn. palatini
g = N. canalis pterygoidei
h = Nn. masticatorii
i = N. lingualis, Chorda tympani
j = N. alveolaris inf.
k = Rr. temporales et
zygomatici (VII)
1, m = Rr. buccales (VII)
n = R. margin mandib. (VII)

o = R. colli (VII)
p = N. mylohyoideus
r = Rr. alveolares sup. post,
s = N. incisivus (V 2 )
a = Ganglion ciliare
(3 = Ganglion pterygopalatinum
y = Ganglion oticum
6 = Ganglion submandib.
Q = N. cervic. I (R. ventr.)
Q = N. cervic. II (R. ventr.)
Q = N. cervic. Ill (R. ventr.)
III = N. oculomotorius
IV = N. trochlearis
V = N. trigeminus,
Ganglion semilunare
(trigeminale), Portio motoria
V x = N. ophthalmicus
V 2 = N. maxillaris
V 3 = N. mandibularis
VI = N. abducens
VII = N. intermedius (XIII),
Gangl. geniculi
IX = N. glossopharyngeus,
Gangl. inferius
X = N. vagus, Ganglion inferius

XI = N. accessorius (R. ext.)
XII = N. hypoglossus
Fig. 21. The nerves of the head (semischematic).
Inferior, anterior efferent lymph

vessels from palatine tonsil
Posterior, superior drainage
(of tonsils)
Parotid lymph nodes
Buccal lymph node
Deep drainage from teeth of upper jaw

Lymph vessels along infraorbital a.
g = Posterior orbital drainage

h = Lymph vessels along maxillary a.
i = Preauricular lymph nodes
j = Retroauricular lymph tract
k = Middle temporal lymph channel along
the superfic. temporal a.
1 = Anterior temporal lymph channel

along the zygomaticoorbital a.
m = Posterior facial lymph tract
Nodi lymphat. retroauriculares ""
- Tractus lymphat.
frontalis
Nodi lymphat. subauriculares
Tractus lymphat.
dentium ext.
Nodi lymph, retromandibulares
Sl&&}
Nodi lymph, cervicales prof. sup.
Truncus lymphat. jugularis — ___
Tractus lymphat.
orbit, ant.
Vasa lymphat.
nasi ext.
Tractus lymph,
facialis ant.
Tract, lymph,
dentium int.
Nodi lymph,
submandib. medii
Nodi lymphat.
submandibulares ant.
Tractus lymphat.
occipit. ~~
Nodi lymphat.
occipitales
Nodus
lymphat. anguli
Nodi lymphat.
submandibulares post.
•A Nodi lymphat. submentales
Fig. 22. Lymph channels of the head and associated lymph nodes (schematic). Deep
vessels are indicated by
broken lines. Lymph vessels of the tongue, pharynx and so forth are not included.
Fig. 24. (Right, top) Lateral roentgenogram of diploic veins.
Fig. 25. (Right, bottom) Diploic veins of the skullcap prepared by removing the
outer table of the calvaria
(from Sobotta/Becher).
Sutura sagittalis
V. diplocia occipitalis
VV. diploicae temporales
anteriores et posteriores
V. diploica frontalis
•" Tuber frontale
Os sphenoidale (Ala major)
Sutura lambdoidea
Fonticulus
posterolateral is
(mastoideus)
Os temporale
(Squama)
Sutura
squamosomastoidea,
Proc. mastoid.
Fissura tympanomastoidea, Anulus tympanicus' j
Tuberculum retroarticulare, Arcus zygomaticus ^
Tuber parietale
z Sutura coronalis
Fonticulus anterolateral is (sphenoidalis)
Tuber
parietale
Os occipitale,
Sutura
Sutura
coronalis
Sutura sagittalis,
Ossa frontalia
(metopica)
Tuber frontale
— Fonticulus
anterior
— Fonticulus
obelicus
Fonticulus
posterior
Fig. 26. (Top) Skull of a newborn seen from the right.

Fig. 27. (Bottom) Skull of a newborn seen from above.
Fig. 28. Skull of an aged edentulous individual (one half normal size)
Brain and Meninges
Dura mater (Regio sulci cerebri
A. meningea media,
A. meningo orbitalis,
Os sphenoidale
(Ala minor),
Sutura sphenofront.
Polus froni., Galea aponeurolica
Sinus frontalis, Os frontale

Sutura
lambdoidea
Dura mater,
Polus occipit.,
M. occipitalis
Sutura coronalis, Calvaria

Lacuna lat., Granulationes arachnoideaJes
Lobus frontalis
Dura mater, Polus temp.'
A., V. meningea
media
I
i
(R. front.)
lat. cum v. meningea media communicans
Granulationes arachnoideales
Os parietale (Diploe)
Dura mater, Os. pariet.

(Tabula ext. et int.)
M. temporalis, Corpus adiposum (Spatii interfasc. temp.), Arcus zygomaticus A., V.

meningea media (R. pariet.), Dura mater, Lobus temporalis
Fig. 29. Lateral exposure of the dural covering of the brain with the middle
meningeal artery and veins.
Polus frontalis, Dura
V. cerebri sup. (front

A. meningoorbitalis,
Sinus sphenoparietalis v
A., V. meningea media
V. cerebri media (superfic.)
Fossa lat. cerebri (Cisterna), Cyrus temp., Dura mater
V. cerebri inf., V. anastomotica inf.
Sinus sagitt. sup.
^ V. anastomotica superior
Vv. cerebri sup. pariet.
Vv. cerebri su
pariet. et occ/;
V. cerebri sup.
Granulationes aracpnoidales, Lacuna lat.-

Cyrus front.
Arachnoidet
encephali,
Polus occip
Sinus transversus,
Tentorium cerebelli (Inse
Cerebellum (Facies inf.)

Sinus sigmoideus
Fig. 30. Left cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum, in situ, covered by the arachnoid
layer.
Granul. arachn.
Lacunae lat. —
Sinus sagitt. sup.
Granulationes arachnoideales, Lacuna lat
A. meningea media
(Ram. ant.), Vv. comitantes
/
Lacunae lat. ^
Lacuna lat., Granul.
arachn.,
Ostium venae cerebri
—■ Sinus sagitt. sup., Confluens sinuum
Dura mater encephali -
A. meningea media
(Ram. post.)
Granul. arachn.
Dura mater (Sutura lambdoidea) ""
Fig. 31. Surface of dura mater from above after removal of the skullcap by means of
a circular saw cut. Superior
sagittal sinus and lateral lacunae are opened.

A. callosomarginalis (Rr. frontales) „
Vv. cerebri sup.
Lacunae lat.
A. cerebri post. (Ram. occipitalis)
fr &
Arachnoidea encephali ^
Vv. cerebri sup.
Sulcus interparietal is
A. cerebri ant. (Rami parietales)
Sulcus parietooccipitalis
A. cerebri post. (Rr. occipit. med.)
/Sulcus frontalis sup.
Icus frontalis inf.
jA. cerebri med. (Rami front.), Arachnoidea
cerebri lat. (Ram. front.)
(Ramus asc. fiss. cerebri lat.)
A. cerebri media,
(Ramus front.)
V. cerebri media
praecentralis
Fissura
cerebri lat.
. occip.)
V. anast.
inferior
" A. cerebri med.
(A. angularis)
Â. cer. med.,

(Ram. parietalis)
Sulcus postcentralis
A. cerebri ant.
Sulcus centralis
V. anastomotica
superior
__ A. cerebri med.
(R. pariet. ant.)
V. cerebri inf.
A. cer. med.
(Ram. certialis)
Granulationes
arachn.
Sinus
sagittal is sup.
a =
b =
c =
d =
e =
f =
Gyrus frontalis sup.

Gyrus frontalis med.
Gyrus frontalis inf.
Pars triangularis 1
Pars opercularis /
Gyrus praecentralis
Gyrus frontalis inf.

g = Gyrus postcentralis
h = Lobulus pariet. sup.
i = Lobulus pariet. inf.
k = Gyrus supramarginalis
1 = Gyrus angularis
m = Gyri occipitales sup.
n = Gyri occipitales lat.
Fig. 32. Exposure of the brain from above. The arachnoid has been removed from the
right hemisphere to
demonstrate blood vessels; the arachnoid is intact on the left side.
cerebri inf.
. cerebri sup.
A. cerebri post.
(Rr. occipit.)
Sinus transversus,
. cerebelli inf.,
A. cerebelli sup.
Cerebellum (Facies inf.)
V. cerebri sup.
A. cerebri med. (Rr. front, et

V. cerebri media superfic., A. cerebri med. (Rr.
V. anastomotica, A. cerebri med. (Rr. pariet. et temp.)
^ Sinus sigmoideus,
A. cerebelli inf. ant.
V. cerebri sup., V. anastomotica sup.,

A. cerebri med. (R. cortic.)
V. cerebri sup., A. cerebri ant.

A. cerebri ant. (Rr. front.)
. cerebri sup.
A. cerebri ant.
(R. front.),
V. cerebri sup.
a = Gyrus front, inf.,
dx
Pars orbit.
d 2
b = Gyrus front, inf.,
d 3
Pars triangularis
e i
c = Gyrus front, inf.,
<h
Pars opercularis
Gyrus front, inf. g
Gyrus front, med. h
Gyrus front, sup. j, k
Gyrus praecentralis li
Gyrus postcentralis 1 2
Lobulus pariet. sup. 1 3
Gyrus supramarginalis
Gyrus angularis
Gyri occipitales
Gyrus temporalis sup.
Gyrus temporalis med.
Gyrus temporalis inf.
Fig. 33. Lateral exposure of the brain. In the exposed area the arachnoid has been
removed completely so that the
left hemispheres of the cerebrum and cerebellum and their blood vessels may be
seen.
A. cerebri
Limen insulae,
Rr. insulares
Gyri insulae longi et breves, Sulcus circularis
Lobus temp. (Subst. alba), Dura mater
Gyrus temp, inf., Pars petrosa, (Margo sup.)
Gyri occipitales
lat., Arachnoidea
Lobus occip.
(Substantia alba), Fal
cerebelli (Varietat)
Vv. cerebri inf.
Sinus transversus,
Vv. cerebellares inf.,

Cerebellum (Facies inf)
Gyrus praecentralis
Sinus sagittalis sup.
Gyrus postcentralis
V. cerebri sup,
Gyrus frontalis med.

Lobus front. (Subst. alba)
(Centrum semiovale),
Arachnoidea—
ri occipitales
sup.
V. cerebri media,
Rr. insulares,
Sulcus circularis
insulae
Sinus sigmoideus
' Vena cerebri sup.
^ Lobulus parietalis sup.
Gyrus angularis
,Sulcus temporalis
sup.
Fig. 34. Exposure of the insula by parasagittal section and removal of the
opercula.
V. cerebri sup.
Ventric. lot. (Cornu j

Calcar avis
Sinus transversus,
Tentorium cerebelli,
V. cerebri inferior
Sinus sagittal is sup., V. cerebri sup.
V. cerebri sup.,
Arachnoidea encephali
Capsula interna
(Crus anterius),
Ventriculus lat.
(Cornu anterius),
Lobus frontalis
(Substantia alba)
Lobus temporalis,
A. meningea media,
Sinus sphenoparietal is —
Glomus
choroideum,
Lobus occipit. (Substc

alba)
Lobus occipitalis,
Arachnoidea
encephali
Eminentia collateralis
Capsula int.
(Pars retrolentic.),
Plexus choroideus ventric. lat.,

Cornu inferius
Lobulus semilunaris inferior
Ventriculus lateralis, Capsula interna

(Crus posterius),
Nucleus lentiformis
Corpus callosum,
Ventriculus lat.
(Plexus choroideus),
Nucleus caudatus
Lobulus semilunaris superior,

Cerebellum (Fissura horizont.)
N Sinus sigmoideus
A. cerebri media
Pes hippocampi, Corpus amygdaloideum, Lobus temporalis (Substantia alba), Pars

petrosa (Margo sup.)
Capsula interna (Pars sublentiformis) Nucleus caudatus (Cauda)
Key for Fig. 36
1 = Capsula int. (Crus ant.), Caput
nuclei caudati, Ventric. lat.

(Cornu ant.)
2 = Plexus choroideus ventric. lat.,
V. choroidea
3 = Capsula int. (Crus post.),
V. thalamostriata (= V. fronto-
parietalis int.)
4 = Taenia fornicis, Taenia choroidea
5 = Stria terminalis, Lamina affixa
6 = Crus fornicis
7 = Tapetum
8 = Calcar avis
9 = Trigonum et Eminentia
collateralis
10 = Taenia fornicis
11 = Fissura choroidea, Fimbria
hippocampi
12 = Pes hippocampi, Plexus
choroideus, A. choroidea ant.
13 = Velum Aebianum
14 = Cauda nuclei caudati
Hippocampus cum diagitationitous

15 = Corpus amygdaloideum, Capsula
interna (Pars sublentiformis)
16 = Nucleus lentiformis, Commissura
ant., A. cerebri media
17 = Polus lobi temporalis
Fig. 35. (Top) Lateral exposure of the brain. The lateral ventricle has been
opened.
Fig. 36. (Bottom) Left lateral ventricle, basal ganglia and internal capsule.
Os sphenoidale (Ala minor),

Sinus sphenoparietalis
Tentoriu
cerebelli
V. basal i
A. carotis interna, N. opticus
Sinus petrosus sup., A. cerebelli sup., N.
N. trigeminus, V. —-— , ,
! i
N. glossopharyngeus, N. vestibulocochlearis, N. facialis, N. intermedius Sinus

sigmoideus
Bulbus et Tractus ol factorius,

Gyrus rectus
callosum, A. pericallosa sinistra
Vv. cere
Tentori l
cerebell
Sinus trans
Arachnoid e
Pia mater c
A. cerebri post., Coi

inferior, Trigonum
Falx cerebelli
Pia mater cerebelli
N Taenia ventriculi quarti, Recessus later

ventriculi IV
Tonsilla cerebelli, Dura mater, Arachnoidec
Medulla oblongata, A. cerebelli inf. post.
Falx cerebri, Sinus sagittalis

A. cerebri ant., A. pericallosa dextra
A. callosomarginalis, A. cerebri anterior

Nucleus caudatus, Capsula interna
Cornu anterius, Putamen,

Rr. striati, Commissura anterior
N. oculomotorius, A. cerebri media,

Gyri orbitales
Tapet'um, A. pericallosa dextra
A. cerebri posterior, V. base

A. choroidea ant., Tractus <
Vv. cerebri sup.
Plexus choroideus
lat., V. choroidea,
Corpus callosum <
Crus fornicii
Commissura
Hippocampu
a = Lingula cerebelli, e
Velum medullare ant. f
b = Ala lobuli centralis g a
c = Culmen g 2
d = Declive h
Arbor vitae cerebelli
i =
Folium vermis
j =
Tuber vermis
Pyramis vermis
k =
Uvula
1 =
Nodulus
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius,

Pedunculus cerebellaris inf.
Pedunculus cerebellaris superior
Fastigium
Fig. 37. Lateral exposure of the brain. The left hemisphere is almost completely
removed.
A. meningea
media
(R. ant)
Arteria et Vena cerebri

med. (Rami)
Sinus frontalis
Dura, Arachnoidea
Sinus sag iff. sup., Lacunae lat.
Granulationes arachn. —
A. cerebri ant (Rami corticales)
Vv. cerebri sup.
A. cerebri ant.
(R. front)
' Granulationes
arachnoideales
Dura mater
encephali
a = Gyrus frontalis sup.

b = Gyrus frontalis med.
c = Gyrus frontalis inf.
Fig. 38. View of telencephalon from the front. Skullcap has been removed back to
the coronal suture.
Fissura longitudinalis cerebri
Sulcus front, sup., A. cerebri med. (Ram. cort

/
Sulcus lat.
Tractus olfactorius, Arachnoidea
Dura mater
Crista galli, Falx cerebri, A. meningea ant. Bulbus olfactorius
praecentralis
Sulcus front, inf.,

A. cerebri m.
(R. cort.)
Sinus sagitt. sup., Lacunae lat.
A. cerebri ant. (Rami centrales),

Vv. cerebri int., Genu corp. call.
a = Gyrus frontalis sup
Ci = Pars triangularis of Gyrus
d = Gyri orbitales
b = Gyrus frontalis med.
front, inf.
e = Gyrus rectus
c = Gyrus frontalis inf.
C 2 = Pars orbitalis of Gyrus
f = Gyrus cinguli
front, inf.
Fig. 39. View of the olfactory bulb and tract and the genu of corpus callosum.
Parts of both fron¬
tal lobes have been removed, leaving falx cerebri intact.
Tr actus
olfactorius,
Arachnoidea
Falx cerebri (Crista galli, Insertio)

/
Arachnoidea
A. cerebri ant., A. communicans ant.
N. opticus
(Arachnoidea)
Falx cerebri, Sinus sagittalis sup.
A. cerebri ant. (Rami centrales)
A. cerebri ant. (Rami

centrales), Vv. cerebri int.
N. opticus
chiasmatis,
Hypophysis, Pendunculus
Corpus callosum (Genu), Stria longitud. lat.
Corpus callosum (Rostrum), Gyrus paraterminalis

Spatium subdurale
Dura mater
Lamina terminal is
Bulbus olfactorius, Dura mater
Fig. 40. View of brain from the front. By further removal of portions of the
frontal lobes and falx
cerebri, the region of sella turcica with vessels and nerves is exposed. Note the
relationship of the
anterior cerebral arteries to the optic nerve.
Capsula interna,
Nucleus lentiformis
Septum pellucidum (Cavum)
callosum (Rostrum)
Lamina terminalis, Gyrus paraterminal is
Lobus parietalis
A. cerebri lat.
A. carotis ini.,
A. ophthalm.
. opticus
Diaphragma sellae
A. cerebri ant. (Rami centrales)

Corpus callosum
Nucleus caudatus (Caput),

Ventric. lat. (Cornu ant.)
A. communicans
ant.
Hypophysis, Crista galli, Sinus frontalis

A. hypophyseos sup.
(A. carotis int.), Chiasma opticum
Fig. 41. Arteries and nerves of the suprasellar hypophyseal region; branching
internal carotid
artery. The upper surface of the hypophysis and the infundibulum are visible.
Frontal section of
the hemispheres at the level of the optic chiasm.
Polus frontalis
V. cerebri int.
Corp. call. (Truncus), Striae transversae

Stria longit. lat.
A. pericallosa
(Rami cortic. front, et pariet.)
Stria longitud. medialis,
A. cerebri ant.
Arachnoidea
Dura mater
Sulcus lat.
V. anastomotica
inf.
Gyrus parietal is
A. cerebri ant.
Corp. callosum (Genu)
Ventric. lat. (Cornu ant.)
^Nucleus caudatus (Caput)
Nucleus caudatus (Corpus),

Stria terminalis, Plex. chor.
Nucleus caud. (Cauda)
Sinus sagitt. inf.,

Incisura tentorii
avis, Fibrae splenii
Corp. callosum (Splenium)
Gyrus occipitalis
A. cerebri post., Falx cerebri
Sinus sagittal, sup. --

post.
v Sulcus calcarinus
A. cerebri media
(R. cortic.)
Cerebrum (Substantia alba)
A. cerebri ant.,
V. cerebri int.
V. choroidea,
Glomus
choroideum
a = Gyrus frontalis sup.
e = Gyrus angularis
h = Cuneus
b = Gyrus praecentralis
f = Gyri occipitales lat.
i = Isthmus gyri fornicati (G. cinguli)
c = Gyrus postcentralis
d = Gyrus supramarginalis
g = Gyri occipitales sup.
k = Gyrus cinguli
Fig. 42. The top part of telencephalon has been removed by a horizontal section
above corpus callosum. The right
lateral ventricle (anterior horn, central part, posterior horn) is opened.
Falx cerebri, A. cerebri ant.
choroidea ant.,
Vv. cerebri inf.
Plexus choroideus
ventric. lat.
Vv. cerebri inf.
A. cerebelli sup., Spatium subdurale,

Arachnoidea /
Sinus rectus, Falx cerebr/
Corpus callosum (Genu)
Septum pellucidum (Cavum)
Ventric. lat. (Cornu ant.),

V. Septi pellucidi
Foramen interventriculare,
Nucleus caudatus (Caput)
Taenia fornicis,
Thalamus (Lamina affixa)

Columna fornicis
Sinus sphenoparietal is
Plexus choroideus
ventric. lat.,
V. cerebri int.,
Ventric. lat. (Cornu inf.)
Sinus petrosus sup.
Corpus pineale,
V. cerebri magna,
R. choroideus post.
Tentorium cerebelli"
Fimbria hippocampi,
Hippocampus
R. choroideus post.,
Glomus choroideum
Sinus rectus
A. cerebri post., Rr. choroidei post.,

V. basalis
Sinus transversus
Sinus tentorii (V. cerebelli sup.)
Nucleus lend form is, V. choroidea\
A. cerebri med.
A. meningea med.,
Sinus sphenopariet.
V. thalamostriata
R. choroideus post.
Pes hippocampi
A. cerebri post.,
Aa. choroideae,
Rr. choroidei ant.,
V. choroidea ant.
Fig. 43. View of brain from above. Demonstration of tela choroidea of the
forebrain; the veins of the tela are
shown on the right. The entire choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles has been
preserved on both sides. The right
half of the pineal gland is seen in its leptomeningeal bed. The right transverse
sinus has been opened in the region of
the tentorium.
Dura mater
/ A. cerebri ant.
— — Nucleus lentiformis
^ Arachnoidea, Spatium subdurale
Cornu ant.
^Corpus callosum (Genu)
^ Plexus choroideus
ventric. fat., A.
choroidea ant.,
V. choroidea
Calcar avis
x Glomus choroideum
V. cerebri magna, A. cerebelli sup.,

Dura et Archnoidea
N Hippocampus , Crus fornicis
Ventric. lat. (Cornu post.) x
Falx cerebri, Sinus rectus ^
Falx cerebri
Fossa lat. cerebri (Cisterna),

Sulcus lat. cerebri x
A. cerebri med.,
Sulcus lat
Capsula interna,
Hippocampus ^
^Cavum et V. septi pellucidi
^ Corpus fornicis, Foramen

interventriculare
Plexus choroid.
ventr. lat., Cornu inf.
Eminentia collateralise
Commissura fornicis, Corpus callosum (Splenium)
r. %cdkL si
V. terminal is, Sinus

sphenoparietal is, A. meningea
med.
Thalamus (Lamina affixa)
Fig. 44. View of the brain from above. Corpus callosum has been removed by a series
of frontal and sagittal sec¬
tions so that the body of fornix and the hippocampal commissure are brought into
view in the center; on the sides,
the inferior horn and the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle may be seen.
Septum pellucidum has been cut
horizontally so as to open cavum septi pellucidi.

Falx cerebri, Arachnoidea
Thalamus (Lamina affixa),

Corpus fornicis
Taenia choroidea,
Taenia fornicis
Plexus chor.
cornus inf.
Hippocampus —
Taenia fimbriae "
Gyrus dentatus,'
Fissura choroidea
Crus fornicis, Fimbria fornicis
A. cerebri ant dextr., Corp. call. (Genu)
Cavum et Vena septi pellucidi, Ventric. lat. (Co

Nucleus caudatus, Caput
Eminentia collat
Cornu post.
Calcar avis
\ Fissura calcarina, A. cerebri post.

(Ramus medial.)
V. cerebri magna, Arachnoidea
A. cerebri media ,
\
A.cerebri media (Rami
corticales)^
Commissura fornicis, Crus fornicis
Sinus rectus, A. cerebri post. (Ramus med.)
Foramen interventric., Sulcus

terminalis, Venae cerebri int. (R
V. choroidea, Capsula int.,

/ Nucleus lentif.
Pes hippocampi, Cornu inf.
Plexus choroideus ventrii

/ lat. (Glomus chor.), A.
choroidea ant., Hippocai
Fig. 45. Horizontal section through brain and skull above the thalamus.
Demonstration of the cavities of the
lateral ventricles.
Plexus choroideus
ventriculi lat.
Hippocampus, Fimbria
hippocampi, Gyrus
par ah ippocampal is
A. cerebri post, s
■ Sinus petrosus sup.
V. cerebri magna,
A. choroidea
Sinus occipitalis
Septum pellucidum, V. septi pellucidi

Columnae fornicis
Foramen interventriculare,
V. terminalis
A. cerebri media (R. cortical is),

Aa. choroideae post.

/ (A. cerebri post.),
V. cerebri interna
Taenia choroidea,
Adhaesio interthalamica
Pes hippocampi
Corpus pineale,
Trigonum habenulae,
Commissurapost.,
Taenia
A. cerebri post.,
V. basal is
Vv. cerebri inferiores
Aa. cerebelli sup.,
Cerebellum (Facies superior),

Lobulus quadrangularis,
Lobulus semilunaris sup.
X Vv. cerebelli sup.

Vs> Confluens sinuum
Aa. cerebelli sup., N. trochlear is /
Sinus transversus, Tentorium cerebelli /
Facies superior cerebelli

Arachnoidea encephali, Culmen ef Declive vermis
, V. cerebri ant., Falx cerebri,
Arachnoidea encephali
Corpus callosum (Genu),

Cavum septi pellucidi ^
Cornu anterius
Fig. 46. The brain viewed from above. The tentorium has been removed bilaterally
posterior to a frontal section
through the occipital lobe, preserving the transverse sinus. On the left side, the
arachnoid over cerebellum is intact;
on the right, it has been removed so that blood vessels on the upper surface of
cerebellum may be seen.
Taenia that ami,

Commissura posterior
Recessus pineal is
Hippocampus, Gyrus
par ah ippocampal i s,
Cornu inferius,V. petrosa
Falx cerebri
Columnae fornicis,
Commissura anterior,
Ventriculus III, Nucleus caudatus ^
A. meningea media,
Sinus sphenoparietal is n
A. meningea anterior
Nn. olfactorii
, V. cerebri ant.
Corpus callosum (Cenu),

' Fossa cranii anterior
Tentorium
cerebelli,
A. cerebri posterior
V. petrosa
N. trigeminus -
^ N. facialis, N. vesti-
bulocochlearis,
A. labyrinthi
N. glossopharyngeus,
N. vagus, N. accessor
Corpus pineale
(Commissura
Habenula),
V. cerebri interna
sinistra
V. cerebri magna,
N. trochlearis, Lamina tecti
(Colliculus inf.)
Radices cerebrates (XI),

Pedunculus cerebellaris medius,
Velum medullare anterius, ✓

Sulcus medianus
Sinus petrosus sup.,

Sinus transversus,
Vv. cerebri inferiores
A. cerebelli sup.
Pedunculus cerebellaris sup.,

V. basal is
Fossa cranii posterior,
Radices spinates (XI), A. vertebral is

Bulbus et Tractus olfactorius
V. septi pellucidi, Cavum septi pellucidi
Ventriculus lat. (Cornu anterius),

Nucleus caudatus (Caput),
A. cerebri media,
Thalamus, Tuberculum anterius .
Taenia choroidea,
Adhaesio interthalamicp,
Ventriculus
V. cerebri media superfic.

' Rr. striati
Thalamus (Lamina affixa),
Capsula interna, Nucleus lentiform

Fossa cranii media
Fossa rhomboidea, Colliculus facialis,

Ventr. IV (Striae medullares), N. spinalis I
A. cerebelli inferior posterior
Medulla oblongata
Obex, Ventriculus quartus (Taenia),

Nucleus gracilis (Tuberculum)
^Falx cerebelli. Confluens sinuum, Sinus occipitalis,

Vv. cerebelli sup. et inf.
Fig. 47. The brain stem (truncus cerebri) in situ. Intracranial course of cranial
nerves. Relationships of the
brain stem to the cranial fossae.

Chiasma opticum,
Cisterna chiasmatis
Corpus pineale,
V. cerebri magna
Recessus opticus, Adhaesio interthalarnica

Cavum septi pellucidi, Taenia fornicis i \
Commissura ant., Fornix, Foramen interventriculare
Corpus callosum, Pia mater encephali ^
Arachnoidea
Corpus mamillare, Cisterna interpeduncularis

\
Vv. cerebri sup.. Sinus sagittal is sup.
Ventr. Ill (Lamina tectoria), Vv. cerebri int.
Recessus pinea/is, Taenia thalami
Vena cerebri magna, Sinus sagitt. inf.
Arachnoidea encephali,
Hemisphaerium dext.
Falx cerebri, Sinus sagitt. sup.
Commissura
post.,
Sinus rectus
Aquaeductus
cerebri,
Lamina tecti
Limen nasi
Concha
nasal is inf.
M. genioglossus
M. geniohyoideus
M. mylohyoideus-
_ Falx cerebelli
" Ventriculus IV, Taenia
A. basilaris,
Plexus chorioideus ventric. IV
A. vertebral is dext., Nucl. olivaris

Apertura mediana et Taenia (Ventriculus
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris,
Arachnoidea cerebelli
Canalis centralis, Pia mater spinalis
Lig. apicis dentis, Membrana tectoria
Lig. cruciforme atlantis,
Lig. transversum atlantis

Lig. nuchae
Dura mater spinalis,
Arachnoidea spinalis
Articulatio atlantoaxialis
(ant. et post.)
Lig. interspinale
*** Lig. longitudinale post.
^ Discus intervertebral is
Arcus palatopharyngeus
Lig. longitudinale ant,
Hypophysis,
Recessus infundibuli
Concha
nasalis sup.
Cisterna
pontis —
Concha
nasalis
media
Torus levatorius, Tuba auditiva (Ostium pharyngeum) /
Lig. hyoepiglotticum, Epiglottis (Corpus adiposum) /

Membrana thyrohyoidea
IV)
a = Os frontale
b = Os parietale
c = Os occipitale
d = Os sphenoidale
e = Os ethmoidale
f = Os nasale
g = Cartilago nasi lateralis
h = Maxilla
i = Os palatinum
k = Mandibula
1 = Os hyoideum
m = Epiglottis
n = Cartilago thyreoidea
o = Cartilago cricoidea
S. fr.
S. sph
T. pa
T. ph
Uv
Sinus frontalis
Sinus sphenoidalis
Tonsilla palatina
Tonsilla pharyngea
Uvula
Lingula cerebelli
Lobus centralis
3 = Culmen
4 = Declive
5 = Folium vermis
6 = Tuber vermis
7 = Pyramis vermis
8 = Uvula vermis
9 = Nodulus
Fig. 48. Median section through the head. The cut edges of the leptomeninges are
red. The cut surfaces of the tela
choroidea, as well as the choroid plexus, are indicated in green.
Protuberantiaoccip. int.
Fissura orbit, sup
Fascia temporalis, Periosteum *
Sinus rectus, Falx cerebri
Sutura lambdoidea
N Centrum semiovale,
Lobus parietalis
Sutura internasal is
Os nasale
Cavum nasi
Maxilla (Processus frontalis)
Os lacrimale x
M. orbic. oculi
Cavum nasi -
0. ethm. (Lamina orbitalis) -
M. temporalis,
Sutura sphenozygomatica
' Sutura nasomaxil/aris
A., V. angularis, Spina nasal is ossis front.

Saccus lacrimalis, Canaliculus lacrimalis inf.
/M. lacrimalis
Camera oculi ant.
Tarsus inf., Saccus conjunctivae
Bulbus oculi,
Capsula bulbi
— M. obliquus inf.
A. meningea media (Ram. ant.)
Sinus cavernosus,
A. carotis int., N. abducens
Hypophysis, Dura -
Lam. quad rig., N. trochl.,
V. basalis,
Cisterna ambiens -
Tentorium cerebelli _
Sutura squamosa - —
Centrum semiovale,
Lobus temp.
Â. tempor. superfic.
Cartilago auriculae

Periosteum, Dura,
Arachnoidea
Arachnoidea cerebri et cerebelli
M. rectus med. et lat.,

Orbita (Corpus adiposum)
Anulus tendineus communis,

Fissura orbit, sup.
Pedunculus cerebri (Basis), III,

A. basilaris, Plexus basilaris,
Cisterna interped.
Nucleus ruber,
Substant. nigra
Red = neurocranium
Green = visceral cranium
a 4 = Squama occipitalis
b 2 = Squama temporalis
q = Praesphenoid
q = Basisphenoid (Dorsum sellae)
q = Os sphenoidale, Ala major
d = Os parietale
e 2 = Os ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis
63 = Os ethmoidale. Lamina mediana
i = Os zygomaticum
Cb = Cerebellum
C. sph = Concha sphenoidalis
F. h = Fossa hypophyseos
H. = Cellulae ethm. post.
H. 1 = Lobus occip.
M. = Mesencephalon
S. = Septum sinus sphenoid.
Sch. 1 = Lobus temp.
S. sph = Sinus sphenoidalis

V = Cellulae ethm. ant.
Fig. 49. Horizontal section through the head at the level of the external occipital
protuberance. On the left, the
skeleton with muscles; on the right, mucosal membranes and the contents of cranial
spaces.
A., V., N. auricularis post.
(VII), Nodi lymphat.
retroauric.
Nodus lymphat occipitalis, V. cervic. subcut.
;cia cervic. (Lam. superfic.), N. cutaneus cervicis
Fascia nuchae, V. cervic. subcut,

N. transversus colli
N. occipitalis minor., Nodi

lymphatici occipitalis
A., V. occipitalis, N. occipitalis

major, Nodus lymphat. occipit
A., V. occipitalis, Arcus tendineus
Lig. auriculare post., N. occipit. min.

(Rr. auricvlares)
N. auricularis
posterior (VII)
A., V. auricularis post., N.

auricularis magnus
N. occipitalis minor,
V. occipitalis
V. azygos nuchae
N. auricularis magnus, V. jugularis ext
N. transversus colli, Nodus lymphatic,

cervic. sup.
N. accessorius
Nn. supraclaviculares
V. cervicalis subcut., N. cutaneus cervicis
Fig. 50. Blood vessels and nerves of posterior head region and upper neck.
Granulationes arachnoideales, V. emissaria pariet.
Sinus occipit.,
Sinus marginalis
^ A. vertebralis, R. muscularis
/ \
/ '
l N. suboccipit., Atlas (Arcus post.)
N. cervic. II, Ganglion spinale, R. ventr., R. dors. (= N. occipit. maj.)
Dura mater (Regio sutur. lambd.)
A., V. meningea media

Sinus transversus v
A. meningea
post., V. emis¬
saria mastoid.
V. occipitalis -
_V. emissaria condylaris

V. cervic. prof.
V. intervertebral is l
Dura mater spinalis (Regio for. occip. magni),

Plexus ven. vertebr. int., Sinus margin.
^Sinus sagittalis sup.
A. vertebr.
(Plexus ven.) ""
V. cervicalis prof.---
Dura mater spinalis, Plexus ven. vertebr. int.
Fig. 51. Dura mater and the dural sinuses of the posterior head region
Arachnoidea cerebri
Sinus transversus
-Dura mater
— Tonsilla cerebelli
Foramen parietale
Granulationes arachnoideales,
Lacuna lat.
Confluens sinuum
Falx cerebelli ^
cerebelli
Uvula vermis
A. vertebralis
I ^
j Dura mater spinalis
A. vertebralis, Ram. muscularis,

Anastom.: Ram. dors. I et II
Cisternae cerebellomedullaris
Fig. 52. Parietal and occipital lobes with cerebellum and medulla oblongata exposed
from behind.
The dura mater has been removed except for those portions immediately adjacent to
the falx cerebri, the
tentorium and the falx cerebelli. All portions of the brain are enclosed by the
intact arachnoid layer.
A. cerebri media
(Rami corticales)
Sinus sagittalis sup., Granulationes arachnoideales, Lacuna
Dura mater
Arachnoidea
y » \*-i (iff I^LU/COy,
A. cerebri post
(Rr. occipitales
med. et inf.)
A. spinalis post.
Confluens sinuum
Tonsil la cerebelli
cum Pia
Hemisphaerium
cerebelli (Facies
inf.)
Ganglion spinale I cum radice

spinali XI,
A. cerebelli inf. post.
Sinus fransversus
Vv. cerebelli inf.
A. cerebelli
inf. post.
Radix spinalis XI,

Ligam. denticulatum
N. cervic. II (Radix dorsalis) (Fila radicularia) /

V. spinalis ext.
a = Sulcus intraparietalis
b = Sulcus parietooccipitalis
c = Sulci occipit. sup.
d = Sulci occipit. lat.
e = Sulcus occip. transv.
f = Fissura horizontalis cerebelli
g = Pyramis, Uvula
h = Lobulus semilunaris sup.
i = Lobulus semilunaris inf.
j, k = Lobulus biventer
1 = Tonsilla cerebelli
m = Lobulus pariet. sup.
n = Lobulus pariet. inf.
(Gyrus supramarg.)
o = Gyrus angularis
p, q = Gyri occipitales lat.
r = Polus occipitalis
Fig. 53. Telencephalon, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord seen
from behind. The
cerebellomedullary cistern has been opened.
A.
Radices craniales
\ N. cervicalis II
^ Dura (Vagina radicularisf
V. spinalis post. *
Radices spinales XI
A. cerebelli inf. post
Confluens sinuum, Sinus occipitalis

\
Pyramis vermis
Uvula vermis
Vv. cerebelli inf., Sinus transv.
1 ^ Lobulus biventer
Nodulus vermis
Ventric. IV (Tela choroidea),
Apertura mediana,^
Ventriculus IV (Taenia)
cerebelli inf. post., ^
N. vagus

Lobulus semilunaris inf.
z Vv. cerebelli inf
Velum medullare inferius

^ Plexus chor. ventric. IV,
Apertura lat.
N. accessorius,
Ligam. denticul.
N. cervic. I,
A. vertebralis
= Cut surface after removal of the tonsil
Velum medullare ant., Pedunculus cerebellaris sup.
Pedunculus cerebell. medius et inferior

Lobulus biventer
Striae medullares, Ventric. IV (Recessus lat

Lobulus semilunaris inf
^ Lobulus biventer
IX, X
Pedunculus flocculi
A. vertebralis, Plexus venosus,

N. cervicalis I, Ganglion spin. I,
Radix spin. XI
Confluens sinuum
Arachnoidea
Eminentia medialis,
Colliculus facialis
Fossa rhomb. (Fovea inf.)
Pyramis vermis
Uvula vermis
Nodulus vermis
Ventriculus IV (Taenia)^
N. cervicalis I,
A. spinalis post.
N. cervicalis II (Radix post.)
■)
Fig. 54. (Top) Exposure of the under surface of cerebellum, the roof of the fourth
ventricle and the medulla ob¬
longata with associated vessels and nerves, from behind.
Fig. 55 (Bottom) View as in Fig. 54, but the choroid layer of the fourth ventricle
has been removed so that the
ventricle and the outline of the rhomboid fossa may be seen.
N. trochlearis,
V. basalis,
Trigonum lemnisci,
Brachium colliculi inf. N
A. cerebelli sup.
Colliculus facialis,
Sulcus medianus,
Striae meduHares
V. cerebelli sup.,
/ Sinus tr a ns vers us
— N. glosso-
pharyngeus
N. vagus,
A. cerebelli inf
ant.
N. accessorius
(Radices cerebr.
et spin.)
N. hypoglossus
N. cervicalis I
\ Nucleus gracilis (Tuberc.), Nucl. cuneatus (Tuberc.)
Ventriculus IV (Taenia) Obex, Trigonum n. vagi (Ala cinerea)
A. spinalis post
Plexus choroideus ventric. lat.
r Sinus sagittalis sup.
V. cerebri magna, Sinus rectus , R. pericallosus

Corpus callosum (Splenium)
Corpus pineale, V. basalis
Colliculus sup. et inf.,

Vv. cerebelli sup.
A. cerebelli sup. (Rami)
Tentorium
N. facialis,
/ N. vestibulocochlearis,
A. labyrinthi
Sinus sigmoideus
V. petrosa, N. trigeminus, /
Porus acusticus int.,
Canal, cochl. (Apertura ext.)
A. cerebelli inf. post. /
Lig. denticulatum, A. vertebralis, N. hypoglossus
Falx cerebri, Arachnoidea

V. cerebri int. sin
V. cerebri inf., Tentorium,

A. cerebrii post.
Lig. denticulatum
a = Lobulus parietalis sup.

b, b x = Lobulus parietalis inf.
c = Gyrus temporalis med.
d = Gyrus temporalis inf.
e = Praecuneus
fi = Gyrus cinguli
f 2 = Gyrus parahippocampalis
g = Gyrus occipitotemp. med.
h = Gyrus occipitotemp. lat.
i = Pedunculus cerebellaris sup.
j = Pedunculus cerebellaris med.
k = Pedunculus cerebellaris inf.
1 = Velum medullare ant.
Fig. 56. Exposure of the brain stem and the upper cervical cord from behind.
Cerebellum has been
removed at the level of its peduncles. View into the subtentorial space and the
rhomboid fossa.
Chiasma opticum, Dura mater
N. opticus (Dura mater)
A. carotis int., Dura mater
^ N. abducens
Septum nasi (Tunica mucosa), Nn. olfactorii med.
M. obliquus sup., M. rectus med. \
Dura mater
N. trochlearis \
N. oculomotor. (R. inf.), M. rectus inf. \
N. maxillaris, Ganglion pterygo-

palat., N. canalis pterygoid.
Clivus (Dura mater),
Plexus basilaris\
Foram. caec. (Dura mater)
I Cavum nasi (Tunica mucosa), Nn. olfactorii lat.
A., N. ethmoidalis ant, A. meningea ant.
/ A., N. ethmoid post.
M. rectus sup., M. levator palpebr. sup., N. frontalis

N. nasociliaris, N. oculomotorius (R. sup.)
N. abducens
M. rectus lat., N. lacrimalis
A. carotis int.,
Dura mater,
Apex pyramid is
A. meningea
med. (R. ant.)
N. mandib.,
A. meningea med.
Sinus petros. inf.,

Truncus^
sympathicus
N. petrosus major,
A. carotis int.,
Plexus carot. int ,
Fenestra vestibuli
Eminentia
pyramidalis
V. jugularis int.,
N. glossopharyng.,
A. meningea post.
N. facialis^
N. accessorius (R. ext.
N. hypoglossus
N. vagus, Tuberculum jugulare, Dura
(N. vagus et N. hypoglossus)
A. vertebralis
Endorhachis (Periosteum int.), Articulatio

atlantooccipitalis.
A. vertebralis, Vertebra III (Fac. art. inf.)
Lig. denticulatum
N. ophthalmicus
N. maxillaris
Dura mater, Ganglion semilunare

' (trigem.)
N. mandibularis
N. accessorius (R. ext.)
Dura mater cerebelli, Sinus sigmoideus
V. emissaria condylaris, N. hypoglossus
N A. vertebralis, N. hypoglossus, V. comitans

XII, N. cervicalis
Ganglion spinale n. cervic. II
N. cervic. Ill (R. ventr. et dors.)
^ N. cervic. Ill (Ganglion spinale)
Plexus ven. vertebralis int, Vagina duralis
Plexus ven. vertebr. int., Spatium epidurale

Cavum subarachnoidale
Sinus cavernosus, N. abducens
N. vestibulocochlearis,
N. facialis
Sinus petrosus inf.,
N. glossopharyngeus
Bulbus v. jugularis sup.

Dura mater
Ganglion sup., Sinus sigmoideus
Number code as in Fig. 58.
Fig. 57. Exposure of the dura mater at the base of the skull.
Bulbus olfoctorius, Nn. olfactorii (septales et conchales)
Tractus olfact.
Falx cerebri, Dura mater
N. ophthalmicus
Lamina termin. (Cisterna)
Sinus sphenoparietalis,
A. meningea media \
Cisterna chiasmatis
VII, VIII, N. intermedius,

A. labyrinthi '
XI (Ram. ext.), Sinus transv. —

Gyrus tempor.
N. abducens,
Cist, ambiens,
V. petrosa
Cisterna pontis,
■ A. b as Haris,
A. vertebra I is
N. vagus (Ganglion sup.) —
* Cerebellum (Facies inf.)
X,XI
N. hypoglossus
^ Vertebra cerv. Ill (Foramen transversarium)
\ Vertebra cervic. Ill (Facies artic. inf.)
N. opticus, A. ophthalmica,
A. carotis int ., VI
N. oculomot.
Lobus frontalis
N. maxillaris
\
N. mandibularis,
Portio minor (Radix motoria),
Granulat. arachn. Vs -
VI, N. trigem. (Cisterna),

Tentorium
Fissura cerebri lat. (Cisterni
V. cerebri media
Hypophysis, Lobus ant.

^ etpost., Cisterna
interpeduncularis
— N. trochlearis
N. cervicalis I, A. vertebr., Atlas
A. vertebralis, N. cervicalis II
N. hypoglossus, Canalis n. hypogl.
N. cervicalis III (Gangl. spinale)
Dura mater
0 = Condylus occipitalis II = Axis, Corpus
I = Atlas, Massa lat.; left: Arcus post. Ill = Proc. transversus vertebrae cervic.
Fig. 58. Anterior, inferior view of the brain and the cervical cord with an intact
arachnoid mem¬
brane. The basal cisterns. Note the passage of the cranial nerves through the
funnel-like exten¬
sions of the arachnoid, and the trigeminal cistern that forms an outpocketing
toward the semilu¬
nar ganglion.
Polus frontalis. Arachnoidea
A. cerebri ant., Vv. cerebri sup.
N. opticus ,
V. cerebri media, Sulcus rhinalis
Hypophysis (Lobus ant. et post.),
A. carotis int., N. oculomot. ^
A. communicans post., N. trochl.,

^ A. choroidea ant.
A. basilaris, Rami ad pontem,

Ganglion semilunare (trigem.)^
A. cerebri post.
(Ramus corticalis)
A. cere belli inf. ant.,
N. abducens, V. petrosa '''v.
V. petrosa, N. trigeminus,
^ A. cerebelli sup.,
Sulcus collateralis
VII, VIII, N. intermedius
V. cerebri inf.,
Sulcus temp. inf.
Plexus choroideus
ventric. IV, Apertura /at,_
N. glossophar.
Tentorium, A. cerebri post.

~ (R. lot.)
Fissura posterolateralis
cerebelli, XI (R. ext.)
Facies inf. cerebelli,

Vv. cerebelli inf.
N. vagus
Pyramis, A. vertebra I is *
N. cerv. I (Fila radicul.), A. spinalis post.
N. cerv. II (Radix ventr.) A., V. spinalis ant.''
X Arachnoidea spinalis
Dura mater spin.
Bulbus olfactorius
A. cerebri ant., A. commun. ant.,
Chi asm a optic urn ^
Tractus olfact., A. cerebri med. (Rami)
Trigonum olfact., Stria olfact.
A. cerebri media (Rami temp.)
Sinus sigmoideus,
A. cerebelli sup.
^ Radix cerebralis XI,
A. cerebelli inf. post., XII
Plexus ven. vertebralis
Radix spinalis XI, A. vertebr.
N. cerv. Ill (Radix ventr.), Ganglion spinale, V. intervertebralis ^
a = Gyrus rectus
b = Gyri and Sulci orbitales
c = gyrus parakippocampalis
Gyrus occipitotemporalis Iat.
Gyrus temporalis inf.
Lobulus quadrangularis sup. and inf.

Flocculus
h = Lobulus semilunaris inf.

j = Lobulus biventer
k = pyramid
1 = Pons
Fig. 59. View of brain from the base of the skull. The arachnoid has been removed
and the basal cisterns have been
opened so that vessels and nerves at the base of the brain can be seen.
Infundibulum, A. commun. post.,

(Rr. centrales),
N. oculomotorius
A., V. cerebri med.
A. cerebri med. (Rr. centrales)

Substantia perf. ant.
N. trochlear is,
A. cerebelli sup.
_ A. communicans post.
N. trigeminus, A. basilaris _
—- A. choroidea ant.
A. cerebri ant
Bulbus olfactorius
\
A. communicans ant.
A. carotis interna
A. cerebri post.,
V. basalis
v. anastomotica mf.,
A. cerebri post. (Ran
Flocculus
N. glossopharyngeus
(Ganglion sup.), N. vagus
(Ganglion sup.)
\ N. accessorius (R. int. et ext.)
V. cerebelli inf.
\ T. Ihvt&e, tf5b~
\ V. cerebri inf., A. cerebri post. (R. occipit.)
A. cerebri ant.,
/ Trigonum et Tractus olfact.
V. petrosa,
A. cerebelli inf. ant., —
N. abducens
N. facialis, N. intermedius,
Plexus choroid, ventric. IV
Vv. cerebelli inf
Medulla oblongata ^
(Oliva et Pyramis)
A. vertebralis, N, hypoglossus
Radix spinalis (XI), Cerebellum
a = Gyrus rectus
e = Gyrus temporalis inf.
b = Gyri orbitales
f = Gyrus occipitotemporalis med.
c = Gyrus hippocampi
(lingualis)
d = Gyrus occipitotemporalis lat.
g = Pyramis vermis
(fusiformis)
Fig. 60. The basal surface of the brain with blood vessels. The cerebral arterial
circle.
A. rolandica
pericallosa
A. triangularis
A. callosomarginalis
VII, VIII
A. praerolandica
A. cerebri ant. (Ramus parietalis)
A. cerebri post.
(R. temporalis et. R. occipitalis)
^■A. temporalis media
A. cerebri ant. —
A. frontopolaris —
A. ophthalmica
A. communicans post.'
A. cerebri post.
A. cerebelli sup. X
A. carotis interna
A. cerebelli inf. ant.
A. vertebralis dextra
A. gyri angularis
Violet = A. cerebri ant.

Red = A. cerebri media
Orange = A. cerebri post.

1 = Carotissiphon
Pedunculus cerebri
Ventriculus II (Tela choroidea)
A. cerebri anterior dextra
Gyrus cinguli
Corpus callosum •—
A. callosomarginalis ^
Columna fornicis
A. cerebri anterior
A. communicans ant 0 p t j cus
A. communicans posterior ^
N. oculomotorius /
A. cerebri posterior '
A. cerebelli superior j
N. trochlearis
A. basilaris
A. cerebelli inferior anterior' /
A. vertebralis sinistra
A. cerebelli inferior posterior '
/ Corpus pineale
V. cerebri interna
V. cerebri magna (Galeni)
A. cerebri posterior,
Sulcus calcarinus
A. spinalis posterior /
A. spinalis anterior
Septum
pellucidum
/ A. septi Corpus callos
/ pellucid! (Truncus)
Commissura post
Aquaeductus
cerebri (Sylvii)
Commissura
ant.
Arteria cerebri
ant. dextra
Arteria cerebri
ant. sinistra
A. frontopolaris
V. cerebri int.
Thalamus
V. cerebri interna
Corpus fornicis
Fornix, Corpus
I
Columna
fornicis
Pons
A. cere
media
Tuber
cinereum
media sinistra
post.
Fig. 63. Arteries of the human upper brainstem, in particular those of the basal
ganglia. Medial view of left hemisphere.
Note the origin of 10-20 central perforating arteries from the middle cerebral
artery and their entrance into the post¬
erior perforated substance (injection preparation by H. Ferner and W. Trost).
Fig. 61. (Left, top) Lateral view of the arteries of the left hemisphere. Injection
preparation. The brain is depicted
as translucent so that a direct comparison may be made with an arteriogram. The
terminal branches of the anterior
and posterior cerebral arteries curve around the borders of the hemisphere to
continue onto the convex surface
(after Ferner/Kautzky in: Handbuch der Neurochirurgie, Vol. 1, Berlin-Heidelberg-
New York, 1959).
Fig. 62. (Left, bottom) Arteries on the medial aspect of the cerebrum (right
hemisphere) and the surface of cere¬
bellum. Left hemisphere has been removed. Medial view (after Sobotta/Becher).
Pulvinar thalami
V. cerebri interna dextra

Fig. 64. (Top) Right anteroposterior carotid angiogram. Note the T-shaped branching
at the end of the carotid siphon with
the anterior cerebral a. going medially and the middle cerebral a., laterally. The
terminal branches of the ant. cerebral a.
curve around the border of the hemisphere to continue on the convex surface.
Fig. 65. (Bottom) Vena basalis (of Rosenthal) and Vena cerebri magna (of Galen)
[after Toldt/Hochstetter].
~ V. cerebri magna
V. basal is ^
■ Vv. frontales int. sin.

(Vv. septi pellucidi)
V. frontalis int
dextra
_— V. choroidea
V. choroidea
- V. cerebri int.
V. occipiloparietalis
int. sin. "
V. occipitoparietalis
int.
V. frontoparietalis int.
(Rami frontales)—
V. frontoparietalis int. - —
V. frontoparietalis int.
(Rami parietales)
Fig. 66. The internal cerebral veins and their tributaries; left: typical, right:
variation.
Foramen interventriculare (Regio)
V. jugularis int.
W. cerebri superiores
Sinus sigmoideus
Y V. jugularis superior
V. facialis''
V. retromandibularis
V. cerebri int.
V. emissaria
- V. cerebri magna
V. ophthalmica sup.
V. angularis ^
Sinus cavernosus ~~
V. infraorbitalis —
— V. basalis
-— Sinus rectus
— Confluens sinuum
— V. emissaria mastoidea
V. occipitalis
Plexus venosus ^
(Foramen ovale)
Plexus pterygoideus '
V. thalamostriata (terminalis)
Sinus sagittalis inf.
* = also called Labbee’s vein
Fig. 67. Venous trunks of the head, and dural sinuses with anastomoses between the
venous networks.
The dural sinuses and veins obscured by bone are drawn on a translucent skull
(after Ferner/Kautzky in: Handbuch
der Neurochirurgie, Vol. 1, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1959).
V. septi pellucidi
V. terminalis .__
V. cerebri interna sin.
_„ A. cerebri ant sin. et dextra
/ A. cerebri media dextra

A. choroidea ant.
Prosencephalon (Tela chor.)
Plexus choroideus
— V. choroidea
Rami chor. post.
^ V. cerebri magna
(Galeni)
A. cerebri post, dextra
Sinus sagitt. inferior
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Sinus sagittal is sup.
Fig. 68. Horizontal section of the brain with the branching and distribution of the
anterior, middle and posterior cerebral
arteries. Location and course of the deep cerebral veins.
A. spinalis post.
N. lacrimalis, V. ophthal. sup.,

A. meningoorbitalis.
Fiss. orbit, sup.
•"'N. trochlearis, N. frontalis

N. oculomot., N. abducens,
N. nasociHaris
(V 3 ), For. spin.,
N. petrosus minor
Fissura
sphenopetrosa
N. petrosus
major, Hiatus
canal is fac.,
N. petr. minor,
A. tymp. sup.
^ Porus acust. int.,
N. facialis, N. vestibulo¬
cochlear is, A. labyrinthi
S N. glossophar.,
N. vagus, N. access.,
A. meningea post.
v. emissaria mastoidea
V. jugul. int. (Bulbus sup.),
V. emissaria condylaris
'A. carotis int., Plex. (nerv.) caroticus inf.

N. petr. major, For. lacerum
N. hypoglossus, Canalis hypoglossi (Rete venosum

A. vertebralis
Radix spinalis XI
Fossa cranii ant., Planum sphenoid.
Tuberculum sellae, Limbus sphen
Pars petrosa
(Margo sup.)
Facies ant. et post.,
Aquaeductus vestibuli
— N. maxillaris
N. mandibularis,
Rete ven.,
A. meningea accessoria
0. sphenoidale, (Ala minor)

Proc. din. ant.
Os occipitale (Fossa cerebellaris),

Sulcus sigmoideus,
Sulcus transversus —
A. spinalis ant.
V. spinalis post.
— Sinus frontalis
Sulcus caroticus,
Dorsum sellae,
Fibrocartilago basalis,
Synch, sphenopetrosa
Synchondrosis spheno-
occipit. et petrooccipit.,
Canalis caroticus
(Apertura int.)-^.
Nn. olfactorii, A. ethmoidea ant.,

Foramen caecum
, N. ethmoideus ant.
a = Fossa cranii ant.

p! = Fossa hypophysialis
p 2 = Fossa cranii media
y = Fossa cranii post.
a x = Os occipitale, Pars basilaris
bj = Os temporale, Pars petrosa
b 2 = Os temporale, Squama
Ct = Os praesphenoideum
C 2 = Os basisphenoideum

d = Os parietale
f-t = Squama frontalis
Fig. 69. Base of the cranium seen from the inside. The three cranial fossae are
separated by
green lines; on the right, vessels and nerves are indicated where they pass through
foramina.
N. opticus, Diaphragma sellae, Hypophysis, Foramen
diaphragm
N. oculomotorius, A. carotis int.,

Pars petrosa (Apex)
N. trochlear is
A. mening. med.,
R. front, et pariet.,
R. meningeus (V 2 , V 3 ) ^
^ N. trigeminus,
Sinus petrosus sup.
N. intermedius,
N. vestibulo-
cochlearis, N.
facialis, Sinus
petrosus inf.
^ Confluens sinuum, Sinus occipit., Sinus sagittal, sup.
Saccus endolym'phaticus
Plexus basilaris, R. tentorii (VJ/
N. hypoglossus
Medulla spinalis, Falx cerebelli, A. meningea post., R. mening.
Bulbus et Tractus olfactorius
A. carotis int., A. ophthalmica,

Sinus intercavernosi
/N. trochlearis, N. oculomotorius
cerebri med.
inus cavernosus, A. carotis int.,

Sinus sphenopariet.
N. vagus, N. accessorius
v Sinus sigmoideus, Sinus

transversus
Radix spinalis (XI), A. vertebralis,

Lig. denticulatum, Sinus occipitalis
x" Falx cerebri, A. meningea ant., Sinus front.
Fig. 70. Base of skull from the inside. Dural vessels and nerves (on left side);
opened dural
sinuses (on right side).
Rami frontales
A. cerebri ant.
A. cerebri ant. sin.
A. cerebri media.
A. communicans post.
N. oculomotorius __
A. cerebri post _
A. vertebral is --— —
A. spinalis ant.
A. cerebri post. ^
(Ramus temporalis) '
A. cerebri post. (Ramus occipitalis) ^
A. communicans ant.
— A. cerebri media
_A. choroidea ant.
"■A. cerebri post.
■ A. cerebelli sup.
' A. labyrinthi
/->-/// M\)
Fig. 71. The arteries of the brain and the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) and
their topographi¬
cal relationship to the base of the skull and tentorium. The left hemisphere has
been removed,
and only portions of the occipital and temporal lobes remain on the right. The
basal artery and the
tentorial notch. The right posterior cerebral artery arises from the internal
carotid artery (fre¬
quent variation) (drawn by K. Endtresser from an illustration in Ferner/Kautzky in:
Handbuch
der Neurochirurgie, Vol. 1, Berlin—Heidelberg—New York, 1959).
Canal is opticus,
Processus
clinoideus ant.,
Fissura orbit, sup.
Sinus sphenoidalis dext.
Processus clinoideus post.,

Foramen rotundum
Foramen caecum, Sinus frontalis (Septum)
Sinus frontalis (Apertura dextr.)
Cellulae
ethmoidales ant. sin.
Cellulae ethmoidales ant.
Cellulae
' ethmoidales post.
Cellulae ethmoidales post. sin.
Sinus sphenoidalis sin.
Crista galli, Lamina cribrosa
Sinus frontalis sin. .
Lamina cribrosa \
Fossa hypophyseos
Dorsum sellae, Foramen ovale
Fig. 72. The paranasal sinuses shown in different colors, viewed from above. On the
left side the
sinuses are projected on the bone (transparent) of the skull base. On the right,
the cavity and
floor of the sinuses have been brought into view by partial removal of the
overlying bone.
Vv. cerebri mediae superficiales
V. cerebri anterior v.
V. cerebri media profunda
V. interpeduncuiaris
V. temporalis interna -
V. basal is -
V. cerebri magna^^
A. cerebri anterior
A. cerebri media
A. carotis interna
___ Hypophysis, Pars
infundibularis
— A. cerebri
posterior
— Plexus choroideus
(Cornu inferius)
n Corpora
mamillaria
Fig. 73. The basal vein on the inferior surface of the brain with its anastomoses
and tributaries.
Part of the drainage pattern of the basal vein is in the form of a circulus venosus
in the region of
the chiasm, formed by connections between the anterior cerebral, the middle (deep)
cerebral and
the interpeduncular veins. The vein that drains the deep portion of the inferior
horn (left side of
the picture) is called the “internal temporal vein.” Note also the superficial
middle cerebral vein
(drawn by K. Endtresser from an illustration in Ferner/Kautzky in: Handbuch der
Neurochirur-
gie, Vol. 1, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1959).
A. cerebri ant.
___ A. carotis int.
A. cerebri media
(Ramus parietalis U
A. cerebri media /
(Rami temporales) (descendentes)
Branches of the anterior cerebral artery curving around

the medial margin of the hemisphere.
A. cerebri media
(Rr. frontales)
(ascendentes)
A. callosomarginalis
Fig. 74. (Top) Normal internal carotid arteriogram, lateral view
(R. Kautzky, Div. of Neurosurgery, University of Hamburg).
Fig. 75. (Bottom) Frontooccipital vertebral arteriogram

(R. Kautzky, Div. of Neurosurgery, University of Hamburg).
Ramus parietooccipitalis
Vena
anastomoiica sup.
Vv. cerebri superiores
\S inus sigmoideus
Sinus petrosus sup.
V. cerebri int.
Sinus sagittalis inf.
Vena cerebri magna
Sinus rectus
V. basal is
Fig. 76. (Top) Normal vertebral arteriogram, lateral view (from Kautzky/Ziilch in:
Neurologisch-
neurochirurgische Rontgendiagnostik, Berlin—Heidelberg—New York, 1955).
Fig. 77. (Bottom) Late phlebogram, lateral view (from Kautzky/Ziilch in:
Neurologisch-neurochirurgische
Rontgendiagnostik, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1955).
A. cerebri post
Tractus opticus
N. trochlearis
\g|
Mesencephalon,
Pedunculus cerebri
Tentorium
A. cerebelli sup. -&
N. trigem. (Radix motoria) —
V. petrosa
Sinus petrosus sup.
N. mandibularis
A. meningea
media
A. choroidea ant.
A. carotis int.
Nervus opticus
A. carotis int.
Sinus petrosus sup.
N. trigem. (Radix sensoria),

N. trigem. (Cisterna)
Ganglion
semilunare
(trigem.)
Fig. 78. Lateral view of the midbrain and the cerebral arterial circle after
elevation of the tem¬
poral lobe. By reflecting back a portion of the tentorium and opening the dural
trigeminal pocket,
it is possible to see the rostral end of pons, the right brachium pontis with the
root of the trigemi¬
nal nerve (portio major and minor) and also the relationship of the trigeminal root
to the semilu¬
nar ganglion. By opening the dural trigeminal pocket, the superior petrosal sinus
is transected be¬
cause of its course over the trigeminal nerve. The superior petrosal sinus
receives, immediately
posterior to the trigeminal nerve, a vein from the cerebellum (petrosal v.) into
which opens the
basal vein from the front (frequent variation). The petrosal vein runs between the
sensory and
motor roots of the trigeminal nerve. The anterior cerebral artery is seen
originating above the
chiasm (drawn by K. Endtresser from an illustration in Ferner/Kautzky, in: Handbuch
der
Neurochirurgie, Vol. 1, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1959).
N.
Arachnoidea
N. glossopharyngeus, Canaliculus cochleae (Apertura ext)
Septum durae, Foramen

N. vagus, N.
Ganglion semilunare (trigem.)
N.
facialis- intermedius, N. vestibulocochlearis

Sinus petrosus sup., Arachnoidea
I Dura
/ N. trigeminus
/ Cavum subarachnoidale (Cisterna trigem.)
A. carotis interna, Plexus

caroticus int., Canalis caroticus
N. mandibularis, Rete ven.

(Foramen ovale),
Ganglion oticum
Tuba auditiva
tq5H.
Os occipitale (Pars basilar is), M. longus capitis
Epipharynx
N. accessorius
(Radix spinalis),
N. hypoglossus
Atlas (Arcus post.)

Lig.
N. cervic. II (Radix ventr. et dors.)
Atlas, Lig. transversum atlantis
A. vertebral is.
Lig. denticulatum
cervic. I (Radix ventr. et dors.) —
Fig. 79. Section through the base of the skull showing the left cavum trigeminale
(Meck¬
el s cavity) and the trigeminal cistern. The plane of this section is left
parasagittal in the area
of the vertebral canal, then becomes oblique pointing laterally, and near Meckel’s
cavity is
at right angle to the axis of the pyramid.
N. mandibularis
Pars petrosa (Facies ant.), N. petrosus major
Ganglion semilunare (trigeminale)
Tuba auditiva (Isthmus), A. meningea media, A. tympanica sup., N. petrosus minor

N. vagus '
XI, Radices craniales et spinales
Septum durale (IX et X) I I |
N. vestibularis I I
Meatus acust. int. (Fundus), Crista transversa, N. facialis, N. intermedius I
N. ampul laris post., Saccus endolymphaticus
N. maxillaris
N. ophthalmicus
A. carotis int., Plica petroclinoidea ant.
Chorda tympani,
A. tymp. ant.
N. oculomotorius -
Recessus epitympan
N. trigeminus
(Radix sensoria)
Articulatio incudomc
N. hypoglossus ■
Can.
M. tensor tympani, Ganglion geniculi VII, N. facialis

| Tuba auditiva (Pars ossea)
M. tens. tymp. (Tendo), Ligam. fundiforme
Sinus cavernosus,
N. trochlearis,
Plica petroclinoidea post.
^ Caput mallei, Ligarr

mallei sup.
si. trigeminus (Radix motoria),
N. abducens-
Crus breve incudis,

Ligam. incudis post
Aditus ad antrum
N. cochlearis,
A. labyrinthi, Dura
Cellulae mastoideae
N. glossopharyngeus
Canalis semicircular
Canalis semicircularis post,

semicircul. ant. et post., Crus osseum commune
Canalis semicircularis ant.
Cellulae mast. (Paries medialis)

Sinus sigmoideus
Fig. 80. Area of the semilunar ganglion (of Gasser) and the geniculate ganglion of
the facial nerve.
View into the tympanic cavity after removal of tegmen tympani.
Hypophysis, Diaphragma sellae
Sinus intercavernosus ant.
' N. opticus, A. ophthalmica
A. carotis int. - —
Infundibulum,
Sinus intercav. post. -
Plica petroclinoidea post.

Impressio trigemini
Plexus basilaris, N. abducens "
Sinus basilaris
N. hypoglossus
\l. oculomot.
f. trochlearis
N. trigeminus (P.
N. maxillaris
N. vagus
N. accessorius,Sinus petrosus inf.
A. vertebral is
Os sphen. (Ala m
V. meningoorbital
N. ophthalmicus
N. trig. (Pars mo to
Ganglion semilum
. meningea media
N. abducens, A. cc
Sinus cavern.
onticulus abduc.,
inus petrosus sup.
J. vestibulocochlea
\. labyrinthi
N. glossopharyng
i. tympanica sup.,
J. petrosus minor
I. petrosus major
Fig. 81. Blood vessels and nerves in the middle portion of the skull base,
particularly in the region of
sella turcica.
N. petrosus minor Dura, N. trigeminus (Arachnoidea), N. oculomot.
Tuba audifiva, N. fens, tymp., A. fymp, sup.
N. pefrosus major
N. trig. (Pars motoria)
Cellulae mast. post.
N. petrosus minor, R. comm, ad VII et ad n. petr. maj.
Gangl. geniculi VII

Nn. caroticotymp., M. tensor tymp.
M. tens. tymp. (Tendo), Proc. cochleariformis
j Sinus sphen., Plexus venosus pteryg.
f |
| N. opticus, A. carotis int., Vv. cerebri mediae
N. infraorbitalis, Ggl. pterygopalatinum,

Nn. pterygopalatini
N. frontalis, N. lacrimalis
Ggl . ciliare, Radix oculomotoria,
A. centralis retinae
I
| A. ophthalmica, N. nasociliaris,
Ram. comm, cum r. nasociliari
v/. opticus, Vagina duralis
Stapes, Membrana stapedis

Canal is semicirc. ant. I
Cana/is semicirc. lat. j |
Cellulae mast, retrolabyrinth. I | j
vii | | | I
At, N. stapedius J I j
Plexus tympanicus,
Ramus art. et nerv. ad
fenestram cochleae et j
vestib.
N. facialis, Chorda j
tympani, A. tymp. post. /
Ram. auricularis (X),j
R. comm, cum
r. auriculari n. vagi
Ramus digastricus (VII), A. stylomast.'
/ /
/ /
// /
/ 7
1 7
/ 7
/ 1
/ / I
/ / I
/ / I
Ram. commun. cum plexu tympanico ‘ j j /
A. tympanica inf., N. tympanicus 1 J j
V. jugularis int., A. occipitalis 1 j
Gangl. inf. IX, A. carotis int., Plexus (nerv.) carot. int.'
Sinus maxillaris
Gangl. oticum, A. meningea accessoria,

\ N. sphenoideus int.
\ M. pterygoideus med.
M. tensor veli palatini, N. tens, veli palatini,
N. pteryg. med.
M. levator veli palat., A. pharyngea asc. (Rr. tubales)
Ram. comm, cum n. auriculotemp. et cum chorda tymp.
Plexus tympan., Tunica mucosa tymp.

Rami pharyngei IX, X
A. pharyngea ascendens
N. laryngeus sup.
Gangl. inf. X, Rr. comm, cum XII I
Gangl. cervicale sup. (Truncus symp.)
V (1, 2, 3) =
Ganglion semilunare (trigeminale),
IX = N. glossopharyngeus
N. ophthalmicus, maxillaris,
X = N. vagus
mandibularis
XI = N. accessorius, R. ext.
VII -
N. facialis
XII = N. hypoglossus
Fig. 82. Lateral view of vessels and nerves of the right middle ear, on the medial
wall of the tympanic cavity and
in adjoining areas in front and behind. Structures in the middle cranial and
infratemporal fossae; exposure of the
cervical neurovascular bundle. Lateral view of the opened facial canal, the
anterior and lateral semicircular ca¬
nals and the musculotubal canal. The auditory part of the skull has been cut in an
oblique-sagittal plane extending
medially from the eardrum, so that the stirrup remains in contact with the medial
wall of the tympanic cavity.
Recessus sphaericus (sacculi), Crista vestibuli
Canalis spiralis cochleae, VII, Ganglion geniculi

Cochlea, N. petrosus major
A. carotis int., Plexus ven. et nerv. car. int., Lamina

spiralis ossea, Seal a tympani, Scala vestibuli
I
I Sinus petrosus sup., A. carotis int., IV, Sinus cavernosus

A, carotis int., N. abducens
III., Plexus caroticus int.
II., A. carotis int.
A. carot. int. (Genu), N. ophthalm.
Anulus tendineus comm., N. frontalis

N. lacrimalis
Ganglion ciliare, N. lacrimalis

Lamina spiralis ossea, Fenestra cochleae (Specillum)
Vestibulum \
j I
Canalis semicircul. ant. (Ampulla), Cellula mast, retrolab.
N. facialis, Canalis semicircul. lat.
(Ampulla), Specillum
N I. stapedius cum nervo et art.,
Cellulae mast, mediae
Sinus sigmoideus, Cellulae

mastoideae sup.
VII., Chorda tympani,
A. tympanicapost., /
Cell. mast. inf. I
Nervus vagus, Ram. auricularis
M. digastric., Ram. communicans cum

plexu tympanico
XL, A. occip., V. jugul. int.
A. stylomast., XII
Ganglion sup. X, N. sinus carotid
Truncus symp., Ggl. cervic. sup.
N. laryngeus sup
Gang/, pterygopalat., Nn. pterygopalatini
A. maxi Haris, Nn. palatini, A. palat. desc., Os maxillare
' A. et N. canalis pterygoidei, Proc. pteryg. (Lam. med.)
Fibrocartilago basal is, N. petrosus prof., M. longus capitis,
Fascia praevertebralis
! N. tympanicus, A. tympanica inf.
Ganglion inf. IX, A. pharyngea asc.
N. maxillaris, Foramen
rotundum, Fissura orbitalis inf.
Rami pharyngei (IX, X, Truncus symp.)
Fig. 83. Vertical section through the petrosal bone along the axis of the pyramid.
Opened inner
ear, facial canal, mastoid air cells, carotid canal, superior orbital fissure and
foramen rotundum.
Course of the internal carotid artery through the petrosal bone.
Falx cerebri,
Os sphenoidale (Planum)
N. opticus, A. ophtalmica
Arachnoidea,
Cisterna chiasmatis
Massa intermedia,
Taenia thalami,
Taenia chor., V. terminalis
A. cerebri media
A. cerebri ant.
Tentorium, N. trochlearis *
Epiphysis, V. cerebri int., A. cerebri post. >
' Thalamus, Taenia choroidea,

Lamina affixa
' Commissura post.
Arachnoidea ^
N. opticus, Pia mater
A. communicans ant.,
Commissura ant.,
Ventr. Ill,
A. et V. cerebri media,
Arachnoidea
' A. carotis int.,
A. hypophys. sup.
t Tractus olfactorius, Os sphenoidale, Limbus
Ala minor, Tractus olfact., Trig.
III. (Plica
petroclinoidea post.)
IV. (Plica
petroclinoidea ant.)
A. cerebri post.
Chiasma nerv. optic.,

Lamina terminalis,
Recessus opticus
Tentorium cerebelli (Margo),
A. cerebelli sup.
Recessus infundibuli (Ventric. Ill),

Hypothalamus, Tractus opticus
A. communicans post.,
Dorsum sellae
A. communicans ant., N. opticus

I
A. cerebri media
A. cerebri ant.,
Rami centrales ant.,
Subst. perf. ant.
A. communicans post.
cerebri
(Basis), Subst. nigra,
Nucleus ruber
Aquaeductus cerebri,
Lam. quadrig. (Colliculus inf.)
Fossa interpeduncularis,
A. basilaris, Rami centrales,
Subst. perforata post.
A. cerebelli post.,
Tentorium cerebelli (Margo)
Vermts cerebelli
(Lobulus
centralis et Culmen)
Falx cerebri,
Sinus rectus,
Lobulus quadrangularis
Fig. 84. (Top) Region of the optic chiasm, diencephalon from above, anterior and
middle cranial fossae.
Fig. 85. (Bottom) Cross section of mesencephalon viewed through the tentorial notch
from above. Region of optic
chiasm, cerebral arterial circle.
^%al(ks2-5'^
Bulbus olfactorius
Lamina terminalis (Cisterna)
Cisterna chiasmatis
N. opticus, Foramen a. carotis int.
Fossa lat. cerebri (Cisterna)
— N. oculomotorius r
Cisterna interpeduncularis ,
N. trochl.
N. abducens
N. trigeminus (Cisterna)
VII, VIII
Cist, cerebellomedullaris (Regio)
A. basilaris,
Cisterna pontis (Regio) -
Cisterna ambiens (Regio),

V. petrosa
Cisterna pontis (Regio) —

^ IX, X, XI
Aa. vertebrates —
Cavum subarachnoideale,
Radix spinalis XI
Fig. 86. The arachnoid and subarachnoid space on the inferior aspect of the brain.
Note the openings for
passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves.
Commissura post., Recessus pineal is
Recessus suprapinealis,
Corp. callosum (Cisterna)
Plexus choroideus ventr. Ill, Fornix

Falx cerebri, Sinus sagitt. sup.
Prosencephalon (Tela choroidea), Os pariet. (Diploe)

/ Foveola granularis
Cavum subarachnoideale,
Facies medialis N
Ventriculus tertius,
Foramen interventriculare -
Recessus opticus
Cisterna chi asm at is
Hypophysis
Cisterna interpeduncularis, Recessus infundibuli

V. cerebri magna, Corpus pineale, Aquaeductus cerebri
A. basilaris, Cist, pontis
Ventriculus quartus
' Sinus sagittalis inf.
Sinus rectus
Commissura ant.
^ Arbor vitae
Plexus chor. ventric. IV, Apertura mediana

Cisterna cerebellomedullaris
Canal is centralis
Cavum subarachnoideale, Facies convexa
Fossa lat. cerebri (Cisterna) '
VII, VIII
Fissura transversa cerebri

(cerebro cerebellaris)
Cist, cerebellomedullaris (Regio)
Cisterna pontis (Regio)
IX, X, XI'
XII
Fig. 87. (Top) The arachnoid and the subarachnoid space; particularly the cisterns,
in median section
(semischematic). Fluid-filled spaces are colored blue. Blood vessels are included
only where they have a
specific relationship to the cisterns.
Fig. 88. (Bottom) Lateral view of the arachnoid, the subarachnoid space and the
cisterns of the brain
(semischematic). Fluid-filled spaces are colored blue.

Falx cerebri
Fig. 89. Superior surface of the cerebral hemisphere after removal of the meninges.
Only falx
cerebri remains in the longitudinal cerebral fissure. Note, by comparing with Fig.
90, the
individual differences in the development of the convolutions and sulci. The
identification of a
person based on this pattern would be just as accurate as using a fingerprint
(dactyloscopy)
(prepared by Vieder).
r .. ^ Pol us frontalis
Gyrus frontalis superior .
\ i
' \ / Fissura longitudinalis cerebri
\ ' /
/Sulcus frontalis superior
Sulcus frontalis inferior

/Sulcus praecentralis
Gyrus praecentralis
Sulcus lateralis
Gyrus supra-
marginalis
Sulcus frontalis superior

\
v Lobus
^ r . .. .. \ frontal is,''
Gyrus frontalis meatus \ '
Sulcus temporalis
superior
Gyrus angularis ^
Sulcus centralis
\
x Sulcus centralis
Sulcus postcentralis
Sulcus intraparietalis
Lobulus parietalis inferior
Lobulus parietalis superior

Gyri
Polus occipitalis
Gyrus postcentralis
\
\
Sulcus parietooccipital is
Fig. 90. Cerebral hemisphere after removal of the leptomeninges. Seen from above
Chiasma opticum
Polus frontalis
Gyrus rectus
Sulcus olfactorius
Sulci orbitales
Trigonum olfactorium
Corpus mamillare
Uncus gyri
'' parahippocampalis
Sulcus temporalis
„ '' inferior
^ Crus cerebri
Substantia
nigra
Tuber
cinereum
Gyrus
temporalis
inferior
Polus temporalis
Fossa lateralis
cerebri X N
Sulcus
temporalis x
inferior
Sulcus
hippocampi
Gyrus occipito¬
temporal. lateral.
Gyrus para¬
hippocampalis
Gyri orbitales
Substantia perforata
anterior '
Sulcus ^
collateralis
Sulcus occipito-
temporalis
Sulcus
calcarinus
Aquaeductus cerebri
Colliculus superior
Isthmus gyri cinguli
\ Gyrus occipitotemporal is medialis
\
Gyrus cinguli
Cuneus ' , \
Polus occipitalis \
Fig. 91. The cerebral hemisphere after removal of the leptomeninges. Seen from
below. The brain stem and cere¬
bellum have been removed by a section through the midbrain. The red nucleus is seen
bilaterally under substantia
nigra on the cut surface of the midbrain (from Sobotta/Becher).
Praecuneus Columna fornicis
Sulcus subparietolis
Sulcus parieto-
occipitolis
Corpus callos
.s'"' (Sptenium)
Gyrus cinguli (1sti
Cuneus
Sulcus centralis Su)cus c(ngu(/
Corpus callosum (Sulcus)
Sulcus cinguli
Corpus callosum (Truncus)
Lobulus paracentralis
Gyrus frontalis
superior
Sulcus cinguli"
Sulcus
calcai
Pol us
occipitalis
Gyrus occipitotemporal is medialis

J Gyrus temporalis inferior
Sulcus occipitotemporal is
Gyrus fasciolaris Gyrus occipitotemporal is lateralis
Gyrus parahippocampal is
Polus temporalis
Polus frontalis'
Septum pellucidum'
Corpus callosum
Sulcus parolfactorius anterior

Area
Commissura anterior
Uncus,
Gyrus parahippocampalis Q fus f orn j c j s
Fig. 92. Right cerebral hemisphere. The brain has been cut in the median plane, and
the brain stem and cerebellum
have been removed by an oblique section through the diencephalon. View of the
medial and inferior surfaces of the
hemisphere (from Sobotta/Becher).
Vena thalamostriata
Ventr. lat. (Cornu ant.)
\
Caps. int. (Crus ant.)
Caps. int. (Genu)
Necleus lentiformis (Putamen)

\
Caps. int. (Crus post.) ^
Crus fornicis
Radiatio optica
Ventr. lat. (Cornu post.)
Calcar avis
Thalamus
N Nucleus caudatus (Cauda)
V. cerebri int.
Forceps major

I ICorpus callosum (Genu)
Cavum septi pellucidi
Arachnoidea
/
Septum pellucidum
. septi pellucidi
^Columnae fornicis
Foramen interventriculare
Gyri insulae
Ventr. Ill (Tela choroidea)
\ Sulcus calcarinus
Fig. 93. Horizontal section through the brain, seen from below.
Cavum septi pellucidi
Lamina septi pellucidi
Thalamus
Commissura inferior
Pulvinar thalami
Colliculus superior
Corpus pineale
Columnae fornicis
Ventriculus tertius
Adhaesio
interthalamica
caudatus (Caput)
Thalamus (Tuberculum
anterius)
Stria terminalis,
V. thalamostriata
Lamina affixa
Nucleus caudatus, ,
Stria terminalis '
Thalamus, Stria medullaris
Colliculus inferior '
Hemisphaerium cerebelli
Vermis cerebelli
Fig. 94. Basal ganglia of the brain (thalamus and caudate nucleus), third
ventricle, lamina quadrigemina and cere¬
bellum seen from above. The columns of the fornix, the chorid lamina of the third
ventricle and the temporal and
occipital lobes of the hemisphere have been removed. The lamina affixa, which here
is the extremely thin wall of the
telencephalon, lies on the thalamus and is shown in yellow (from Sobotta/Becher).
Lamina terminalis
I Tuber cinereum
Fissura ! i Bulbus
longitudi- 1 I olfactorius
nalis cerebri i j / Tractus
Medulla spinalis
Trigonum
Corpus mamillare
Pedunculus corporis
mamillaris
Tractus
opticus
Sulcus
n. oculo¬
motor ii
Chiasma opticum
Infundibulum
Fossa inter-
peduncularis
x Substantia per¬
forata anterior
Plexus choroi-
/deus, Ventriculus
lateralis
Ventriculus
/lateralis
(Cornu inferius)
Pes hippo¬
campi
Foramen caecum
Funiculus lateralis,
Medulla oblongata
Oliva
Pyramis
Striae olfactoriae
Limen insulae
Fossa lateralis
/ cerebri
Pedunculus
Substantia
perforata posterior
Fibrae pontis
transversae
Pons /
Sulcus basilaris
N. trochlearis
N. trigeminus
N. intermedius
N. vestibulo¬
cochlear is
N. facialis
Flocculus cerebelli
Plexus choroideus,
Ventriculus IV
(Apertura lat.)
N. glossopharyngeus
v N. vagus
> N. hypoglossus
N. accessorius
Medulla oblongata
Decussatio pyramidum
Fig. 95. Brain stem and associated structures of the brain seen from below:
diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla
oblongata (bulb). The temporal poles have been removed. The cranial nerves are
retained on the left side and re¬
moved on the right. Slightly larger than natural size (from Sobotta/Becher).
Recessus suprapinealis
Brachium colliculi sup.
Corpus geniculatum mediale
Brachium colliculi inf.
Frenulum veli medullaris ant
Corpus geniculatum lat.

Colliculi inf.
Sulcus medianus post., Fasciculus gracilis
Commissura post., Taenia thalami
/ Pulvinar thalami
Corpus pineale
Colliculi sup.
Pedunculus cerebell. sup

Pedunculus cerebell. medius
(Brachium
Sulcus limitans, Colliculus facialis
Ventric. IV (Recessus lat.),

Pedunculus cerebell. inf. (Corpus restiforme)'"
Taenia ventric. IV, Fovea inf.-

N. hypoglossus (Trigonum) Sulcus medianus
Obex, Calamus scriptorius—

— Fovea sup.
-- Eminentia medialis
Area vestibularis, Striae medullares
- Alacinerea
- Funiculus seperans
Area postrema
Nucleus caudatus (Tuberculum)
Clava (Nucleus gracilis, Tuberc.)
- Sulcus lateralis post.
- Fasciculus cuneatus, Sulcus intermedius post,
r. TkztZtSF
Velum medullare ant., N. trochlearis
Nervus opticus
Area olfactoria, Substant. perforata ant
Corpus mamillare
Fossa interpeduncularis, Substantia
Tractus opticus
Pedunculus cerebri, Sulcus basilaris

Tractus opticus (Radix
Tractus opticus (Radix med.)

Corpus geniculatum laterale —
Foramen caecum, Pons
Pedunculus cerebell. medius
N. facialis •"
Pyramis medullae oblongatae
N. hypoglossus
Sulcus lateralis ant.
Fissura mediana ant.
Fasciculus lateralis
N. cervicalis I (Radix dorsalis)

N. cervicalis II (Radix ventralis)
N. spinalis II (Radix ventralis)
Stria olfactoria medialis

Stria olfactoria intermedia
- Stria olfactoria lateralis
Commissura ant.
Tuber cinereum
N. oculomotorius
N. trochlearis
N. abducens
N. trigeminus
N. glossopharyngeus
. vagus
accessorius
N. accessorius (Radix cranialis)
N. accessorius (Radix spinalis)
N. facialis
N. intermedius
N. vestibulocochlearis
Decussatio pyramidum
Fig. 96. (Top) Dorsal view of medulla oblongata, rhomboid fossa, cerebellar
peduncles and lamina
tecti after removal of cerebellum.
Fig. 97 . (Bottom) Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain and diencephalon (brain stem)
seen from below.

Colliculi sup., Recessus suprapineal is'
Corpus pineale, Pulvinar thalami
Corpus geniculatum mediate
Colliculi inf. —
Frenulum veli medullaris ant.
Pedunculus cerebellaris sup.
N. trigeminus (Portio motor, et sensor.)
—' Pedunculus cerebri
N. trochlearis, Trigonum lemnisci
Fossa rhomboidea, Sulcus medianus

Pedunculus cerebell. inf. -
Taenia ventriculi IV, Striae medullares --
N. hypoglossus, Trigonum _
Nucleus cuneatus (Tuberc.), Ala cinerea --
Clava, Obex --
N. spinalis I (Radix dorsalis) —

Sulcus medianus post. -
Sulcus intermedius post. --
N. spinalis II (Radix dorsalis) -
— N. accessorius (Radix spinalis)

N. cervic II (Radix ventralis)
- Pedunculus cerebellaris medius, N. abducens
N. facialis - intermedius
- N. vestibulocochlearis
Ventriculus IV (Recessus lat.), N. glossopharyngeus

Oliva
N. vagus
" N. hypoglossus
N. accessorius (Radix cranialis)

Tuberculum cinereum, Sulcus lateralis ant.
N. cervic. I (Radix ventralis)
Corpus pineale
Colliculus sup. ~-
Lemniscus lateralis, Colliculus inf.

Pedunculus cerebell. sup.,
Tractus spinocerebellaris ant.
Nucleus dentatus —
Tractus spino
cerebellaris post.
Pedunculus cerebell. inf.''
N. cochleariss‘
Tractus spinotectal is
Pons, N. trigeminus
N. vestibularis
N. facialis
vestibulocochlearis,
Tractus centralis
Lemniscus medial is
Pedunculus cerebri
Corpus geniculatum laterale
IrlbctfyLiyss
Fig. 98. (Top) Rhombencephalon and midbrain viewed from right side.
Fig. 99. (Bottom) Dissection of brain stem and cerebellum, from right side.
Demonstration of lemnisci and cerebellar tracts.
Fig. 100. (Right, top) Cross section of medulla oblongata at the level of the
lemniscal decussation.
Fig. 101. (Right, bottom) Cross section through medulla oblongata in the lower
third of the olive showing nuclei
and tracts.
Nucleus gracilis
Tractus solitarius, Nucleus tractus solitarii
Fasciculus gracilis
Decussatio
lemniscorum -
Nucleus
tractus spin., N.
trigeminus ^
Canal is
centralis,
N. accessorius,
Nucleus —
Formatio
reticularis
(Nuclei)'
Fissura mediana ant.
Fasciculi pyramidales (Tr. corticospinalis)
Nucleus cuneatus
\
Fasciculus cuneatus
Tractus spinalis, N. trigeminus
N. accessorius
Tractus spino-
cerebellaris post.
' Fibrae arcuatae

internae
Tractus
rubrospinal is
" Tractus spinocere-
bellaris ant.
Tractus tectospinal is
Fasciculus longitudi-
\ nalis medialis
Tractus spinothalamicus
et spinotectalis
N. hypoglossus
Fibrae arcuatae externae ant.
N. vagus (parasymp.), Nucl. dors. N. hypoglossus, Nucleus
—N. vagus
Tractus spinocerebellaris po:
Nuclei reticulares lat .—
Nucl. cochlear is ventral is-^

Nucl. tractus spinalis, N. trigeminus -
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini

Tractus olivocerebellaris
Nucl. ambiguus (Nucl.
mot. n. vagiy
Nucl. olivaris accessorius latT'

_ Tractus spinocerebellaris an,
— Tractus rubro- et tectospinal i
. Tractus spinotectalis et
spinothalamicus
Nucl. olivaris accessorius dorsf'
- Tractus rubroolivaris
N. hypoglossus
Tractus corticospinalis (pyramidalis)
\ Fibrae arcuatae ext. ant.

Lemniscus medialis
N. vagus (Ala cinerea), Nucleus

Nucl. vestibul. medialis \
Nucl. vestibularis inf.
Nucleus cochlearis dorsalis \
Tractus solitarius,
Nucleus tractus solitarii
Nucleus cuneatus
Fibrae arcuatae ext. post.
Nucleus olivari/■
Nucleus olivaris (Hilus)
Nuclei arcuati
Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis ' \
Nuclei reticulares med.
Tela
/
/
choroidea, Lamina epithelialis, Ventriculus quartus

Taenia ventriculi IV, Plexus choroideus
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Vuc/. tractus
spinalis n.
Nucl.
cochlearis.
* ventr. -
Nucleus ambiguus
Nucleus olivaris
Ventriculus IV,
Recessus
lateralis
’ Plexus
choroideus,
Ventr. IV
(Apertura lat.)
N. vestibulocochl.
N. glossopharyngeus
\ Tractus rubro- et tectospinal is

Tr. rubroolivaris
Tractus spinotectalis et spinothalamicus
Nuclei arcuati
y Taenia cerebelli
Nucl. vestibul. lat. •

Nucl. cochlearis dors
Plexus choroideus, Ventriculus quartus

\ Nodulus cerebelli
Pedunculus cerebellaris inf.

(Corpus resti forme)
N. trigeminus,
Tractus spinalis
/Tractus spino¬
cerebellar is ant.
Eminentia medialis
N. hypoglossus, Nucleus N
Nucl. salivat.
N. vagus, Nucl.
Nucl. vestibul. medialis
Nucl. vestibularis inf.
r ractus solitarius,
Nucl.
solitarii
Fibrae
arcuatae ext. ant.
Lemniscus medialis (Stratum interolivare lemnisci)

Tractus corticospinalis
Nucleus fastigii
Nucleus globosus
Nucleus emboliformis
Nucleus dentatus cerebelli
Nucleus salivatorius sup.
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, Ventric. IV
Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis
Colliculus facialis,
Striae medullares
Flocculus
\ N. vestibulocochlearis
N. facialis
Tractus rubrospinalis
\ Tractus rubroolivaris
N. abducens
\ Tractus corticospinalis
Lemniscus medialis
Nucleus
tractus solitarii
N. trigeminus,
Nucleus tractus spin.
___ N. trigeminus,
Tractus spinalis
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

(Brachium pontis)
Nucl. vestibularis sup.
Nucl. vestibularis
medialis^
Nucl.
vestibularis lat
Nucl. n. abducentis
Nucl. corp. trapezoidei, Nucleus olivaris
Nucleus n. facialis (
Nuclei pontis
Nucleus reticularis tegmenti
Fig. 102. (Top) Cross section through medulla oblongata at the level of the lateral
recess of the fourth ventricle.
Fig. 103. (Bottom) Cross section through pons at the level of the facial and
abducens nuclei.
Corpus pineale
Aquaeductus cerebri, Stratum griseum centrale

Commissure post. \
Colliculus sup. \ v
Nucleus tract, mesenceph., N. trigeminus \

Nucleus interstitialis \ ^
Nucl. accessorius (autonomicus) (Edinger-Westphal) \ \
Nucleus n. oculomotorii
Pulvinar thalami ^
Corpus geniculatum mediate
Corpus ge¬
niculatum
laterale x
Commissura collie, sup.
/ Nucl. medianus rostr., Nucl. dorsocentralis

/ / Tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini
/ / / Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
7 / / Tractus centralis tegmenti
/ Brachium colliculi inf.
/ Lemniscus medialis
Brachium
ycolliculi sup.
Substantia nigra (Z. nigra)'
Substantia nigra (Z.rubra)
Nucleus ruber /
Tractus opticus, Nucleus basalis
Nucleus centralis j (
Nucleus interpeduncul. i
Decussatio tegmenti ventral is
Decussatio tegmenti dorsali :
x ^ Tractus opti
\ (Rad. med.)
N Tractus corticopi
\ (Pars occipitoterr
x Tractus corticospinc
Tractus corticospinal is (Truncu
Tractus corticospinalis (Membrum sup.)

\ Nucleus ruber
\ Tractus corticobulbaris
\ \ Tractus tectospinal is
^ \ Tractus corticopontinus (Pars frontalis)
\ Pes lemnisci superficialis

Radix optica basalis
N. oculomotorius
Corpus mamillare (Pedunculus)
Strata of the superior colliculus:
1 = Stratum zonale
2 = Stratum griseum superficial
3 = Stratum medullare superficial (Stratum opticum)
4 = Stratum griseum medium
5 = Stratum medullare medium (Stratum lemniscale)
6 = Stratum griseum profundum
7 = Stratum medullare profundum
Fig. 104. Cross section of the midbrain through the superior colliculi.
Lingula cerebelli Fasciculus longitudinalis med.
Eminentia med.
Fasciculus longitudinalis dors.
norae cruc/ames
II. V
Lingula, Vinculum cerebelli

/ Tractus mesenceph., N. trigeminus
/ / Pedunculus cerebellaris sup.
/ / Tractus rubroolivaris
/ Tractus rubrospinal is
/
/
Nucl. mot (N. trigeminus)
Velum medullare ant., Ventriculus quartus

Tegmentum, Nucleus reticularis \
Locus caeruleus \
Nucl. tractus mesencephalic/', N. trigeminus \
Nucl. sens. sup. (N. trige
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
med i us
,(Brachium
pont is)
Lemniscus
lateralis
N. trigeminus
et spinotectalis
Lemniscus medialis
Tractus corticospinal is
Nuclei pontis
Fig. 105. Cross section of pons at the level of the trigeminal nerve.
Nuclei pontis
Fibrae pontis
superficiales
\
Tractus
corticospinalis
(Nuclei anuli aquaeducti)

Locus caeruleus \
l l
Nucleus colliculi inf ,x
Corpus parabigeminum \
Commissure collie, inf., Ventriculus IV

| N. trochlearis (Pars ascendens)
Tractus tectospinal is
Brachium colliculi inf.
^ Tractus mesencephalicus n. trigemini
- Tractus thalamo- et rubroolivaris

^ Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Fasciculus dorsalis
Lemniscus lateralis
- Tractus spinothalamicus
(- tectalis)
Tractus rubrospinal is
__ Lemniscus medialis
Decussatio
pedunculi
cerebell. sup.
Tractus
corticopon-
tinus (Pars
occipito-
temporalis)
Nucl. n. trochlearis - _
Nucleus lemnisci
lat. dorsalis-
Raphe, Nucleus
Nucleus
centralis sup.
Sub-
sfantia
nigra
Tractus corticopontinus (Pars frontalis)
Fig. 106. Cross section of the brain stem at the level of the inferior colliculi.
Nucleus caudatus (Corpus)
(Pontes grisei inter nudeum caudatum et putamen)

Thalamus, Stratum reticulatum
Nucleus lentiformis (Putamen)
Nucleus caudatus
(Cauda)
Nucleus caudatus
' (Caput)
Pulvinar thalami,
Stratum
(Pars
Pulvinar thalami "
Nucleus caudatus (Sulcus) ^
Corpus geniculatum laterale '
Substantia grisea sub/entiformis

Nucleus lentiformis (Pes) ^
Pontes grisei /
Pontes grisei
Corpus amygd., Proc. auriculariformis
Corpus amygdal.
Canal is commissurae ant.

' Substantia perforata ant.
Corpus amygdaloideum
x Substantia innominata
Thalamus,
Stratum reticulatum
(Pars basalis)
Thalamus
(Nucleus lateralis)
Corpus geniculatum
mediate '
Pulvinar thalami "
Thalamus, Stratum reticulatum (Margo ont.)
Pontes grisei \
Nucleus caudatus (Cauda)
Pontes grisei inter nudeum

caud. et putamen
Thalamus, Stratum reticulatum ^
Nucleus caudatus (Corpus)

Corpus geniculatum laterale
r - r %rvtf&.7<}S'r
Substantia nigra, Nucleus caudatus (Cauda) j

Corpus mamillare (Nuch
n x Nucleus caudatus (Colliculus)
Crista grisea
Nucleus subthalamicus
Tuber cinereum
Infundibulum
Fig. 107. (Top) Caudate and lentiform nuclei. Lateral view of basal ganglia of
right half of brain after
removal of claustrum. Drawn from a model.
Fig. 108. (Bottom) Lateral view of the basal ganglia drawn from a model. The
lentiform nucleus,
amygdaloid body and anterior perforated substance have removed. Lateral view of
thalamus and cau-
date nucleus.
Corp.
Septum pellucidum
\

\
Capsula interna
call.
(Truncus)
^ Fissura longitudinalis cerebri
\ I
Ventric. lat.
Nucleus lent (Putamen)
Capsula extrema
Fasciculus opt.
Capsula externa
(Cornu ant.)
Lobus frontalis
Claustrum /
A. cerebri media
Sulcus lateralis
Chiasm a optic urn
\
\
Aa. cerebri anteriores
Lobus temporalis
Fig. 109. Frontal section through the brain (prosencephalon) anterior to the
thalamus, the optic chiasm and
the interventricular foramen. The choroid plexus is not present in the anterior
horn.
Cortex cerebri
- Stria longitudinalis
lateralis
~~ " Fasciculus long it

sup.
Corona radiata
Corpus callosum —
— Stria longitudinalis
medialis
Claustrum,
Capsula externa
Nucleus lentiformis
Nucleus caudatus (Caput), Capsula interna / /
Cornu ant. / /
Cavum septi pellucidi ' /
Septum pellucidum /
Corpus callosum (Rostrum)
Capsula interna
Capsula externa
Claustrum
\ Nucleus lentiformis (Putamen)

Nucleus lentiformis (Globus pallidus)
Nucleus caudatus /
\ Stria ol factoria lateralis

Stria olfactoria medialis

Commissura ant
Commissura ant. Nucleus caudatus, Colliculus
longitud. sup.
/ Corona radiata
Stria longitudinalis lat. et med.

Nucleus caudatus. Ventric. lat. (Pars centralis)
Columna fornicis, Ventric. lat. (Pars centralis)
I Nucleus caudatus, Corpus callosum

I Taenia fornicis
Nucleus lentiformis
(Putamen), Capsula .
interna
Nucleus lentiformis, Globus pallidus
Area olfactoria, Stria olfactoria lateralis
Taenia semicircularis, Commissuraunt.
Commissura ant. i
Gyrus paraterminalis
Nucleus lentiformis, Globus pallidus

* ^ - Capsula interna
\ V Area olfactoria
\ Nucleus caudatus (Colliculus),
Commissura ant. (Pars olfactoria)
Stria olfactoria medialis, Taenia semicircularis
Cortex insulae,
Capsula extrema
Claustrum, Capsula
externa"
Fasciculus
longitud. inf.
- Cortex cerebri
Nucleus lenti¬
formis (Putamen),
Capsula externa
Claustrum,
Capsula extrema
Cortex insulae
Fornix, Ventric. lot. (Pars centr.), Plexus choroideus
Corpus callosum, Cingulum
Nucleus
Fasciculus longitud. sup.

Nucleus caudatus,
'' Taenia thalami
Thalamus
Fasciculus longitud. inf.
Nucleus paraventricularis
Chiasma opticum
Area periventricularis, Columna fornicis
Nuclei tuberales l
Commissura supraoptica dorsalis
(Substantia innominata)
Ansapeduncularis
\ Nucleus pallidoinfundibularis
Nucleus supraopticus
Taenia thalami,
Nucleus anterior,
Nucleus lateralis thalami
Ventriculus III,
Plexus choroideus
Commissura ant.,
Nucleus lentiformis,
Globus pallidus^
Nucleus lentiformis
(Putamen)
Capsula interna,
Nucleus lentiformis,
Globus pallidus
Capsula extrema, Insula
Claustrum, Capsula
externa
Commissura ant.
Fasciculus uncinatus
Claustrum, Capsula
Putamen, Capsula
externa
Fig. 112. Frontal section of the brain through the third ventricle and the central
part of the
lateral ventricle, seen from the front. Cell structure and fiber tracts are drawn
on one half of the
section.
Fig. 110. (Left, top) Frontal section of the brain through the anterior horn of the
lateral ventri¬
cle. Cell structure and fiber tracts are drawn on one half of the section.
Fig. 111. (Left, bottom) Frontal section of the brain through the boundary between
the anterior
horn and the central part of the lateral ventricle, seen from the front. The cut
was conducted so
that the columns of the fornix were sectioned squarely. Cell structure and fiber
tracts are drawn
on one half of the section.
Ventric. Ill (Membrana tectoria), Thalamus (Nucleus med., ventr. et dors.)
Fasciculus longit. inf.
Nucleus lateralis ventralis
um, Nuclei disseminati
Nucleus medialis, Corpus callosum
Thalamus (Nuclei anteriores, mediates et laterales)
Fasciculus longit. sup., Nucleus caudatus
Taenia semicircularis, Nucleus

lateralis dorsalis
Thalamus (Stratum reticulare)
Ventriculus III, Adhaesio

interthalamica
Capsula interna, Nucleus lentiform

(Globus pallidus)
~ Claustrum, Capsula extrema
Hypothalamus, Area inf.
Nucleus lentiformis (Putamen),

^ Capsula externa
Fasciculus uncinatus
Nucleus caudatus
(Cauda), Ventric. lat.
(cornu inf.)
Tractus opticus
. \ Hippocampus
\ \ Ansa lenticularis
' Zona incerta

Pedunculus cerebri
Organon subfornicale, Fissura transversa

Fornix, Nucleus paramedianus
Plexus choroideus
Thalamus (Pars centralis) s.
S ulcus hippocampi "
Tractus mamillothalamicus,
Nucleus mamilloinfundibularis
Commissura supramamillaris,
/
Corpus mamillare
Nucleus intercalatus hypothalami j

Nucleus hypothalamicus
Ventral nucleus of thalamus
r- P =
Nucleus rostralis principalis,

Nucleus rostralis accessorius,
Nuclei disseminati
dm =
vtl =
Nucleus ventrolateralis
dl =
vtm =
Nucleus ventromedialis
dla =
vm =
Nucleus ventralis medialis
dlb =
Dorsal nucleus of thalamus

Nucleus dorsomedialis.
Nucleus medialis ventr. (Centr. medianum)

Nucleus medialis dors.
Nucleus dorsolateralis
Nucleus lateralis dors.
Nucleus lateralis ventr.
Fig. 113. Frontal section of the brain viewed from the front. The cut was conducted
through the
rostral part of the thalamus, the mamillary bodies and the interthalamic adhesion
of the third
ventricle. Cell structure and fiber tracts are drawn on one half of the section.
Corpus striatum
\
Corona rad i at a
- Nucleus
caudatus
(caput)
"Nucleus
lentiformis
(Putamen )
Corpus callosum
Pulvinar
thalami
Lamina
tecti
\ Corpus amygdaloideum
\ x \ Commissura anterior
\ \ v Nucleus caudatus (Cauda)
\ \ Lemniscus medialis
\ Pedunculus cerebri
Tractus spinotecta/is
N. trigeminus
' Lemniscus lateralis
‘ Tractus spinocerebellaris ant.
Tractus spinocerebellaris post.
Nucleus
dentatus -
Radiatio corp. callosi (Pars parietalis)
Stria medullaris thalami
I
Pulvinar thalami
Radiatio corp. callosi (Pars temporalis)
Tractus retro fl ex us / Pedunculus cerebri,
Tractus mamillothalamicus
nigra \ Ansa lenticularis
Corpus mamillare
Epiphysis
Radiatio corp. callosi

(Pars occipitalis) ^
Radiatio corp. callos

(Pars frontalis)
Commissura ant.
Columna fornicis
X N. opticus
Fig. 114 (Top) Dissection of cerebellar tracts, the medial and lateral lemnisci as
well as the
caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus and amygdaloid body.
Fig. 115. (Bottom) Radiations of corpus callosum to the left hemisphere, medial
view. The an¬
terior commissure, columns of the fornix, mamillothalamic tract, retroflexus and
ansa lenticularis
are also brought into view. In order to expose these structures, portions of the
thalamus were
removed.
Stria olfactoria intermedia
Tractus olfactorius
Commissura ant.
Corpus
amygdaloideum,
(Ependyma
cornus inf.)
Chiasma opticum, N. opticus
(Pars tecta columnae)
Radiatio optica
(Genu temporale)
" Radix optica basal is
Corpus geniculatum
laterale et mediate
Ventric. lat. (Cornu post.)

Radiatio optica (Genu occipitale)
Stria olfactoria
medial is \
Stria olfactoria
lateralis ^
- Corpus mam iHare
Fossa interpeduncularis,
Pedunculus cerebri
Tractus opticus
Sulcus calcarinus''
Nucleus ruber
Aquaeductus cerebri, ^
Substantia grisea centralis
Fig. 116. Dissection of the optic pathway, the optic radiation in particular.
Bulbus, Tractus olfactorius

\
Stria olfactoria med.
Area olfactoria, Substantia perforata ant
Fossa interpedunc.,
Substantia perforata post.
Stria olfactoria
intermedia
Stria olfactoria lat.

Ligam. diagonale
ant.
Ansa lenticularis ■)
I Ansa
Pedunculus | peduncularis
that ami inf. )
^ Corpus callosum (Splenium)
Corpus mamillare,
Columna fornicis (Pars tecta)
"Pedunculus cerebri.,
Substantia nigra
v Nucleus ruber,
Aquaeductus cerebri
Fig. 117. Dissection of ansa peduncularis and the anterior commissure, seen from
below.
Adhaesio interthalamica, Sulcus hypothalamicus
Foramen interventriculare, Corpus callosum I
Septum pellucidum
Columna fornicis sin., Corpus callosum (Rostrum) \
Fornix (Corpus), Taenia thalami
Commissura habenularum
I Recessuspinealis, Corpus pineale
Fasciculus ma-
millothalamicus,
Corpus callosum,
(Genu) —
Bulbus, Tractus olfactorius sinS
Tractus olfactorius dext. /
N. opticus
Commissura ant., Area olfactoria (Substantia perforata ant.)
Corpus mamillare sin. /
Pes hippocampi /
N. oculomotorius dext. /
Commissura post., Aquaeductus cerebri
Alveus
hippocampi
Ventriculus IV, Fastigium
Ventriculus IV, Apertura mediana Canalis centralis
Fig. 118. Lateral view of the left fornix. The hippocampus, the anterior
commissure, the olfac¬
tory bulb and tract on the left side are also shown. The section through the brain
stem was made
in the midline; corpus callosum was cut in a left parasagittal plane.
Bulbus, Tractus olfactorius

Induseum griseum
* 8a
Lamina terminalis
Substantia
reticularis alba
Corpus callosum
(Facies ventricularis)
Fimbria hippocampi
Corpus fornicis
^ Corpus mamillare,
Columna fornicis
Corpus
amygdaloideum
Uncus (pars basialis)
Gyrus dentatus,
Fimbria hippocampi
Gyrus
parahippocampal is
Fornix (Crus),
Commissura fornicis
^ Gyrus dentatus,
Induseum griseum
Corpus callosum
(Splenium)
,,Uncusbandchen 1
Fig. 119. Inferior view of right and left fornix and dentate gyrus. The
parahippocampal gyrus
and the basal ganglia have been removed (from a preparation by J. Klingler, Basel).
Sulcus cinguli
^Tractus cortico-
^ spinalis, Sulcus
parietooccipitalis
^ Tr. opticus
_ Pulvinar that ami
Corpus callosum (Genu),

Corpus callosum (Sulcus) /
Area subcallosa
Capsula interna (Fibrae) /
Chiasma opt., Lamina terminal is
Corpus mamillare, Tractus opticus /

Pedunculus cerebri
Oliva, N. vestibulocochlearis
Tractus corticospinalis
N. trigeminus /
Tractus corticospinalis (Pyramis)
— Corpus genicu -
latum laterale,
Sulcus calcarinus
*-> Sulcus
collateralis
inf., N. trochlear is
Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

a = Gyrus frontalis superior
b = Lobulus paracentralis
c = Gyrus cinguli
d = Praecuneus
e = Cuneus
f = Gyrus occipitotemporalis
medialis
g = Uncus gyri parahippocampalis
Fig. 120. Dissection of the corticospinal tract. Portions of pons, the cerebral
peduncles and the
lentiform nucleus were conservatively resected in order to visualize the fibers in
the area of the
internal capsule. Since the precentral gyrus represents the main area of origin of
the pyramidal
tract, all other tracts entering or leaving the internal capsule were removed.
Fibrae arcuatae cerebri
Corpus callosum
I
Capsula int. (Crus occipitale)
Tapefum
Stratum sagittate
Corona radiata
Bulbus et tractus
Capsula int. (Crus front
Gyrus parahippocampal is
\ Gyrus occipitotemporal is lat.
' Pedunculus cerebri

Sulcus collateralis, Pons
" Capsula int. (Genu)

Tractus opticus
Uncus gyri parahippocampal is
Fig. 121. Fiber preparation of corona radiata, medial view. The internal capsule
was exposed by removal of
the caudate nucleus and thalamus (from a preparation by J. Klingler, Basel).
V. diploica
Diploe
Os parietale (Tabula externa)

V. diploica \
Sinus sagittalis sup., Lamina

periostalis, Dura
Callum capitis
Sutura sagittalis
Periosteum
Spatium subdurale
\ V. cerebri sup., A. corticalis
\ \ Cavum subarachn.
' Arachnoidea
Dura mater
Lacuna lateralis /
Foveola granularis
I Dura (Lamina meningealis)
Granulationes
arachnoideales
Ventriculus tertius
Commissura anterior
Corpus callosum, Genu
Chiasma opticum
Hypophysis cerebri
Septum nasi
Nasopharynx
Sinus sagittalis inferior
cerebri magna (Galeni)

Falx cerebri
Sinus rectus
— Confluens sinuum
~~ Falx cerebelli
^ Cerebellum, Arbor vitae
Vertebra cervicalis III
' Medulla spinalis

Trachea
Fig. 122. (Top) Frontal section through the superior sagittal sinus and the lateral
lacunae.
Note the arachnoid granulations.
Fig. 123. (Bottom) Head of a child (three week old) . Median section.
Fibrae arcuatae cerebri
Fasciculus longitudinalis sup.
Fasciculus longitudinalis inf.
Substantia medullaris insulae
Fasciculus uncinatus '
Recessus pineal is
Commissura post.
Canalis centralis
Foramen interventriculare
centralis
Ventr. Ill, Adhaesio interthalamica
Recessus suprapineal is
Cornu ant.
Commissura ant.'
Recessus triangularis
Recessus
Chiasma opticum'
Recessus
Ventriculus IV (Recessus laterales)
Ventriculus IV (Apertura mediana)
Cornu inf.
Cornu post.
Ventriculus IV
Fastigium
Fig. 124. (Top) Lateral view of the association pathways of the left hemisphere
(from a dissection).
Fig. 125. (Bottom) Cast of the ventricular system seen from the left side.
Of the lateral ventricles only the left one is labeled.
Claustrum
Capsula
Nucleus lentiformis externa

Capsula interna
Plexus choroideus,
Ventriculus lateralis
Arachnoidea
Cavum subarachnoideale
(Cornu inferius)
Lobus temporalis
Pia mater
Thalamus
Corpus geniculatum
laterale (Nucleus)
Mesencephalon (Substantia
Crus cerebri
Arteria et vena cerebri post (Rami)
Gyrus
parahippocompalis
/ Taenia choroidea
Alveus hippocampi
Hippocampus (Substantia grisea)

Gyrus dentatus
Taenia
choroidea
Corpus callosum (Sulcus)
Fissura longitudinalis cerebri (Pia mater)
Corpus callosum (Truncus)

- Adhaesio interthalamica
- Hypothalamus
Nucleus corporis mamillaris
Thalamus (Stratum zonale)
Tela choroidea
et plexus choroideus ventr. Ill
Nucleus lentiformis (Globus pallidus)
Thalamus (Nucleus lateralis)'"

Tractus opticus
Pedunculus cerebri *
Corpus mamillare
Stria longit. medial.
„ Corpus fornicis
„ Ventriculus lateralis
(Pars centralis)
Nucleus caudatus
V. thalamostriata
Nucleus anterior \
Nucleus lat. /
Thalamus
„ Capsula interna
- Ventriculus III
- Thalamus (Nucleus medialis)
(Pars centralis)
(Ependyma)'
Ventric. lat.,
Plexus choroideus
Fig. 126. (Top) Frontal section through the temporal lobe. Boundaries of the
inferior horn of
the lateral ventricle (from Sobotta/Becher).
Fig. 127. (Bottom) Frontal section through the lateral ventricles, the third
ventricle, corpus cal¬
losum, fornix and hypothalamus at the level of the mamillary bodies (from
Sobotta/Becher).
ICorp. * x
I mamill' ■
1 Fossa inter-
peduncularis
Nerv. Ill
Lamina sept/ p ellucidi Columna fornicis

Commissure anterior 1 ! Foramen interventriculare
, ' ! i Corpus callosum (Truncus)
Lamina terminalis \ -r-p- \ Corpus fornicis
Corpus callosum (Rostrum)
Gyrus para-
terminalis \ f
Corpus callosum (Genu)—^

Sulcus
parolfactorius ^
posterior
Sulcus | 3^
parolfactorius ■
anterior
!< *
Area sub- .
callosa
Lamina terminalis
Recessus opticus
Chiasma opticum '
Infundibulum "
Lobus anterior
hypophyseos
Sulcus hypothalamicus
j / / Adhaesio interthalamica
/ / Thalamus
Plexus choroideus ventriculi III

/ Ventriculus III
XC / Commissura posterior
/ /Trigonum habenulae
/ /C' /S/ ' Recessus suprapin
suprapinealis
/ Recessus pineal is
/ Aquaeductus cerebri
Corpus pineale
^ Lamina tecti
,Velum medullare superius
£ Lingula cerebelli
f , Lobulus centralis
Ventriculus IV
Culmen
^ Fastigium
Vermis
V"
Cerebellum
Folium
vermis
hypophyseos
- Pedunculus _ r ..
Uûsêrior^Zn „ -
Decussatio pedunculorum J / /
cerebellarium puperiorum "_/ /
Pons 4 \ -—' / / s / !
r
/ «
A ' X /~ /
Fasciculi longitudinales pontis / ' 4-
T I /
Medulla oblongata
Fossa rhomboidea ^ V s*
Ventriculus IV
fiyri vermis
Declive
Hemisphaerium
cerebelli
Uvula Corpus medullare

Nodulus vermis
\ 1 Tuber vermis
' Vermis
Pyramis vermis
f 1 ’
Canalis centralis, I p ^xus choroideus ventriculi IV

Medulla oblongata Medulla spinalis
* = Tuber cinereum
Fig. 128. Median section through the brainstem. Cut surface of the right half. The
walls of the
third and fourth ventricles as well as the cerebral aquaduct are yellow (from
Sobotta/Becher).
Sutura coronalis Adhaesio interthalamica
Recessus pinealis et suprapinealis
Corpus pineale
Aquaeductus cerebri
Fastigium, Ventriculus IV
^ Ventric. IV (Rec. lat.)
\ \
Cornu inferius
Sella turcica, Hypophysis cerebri
Foramen interventriculare (Monroi)
Cornu anterius
Fissura cerebri lat (Sylvii)^
Recessus opticus et infundibuli
Icus centralis (Rolandi)
Ventric. lat. (Pars centralis)
Fig. 129. The ventricular system and its topographical relationships within the
brain and the
bony skull. Normally the anterior horn does not extend anteriorly beyond the
coronal suture. The
inferior outline of the brainstem as the median contour of the skull base are
identified by simple
lines (preparation by Ferner/Kautzky).

Fig. 130. (Right, top). Anteroposterior ventriculogram.
Fig. 131. (Right, bottom) Lateral ventriculogram.
Septum pellucidum
Ventr. lat.
(Pars centralis)
Ventric. lat.
(Cornu ant)
Ventriculus III
Sinus frontalis
Ventric. lat. (Pars centralis)
Vena cerebri interna
Dura mater
Spatium epidurale
^Nucl. caudatus
Pulvinar thalami
Epiphysis cerebri
Fornix (Corpus)
■ Ventric. lat. (Cornu inferius)
Hippocampus
■* A. cerebelli sup.

Tentorium cerebelli
Fastigium
Cellulae mastoideae
~~~ Nodulus
Sinus sigmoideus
— Vasa occipitalia
-Cisterna cerebellomedullaris
— Medulla oblongata
— Atlas
N. cervicalis II
Sinus sagittal is superior
Falx cerebri
Fig. 132. Frontal section through the brain at the level of the epiphysis and the
superior colliculi.
Incomplete compartmentalization by the three radiating dural septa. Dorsal view of
the section.
The hippocampal gyrus with the posterior cerebral a. lie above the free edge of the
tentorium.
Point compression (preparation by Ferner/Kautzky).
a) Convex surface of the left hemisphere
b) Medial surface of the right hemisphere
Fig. 133. Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic cortical areas in man.

a) Convex surface
b) Medial surface
111 a = wide cortical layer, agranular,

pyramidal type
oo A = wide cortical layer, agranular,

pyramidal type modified by the
presence of giant cells
E b = medium cortical layer, granular,
pyramidal type
EH ab = transitional pyramidal type

llllll c = granular parietal type
m d = narrow cortical layer, granular type
.\v e = granular type (koniocortex)
Fig. 134. Distribution of five cytoarchitectonic cortical areas

(from v. Economo/Koskinas).
Falx cerebri
s'
Fornix
" Mesencephalm
V. cerebri magi
(Galeni)
Lamina
quadrigemii
Brachium
Tuberculurr l
cuneatum
— Confluens sinu
Ligam. denticul.
Dura mater
Tractus olfact.,
N. opticus,
A. carotis int. ,
VI
VII, VIII
IX, X, XI
Radix cerebralis XI
XII., A. vertebralis
Radix spinalis XI
A. cerebri ant
Fig. 135. Brain stem and cranial nerves and their relationship to the base of the
skull. The entire
leptomeningeal course of the 12 cranial nerves is shown (from Ferner/Kautzky, in:
Handbuch
der Neurochirurgie, Vol. 1, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1959).
The Face Region
A. supratrochlearis,
N. supraorbitalis (R. med.)
A., V., N. supraorbitalis
A., N. supraorbitalis (R. lat.),

N. lacrimalis (R. palpebralis)
A., V. facialis,
R. marginalis mandib. (VII)
A. labialis inferior (R. prof)
'A. labialis inferior (R. superfic.)
A., N. mental is (Rr. labial, et mental.)
A. temporalis superfic.
(Anast. cum art.
supraorbit.) -
N. supraorbitalis
(R. lat.) Arcus
palpebralis superior
N. supratrochlearis
(Vy),A.,V.
zygomaticoorbitalis
A., V. temporalis
superficial is,
Ramus zygomatico¬
facial is (V 2 )
N. infratrochlearis,
A. dorsalis nasi,
N. infraorbit.
(Rr. palpebrales V 2 )
N. nasalis externus -
-N. facialis (Rr. temporales)
-~N. facialis (Rr. zygomatici)
N. buccalis, Corpus adiposum buccae
Rr. zygomatici
temporales (VII)
Rr. buccales
Fascia masseterica,
Gland, parotis (Capsula),
N. auricul. magnus
y A. temporalis superfic.
(Ramus frontalis)
.--A. temporalis superfic.

(Ramus parietal is)
-A., V. angularis
-A., Ram.
zygomaticofacial is (V 2 )
A. temporalis superfic.
-- A., V., N. infraorbital is

(Anastomosis cum n. fac.)
Rr. buccales (VII),
Ductus parotideus, Parotis
, V. labialis superior
A = M. epicranius
(Venter frontalis
m. occipitofrontalis)
A* = Galea aponeurotica
B t = M. orbicularis oculi
(Pars orbitalis)
B 2 = M. orbicularis oculi
(Pars palpebralis)
B 3 = M. corrugator supercilii
C = M. procerus
D = M. temporoparietalis
E t = M. nasalis
(Pars alaris)
E2 = M. nasalis
(Pars transversa)
F = M. levator labii
superioris alaeque
nasi
G = M. levator labii
superioris
H = M. zygomaticus minor
J = M. zygomaticus major
K = M. orbicularis oris
Kj = Origo nasalis
K 2 = Nodus muscularis
L = M. risorius
M = Platysma
N = M. depressor anguli oris
O = M. depressor
labii inferioris
P = M. mentalis
O = M. masseter
R = M. buccinator
S = M. levator anguli
oris
T = M. temporoparietalis
U = Corpus adiposum
buccae
V = Lig. palpebrale
mediale
Fig. 136. Mimic musculature, superficial blood vessels, and nerves of the face from
front.
Galea aponeurotica
M. frontalis
M. procerus
M. corrugator supercilii
M. lacrimalis (Horneri)
M. orbicularis
Pars palpebralis
Ductus parotideus '
Nodus muscularis
M. depressor labii inf.
— M. zygomaticus minor et major
M. levator anguli oris
M. risorius
M. levator labii superiors
M. nasalis
buccinator
M. depressor anguli oris
'M. orbicularis oris
M. mentalis
Fig. 137. The mimic musculature removed as a mask and viewed from the skeletal
side. The right
buccinator muscle has been reflected medially so that its superficial surface may
be seen.
(R. front), M. frontalis
N. supra orbit. (Rr. med.) (Vi),

A. supraorbit.
A., N. supratrochl. (V t )
At occipitalis
A., V. occipitalis,
N. occipitalis major
At temporoparietalis, A., V. temp, superfic.
(R. pariet.), N. auriculotemp.
. temporopariet.
Galea aponeurotica
N. supraorbit. (Rr. lat.) (Vi)
A., V. angularts,
\ At zygomaticus major,
A. labialis sup.
A. labialis inf., M. orbicularis

oris, Rr. buccales (VII)
A., V. facialis,
At depressor anguli oris
M. orbicularis oculi,
R. zygomatico facialis (V 2 ),
A. zygomatico orbital is
A. transversa faciei,
At zygomaticus min.,
Rr. zygomatici (VII)
Arcus tendinous
N. occipit. minor,
N I. sternocleidomast.
A. labialis inf., M. risorius, N. buccalis,

N. mentalis (Rr. cutanei)
N. auric, magn., A., V. auric, post., V. parotidea superfic.
A., V. temp, superfic., N. auriculotemp., M. temporopariet.
Platysma
Ductus parotideus, Rr. zygomat. et buccales (VII)

Glandulaparotis access., Corpus adiposum buccae
R. margin, mandib. (VII)
Rr. buccales (VII), At masseter, Fascia masset.

Fig. 138. The superficial blood vessels and nerves of the face and scalp from the
side.
Rr. zygomatici (VII), N. infraorbit. (Rami)
A. transversa faciei, Rr. buccales (VII)
V. angularis,
R. buccalis (VII)
N. facialis (Truncus),
A., V.
auricul.
N. auricul. post.,
A. temp, superfic.
(Rr. auricul.
Fascia retromandib.'
/Parotis access., Ductus parotideus, Fascia temp.
V.jugularis ext.,
N. auricul.
A. mentalis (R. lab.)
Ramus colli (VII ) 1

Tractus angularis, V. retromandib. 1
N. auriculotemp.,
A., V.
Rr. temporales et zygomatici (VII),
A. zygomaticoorbit.
Corpus adiposum buccae,

Rr. buccales (VII),
A. labial, sup.
A. labial, inf. (R. prof.)
R. communicans N. facial. -
bucc. (V 3 )
A. labial, inf. (R. superfic.),

N. facialis (Rami)
' Fascia colli submandib.
V. facialis
R. marginalis mandib., Rr. buccales (VII)
A = M. orbicularis oculi
B = M. levator labii sup.
C = M. zygomaticus min.
D = M. zygomaticus maj.
E = M. risorius
F = M. orbicularis oris
G = M. depressor labii inf.
H = M. depressor anguli oris

J = Platysma
K = M. masseter
L = M. sternocleidomastoid.
M.N = Gl. parotis
O = Cartilago meatus acust. ext.
Fig. 139. Blood vessels and nerves in the lateral face region, in the parotid gland
and the reteromandibular fossa.
Proc. styloideus, Ramus comm,

cum n. auriculotemp.,
A. maxillaris
N. facialis (Truncus) -
Plexus parotideus
A., N. buccalis, Anasl. cum. n.
A., V. tempor. superfic.,

A. temporalis media
A. temp, superfic. (Rr. auriculares),

N. auriculotemporalis
N. facialis (Rr. zygomatici)
A., N. auricularis post. (VII)
Ductus parotideus,
N. facialis
(Rr. zygomatici et buccales)
.infraorbital is
Fascia
retromandibularis -
A. carotis ext., Ram.
colli (VII) --
Rami buccales
Ramus marginal is mand. (VII)
V. retromandibularis, Capsula gland.
Aa. labiales inf.
Lamina superfic.,
Fascia cervicalis
Rami temporales (VII),

A. zygomaticoorbital is,
Capsula artic. tempo-
romandib., Ligam.
laterale
f Arcus zygomaticus,
Fascia tempor.
V. jugular is externa, N. auricularis
A., V. angularis,
N. facialis
(Rr. buccales)
A = M. orbicularis oculi
B = M. levator labii sup. alaeque nasi
C = M. zygomaticus minor
D = M. zygomaticus major
E = M. risorius
F = M. orbicularis oris
G = M. depressor labii inf.
H = M. despressor anguli oris
J = Platysma
K = M. levator anguli oris
L = M. buccinator, Lymphonodi buccales
M = M. masseter
N = M. temporalis
(Pars zygomaticomandibularis)
O = M. sternocleidomastoideus
Fig. 140. Superficial vessels, nerves, and muscles of the face; parotid removed.
The trunk of the facial nerve has
been exposed where it emerges from the stylomastoid foramen. The buccal fat pad is
removed.
Aa., Nn. temporales prof. -

A., V. temporalis media
A., V. temporalis superfic

Capsula artic.
temporomandibularis,
Ligam. laterale
A. tempor. prof., ’
N. massetericus,-
Ligam. sphenomandib.
Rr. anast. n. foe. --

cum n. auricuhtemp.
N. auricularispost.,
A. max'll laris-
N. facialis,
A. stylomastoidea
N. lingualis cum a. com it.'
Ramus colli (VII), A.,

V. auricularis post.
A., N. massetericus
N. mandibularis,
A. alveolaris inf.
__A. zygomaticoorbitalis
A. sphenopalatina, N. maxillaris
' A., V., N. alveolaris sup. post.
A. zygomaticofacial is,
R. zygomaticofacialis (V2)
Raphe pterygomandibularis
A., V. facialis,
Ramus marginalis mand.
Fascia cervic.
(lamina superfic.)
A., V., N. buccal is,
Plexus pterygoideus (ven.)

A.,V., N. infraorbital is
(Anast. cum n. fac.)
A., V. angular is
N. facialis (Rami)
A. labial is sup.
" - A. labialis inf.
A = M. temporalis
B = M. orbicularis oculi
C = M. levator labii sup. alaeque nasi
D = M. zygomaticus minor
E = M. buccinator
F = M. zygomaticus major
G = M. risorius
J = M. orbicularis oris
K = M. depressor labii inf.
L = Platysma
M = M. masseter
N = M. pterygoideus medialis
Ot = M. pterygoideus lateralis
(Caput pterygoideum)
0 2 = M. pterygoideus lateralis
(Caput infratemporale)
P = Processus styloideus
Fig. 141. Vessels, nerves, and muscles of the deep facial region, the
retromandibular fossa, and the tern-
poromandibular joint.Branches of the facial nerve and the parotid duct have been
cut and reflected for¬
ward. The coronoid process and part of the ramus of the mandible have been removed.
A. labialis superior
A. labialis inferior
mandibulae, Raphe
pterygomandibularis
Fascia colli superficialis
. isthmi faucium (V 3 ), A. comitans n. lingualis
A., V. facialis
A. zygomaticoorbitalis,
A., N. temporalis prof. (V 3 ),
Fascia temporalis'
N. mandibularis (V 3 ),
A., V. temporalis media
A. auricular is prof.,
N. meatus acustici
ext. (V 3 ) '
N. facialis,
A. stylomastoidea
A., V. auricular is
posterior'
Rami communicantes: /
N. facialis - N. auriculotemp.'
A., V. angular is
Rr. buccales (VII)
Lig. laterale artic.

temporomand.
Discus articularis,
A., V. temporalis
superfic., N. auriculo-~
temporalis (V 3 )
A., N. massetericus —"
A. meningea
N. buccalis (V 3 ), A. maxillaris,
Lig. sphenomandibulare
A., N. mylohyoideus (V 3 )
A., N. alveolar is inferior (V 3 ) j
N. lingualis (V 3 )
y A. N. temporalis profundus CV 3 )
y N. maxillaris(V 2 ),A., V. alveolaris sup. post.,

' N. alveolaris sup. (V 2 ) Plexus pterygoideus
/ A.,R. zygomaticofacialis (V 2 )
y A., V. buccalis, Tuber maxillae
N. infraorbitalis (V 2 )
, Ductus parotideus
A = M. temporalis
C = M. levator labii superioris
E = M. buccinator
G = M. risorius
K = M. depressor labii inferioris
L = Platysma
M = M. masseter
N = M. pterygoideus medialis
Oi = M. pterygoideus lat.
0 2 = M. pterygoideus lat.
P = Processus styloideus
Fig. 142. Blood vessels and nerves in the deep lateral face region
(infratemporal and retromandibular fossae).
A zygomaticoorbital is
N. facialis
(Rr. buccales)
A., V. temporalis superfic.,

N. auriculotemp. (V 3 )
Lig. laterale, Capsulaet
discus articular is v
A. tympanica anterior,
A. auricularis profunda
A. palatina ascendens
/A., N. temporalis profundus (V 3 )
/A., N. massetericus (V 3 )
y ' N. alveolaris superior (V 2 ), A. infraorbitalis

/Ganglion oticum, A. maxillaris,
A. palatina desc.
R. zygomaticofacialis (V 2 )
V., N. alveolaris sup. post. (V 2 )
buccalis (V 3 ), A. alveolaris inf.
" Ramus colli (VII),

Glomus caroticum
~~ ~ A. thyroidea superior
A., N. temporalis profundus (V 3 )

A. temporalis media \
N. mandibularis (V 3 ),
A. tympanica ant.
A. auricularis profunda,
N. meatus acustici ext. (V 3 )
N. auriculotemp. (V 3 ),
A. meningea media
R. communicans n. facialis
cum n. auriculotemp.
A. carotis externa,
N. glossopharyngeus
N. facialis (Truncus),
A. stylomastoidea
R. digastricus et stylo-
hyoideus (VII), A. occipitalis
A. auricularis post.,
N. accessorius,
N. vagus, N. hypoglossus
N. lingualis (V 3 ), A. carotis
interna,V. jugular is interna
N. vagus, N. mylohyoideus
(V 3 ), A. sternocleidom.
Nodus lymphat. cervic. sup. -
N. auricularis magnus —“
A. occipitalis, Fascia colli

superficial is'
A. lingualis
N. vagus
A., V. angularis
A. labialis sup. et inf.
— ~.N. alveolaris inf. (V 3 ),
Lig. stylohyoideum
~~A., V. facialis
facialis, N. accessorius
— -Glandula submandibularis
__ A., V. submentalis, N. mylohyoide

(R. digastr.)
— N. hypoglossus, V. comitans XII
— - Os hyoideum, N. laryneus
(R. internus)
— R. thyrohyoideus (XII)
'A. infraorbitalis, Rami nervi

infraorbitalis (V 2 ), Ramus
communicans cum n. fac. (Vi)
A = M. temporalis J
B = M. orbicularis oculi K
C = M. levator labii sup. L
D = M. zygomaticus minor M
E = M. buccinator N
F = M. zygomaticus major O
G = M. risorius P
H = M. triangularis Q
Ha = Platysma R
H 2 = M. masseter
= M. orbicularis oris
= M. depressor labii inf.
= M. digastricus
= M. mylohyoideus
= M. stylohyoideus
= M. sternohyoideus
= M. omohyoideus
= M. sternothyroideus
= M. constrictor pharyngis inf.
(M. laryngopharyngeus)
= M. sternocleidomastoideus
T = M. digastricus
U = M. styloglossus
V = M. constrictor pharyngis sup.
W = M. levator veli palatini
X = M. tensor veli palatini
Y = M. pterygoideus med.
Z x = M. pterygoideus lat.
(Caput pterygoideum)
Z 2 = M. pterygoideus lat.
(Caput infratemporale)
Fig. 143. Deep lateral face region after resection of the ramus of the mandible.
A. zygomaticoorbital is
A., N. temporalis profundus (V 3 )

y N. maxi I laris, A., V. sphenopalatina
A., V. alveolar is sup. post.,
N. alveolaris sup. (V 2 )
A., V. buccalis, Ganglion oticum
Fascia temporalis
A. temporalis media
N. auriculotemp.
(V 3 ), A., V. tem¬
poralis superfic.
A., N. massetericus
(V 3 ), A., N. tem¬
poralis prof. (V 3 )
Lig. laterale artic.
temporomand.,
Discus articularis
A. meningea media,
Discus articularis
A. auricularis pro¬
funda, N. meatus
acustici externi (V 3 )
A. tympanica ant. '
Rami communican-
tes n. fac. cum. n.
auriculotemp. A., N.
auricularis /
post. (VUY
N. facialis '
V. jugularis int.,
R. communicans ✓
Vll-lX''
N. hypoglossus ''
N. accessorius,
A. occipitalis
N. vagus, A. carotis ext.
N. auricularis magnus
V. jugularis interna
V. facialis, A. carotis ext., V. retromandib
N. glossopharyngeus, N. vagus,
A. maxi I laris, N. alveolaris inf.,
Fascia pharyngobasilaris
A. carotis int., A. pharyngea asc.,

N. linguafis (V 3 ), Chorda tympani
-- N. infraorbital is (V 2 )
Ductus parotideus,
A., V. angular is
- N. buccalis (V 3 )
, buccales
A. labialis inf.
N. sublingualis (V 3 ),
Glandula sublingualis,
Plica subling. (Tunica mucosa)
Ductus submandibularis,
A. V. sublingualis
Mandibula (Corpus)
N. hypoglossus, V. comitans XII

Ductus submandibularis, Glandula
submandib., N. lingual is (V 3 )
X A., V. facialis
" Radix dentis

A., N. alveolaris inf. (V 3 ), Lig. stylomandibulare
A. facialis, A. palatina ascendens, IX
A = M. temporalis
C = M. levator labii sup. alaeque nasi
E = M. buccinator
G = M. risorius
Hi = M. depressor labii inf.
H 2 = M. depressor anguli oris

H 3 = Platysma
K x = M. geniohyoideus
K 2 = M. genioglossus
L = M. mylohyoideus
M = M. stylohyoideus
N = M. digastricus
O = M. sternocleidomastoideus
P = M. hyoglossus
O = M. styloglossus
R = M. stylopharyngeus
S a = Pars pterygopharyngea
5 2 = Pars buccopharyngea 1
5 3 = Pars mylopharyngea /
5 4 = Pars glossopharyngea
T = M. levator veti palatini
U = M. tensor veli palatini
V = Processus styloideus,
Lig. stylohyoideum
M. constrictor
pharyngis sup.
Fig. 144. Blood vessels and nerves in the infratemporal, retromandibular, and
submandibular fossae
after removal of the right half of the mandible.
Visceral Compartments
of the Head
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Sinus front. (Recessus sup.)
^ Sinus front. (Recessus lat.)
" Sinus front. (Recessus nasalis)

Cellulae ethmoidales post.
— Cellulae ethmoidales ant.
Sinus maxill. (Recessus infraorbit.)
~~~ Sinus maxill. (Recessus zygomat.)
- Meatus nasi communis

Sinus maxill. (Recessus alveolaris)
" Vestibulum oris (Fornix sup.)
Vestibulum oris (Fornix inf.)
Meatus nasi sup.
Canaliculus lacrim.
Canaliculus lacrim. inf.-

Saccus
Infundibulum ethmoidale, Ostium

ductus nasomax. et nasofront. "
Ductus nasolacrimalis
Meatus nasi med.
Meatus nasi inf.
Vestibulum oris
Cavum oris proprium

Fig. 145. Sagittal projection of the visceral compartments of the head seen from
front. The outlines of the oral
and nasal cavities as well as the paranasal sinuses are indicated in different
colors.
V. facialis ant.,
R. marginalis
mandib. (VII) -
N. supratrochlearis, N. supraorbit. (R. med.), A. nasofront.
' N. infratrochlearis
j Bulbus olfactorius, Nn. olfact.
i Dura mater cerebri
M. rectus Iat.,
N. abducens
V. ophthalm. inf.,
N. oculomotorius (R. inf.),
R. zygomaticofac. -
N., A.,
V. infraorbitalis ~
A. zygomatico-
/ orbitalis,
N. facialis
(Rr. zygomatici)
Nn. alveol. sup. post.
N. fac. (Rr. buccales),

Ductus parotideus
A., N. sublingualis
A., V., N. alveolar is inf.
facialis
Ductus submandib., N. lingualis y
A. lingual is, N. hypoglossus
Nodus lymphat. submand.

N. mylohyoideus
N. opticus, A., V. centralis retinae,

Aa. ciliares post, breves et longae, Nn. ciliares
N. supraorbit., V. ophthalm. sup.
N., A., V. lacrimalis ^
N.,A.,
V. palatina
Nn. alveolares
post. sup.
Ductus
-- parotideus,
Glandula
parotis access,
buccal is
a = Meatus nasi sup.

b = Meatus nasi med.
c = Meatus nasi inf.
d = Cavum oris proprium
e = Area sublingualis, Plica subling.
f = Vestibulum oris
g = Fornix sup.
h = Fornix inf.
i = Infundibulum ethmoidale
k = Ductus nasomaxill.
1 = Ductus nasofrontalis
m = Mucosa conchae inf.
n = Mucosa conchae inf. et med.
o = Mucosa vestibuli oris
p = Mucosa linguae
r = Gingiva propria
s = Mucosa palati
t = Cavum nasi, Mucosa propria
A = Glandula subling.
B = Glandula submandib.
(Proc. uncinatus)
C = Glandula submandib.
D = Glandulae buccales
E = Corpus adiposum buccae
F = Glandulae palatinae
Fig. 146. Retrobulbar frontal section through the facial skeleton. In the mouth and
nose regions the cut goes
through the second molar. Section viewed from behind.
M. rectus lat.
M. levator palpebr. sup., M. rectus sup.
M. obliauus sup., M. rectus med.
M. rectus inf.
/
z M. orbitalis, Corpus adiposum

(Spatii infraorbit.)
^ Fascia temporalis, Spatium

interfasciale temp.
~ M. temporalis
— M. zygomaticomandib.
Dens mol. II (Radices) ~
Tunica mucosa linguae - ""
Dens molar. II (Radix)
Musculi linguae
, M. zygomaticomandib.
^ Corpus adiposum buccae

^ M. masseter
^ A/1, buccinator
- M. depressor anguli oris,
A/I. risorius, M. zygomat. maj.
-A/I. hyoglossus, Fascia paralingualis
M. genioglossus
Platysma
t M. digastricus (Venter ant.),
i 1 Fascia submandib. (cervicalis)
j M. et fascia mylohyoid.
M. geniohyoideus
Black arrows = openings of ethmoidal cells; Gray arrows = openings of frontal and
maxillary sinuses
a = Meatus nasi sup.
C.n.
Cavum nasi
Sp.sbm.
Spatium submandib.
10
Os zygomat. (Facies orbit.)
b = Meatus nasi med.
C.o.
Cavum oris
V.o.
Vestibulum oris
Foramen zygomatico orbit.
c = Meatus nasi inf.
C.o.p.
Cavum oris proprium
Concha nasalis sup.
11
Maxilla, Sulcus infraorbit.
, a 2 , a 3 = Cellulae ethmoid.
C.p.
Spatium paralinguale
Concha nasalis med.
12
=
Processus zygomat.,
post.
Fissura olfactoria
Concha nasalis inf.
Canaliculi alveol. sup. post.
b 2 ,b 3 = Cellulae ethmoid, ant.
J.b.
Recessus zygomat.
Processus uncinatus
13
Maxilla (Processus alveol.
x - x = Lamina orbitalis,
sinus maxill.
Bulla ethmoidalis
et palat.)
Processus uncinatus,
Meatus nasi comm.
Vomer
14
Corpus mandibulae
Processus maxillaris
Orbita
Os ethmoidale
15
Os hyoideum
conchae inf., Facies
S.f.
Sinus frontalis
(Lamina perpendicularis)
16
Mandibula (Proc.
nasalis maxillae
(Recessus orbit.)
Lamina orbitalis
coronoideus)
A.b. = Recessus alveol.
S.m.
Sinus maxillaris
Os frontale (Pars orbit.
17
Arcus zygomaticus
sinus maxill.
Sp.sl.
Spatium sublinguale
et processus zygomat.)
18
Os sphenoidale (Ala major)
Fig. 147. Frontal section of the musculoskeletal apparatus of the nose and mouth
regions.
The cut passes through the second molar. Viewed from behind.
a =
Sinus frontalis
1 = Canalis nasolacrimalis
7 = Proc. uncinatus
b =
Cellulae ethmoid, ant.
m = Palatum, Tunica mucosa
8 = Concha nasalis
c =
Meatus nasi medius
1 = Os frontale
inferior
d =
Meatus nasi communis
2 = Crista galli
9 = Maxilla
e =
Orbita
3 = Lamina cribrosa
(Processus palatinus)
f =
Meatus nasi inferior
4 = Os ethmoidale
10 = Vomer
g =
Sinus maxilla
(Lamina conchalis)
11 = Concha nasalis
h =
Meatus nasi superior
5 = Lamina mediana
superior
i =
Bulla ethmoidalis
6 = Concha nasalis media
12 = Os lacrimale
k =
Cellulae ethmoid, post.
13 = Os palatinum
Fig. 148. Frontal sections through the bony framework of the nasal cavity, the
ethmoidal air cells, and the maxillary
sinus. Sections a, b, and c were made through the anterior, middle, and posterior
thirds of the nasal cavity respectively.
Fig. 149. (Middle) Frontal sections through the nasal cavity, the ethmoidal air
cells, and the maxillary sinus showing
mucosal relationships.
Sutura ethmoideomaxill.
Ductus sinus maxill.
Spina nasalis ant.
Sutura frontonasalis „
Sutura frontomaxill.
Sutura frontolacrimalis--
Sutura nasomaxill.
- Sinus front. (Recessus sup.)
Sinus front. (Recessus orbitalis)
1 Sutura frontoethmoidalis,
f Foramen ethmoidale ant. et post.
Canal is opticus
Sutura lacrimomaxill.
Sutura lacrimoethmoidalis " "*
" Fossa pterygopalatina

Fissura pterygomaxill.
Hiatus maxill. access.
" " Torus nasolacrimalis

(Canalis nasolacrimalis)
" Incisura pterigopalatina
Jugaalveolaria -
- Sutura sphenoethmoidal is
Sutura palatomaxill.
et palatoethmoidalis
= posterior superior ethmoidal cells

a 2 = posterior middle ethmoidal cells
a 3 = posterior inferior ethmoidal cells
b 2 = anterior middle ethmoidal cells
b 3 = anterior inferior ethmoidal cells
A.b. = alveolar recess of maxill. sinus
with alveolar juga formed
by roots of the molars
G.b. = palatine recess of maxill. sinus

I.b. = infraorbital recess of maxill. sinus
S.f. = frontal sinus
S.l. = lacrimal sac (opened)
S.m. = nasal wall of maxill. sinus covered

by mucosa
Fig. 150. Lateral view of the air-filled spaces in the region of the nose
(paranasal sinuses).
Crista galli, Lamina cribrosa

0. ethm. (Lamina perpendicularis)
0. ethm. (Lamina cribrosa)
Lamina conchalis \
Sinus sphenoidalis (Apertura)
Os frontale, Sinus frontalis
Maxilla (Proc. frontalis)
Proc. uncinatus
^ Os lacrimale
--Os nasal e
Os sphenoidale, Sinus sphenoidalis —/,
Concha nasal is sup.,

Foramen sphenopalatinum —
Concha nasalis media

Os palatinum (Lam. perpendic.) ''
Proc. pteryg. (Lam. lat.)
Proc. pterygoideus (Lamina medial is),

Hamulus pteryg.
Concha inferior
-- Cartilago nasi lat.
_ Cartil. alaris major
Spina nasalis post.'
Concha nasalis inf.,

0. palat. (Lam. horiz)
Hiatus sinus
max ill.,
Maxilla (Proc. palat.)
" Spina nasalis ant.

Canalis incisivus
''Maxilla (Proc. alveolaris)
Fig. 151. The bony framework of the lateral nasal wall (bones shown in different
colors). The nasal conchae
have been removed. The cut edges are white.
A., R. nasalis ext. (VJ
Vestibulum oris
M. palatopharyngeus
M. azygos uvulae
Bulbus, Tractus olfactorius, Nn. olfactorii, A. ethmoidea ant.
Nn. olfactorii med., A. nasalis post, septi (A. ethm. post.)
Sinus frontalis
"A. meningea ant.
Nn. olfactorii med., Aa. nasales

ant. septi (A. ethm. ant.)
Nn., Aa. nasales post, septi,

Sinus sphenoidalis —
Septum nasi (Rete art.),

Nn. nasales ant. (Septum)
N. nasopalatinus,
A. nasalis post, septi
M. constrictor
pharyngis sup.
(Pars ptery-
gopharyngea)-
" Cartilago septi nasi
' Vestibulum nasi

- N., A. nasopalatina
M. orbicularis oris
Atlas (Arcus
Dens axis
i 'N., A. incisiva
i A. palatina major (R. nasopalatinus)
Palatum durum (Tunica mucosa)
Tonsilla et bursa pharyngea -
M. levator veli palatini,

M. salpingopharyngeus,
Torus tubarius (Cartil ago^
tubae auditivae)
Cartilago alaris
major
M. uyulae, Aponeurosis palatina Palatum molle, Glandulae mucosae
Fig. 152. Arteries and nerves in the region of the nasal septum (mucosa removed).
Musculature of nasopharynx.
Nn. olfactorii lat.
Ganglion pterygopalatinum
Nn. palatini
I Trac.
N. lingualis, Chorda tympani,
N. alveolaris inf. -
A., N. nasopala
A. carotis ext., Plexus caroticus int .—--
A. occipitalis, N. accessorius —
XI
A., V. pharyngea ascendens ~-

N. glossopharyngeus, A. palatina ascendens -
Ganglion cervicale superius -
R. sinus carotid
N. hypoglossus, A. facialis -
- Caruncula sublingualis, Ductus sublinc
A. sublingualis, Ductus subling. minor,

Duct, submandib.
^ Nn. olfactorii med.
/ A., N. ethmoidalis ant.

(Rami nasales int. lat.)
N. pterygoideus med
N. fensoris veli palai
— N. mylohyoideus, N. lingualis,
Ganglion submandibulare
Plexus pharyngeus (IX, X)
Glomus caroticum
N. laryngeus superior (R. ext. et

int.), A. thyroidea sup.
V. jugularis interna, N. vagus
Truncus sympathicus, A. carotis int., /

N. cardiacus cervical is superior ^
A. dorsalis linguae
A., N. canal is pterygoidei (Rr. pharyngei)
Gangl. oticum, \
, maxillaris, N. petrosus minor, N. fensoris tymp.
\. meningea ^ \ VIII VII
media, N.
iriculotemp.
Sinus sigmoi-
ieus, V. jugul.
'Bulbus sup.),
R. int. XI __
A. carotis int.,
N. caroticus int.,
N. jugularis
/ N. nasalis ext. (VJ

Aa. et rr. nasales post. sup.
lat. (V 2 ), Concha media (Pie
- A., N. palatinus major, Aa., Nn.
palatini minores
—— Papilla parotidea, Rami buccali
^ A. lingualis
Cl = Clivus M.h.th.
Cr. 1. = Cartilago apicis nasi, Crus lat. P.
E. = epiglottis with hyoepiglottic lig. P. d.
L. d. = Cartilago septodorsalis, Lamina dorsi S.
M. = Mandibula S. f.
Membrana hyothyreoidea
Parotis
Palatum durum
Glandula submandibularis
Sinus frontalis (Os frontale)
S. 1. = Glandula sublingualis
S. sph. = Sinus sphenoideus (Os sphenoides)
T. b. = auditory tube with tensor and levator
veli palat. m. (origin)
T. 1. = Tonsilla lingualis
a = M. pterygoideus med.
b = pterygoid hamulus with tendon of tensor
veli palat. m.
M. constrictor pharyngis sup. (cut):

c = Pars pterygopharyngea
d = Pars buccopharyngea
e = Pars pterygopharyngea
j = Pars glossopharyngea
f = M. tensor veli palat. (cut)

g = M. bucinatorius
h = M. mylohyoideus
i = M. palatoglossus (cut)
k = M. styloglossus
1 = M. constrictor pharyngis medius
(cut)
m = M. stylopharyngicus
n = M. pharyngopalat. (cut)
o = M. sternocleidomastoideus
p = m. splenius capitis (insertion)
q = M. biventer (venter mastoid.)
r = Lig. sphenomandibulare
s = M. genioglossus
t = M. orbicularis oris
u = Lig. stylomandibulare
1—XII = cranial nerves
Fig. 153. Median section of the head showing blood vessels, nerves, and muscles.
N. trig. (Radix sensoria), VI

XII, A. comitans n. hypogl., Canalis n. hypogl. (Rete venosum) I
VII, VIII, N. intermedius, Tentorium 1
Tonsilla pharyngea, Recessus pharyngeus,

Torus tubarius, M. pharyngotubalis
j X.XI
! i
i i IX
i i /
I j XII
I / /
Sinus sigmoideus, Sutura occipitomastoidea
ilago auriculae, Lig.
auriculare post.,
, N. auricularis post.
V.jugul. int., XI, X,
A. carotis int.
issopharyngeus, A. occipitalis
N. alveolaris inf., N. lingual is,

Chorda tympani
M. pterygoideus med., A. palatina asc.,

Nodus lymph, parapharyngeus sup.
M. stylohyoideus, Proc. styloideus, Parotis

(Pars profunda)
Parotis, M. digastricus (Venter posterior)
rotis ext.,/V\. stylopharyngeus, M. constrictor phar. superior
Gangl. inferius(X)
Gangl. cervicale superius,
A. carotis ext., V.jugularis int,
A. carotis int.-, N. laryngeus sup.

x A. facialis
A. carotis communis, Truncus symp.
Tonsilla palatina, Tunica muse. phar.
M . palatopharyngeus, M. uvulae
A., N. palatinus major
M. splenius ca
M. longus cap ,
IX, M. stylopharyngeus
M. stylohyoideus
N. caroticus int.
N I. digastricus,
M. sternocleidomastoideu.
A. carotis ext., M. stylogloss

X, XI, V. jugulari.
M. levator veli palat.,

M. tensor veli palat.,
A. pharyngea asc.
A.palatina asc., Plexus nerv. pharyngeus (IX, X), /VI. bucco- el pterygopharyngeus
1
M. stylopharyngeus, Ramus m. stylophar. (IX)
Fig. 154. Parapharyngeal vessels, nerves, and muscles at the base of the skull.
Dorsal view of the choanae and the palate.
N. petrosus minor, Nn. muse, gangl. otici,

Canal, carot. (Paries osseus)
N. trochlearis, Dura
mtorium cerebelli,
Sinus petr. sup.
Sinus sigm.
Plexus ven., Plex. caroticus, Tuba auditiva,

N. tens, tymp., M. levator veli palat. \
N. trigeminus (Radix sens, et mot.)
Sinus cavernosus, VI
\ ///
X
I A. ophthalmica, N. opticus
/ /
J j I Sinus sphenoidalis, Periost. can. opt.
1 j j i Sinus sphen. (Recessus lat.),
1 ‘ i Ramus pharyngeus gangl. pterygopalat.
plum
urale
A. carotis int. in canale carot
\ \ \
VII. VIII. N. intermedium. \ \
Nn
A., N. palatinus major
. olfactorii septi
Concha nasalis sup.

N. nasalis post. sup.
N. maxillaris,
Nn. pterygopalat i
Re/e venosum jugulare.

Gangl. sup. (X)
Sinus sigmoideus,
M. sternocleidomast.-
— Concha nasalis i
Aa., Nn. nasales
sup. lat.
— Concha nasalis
(resect a)
Ganglion pterygop
A., N. canal is pte

(= N. petrosus rr
profundus), Cart,
laceri, M. tensor
palatini
jugul. int. (Bulbus sup.), A. occipitalis, /

M. digastricus (Venter post.)'
XI (R. ext.), V. jugul. int.
'Aa., Nn. nasale

inf. lat.
Gangl. inf. (X), N. jugularis, A. carotis int.,

N. caroticus int.'
Aa., Nn. palatini,

pteryg. (Lam. mec
XII, Ansa cervic. (Ramus sup.)
A. carotis int. (Bulbus), Gangl. cervic. sup.'
N. laryngeus sup.
Glomus caroticum, R. sinus carotid (IX) -
A. carotis ext., A. phar. ascendens’~"~
A. lingualis, N. hypoglossus'
M. stylohyoideus, N. glossophar., A. facialis etpalatina asc.
\ \ ' N. lingualis
\ ' N. alveolar is inf.,
\ Chorda tympani
A. meningea media,
\ N. auriculotemporal is
A. alveolaris inf., Plexus pterygoideus

(venosus), Proc { styloideus, M. stylo¬
glossus et stylopharyngeus
Ganglion oticum, f'
veli palat., R. comr
n. mandib. (Nn. spi
communic.)
Palatum molle, At pterygopharyng.
A. maxillaris, Plexus pterygoideus (venosus j

A., N. pterygoideus medial is
Fig. 155. Blood vessels and nerves in the region of the pterygopalatine fossa, the
parapharyngeal spaces, and the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; medial view. The
carotid
and pterygoid canals have been opened.
Oral Cavity and Teeth
N. et a. infraorbit. (Rr. labiates sup.)

M. buccinator (Origo)
M. pterygoid, lat., N. buccal is
A., N. palatinus maj., Nn., Aa. palatini min.
1 Aponeurosis palati, M. palatopharyng.
/ i
i | M. tensor veli palatini (Tendo)
N. buccal is
(m. temporal,
perforans)- -
Ductus parotideus,
Rr. zygomatici et
buccales (VII)"""
N. alveolar is inf.'"
M. pterygoid, med."
Rr. isthmi faucium(N. lingual is)'
M. constrictor pharyng. sup.
(Pars mylopharyng.) et
glossopharyngeus
N. lingualis, M. styloglossus '
M. palatoglossus /
A., N. mentalis (Rr. labiates et gingivales inf.)
- Hamulus pterygoid.
- Mandibula (Linea obliqua),
M. masseter
Raphe pterygomandib., M. constrictor

pharyng. sup. (Pars buccopharyng.)
buccinator
Tonsillapalatina
Fig. 156. Vessels and nerves of the oral cavity seen from front. The buccinator
muscle has been
partly removed on the right side in order to expose the deep muscles of mastication
and the
nerves of the infratemporal fossa. The lingual nerve on the right side has been
elevated from its
deep position in the angle between the mylopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal parts of
the
superior pharyngeal constrictor.
Fissura pterygomaxill. - ■
Proc. pterygoid. (Lamina lat.)

Gingiva -
M.
Hamulus pterygoid. ,
M. tensor veli palatini
Palatum (Tunica
Arcus palatopharyng.,
M. palatoglossus
Plica pterygomandib
Arcus palatoglossus,
Tonsillapalat.
M. orbicularis oris -
Frenulum linguae,
Plica fimbriata -
M. longitudinals inf. -
M. genioglossus
At geniohyoideus
At digastricus (Venter ant.) .
At mylohyoid.
At digastricus (Trochlea), At stylohyoid.
At sternohyoideus '
At omohyoid.
N\. thyrohyoid /
Lig. cricothyroideum (conicum)
M. cricothyroideus (Pars recta et obliqua)
Cartilag. cricoidea (Arcus)
M. levator veli palatini

Crista tympanica
pharayngobasi laris
stylohyoideus
Proc. styloideus
M. constrictor
pharyngis sup.
(Pars pterygophar.)
- M. digastricus
(Venter post.)
Foramen occipitale
magnum
-M. constrictor pharyngis sup
(Pars buccophar.)
- "M. styloglossus
"Lig. stylohyoideum
"M. stylopharyngeus
M. constrictor pharyngis sup. (Pars mylophar.), Tonsilla palatina
N\. constrictor pharyngis sup. (Pars glossophar.)
M. constrictor pharyngis med. (Pars chondrophar.)
Trigonum membran. (Paries phar.)
Lig. stylohyoideum
'' Spatium intermusc. (M. mylo- et glossopharyngeus)
" M. hyoglossus
Membrana thyrohyoidea, Corpus adiposum,
M. constrictor pharyngis inf. (Pars thyrophar.)
M. sternothyroideus
M. constrictor pharyngis inf. (Pars thyrophar.)
M. constrictor pharyngis inf. (Pars cricophar.)
- Trigonum Laimeri
-Oesophagus (Stratum musculare Jongitud.)
Foramen ovale, F. spinosum, Sutura sphenosquamosa

Fossa mandib., Tuberculum articul.
Spina o. sphenoid.
Fig. 157. Musculature of the sublingual region and pharynx; lateral view.
M. palatopharyngeus
M. uvulat
Condylus occipit.
Proc. mastoideus
M. digastricus (Venter ant.), M. stylohyoid.

A/1. constrictor pharyngis med. (Pars ceratophar.)
Lig. stylohyoideum '
Linea mylohyoidea, A/I. mylohyoideus
A/I. pterygoid, lat.
Proc. styloideus
Cartilago tubae auditivae,

Membrana pharyngis
M. palatoglossus
— /VI. levator veli palatini

Insisura pterygoalveolaris
Palatum (Aponeurosis), N 1. palatoglossus
Raphe pterygomandib., M. buccinator
A/1, pterygoid, med.
M. hyoglossus
M. geniohyoideus
/VI. genioglossus, Cornu minus

Os hyoideum (Corpus)
A/1, temporalis, Arcus zygomat.
Hamulus pterygoid.
Proc. pterygoideus (Lamina
Raphe pterygomandib.,
M. constrictor pharyngis
sup. (Pars buccophar.)
Mandibula (Caput)
. tensor veli palatini ,!
A/1, pharyngotubarius’
Fig. 158. Musculature and bony framework of the oral cavity seen from behind.
Lig. stylomandibulare, Fascia colli retromandib. N. laryngeus sup.
\ >
At, Arcus palatopharyngeus
Fascia pharyngea, Tunica muse. phar. \
Lingua (Margo lat.), M. styloglossus, N. lingualis (Rami), \
M. longitudinalis inf. \ \
Spatium para-
pharyngeum
N. mylohyoideus
sup. (Pars buccophar.),
Fascia pharyngea
A., V.,N.
alveolaris inf.
N. lingualis -
M. masseter, _
Fascia masseterica
M. temporalis (Tendo)
Raphe pterygomandibu
laris N., buccal is
V. facialis, Corpus
adiposum buccae
Glandulae buccales
M. buccinator,
Fascia buccopharyngea
A. facialis
\ A. carotis ini., Gangl. cervic. sup. (symp.)
\ ' X, XII
' 1 i
\ \ i IX, At stylopharyngeus, Lig. stylophar.
Proc. styloideus, At styloglossus
A. carotis ext., V. retromandib., Parol is
^ Ai. pterygoideus med.,
Fascia pteryg.
Tonsilla palatina,
Fascia tonsillaris
Arcus palatoglossus
Ramus mandib.,
At masseter
Fascia masseterica
Mandibula (Trigonum
retromolare), N. buccalis
At styloglossus
Corpus adiposum buccae
Ai. hyoglossus, N. lingualis
N. hypoglossus, Vena comitans XII,
A. lingualis
Ductus submand.
Frenulum linguae, V. apicis ling, dextra
Glandulae labiales
V. apicis linguae (submucosa)
Ai. genioglossus
Ai. orbicularis oris
Plica sublingualis, Ductul. subling. min. (Ostia)

A. sublingualis
Caruncula.sublingualis
Fig. 159. Vessels and nerves in the floor of the oral cavity and the tongue on the
left side. Cross
section through the walls of the oral cavity and the pharynx at the level of the
occlusal plane.
/VI, longitud. inf,, A. prof, linguae
Ductus submandib., V. apicis linguae
Glandula, Plica sublingual.

M. hyoglossus i J
Ductus submandib., N. lingualis* ! [
M. longitud. inf*
‘■Recessus submuscularis
1 /VI. levator scap.,
Fascia colli prof.
1 M. longiss. cervicis
N\. longiss. capitis
M. iliocost. cervicis, Vert cervic. Ill (Proc. artic. sup.)
M. splenius
1 /VI. trapezius
M. buccinator,
Tunica mucosa
buccae
N. glossopharyngeus, M. stylophar., A. lingualis
Gang/, cervic. sup.

Vert, cervic. Ill (Proc. uncin.)~
A., V. vertebral is _
N. cervic. Ill (Vagina radic.)-
Plexus ven. vertebr. ext., A. cervic. prof... _

M. multifidus, M. semispin, cervicis _
M. obliquus atlantis
/VI. rectus cap. post, major
Parotis, Capsula
parotidea
N. facialis (Rami),
V. retromandibul.
A/1, geniog/ossus, N. hypoglossus (Rami)
, N., Glandula sublingualis
N. lingualis (Rami)
depressor anguli oris et labii inf.
N., A. mylohyoidea, Nodus lymph,

submand., /VI. mylohyoideus
Gland, submandib.
Platysma, A., V. facialis
N. lingualis, M. hyoglossus,
Fascia paralingualis
A., V., N. alveolaris inf.,

mandib.
Gld. submandib. (Proc. uncinatus),

Ductus mandibul.
Platysma ^
Glandula submandib., Fascia submandib.
Pharynx (Tunica mucosa ) s
Pharynx (Tunica muscul.)-.

Spatium retrophar.,
Fascia colli profunda,
Paries pharyng
/VI. masseter, Fascia
masseterica,
M. pteryg. med.
, M. glossopharyng.,
'' Glandulae linguales

M. styloglossus,
Fascia paralingualis,
A. palat. asc.
Lig. stylomandib.,
A. facialis et palat.
asc., Gl. submandib.
M. digastricus,
M. stylohyoideus,
A. carotis ext.,
N. hypoglossus
N. vagus, N. laryng.
sup., A. carotis int.
A. prof. ling.
Septum
N. hypoglossus,
V. comitans
n.
N I. genioglossus.
V. jugul. int.,
N. accessorius
■ Axis (Proc. transvers.),

M. scalenus medius
/VI. geniohyoid.
/VI., Fascia
mylohyoidea "
A., N. mylo¬
hyoideus
A., N. alveo¬
lar. inf.
Glandula
submandib.
(Processus
uncinatus)
! 1 N. cerv. Ill (Rr. dors.) et IV (Rr. cutanei)
/VI. semispinalis capitis
Fig. 160. (Top, left) Frontal section through the lingual, sublingual, and
submandibular regions.
See Fig. 161 for explanation of the green lines.
Fig. 161. Transverse section through the submandibular and retromandibular regions
on the
right side. The large salivary glands are shown in cross section. The green lines
(a-a, b-b) identify
the levels of the frontal section in Fig. 160 and transverse section above.
Apex linguae, Glandula apicis linguae
Caruncula sublingualis,.
Ductus submandib. (Ostium)
Plica sublingualis,
Glandula sublingualis
Ductus parotideus (Papilla parot.

Glandula parotis access. - ~
Ductus submandib. ~ -
Fascia colli superfic.,

M. digastricus -
'M. mylohyoideus,
Glandula
submandib.
(Proc.
uncinatus)
M. geniohyoideus, Septum linguae
Parotis .
M.
submandib.
(Proc.
uncinatus) -
Glandula submandib.,
M. hyoglossus .
Parotis (Proc. retromandib.)-
Fascia colli superfic.,

Septum interglandulare '
Glandulae labiates inf.
' M. geniohyoideus, M. genioglossus
/Ni. digastricus, Glandula sublingualis
- Corpus adiposum buccae

' M. buccinator, Ductus parotideus
.'Ductus submandib.,
M. genioglossus
~ ~ Fascia masseterica,
Angulus mandibulae
"M. hyoglossus
Glandula submandib.
M. mylohyoideus, Raphe mylohyoidea '

Fig. 162. The large salivary glands seen from front and below. The submandibular
fascia and the
capsule of the parotid with the masseteric fascia have been removed; the anterior
belly of the
digastric has been resected; but the “angular tract,” an extension of the
superficial layer of the
cervical fascia, is retained in front of the angle of the mandible.
Parotis
Ductus subling. min.
Plica sublingualis '
At mylohyoideus i
At digastricus !
Glandula sublingualis I
Glandula submandib. (Proc. uncinatus)
Ductus submandib:
Glandula submandibularis
Fascia submandib.
--Parotis
Ductus parotideus - -
Glandula ling. ant. -
Frenulum
linguae
Caruncula
subling. -
Ductus subling.
maj.'
Ductus
submandibularis
At masseter,
At buccinator
masseterica
Fascia colli superfic.

(Tract angul.)
" Fascia colli superFicialis
Fig. 163. Lateral view of the large salivary glands and their ducts. The body of
the left half of the
mandible has been removed.
Parotis (Incisura mandib.)
\ L ig.pterygospinale
! I Proc. pterygoideus (Lam. lat.)
I ! I Proc. pterygoideus (Lam. med.)
Sulcus hamuli
Condylus occipit.'-
Gland, labiates
Parotis
M. styloglossus et stylopharyngeus'"
Foramen mandib., Sulcus n.
mylohyoidei
Lig. stylomandib.'
Fascia retromandib.,
A. carotis ext. (Foramen)
M. digastricus (V. post.
AA. stylohyoid.
M. sternocleidomast., Fascia cervic. - /

Lig. stylohyoid. • /
/A. pterygoideus med. •
Lig. stylomandib. 1
fdamulus pterygoid., Raphe pterygomandibularis
Papillaparotidea
Plica sublingual.
(Duct, sublingual,
min., Ostia)
Caruncula sublingual.
Ductus sublingual, maj.
Glandula sublingual.
Ductus submandib.
\ 'Glandula submandib. (Proc. uncinatus)

' M. mylohyoideus
' Glandula submandib.
Lig. sphenomandib.
Parotis (Proc. parapharyng.)

Proc. styloideus
Os hyoideum (Gornu maj.) 1
M. digastr. (Trochlea)
Cornu minus 1
Fascia submandib.
Fig. 164. Medial view of the salivary glands on the left side. The drawing shows
the openings of the ducts of
the salivary glands, the reationship of the submandibular gland with uncinate
process hooking around the
posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, the course and relationship of the
submandibular duct to the sub¬
lingual gland, and the parapharyngeal process of the parotid which projects forward
from the retromandib¬
ular fossa between the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments medial to the
medial pterygoid
muscle into the parapharyngeal space.
The field
of the
Nn. alveol. sup. post.

Nn. alveol. sup. ant.
N. infraorbit.
(d. Rr. lab. sup.)

Nn. palatini
Si N. buccalis
N. nasopalatinus
The field
of the
N. alveol. inf.
(Rr. ant.)
N. alveol. inf.
(Rr. post.)
N. buccalis
laa&k N. mentalis
(Rr. lab. inf.)
HSI N. lingualis
Mi N. glossopharyng.
Fig. 165. (Top, left) Sensory fields of mucosal innervation in the roof of the oral
cavity (vestibule and oral cavity
proper) in the regions of the cheeks, upper lip, gingiva, teeth of upper jaw, and
palate. The teeth have been cut
transversely through the necks and the pulp cavities are opened so that the
relationships of the maxillary dental
nerves may be established. Specific areas of innervation by individual nerves are
shown on the right side, and maxi¬
mal areas of distribution and the overlapping fields of innervation are illustrated
on the left side in different colors
(modified from Scharlau, Ergebnisse der Zahnheilkunde, 1929).
Fig. 166. (Top, right) Sensory fields of mucosal innervation in the floor of the
oral cavity (vestibule and oral cavity
proper) in the regions of the cheeks, lower lip, gingiva, teeth of lower jaw, and
tongue. The teeth have been cut
transversely through the necks and the pulp cavities are opened so that the
relationships of the mandibular dental
nerves may also be established. Specific areas of innervation by individual nerves
are shown on the right side, and
maximal areas of distribution and the overlapping fields of innervation are
illustrated on the left side in different
colors (modified from Scharlau, Ergebnisse der Zahnheilkunde, 1929). On the left
side, the sensory taste areas in¬
nervated by n. intermedius (chorda tympani) are indicated by white rings; sensory
taste areas innervated by the
glossopharyngeal nerve are identified by white dots.
Truncus sympathicus
N. vagus, V. jugularis ini.
A. facialis
N. buccalis (Rami)
A., N. mental is (Rr. labiaJes inf.)
A. carofis int., A. pharyngea ascendens, N. laryngeus sup.,
Fascia pharyngea, SpatiUm retropharyngeum,
Fascia colli profunda
N. lingualis
(Rami linguales)
A. apicis
linguae,
V. submucosa
(Apex linguae)
Frenulum
linguae
A. profunda linguae, /
N. lingualis (Ram. anast.
cum. XII), A. lingualis,
Ductus submandib.
Caruncula sublingualis, Ductus submand.,

Ductus sublingualis major, A. sublingualis
/N. hypoglossus
N. g/ossopharyngeus
^ A. carotis ext., V. retromandibular is
A. pal at i ha asc.
(A. facialis)
lingualis,
N. mylohyoideus,
N. mandibularis,
A., V. alveolar is inferior
Raphe pterygomandibu-
laris, Mandibula (Trig,
retromolare), N. lingualis
(Rr. isthmi faucium),
M. temporalis (Tendo),
N. , A., V. masseterica
Ganglion submandib.,
N. lingualis
. sublingualis,
N. hypoglossus,
V. comitans n. XII
N. buccalis, Rami (V 3 )
V. facialis
Gingiva, Papilla interdental is

A., N. sublingualis (Rr. gingivales), Ductus sublingualis minor
A = Dorsum linguae
J = M. constrictor pharyngis sup.
S = Mandibula (Ramus)
B = Pharynx, Paries posterior
K = M. genioglossus
T = M. pterygoideus med.
Q = M. longitudinalis sup.
L = M. hyoglossus
U = Parotis
Q = M. longitudinalis inf.
M = Glandula sublingualis
Ui = Lig. stylomandib.
D = M. styloglossus
M x = Glandula submandibularis
V = Corpus adiposum buccae
E = M. palatoglossus
(Processus uncinatus)
W = M. digastricus (Venter post.)
F = M. palatopharyngeus
N = M. mylohyoideus
X x = M. stylopharyngeus
Fi = Tonsilla palatina
O = M. buccinator
X 2 = M. styloglossus
G = Pars glossopharingea j M Constrictor

P = M. depressor labii inf.
X 3 = M. stylohyoideus
H:i = Pars mylopharingea f pharvneis sup .
Q = M. orbicularis oris
Y = Processus styloideus
H 2 = Pars buccopharyngea J
R = M. masseter
Fig. 167. Cross section through the face at the level of the occlusal plane. The
tongue is deviated to the right;
the sublingual gland has been mobilized from its bed and elevated.
R. zygomaticotemp.
Nn. temporales, N. massetericus

N. mandib., Ganglionpticum, N. pterygoid, med.,
N. tensoris veli palatini, A. maxill. (
N. tensoris tympani, N. petrosus min.
A. meningea med., N. auriculotemp.,
A. tympanica ant., Chorda tympani
A. temporalis superfic., N. auriculotemp.

A. auricul. prof.,
N. meatus acustici ext.
N. maxillaris, Ganglion pterygopalatinum,

Nn. palatini, A. palatina desc.
i N. et a. supraorbit, (R. lat.)

supratrochlearis
N. lacrimal is
/N. infratrochlearis, A. angularis

A., R. zygomaticofacialis
Rr. alveolares sup. post.
A., R. nasalis ext.
A., N. infraorbitalis,
Cartilago alaris major
Aa., Rr. alveolares sup. ant.
Plexus dentalis sup.

A., R. labialis
R. dentalis
A., N. buccal is
-R. dentalis
— R. labialis
A., N. auricul. post.,
R. digastricus (VII)''
N. facialis, Rr. commun. /

cum n. auriculotemp. /
N. accessorius (R. ext.) ''
Ganglion cervic. sup.,'
A. pharyngea asc.
Radices plexus cervic. (C 2 , C 3 , C 4 ),

R. communicans cum n. hypogl./
N. vagus, N. laryng. sup., A. occipit. i
Truncus sympathi'cus cervic.
A. carotis int. et ext., Glomus caroticum, R. sinus carotid j

N. hypogl., Ansa cervicalis (Radix sup.)
A., N. mental is
Plexus dentalis inf.
" A. facialis, A. submentalis,
N. lingualis
N. hypoglossus (Rami), A. profunda linguae

\ A., N. alveolar is inf.
' A., N. mylohyoideus
Ganglion submandib., Rr. ganglionares et glandulares
N.
N. hypoglossus, A. lingualis
N. lingualis, Chorda tympani
\ A., N. alveolaris inf.
A. facialis, A. palatina asc.

glossopharyng., Lig. stylohyoid.
Fig. 168. Arteries and nerves of the jaws and the deep region of the face (seen
from the right
side). The ramus of the mandible has been removed with the deep muscles of
mastication; the
wall of the vestibule of the mouth was resected in order to expose the roots of the
teeth.
V. labial is sup.
V. labialis inf.
V. jugularis int. (Bulbus
V. refromandib.
V. occipitalis
Nodi lymphat. cervicales prof. sup.
Anastomosis:
N V. labialis inf. -
V. submentalis
V. retromandib.
V. jugularis int,
V. jugularis ext., Nodus lymphat. cervic. sup.
(Angulus mandib.)
Nodi lymphatici submentales
Nodi lymphat. submand. ant. et medii

Nodi lymphat. submandib. post.,
V. facialis, V. alveolar is inf.
V. comitans n. hypogl.
V. pharyngea asc. 1
V. facialis comm.
N W. palatinae asc.
V. profunda linguae
Nodi lymphat. para- et retropharyngei, V. alveolaris inf.
Sinus cavernosus
Vv. temporales prof.
V. meningea med., Plexus pterygoideus
V. maxi I laris
V. temporalis superfic.
V. ophtalmica sup.
V. supraorbit., V. supratrochlearis
:V. ophthalmica - V. angularis
V. opthalmica inf., V. infraorbitalis
V. alveolaris sup. post.,
V. palatina desc.
V. ang\j laris
1-8 = Lymph vessels from the teeth (alveoli) of upper and lower jaws
Fig. 169. Veins and lymphatics of the jaw and deep face region seen from right
side. Lymph ves¬
sels are indicated schematically by plain yellow lines.
V = N. trigeminus
Vi = N. ophthalmicus
V 2 = N. maxillaris
V 3 = N. mandibularis
VII = N. facialis-intermedius
IX = N. glossopharyngeus
1 = taste fibers in glossopharyngeal n.
2 = taste fibers in chorda tympani
of facial n.
3 = taste fibers in lingual n. of
trigeminal n.
4 = N. tympanicus
5 = N. petrosus minor
6 = root of otic ganglion from
mandibular n.
7 = Nn. palatini
8 = N. petrosus major
9 = R. anastomoticus chordae
tympani with ganglion oticum

10 = N. sphenoideus med. (int.)
a = geniculate ganglion of facial n.
b x = inferior (petrosal) ganglion of
glossopharyngeal n.
b 2 = superior ganglion of
glossopharyngeal n.
c = semilunar ganglion of trigeminal n.

d = Ganglion pterygopalatinum
e = Ganglion oticum
A = terminal branches of palatine nn.

B = terminal branches of lingual
n. in ant. gust, field
C = terminal branches of glosso¬
pharyngeal n. in post. gust, field
D = glossoph. fibers entering
solitary tract and nucl.
(gust, nucl.)
E = intermed. fibers entering solitary

tract and nucl. (gust, nucl.)
F = trigeminal fibers entering solitary

tract and nucl. (gust, nucl.)
G = brain stem
Fig. 170. The course of peripheral taste fibers within the branchial nerves
(schematic representation of main and
collateral pathways).
Foramen alveolare
Canaliculi alveolares sup. post.
Septum intraalveolare
i
I Septum interalveolare
„ Canaliculi alveolares sup. ant.
mol. 1 (Rad. buccodistalis)
D. mol. 1 (Rad. buccomesialis)
„ D. praemol. 1 (Rad. buccalis)
Maxilla (Tuber retromolare), /

Incisura pterygomaxillaris '
Dens incisivus lat.
-- Cavum dentis
Corona dentis
Septum interalveolare
Septum intraalveolare '
Canalis mandibulae •
Canalis mentalis, Foramen mentale
- Canaliculi alveolares ant. inf.
a) Illustration of the upper and lower sets of teeth (1-8), seen from the lateral
(vestibular) side.
D. praemol. 1 (Radix palat.)
Hamulus pterygoideus -
Palatum durum
\
D. mol. 1 (Rad. palat.), Canalis radicis,

Apex dentis (Foramen)
Tuber retromolare maxillae,

Incisura pterygomaxillaris "
Corona dentis
Cavum dentis
Canalis, Foramen mandibulae
Septum
Septum intraalveolare
Apex radicis
Radix
Apex radicis
Canaliculi alveolares
inf. ant.
Apex radicis \
Canaliculus alveolaris inf.
Canalis mentalis
b) Illustration of the upper and lower sets of teeth (1-8), seen from the medial
(oral) side.
Fig. 171. One half of the permanent set of teeth with exposure of the entire root
structure (by chiseling off the cor¬
responding parts of the alveolar processes in a macerated specimen). The individual
tooth is sectioned in its long
axis (axial); pulp cavity and root canal have been opened.
Frenulum labii sup., Vestibulum oris, Fornix sup.
D. praemol. 1 (Radix palat.)
D. praemol. 1 (Radix buccalis)

Septum intraalveolare --
Septum interalveolare —
D. mol. 2 (Radix bucc. mesialis) -
D. mol. 2 (Radix buccalis distalis)
Gingiva
D. mol. 2 (Radix palat.) -
Gingiva
- Mucosa buccae
a) Roots of permanent teeth in upper jaw (1-8).
D. mol. 2 (Radix dist.) -

D. mol. 2 (Radix mesialis) ""
Septum intraalveolare -
Septum interalveolare''
^ Area sublingualis (Mucosa)
Frenulum linguae
- Gingiva
"" Gingiva
Mucosa buccae
b) Roots of permanent teeth in lower jaw.
1 = central incisor
2 = lateral incisor
3 = canine tooth
4 = 1st premolar
5 = 2nd premolar
6 = 1st molar
7 = 2nd molar
8 = 3rd molar
Fig. 172. Transverse section through the alveolar processes showing the roots of
the teeth
(horizontal section through the upper and lower jaws).
a) The row of teeth in the upper jaw of a child

(the upper dental arch of deciduous teeth)
a = Intermolar distance between the 2 upper

2nd deciduous molars (45 mm),
measured from the centers of the crown surfaces
b = Intertuberal distance measured behind the
distal surfaces of the 2nd upper
deciduous molars (40 mm)
c = Longitudinal axis of upper dental arch
measured from the medial edge of the medial

(central) incisor to the middle of the
intertuberal line (32 mm)
b) The row of teeth in the lower jaw of a child

(the lower dental arch of deciduous teeth)
a i = Intermolar distance between the 2 lower

2nd deciduous molars (45 mm),
measured from the buccodistal cusps of the
crown surfaces
bi = Intertrigonal distance measured behind the distal

surfaces of the lower 2nd deciduous molars
(40 mm)
c i = Longitudinal axis of lower dental arch measured

from the medial edge of the central incisor
middle of the intertrigonal line
I-V = Deciduous teeth of the

maxilla and mandible
1—7 = Permanent teeth (anlagen)
Fig. 173. (Top) Deciduous teeth of a 4-5 year old child before eruption of the 1st
permanent molar.
Fig i 74. (Bottom) Deciduous teeth and early permanent teeth in a 6 year old child.
The roots of the deciduous
teeth as well as those of the developing permanent teeth (anlagen) have been
exposed in both upper and lower jaws.
Fig. 175
D. praemol. 1 (Radices)
D. mol. 1 (Radix palatinalis)
D. mol. 2 (Radices buccales)

Collum dentis-
Tubercula coronae - -~
Facies masticatoria
Facies contactus —
Enamelum
Corona dentis
(Facies buccal is)''
D. mol. 2 (Radix mesialis et distalis) _

Incisura interradicularis -
- -' Apex radicis dentis

, - - Radix dentis
A Collum
D. inc. 1 (Facies
vestibularis labialis)
„ Margo occlusal is (incisal is)
- D. caninus (Apex coronae)
Facies contactus
-. Tuberculum
(Cuspis) vestibulare,
D. praemol. 1 (Radix)
v IV III II I
Fig. 176
D. praemol. 1 (Radix
palatinalis et buccalis)
Apex radicis dentis - - ^
Radix dentis -
Collum " „
Tuberculum . ^
Facies oralis (palatina

I is), Margo incisal is --
D. mol. 1 (Tuberculum
buccale et palatinale)
Crista masticatoria
Fades contactus
Facies masticatoria,
D. praemol. 1 (Radix)
Radix buccomesialis
Radix buccodistalis
Radix pal at. (Apex)
,-D. mol. 2 (Rad. palat.)
„ Cervix (Collum) dentis
Tubercula
coronae dentis
mol. 3 (Corona)
~ Collum dentis
- Incisura interradicularis
' D. mol. 2
(Radix
mesialis
et distalis)
Permanent teeth:
= The row of permanent teeth of 1 = Medial incisor
the upper jaw 2 = Lateral incisor

= The row of permanent teeth of 3 = Canine
the lower jaw 4 = 1st premolar
= The row of deciduous teeth of 5 = 2nd premolar
the upper jaw 6 = 1st molar
= The row of deciduous teeth of 7 = 2nd molar
the lower jaw 8 = 3rd molar
x = Carabelli tubercle
II
III
IV
Deciduous teeth:
Medial incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
1st premolar
2nd premolar
Fig. 175. Deciduous and permanent teeth of the right side

(seen from the vestibular side).
Fig. 176. Deciduous and permanent teeth of the right side

(seen from the oral side).
The four incisors
The two incisors and the canine

tooth of right side
The canine tooth and the two
premolars of right side
The four incisors
Lower incisors, canine

tooth, and premolars
Premolars, first and second molars
The two premolars and the three molars

of right side
The three molars
5lf' \ 77 ' , (T0P ’ Ieft) Roent g en °g rair > of the incisors and canines of the
upper and lower jaws in a 2Va year old child
The developing permanent teeth may be seen in the jaw (from W. Meyer, in: Die
Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheil-
kunde, Vol. II, Munich-Berlin, 1955).
Fig. 178. (Top, right) Roentgenograms of the deciduous molars and the developing
1st permanent molar in a 2 %
year old child (from W. Meyer, in: Die Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Vol. II,
Munich-Berlin, 1955).
Fig. 179. (Middle) Roentgenograms of permanent teeth. Teeth of upper jaw shown in 4
partial exposures (from
W. Meyer, in: Die Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Vol. II, Munich-Berlin, 1955).
Fig. 180. (Bottom) Roentgenograms of permanent teeth. Teeth of lower jaw shown in 4
partial exposures (from
W. Meyer, in: Die Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Vol. II, Munich-Berlin, 1955).
The Auditory
and Vestibular Apparatus
Red — Meatus acusticus ext.
Green = Cavum tympani, Ossicula auditus

Blue = Auris interna
Fig. 181. (Left) The bony framework of the 3 subdivisions of the ear, depicted as
translucent.
Fig. 182. (Right) Projection of the tympanic cavity (blue), the mastoid air cells
(red), and the
auditory tube (yellow) on the lateral surface of the skull.
N. petrosus major
Cochlea Foramen spinosum Foramen ovale
N. facialis, N. intermedius
Lingula sphenoidalis i
A. carotis inf. ] |
Dorsum sellae 1 1 1
0. temp. (Pars petrosa)
1 Ganglion geniculi
I I Canalis semicircularis ant.
' Cochlea / / Tegmen tympani
Foramen
jugulare
rars cocmeans vin \
Pars vestibularis VIII, A. labyrinthi,

\ \
\ Canalis semicircularis lat.

\ Canalis semicircularis post.
Saccus endolymphaticus
Canalis semicircularis lat. /

Canalis semicircularis post.
/ Saccus endolymphaticus
Fig. 183. The bony labyrinth, the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the facial nerve in
situ in the petrosal bone. Metal cast
of the labyrinth. The top of the pyramid has been chiseled out on both sides.
Ductus utriculosaccularis
Ductus semicircularis post
Ductus semicircularis ant., Ampulla membranacea

Crus membranaceum commune I
R. ampullaris ant., R. utriculi
N. saccularis, Sacculus
i N. utriculo-
ampullaris
Ganglion vestibuli, A. labyrinthi (R. vestibularis)
N. vestibuli V. labyrinthi
Ductus semicircularis lat,
A. labyrinthi cochleae
Saccus endolymphaticus \ ' \ Caecum vestibulare, i
Ductus endolymphaticus \ 1 Ductus reuniens
Vv. canaliculi vestibuli \ y. aquaeductus cochleae
N. ampullaris post., Ampulla membranacea post. Sacculus (Rete art.

i i
| V. spiralis modioli
A. labyrinthi ant. (R. cochleae)
I V. spiralis mod
Ductus cochlearis
N. cochleae, Ganglion spirale
et
Fig. 184. Schematic representation of the left membranous labyrinth with vessels
and nerves. Posteromedial view.
Seal a vestibuli
Ductus
cochlearis
Scala tympani
N. octavus
(Pars cochlearis
et vestibularis),
Gang/, spirale
cochleae
N. ampullae post.
Hiatus semilunaris, Lamina spiralis ossea
Ampulla ossea post.
Basis stapedis, Lig. anulare stapedis, Canalis semicircularis lat.
N. facialis, Canalis n. facialis
Canalis semicircularis post.

Stapes, M. stapedius (Tendo)
Capsula artic. temp.-mand.
Meatus acusticus externus (Osseus et cartilagineus)
Dura mater
Antrum mastoideum
Chorda tympani, Incus
Membrana tympani, Malleus
Cavum
Fig. 185. Horizontal section through the ear at the level of the vestibular (oval)
window. The cochlea has been cut
axially; the floor of the vestibule and the lateral semicircular canal are
illustrated. The stapes is intact, but the incus
and malleus have been partly removed.
Meatus acust. ext. (Paries post.), Ram. auricul. X, Cartilago meatus acustici
Ligam. auriculare post., M. auricularis past.,

Meatus acust. ext. (Paries membr.)
Tegmen anlri et cellulae mast.
/ A., N. auricularis post.
Aditus ad antrum
mastoid.'
Cellulae mast.
Incisura mastoidea (Crista)
(the ridge).''
A., N. auricul. post.
(R. occipit.)
Paries tegmantalis
Antrum mastoideum,
Cellulae mast, antri,
Prominentia canal is
semicircularis lat.
Fossa triangul. (Eminentia)
Cellulae mastoid, mediates

(perisinusoidales)
~ Fossa anthelicis,
Eminentia conchae
Cellulae mastoid, post.,

M. splenius capitis
, V., N.
auricularis post, et
rami auricul ares
M. occipitalis ~
Cellula mastoidea (Apex proc. mast.), M. sternocl., N. occipitalis minor
V.jugularis ext., Parotis, Lobulus auriculae
Fig. 186. Preparation of the mastoid air cells and antrum. The mastoid cells have
been opened and partly removed,
and the auricle has been reflected forward. The lateral wall of the mastoid cells
was removed in such a way that no
damage was done to the posterior bony wall of the external acoustic meatus. The
tegmental wall (roof) was barely
touched. The attachments of the sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis muscles
have been resected.
Paries tegmenta I is
Crista pyramidis __
Incisura mast. (Regio)
Fossa cranii media (Regio)
Canalis semicircularis lat.
N. facialis, Prominentia canalis fac. \ |
| Tegmen tympani
I '
| I Caput mallei, Articul. incudomallearis
Crus breve incudis, Ligam. incudis post., I i

Chorda tympani, Meatus acust. ext. (Paries post.) I |
Umbo (Stria mallearis), Pars tensa, I

Anulus fibrocartilagineus membr. tymp. j
| Prominentia mallearis, Pars flaccida,

j Stratum cutaneum partis osseae meatus
A., V., N. auricularis post.
-Meatus acusticus ext.,

Cutis
- Cartilago meatus
Fossa cranii post. (Regio)

Sinus sigmoideus (Regio)
Chorda tympani,
A. tymp. post..
Ram. auricularis (X)
Fig. 187. Exposure of the outer components of the right ear through the mastoid
region. The
posterior wall of the external acoustic meatus was removed, and the descending part
of the facial
canal was opened. The mastoid cells were reamed out, and the lateral semicircular
canal was
opened.
Canal is semicircul. ant.
Canalis semicircul. post., Crus commune, 0. temp. (Pars petrosa)
Canalis semicircul. lat., N. facialis, Prominentia canalis n. facialis

| Paries tegmenta/is
I Caput mallei (Facies articularis), Proc. cochleariformis
I '
Lamina ossea
_ Glandula parotis (Pars

retromandibularis )
Sinus sigmoideus*'
- 0. temp. (Proc. zygom.)
- Tegmen tympani
stapedis, Umbo (Membr. tymp.),

\ Manubrium mallei, Stria mallearis
Canalis semicirc. post.

(Crus ampullare)'
M. stapedius, N., A. stapedia, Chorda tympani, A. tymp. post.
N. vagus (Ramus auricularis), Ram. comm, cum

r. auricularis (N. vagus)
Promontorium, Fossula fenestrae cochleae
Fig. 188. Exposure of the right outer, middle, and inner ear through the mastoid
region. The
tympanic cavity with the stapes is opened; almost complete removal of the mastoid
cells from the
antrum. The sigmoid sinus is opened.
— Ductus, Canalis semicircularis ant.
Utriculus
Ductus utriculosaccularis
Cochlea (Basis)
Ductus cochlearis
Ductus reuniens , ,
Caecum vestibulare S t
Ductus endolymphaticus
Ductus, Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Ductus, Canalis
semicircularis posterior
Crus membranaceum commune
Canalis semicircularis ant. -
Ampulla ossea lateralis
Cochlea
-- Basis cochleae
Fenestra cochleae
Canalis semicircularis lateralis -
Ampulla ossea anterior

I Recessus ellipticus
Fenestra vestibuli
Recessus sphaericus
Cochlea (Cupula)
' Ampulla ossea posterior
Canalis semicircularis posterior

Fig. 189. (Top) Cast of the right bony labyrinth (the perilymphatic space) in a
posteromedial view. The membran¬
ous labyrinth (the endolymphatic space) is illustrated as transparent.
Fig. 190. (Bottom) Cast of the right bony labyrinth in an anterolateral view.
Ampulla ossea posterior *'
" Canalis semicircu/aris posterior
Cochlea (Canalis cochlearis) - -
t Recessus sphaericus
/ Recessus ellipticus
; Ampulla ossea ant.
Canaliculus vestibuli - -
Crus osseum commune
Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Area vestibularis
utriculoampullaris
- Crista transversa
Foramen singulare
■ Area vestibularis
saccular is
Area cochleae,
Tractus spiralis
foraminosus
Fig. 191. (Top) Cast of right bony labyrinth seen from above.
Fig. 192. (Bottom) The fundus of the internal acoustic meatus on the right side.
The internal acoustic
meatus of a petrosal bone has been opened from behind.
Ampulla ossea lateralis, Cellulae pneumaticae
Ampulla ossea ant., Apertura vestibularis aquaeductus vestibuli
Crista vestibuli, Area cribriformls utriculoampullaris
N. facialis (Canalis et hiatus canalis)
Canal is semi-
circularis lat.

\
^ Hiatus semilu¬
naris, Lamina
spiralis ossea
Ampulla ossea post.
Lamina spiralis secundaria
Promontorium
Canaliculus tympanicus
cochleae, Scala tympani
Crus osseum commune -
„ Area cribriform is
saccularis,
Recessus sphaericus
Canalis semicircularis lat.

(Crus osseum simplex)
Scala tympani
Scala vestibuli
Utriculus (Recessus)
Lamina modioli
Canalis facialis
~ Lamina spiralis
ossea (Hamulus)
Fig. 193. A frontal section through the petrosal part of the right temporal bone
showing the medial wall
of the vestibule. The basal winding of the cochlea was opened so that scala
vestibuli is facing the viewer.
Floor of the cochlear recess.
Ariicul. incudomallearis, Incus
Caput mallei. Lig. mallei sup.
Malleus (Proc. ant.), M. tensor tympani (Tendo)
Ligamentum mallei
laterale, Recessus
epitympanicus
Cavum tympani
Meatus acusticus
externus,
Membrana tympani
superior (Recessus) ^
Manubrium mallei
Membrana tympani (Pars flaccida)
Membrana tympani (Pars tensa )■"*
Membrana tympani
Fig. 194. Frontal section through the middle ear of the right side with mucosa and
auditory ossicles
M. stapedius
Antrum mastoideum
Basis stapedis, Fenestra vestibuli j
Canalis facialis (Prominentia)
Membrana stapedis
N. petrosus minor
Plexus tympanicus, Fromontorium
M. tensor tympani \
N. petrosus minor, A. tympanica sup.
N. petrosus major, Hiatus canalis facialis
Sinus tympani
0. temp. (Pars
tympanica)
Meatus acusticus
ext.
Proc. styloideus
Fenestra cochleae (Fossula)

Canalis carolicus
Tuba auditiva
Fig. 195. Lateral view of the mucosal covering and muscles of the tympanic cavity.
The malleus and incus were removed; the stapes is in situ.
longum incudis
N. facialis, Processus lenticularis incudis
Crus breve incudis, Ligamentum

incudis posterius
/
Antrum tympanicum
Limbus membranae tympani —
Membranci tympani (Pars

Chorda tympani, Plica mallearis posterior
Membrana tympani posterior (Recessus)
Artie, incudomallearis
Lig. mallei superius
Recessus epithympanicus
Plica mallearis anterior
Membrana tympani anterior (Recessus)

Manubrium mallei, M. tensor tympani (Tendo)
Fig. 196. The lateral wall of the right tympanic cavity. View of the tympanic
membrane,
the malleus, and the incus.
a) Right malleus from front.
Manubrium mallei
mallei
Facies articularis
Collum mallei
^ Proc. ant.
M. tensor tympani
Proc. lat.
b) Right malleus from behind.
Facies articularis
Crus breve
Corpus incud is
Crus longum -
c) Right incus, anterolateral view.
Corpus incudis
Crus breve
- — Crus longum
Proc. lenticularis
Facies articularis
d) Right incus, posteromedial view.
e) Right stapes.
Fig. 197. View of the three auditory ossicles, disarticulated.
Caput mallei
Crus ant.
Articul. incudomallearis
breve incudis
Collum mallei
Malleus (Proc.
Malleus (Proc. ant.)
incudis
Crus longum incudis
rticul. incudostapedia
stapedis
Crus post.
Manubrium mallei
Proc.
Basis stapedis
Crus ant
Basis stapedis
" Crus breve incudis
Processus lat.
Articul. incudomallearis
Crus longum incudis
Proc. lenticularis
Articul. incudostapedia
Processus ant.
Manubrium mallei
Crus post.
Fig. 198. (Top) The auditory ossicles of the right ear, medial view.
Fig. 199. (Bottom) The three articulated auditory ossicles, seen from above.
Membrana tympani (Pars flaccida)
Plica mallearis anterior,

Chorda tympani
Prominentia mallearis •-
Plica mallearis posterior,

Chorda tympani
Crus longum incudis - -
Stapes - "
Eminentiapyramidalis, M. stapedius /
/ Stria mallearis
— Membrana tympani (Umbo)
''Membrana tympani (Pars tensa)
Arteriae striae mallearis
' Rete arteriosum marginale
N Arteriae radiatae
Fig. 200. (Top) The three auditory ossicles projected on the right eardrum to show
their location, lateral view.
Fig. 201. (Bottom) The eardrum with its arteries.
, Stria mallearis ant.
Pars flaccida (Membr. Shrapnelli), Incisura tympanica
Prominentia mallearis, Malleus (Proc. lat.) »

Lamina vasculosa —
Stria mallearis post. -
Crus longum incudis,

Incisura tympanica'
Stapes '
Meatus acust. int. (Paries post.) -

Promontorium
Fenestra cochleae
f / Anu/us tympanicus (membr.)
' /
Stria mallearis
Membr. tympani (Pars tensa)
Meatus acust. ext. (Paries ant.)

Membr. tympani (Umbo)
" Trigonum lucis
N Anulus tympanicus et tendineus
I = Anterior superior quadrant of eardrum

II = Anterior inferior quadrant of eardrum
III = Posterior inferior quadrant of eardrum
IV — Posterior superior quadrant of eardrum
Fig. 202. Otoscopic view of right eardrum (from von Eicken-Schultz v. Treeck).
Fossa triangularis
Crura anthelicis
Crus helicis, Incisura ant.

(Tuberculum antitragicum)
Porus acusticus externus
Tragus
Incisura intertragica
A.tr = Antitragion
S.au
Ob.s = Otobasion sup.
Sp.au
Ob.i = Otobasion inf.
Tr
P.au = Postauriculare
Tu
Pr.au = Praeauriculare
Subauriculare
Supraauriculare
Tragion
Tuberculum Darwini
- Helix
— Scapha
- Cymbaconchae
- Anthelix
-- Cavum conchae
— Antitragus
Lobulus auriculae
Fig. 203. Lateral auricular region (external ear).

The surface within the auricle.
The Eye and the Orbit
Palpebra sup. (Pars orbitalis),

Sulcus orbit sup.
Sulcus palpebralis sup. ~

Angulus oculi lat. '
Cilia
Sulcus palpebralis inf.,

Palpebra inf. (Pars tarsalis)
Palpebra inf. (Pars orbitalis),

Sulcus palpebromalaris
“ Sulcus radicis nasi
■ Arcus interpalpebralis,
Angulus oculi medialis
Palpebra inf. (Pars tarsalis)
Supercilium
s' Palpebra sup.,

Sulcus orbit, sup.
Palpebra sup. (Pars
(Margo
Punctum lacrimale sup.,

Plica
Caruncula lacrimalis--
Punctum lacrimale inf.,

Conjunctiva palpebrae inf.
Margo palpebralis sup.
Conjunctiva palpebrae sup.-,

Glandulae tarsales (Meibomi)
Limbus conjunctivalis (int.)

s Limbus cutaneus (ext.)
x Angulus oculi lat.

Sclera, Conjunctiva bulbi,
Aa. ciliares ant. (Ramuli ciliares)
Punctum lacrimale inferius
Foramen supraorbitale, Septum orbitale
' / M. levator hnlhphrne sub. fTendo)
Canaliculus lacrimalis sup.,

Fornix sacci lacrimalis
Lig. palpebrale mediate
Canaliculus lacrimalis inf.,

Lig. palp. med\
Saccus lacrimalis
Ductus nasolacrimalis
- Glandula lacrimalis (Pars

orbitalis)
- Velum lat. (Apon.)
- Glandula lacrimalis
(Pars palpebralis),
Lig. palpebrale laterale
Septum orbitale
Ductus nasolacrimalis (Ostium)
Fig. 204. (Top) External features of right eye region.
Fig. 205. (Middle) External features of the left eye region. The upper lid is
completely
inverted; the lower lid is pulled down.
Fig. 206. (Bottom) The lacrimal apparatus and the tarso-orbital septum (partly
resected).
M. obi. sup. (Trochlea) -
M. rectus med. - -
M. rectus inferior --
M. obliquus sup _
M. levator palpebrae
sup. (Origo) — -
Anulus tendineus communis
— M. obliquus inf. (Insertio)
•/VI. rectus sup.
M. rectus laf.
M. rectus sup. (Insertio)
M. rectus I at. (Insertio)
- Trochlea m. obliqui sup.
-M. obliquus sup.
-M. rectus med. (Insertio)
rectus inf. (Insertio)
-M. obliquus inferior (Origo,

Margo infraorbitalis)
Fig. 207. (Top) Schematic view of the muscles of the right eyeball seen from above.
The muscles are drawn partly transparent. Note the deviation of the bulbar axis and
the components of the muscle “pyramid.”
Fig. 208. (Middle) Muscles of the right eyeball seen from front.
N. supraorbitalis (R. lat.),
N. supraorbitalis
(R. palpebralis sup.)
A., N. nasalis ext. -
Rr. buccales (VII),

Rr. nasales art. angularis
Rr. zygomatici (VII),

N. lacrimalis
(R. palpebr. sup.)
Arcus palpebralis
inf.
R. zygomatico-
facialis (V 2 ), R.
art. zyg.-orbit.
A., N. supratrochlearis
N. fac. (R. temporalis),

A. zygomaticoorbitalis
Fascia tempor.,
R. zygomatico-
tempi (V 2 )
N. infratrochl. (R. nasalis),

A. dorsalis nasi, Anastomosis:
N. supra- et infratrochlearis
N. infratrochlearis
(R. palp, inf.),
Anast. art. angularis cum
art. ophthalmica
A., V. angularis
A. infraorbitalis, Anast. N. infraorbital is - N. facialis
Rr. palpebrales inferiores (N. infraorbitalis)
A = M. occipitofrontalis
(Pars frontalis)
Bi = M. orbicularis oculi
(Pars orbitalis)
B 2 = M. orbicularis oculi
(Pars palpebralis)
C = M. zygomaticus major
E = M. levator labii
sup. alaeque nasi
F = M. levator nasi
Gi = M. nasalis
G 2 = M. nasalis
H = Ligam. palpebr. med.
J = M. procerus
K = M. corrugator supercilii
M. corrugator supercilii
A. supraorbitalis, N. supraorbit. (Ram. lat.j,
M. levator palp. sup.
orbitale, Tarsus sup.,

Arcus palp. sup.
A., V. angularis,
N. infra- et supratrochl.
(R. anast.), M. procerus
_-N. lacrimalis (Ram.

palpebr.), A. zygo¬
maticoorbitalis
Caruncula lacrimalis,
M. orbic. oculi
Ligam. palpebr. mediate,

N. infratrochl. (R. palp.) -
--Ligam. palpebr. lat.,

Arcus palp. inf.
- Ram. zygomatico¬
facial is (V 2 )
M. levator labii sup. alaeque nasi,
N. fac. (Ramus)
N. supratrochlearis
A. supratrochlearis, N. supra¬
orbit. (Ram. med.),
A., N. infraorbitalis
buccalis
Rr. zygomatici (VII)
A., N. nasalis ext.
Cartilago nasi lat.,

A., V. angularis,
N. infraorbit.
(R. palp, inf.)
Cartilago alar is major
'N. infraorbit. (R.
M. zygomaticus-minor
" M. zygomaticus major
palpebr. inf.), M. levator angolioris
Fig. 209. (Top) Vessels, nerves, and muscles in the superficial eye and nose
regions.
Fig. 210. (Bottom) Vessels and nerves of the face in the deeper eye and nose
regions after
partial removal of the mimic musculature.
Lig. palpebr. med. (Pars ext.)
Saccus lacrimalis,
Lig. palpebr. med. (Pars int.)
A. palpebral, med. inf.

N. supraorbit. (R. lat.), (V,),
A. supraorbit., M. levator palpebr. sup.
- Gl. lacrim. (Pars orbitalis)
-A., V. zygomaticoorbit.
JV\. levat. palpebr. sup.

(Aponeurosis),
N. lacrim. (V,J
-Gl. lacrim. (Pars palpebr.)
- Lig. palpebrale lat.,

Septum orbitale,
A. palpebr. lat. inf.
Tarsus palpebr. inf.,

Vagina bulbi,
A., R. zygomatico-
facialis (V 2 )
"M. zygomaticus minor

. zygomatici (VII)
zygomaticus major, R. comm.

N. infraorbit. (V 2 )-N. facialis
N. supratrochl. (V ,),
R. comm. N. infratrochl. -
N. supratrochl., Trochlea
Anastomosis A.,
V. nasofront. - A., V. angul.,
Canaliculus lacrim. sup.
A., R. nasalis ext. ( V\),

Cartilago nasi lat.
Canaliculus lacrim. inf.,

Lig. palpebr. med. -
A., V. angularis -

alaeque nasi,
Cartilago nasalis accessor.
M. obliquus sup.
N. supraorbit. (R. med.)

et a. supraorbit.
A., N. infraorbit. (V 2 ),
Corpus adiposum orbitae,
M. obliquus inf.
M.
alaeque nasi (Origo)
oris, R.
^ Tarsus palpebrae sup.
Septum orbitale,
A. palpebr. lat. sup.
Puncta lacrimalia
N. infratrochlearis, A., V. nasofront.
Tarsus sup., M. rectus med.,

Vagina
Caruncula lacrimalis -
Gl. lacrim. (Pars palpebr.),

M. rectus lat.
Saccus lacrimalis,
M, orbic ocul (Pars lacrimalis)
Tunica conjunctiva
bulbi, M. obliqu. inf.
A., R. nasalis ext. (V ,)■
A., V. angularis,
Cartilago nasi lat

A., R. zygomatico-
facialis (V 2 )
Tunica conjunctiva
bulbi, M. rectus inf.
Tunica conjunctiva
palpebr., M. obliqu. inf.
major
Rr. zygomatici (V
Trochlea,
M. obliqu. sup.,
A. supratrochl.,
N. supraorbit. (R. med.),
M. occipitofront. N. supraorbit. 5 e p tum orbitale,
(Aponeurosis)
rectus sup.,
Gl. lacrim. (Pars orbitalis)
levat. palpebr. sup.

(Pars lat.), Aponeurosis,
A.zygomaticoorbit.

alaeque nasi
R. buccalis (VII), M. levator anguli oris
Fornix conjunctivae inf.,

A., N. infraorbit. (V 2 )
Fig. 211. (Top) Blood vessels and nerves of the deep eye region and lateral aspect
of nose
seen from front.
Fig. 212. (Buttom) Ocular bulb in situ, from front. The orbital septum is incised
and the
upper and lower tarsal plates are reflected medially.
Septum orbitale, Corpus adiposum orbitae, Periorbita
Os frontale, Fornix
M. ciliaris, Orbiculus ciliaris
Ora serrata
M. rectus sup. (Tendo)

Choroidea, Spatium perichoroideale
Sclera, Capsula bulbi
N. frontalis, M. levator palpebrae sup. •
N. opticus (Excavatio disci), M. rectus sup.
N. ciliaris long., V. ophthalmica sup.
N. opticus, A. centralis retinae

A. ophthalmica, Dura mater (N. opticus) 1
Arachnoidea et Pia mater (N. opticus) J
Ganglion ciliare j
Anulus tendineus communis '
N. trochlearis, Periorbita
I
Ramus sup. Ill, Os sphenoidale (Ala minor)
N. oculomotorius
N. lacrimal is v \
Ramus inf. Ill
- M. tarsal is sup.
Glandulae conjunctivales,
Angulus iridocorneal is
M. levator palpebrae sup. (
M. orbicul. oculi
N. maxi I laris
Zonula ciliaris
Sclera, Sclera (Sinus venosus)
M. ciliaris, Glandula tarsalis
Fornix conjunctivae inf., Processus cil
M. rectus inf
M. orbicularis oculi, Septum orbita

N. abducens,
Plexus venosus orbitae
N. nasociliaris,
A. ophthalmica
Camera post, bulbi
Nucleus, Cortex, Capsula lei

M. dilatator pupillae
M. sphincter pupillae,
Margo pupillaris, Camera ant.

M. ciliaris, Glandula ciliaris,
Tarsus palpebrae sup.
M. orbitalis. Ganglion
A. maxi I laris
M. rectus inf., Processus orbit, ossis palat. j
M. rectus inf., Os palat. (Processus orbit.) I
Sinus maxillaris
M. tarsalis inf.
I
I
i
Sclera (Lamina cribrosa),

A. iridis
' Ora serrata
N. infraorbitalis (V 2 ), M. obliquus inf.
Fig. 213. Lateral view of a sagittal section through the orbit with contents.
Gland, lacrimalis,
M. lev. palp.sup (Aponeurosis).
Anastom.: N. zygomaticus-N. lacrimalis
A., V. nasofrontal is
1 N. ciliaris post, longus
A. supratrochlearis
N. frontalis
N. lacrimalis, V. ophthalmica sup.
Sinus frontalis.
A., V., N. supratrochlearis, A

N. supraorbit. (R. medJ^M 1
Trochlea, A/1, obi. sup. (Tendo), |
N. infratrochlearis— J.
R. sup. (Ill)
A. ophthalmica, R. inf. (Ill)
N. abducens, A/I. rectus lat.
N. ophthalmicus
A/I. levator palp. sup. (Aponeurosis)
M. orbic. oculi (Pars palpebr.),

A., N. lacrimalis
N. oculomot. (R. inf.),

R. zyg.-temp. et zyg.-
fac., V. vorticosa
R. inf. (Ill),
M. obliquus inf.,
M. rectus inf. (Tendo)
M. rectus sup
M. levator |
palpebr. superioris I
d /
Ill, Sinus cavernc
- IV
M. rectus \at.~-
- - A. carotis int
N. maxillari
Gangl.
-semilunare (tn
Radix V (Pars t
|- N. mandibula
— Gangl. pteryg<
Nn. pterygopc
- N. temporalis p
Ramus comm.
"cum ramo men

A. meningea ac
Gangl. oticum
N. auriculotempc
' A/I. tensor veli p

N. tens, veli
A. meningea medi
N. alveolaris inf.,
Chorda tympani
N. lingualis
A. sphenop., Nn. pa
N. mylohyoideus
A. maxillaris, N. buccalis
/ /
! Aa., Nn. alveolares sup. post.
^ A. palatinadesc.
Ganglion ciliare, A. centralis retinae,

Aa. ciliares post., V. ophthalmica
Sinus maxillaris, Periorbita'
A., V., N. infraorbitalis
Fig. 214. Contents of left orbit, lateral view. The orbital fat has been removed.
Pterygopalatine fossa with the pterygopalatine ganglion.
N. infratrochlearis, A. dors. nasi\
7*} 53 .
N. supratrochlearis
N. supraorbit. (R. med.), A. supratrochl. ^
A., V., N. supraorbitalis (R. lat.) —
^ A.,N. ethmoidalis ant.,

A. meningea ant.
A. lacrimalis (R. supraorbit.),

Gland, lacrim.
Bulbus olfactorius
N. trochlearis
. N. opticus, A. ophthalmica
N. frontalis _
^ A. carotis int., Ill
A., V. meningoorbitalis,
V. cerebri media _
Infundibulum,
Diaphragma sellae turc.
- N. nasociliaris,
A., V. nasofrontal is
- A..N. ethmoidalis post.
R. communicans:
N. lacrim. - N. zygoma!.
A., V., N. lacrimalis,
M. rectus lat. —
A = M. levator palp. sup. C = M. obliquus sup.

B = M. rectus sup. D = Sinus frontalis
Dx = Sinus frontalis (Recessus lat.)

E = Cellula ethmoidea post.
M. levator palp, sup., N. supraorbitalis

(R. med. et

M. rectus sup. (Vagina fascia I is)
Glandula lacrimalis,
N. lacrim. (Rr. glandulares)
A., V. meningoorbitalis,
R. comm.:
N. lacrimalis— N. zygomat.
A., V. ophthalmica
N. lacrimalis, M. rectus lat
N. supraorbitalis, M. rectus sup. -
N. trochlearis
/ N. supratrochlearis, Trochlea,
' M. obliquus sup. (Tendo)
A. nasofrontalis (A. dorsalis

nasi), N. infratrochlearis
Cellula ethmoidea ant.
A., N., V. ethmoidalis ant.,

A. meningea ant.
N. nasociliaris, A. ophthalmica
Bulbus olfactorius
N. trochlearis, M. obliquus sup.
A., N. ethmoidalis post.,
M. levator palp, sup.,

R. sup. Ill
Anulus tendineus communis,

A. ophthalmica, N. opticus
N. opticus, A. carotis int.
Infundibulum,
Diaphragma sellae turc.
N. ophthalmicus, Ramus meningeus ~

A., V.
— N. oculomotorius
A., V., N. supratrochlearis
A. nasofrontal is, V. vorticosa,

N. nasociliaris
(infratrochlearis)
Sinus cavernosus, VI
Radix trig., Portio sens, et mot.
/ M. obliquus sup. | Trochlea)
/ /
N. oculomot., Ala minor -
N. frontal is -
Anulus tendineus,
N. opticus, A. ophtal.,
Vagina duralis
et arachn. (N. opticus)
N. maxillaris
N. ophthalmicus
N. mandibularis
Ganglion semilunare
(trigeminale)
A. carotis int.,
Chiasma opticum
- Diaphragma sellae turc.,

Foramen diaphrag.,
Hypophysis
A., N. supraorbital is,

Ai. lev. palp, sup., M. rectus
Glandula lacrimal
Periorbita
V. ophthal.
V. vortic., Vv. ciHares post.,
N. lacrim., M. obi. inf. (Tendo)
A., N. ethmoidalis ant.,

A. meningea ant.
- N. ciliaris longus, Aa.

ci Hares post.
N. oculomot. (R. inf.)
A., V. centralis retinae, M. rectus lat.
Ganglion ciliare, V. ophthal. sup.-

N. lacrimalis -
R. inf. Ill, Radix brevis,
A. lacrimali
N. nasociliaris
N. trochlearis
A. ophthalmica,
Gang!, ciliare (Radix longa)
N. oculomotorius
(R. sup.),
M. levator palp , sup.

M. rectus sup.
N. front. (R. med.)
Fig. 217. Orbital contents from above after removal of the roof and opening the
sup. orbital fissure.
The levator palp. sup. has been cut and reflected back.
Fig. 215. (Left, top) View of muscles, nerves, and vessels of the orbit from above
after removal
of the orbital roof.
Fig. 216. (Left, bottom) Orbital contents from above after removal of the orbital
roof. The
nerves in the region of the cavernous sinus. Area of the hypophysis from above.
Sinus frontalis
Trochlea, N. supratrochlearis
A. frontalis lat.
Cellulae ant. sinus ethmoidalis, Tunica mucosa

M. obliquus sup.
V. ophthalmica sup.
A. supratrochlearis
A. ethmoidalis post.
M. rectus med.
M. rectus inf.
M. obliquus sup.
N. nasociliaris
M. levator palpebrae sup.
M. rectus sup.
N. oculomotorius (R. superior)
N. opticus
A. ophthalmica
A. carotis int. dextra, Plexus caroticus int.
N. abducens, Sinus cavernosus*
in. supraorDiians ( r\. meaiausj
N. supraorbitalis (R. lateralis)
M. orbicularis oculi
N. trigeminus (Radix sens.)
N. mandibularis
Radix motoria V
-A. meningea media
Nn. ciliares longi

Nn. ciliares breves
M. rectus lateralis
N. oculomotorius (R. inf.)
A. lacrimalis
N. ophthalmicus
Ganglion trigem inale
Glandula lacrimalis
' M. levator palpebrae sup.

M. rectus sup.
N. frontalis
' N. opticus, A. centralis retinae
V., N. lacrimalis
" Ganglion ciliare, Radix oculomot.

N. opticus
— R. communicans cum n. nasociliari
R. sympathicus ad ganglion ciliare
N. abducens
N. m axillaris
V. ophthalmica sup.
* = Branching sympathetic fibers to the abducens n. from the internal carotid

plexus in the cavernous sinus.
Fig. 218. Right orbit, opened from above. The superior orbital wall and squama of
the frontal bone have been re¬
moved to show the branching of the 1st division of the trigeminal nerve. The
semilunar ganglion and the trigeminal
nerve are elevated.
N. ciliaris, Choroidea "
Pupilla, Cornea (Polus anterior bulbi)
Angulus iridocornealis, Cornea (Rete arter. marginale)
Circuius arter. iridis major, Nn. ciliares

Corpus ciliare, Orbiculus ciliaris
Ora
ciliaris post, longa
V. vorticosaetfor.
vorticosum
(Sclera)
Radices et bulbus
v. vorticosae,
Vv. ciliares
Sclera
Sinus venosus sclerae (Canalis Schlemmi),
''Cornea (Rete art. marginale)
Aa., Vv. ciliares ant.
ciliaris ant.
. ciliares et iridicae
N. opticus ''
Aa. ciliares post, breves
A. ciliaris post, brev., N. ciliaris longus et brevis
A. ciliaris post, longa
Fig. 219. (Top) Blood vessels of the bulb; schematic (from Th. Leber).
Fig. 220. (Bottom) Right ocular bulb seen from above. The sclera is reflected,
exposing the vessels
and nerves of the vascular tunic of the bulb.
Circulus art. iridis minor
-A., V. muscularis
Aa., Vv. iridicae

~~ Vena vorticosa
(Radices ant.)
x Vena vorticosa
(Radices post.)
. V. centralis retinae
Circulus art. iridis major

Radix iridis
^Sclera (Sinus venosus)
^,-Cornea (Rete marginale)
A. ciliaris ant.
A., V. conjunctivalis post.
Bulbus v. vortic.
""Vv. vorticosae (Bulbus)
V. vorticosa'
V. vorticosa
A. ciliaris post, longa
— Aa. ciHares post, breves
N. opticus (Circulus vasculosus)
Fig. 221. Blood vessels in the middle layer of the bulb.
Retina
Sclera -
Choroidea
Corpus vitreum
Lens
/VI. rectus lot. (Tendo)
Ora serrata
Stratum pigmenti
Cornea
Camera bulbi ant., Iris
M. dilatator pupillae
Margo corneae
M. ci liar is
Conjunctiva
(Stratum episclerale)
sphincter pupil lae
Retina (Pars iridica)
Camera bulbi post.
iridocornealis,
venosus sclerae
Processus ciliaris
ci liar is
Capsula bulbi, Vagina

bulbi (Tenoni)
Canalis hyaloideus
Fovea centralis
Spatium intervaginale
Vagina externa n. optici
N. opticus (Excavatio papillae)

Area cribrosa sclerae
N. opticus
Stratum epivaginale
A. centralis retinae
Vagina externa nervi optici (Pura)

" Vagina interna nervi optici (Pia)
Spatia intervaginalia
Fasciculi nervosi
V. centralis retinae
Arachnoidea
Fig. 222. (Top) Horizontal section through the left bulb. The layers of the bulbar
wall are
indicated by different colors.
Fig. 223. (Bottom) Cross section through the anterior part of the optic nerve.
Epithelium corneae
M. dilatator l
pupil Iae |
(Fibraezonula res'
Fibrae meridionales, I
M. ciliaris i I
1 i
F/'broe radiates, M. ciliaris i

Fibrae circulares, M. ciliaris
Cornea (Substantia propria)
Angulus iridocornealis
Sclera (Sinus venosus)
Ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis
Tendo centralis
Pars iridica retinae (Stratum pigmenti)

M. sphincter pupillae
Sclera -
Choroidea
Ora serrata —
N Lamina limitans post.
Stroma
i rid is
I
j Zonula ciliaris
i ~ S p a tia zonularia
Processus ciHares
N. opticus, Excavatio papillae

A., V. centralis retinae
Area cribrosa sclerae
Fovea centralis
Capsula bulbi,
Spatium circumbulbare
Nervus opticus
^Retina
-- Stratum pigmenti retinae
^Choroidea
Sclera
Spatia intervaginalia
Vagina externa nervi optici

Arachnoidea
Vagina interna nervi optici
Fig. 224. (Top) Horizontal section through the optic nerve at its point of entrance
into the bulb.
Fig. 225. (Bottom) Horizontal section through the anterior portion of the bulb.
Sclera
Margo (Margo)
Cornea
M. obliquus sup. N
M. rectus sup., Ramulus ciliaris sup.
Pars pupil laris iridis s
M. rectus medial is,

Ramulus ciliaris medialis
M. rectus inf., Ramulus ciliaris inf.
M. rectus lat.,
Ramulus ciliaris lat.
Rete arteriosum
marginale corneae
Papilla, Pars pupillaris lentis

obliquus inf.
Iris (Margo pupillaris) ''

Iris (Margo pupillaris)
Iris (Pars ciliaris)
^ Corpus ciliare, Corona ciliaris,

Processus ciliares majores
Orbiculus ciliaris,
Proc. ciliares minores
Iris (Pars pupillaris) •
Iris (Margo pupillaris) '
Iris (Pars ciliaris)
Iris (Facies post.)
Corona ciliaris
Zonula ciliaris
Pupilla
Ora serrata
Retina (Pars optica)
v Choroidea
Sclera
' Retina (Pars optica)
Fig. 226: m = Center of the anterior lens surface

Fig. 227: m = Center of the posterior corneal surface
Fig. 226. (Top) Ocular bulb from front. The cornea of the left bulb was incised
circularly near the corneal edge and
removed; the anterior chamber of the eye was opened, and the iris was exposed.
Fig. 227. (Bottom) Anterior portion of the bulb seen from the inside.
Macula lutea'
Macula (Margo) s
Fovea centralis
! Papilla nervi optici,
/ Excavatio disci (N. opticus)

(Margo nasalis)
' Granulatio marg. temporalis
Papilla nervi optici, Excavatio disci (N. opticus)

(Margo temporalis)
v.M.
u
a = Fovea centralis
a x = Arteriola nasalis retinae sup.
a 2 = Arteriola nasalis retinae inf.
a 3 = Arteriola temporalis sup.
a* = Arteriola temporalis inf.
85 = Arteriolae maculares
% = Arteriola medialis retinae
b = Papilla (Discus) n. optici,
Excavatio papillae
c = midpoint of fundus
(posterior pole of eyeball)
cr — cilioretinal anastomoses
h.M = horizontal meridian
n = nasal aspect of fundus
o = upper aspect of fundus
t = temporal aspect of fundus
u = lower aspect of fundus
v.M = vertical meridian
I = upper nasal quadrant of fundus

II = lower nasal quadrant of fundus
III = upper temporal quadrant of fundus
TV = lower temporal quadrant of fundus
Fig. 228. Fundus of the living eye (ophthalmoscopic view).
Corona ciHaris
Ora serrata
Zonula ci liar is"
Retina (Pars optica)
' Orbiculus ciliaris
Sclera x
Choroidea-
Corpus ciliare, Processus
ci Hares majores
Processus ci Hares
minores
Orbiculus ciliaris,
Retina (Pars ciliaris)
Lens (Margo) "
Processus ciliaris major '
Sclera
Cornea (Margo)
Zonula ciliaris
Lens (Facies ant.)

" (Stella lentis)
Iris (Radix)
N - Zonula ciliaris
Lens (Margo)
Cornea \
Fig. 229. (Top) View into the anterior half of the eye from behind after removal of
the vitreous body.
Fig. 230. (Bottom) Lens and suspensory apparatus from front. On the left bulb the
iris was circularly incised near
its root and lifted out so as to expose the lens.

The Neck
Skeleton, Musculature,
and Visceral Compartments
^ Acromion
Clavicula
(Extremitas acrom.)
Foramen infraorbitale ^ ^
Os zygomaticum
Spat, craniovertebr. ^
Lig. stylohyoid.
Mandibula (Ramus)
Crista buccinat., Trig, retromolare
Foramen mentale >.

Cartilago epiglottica v
Cartilag. arytaenoidea (Proc. voc.) x
Lamina cric. .
Vertebra cerv. VI (Tuberc. post.) „
Vertebra cerv. VI (Tuberc. ant.) -

Costa I (Tuberc.) ^
Costa I (Caput) -_
- ' Apertura pirif. (Vomer)
/Proc. mastoid.
- ' Proc. stylohyoid.
-' Crista buccinat.
- Lig. stylohyoid.
' Linea obliqua mandib.
, Mandibula (Angulus)
, - Os hyoid. (Cornu minus)
^ - Os hyoid, (Cornu majus)
Cartilag. thyr. (Cornu sup.)
Cartilag. arytaenoidea (Apex)
Cartilag. thyr. (Cornu inf.)
Arcus cricoideus
/ Cartilago trach. II
Clavicula (Extremitas stern.)
Acromion (Facies artic.)
Sternum
Proc. coracoideus
s Scapula (Incisura)
K Scapula (Margo sup.)

Scapula (Margo med.)
(Incisura clavic.)
Costa I
Sternum (Incisura jugul.)
Blue = visceral cranium and branchial

skeletal parts
Yellow = neurocranium, axial skeleton,

bodies, and arches of the
cervical vertebrae
Red = ribs and rudiments of ribs
Green = bones of the shoulder girdle

4-7 = transverse processes of cervical
vertebrae 4—7
I-V = 1st through 5th ribs and
corresponding vertebrae;
arrow in costoclavicular space
Fig. 231. Skeleton of head and neck seen from front.
Os tympanicum, Porus acust. ext
zygomaticus,
Os tempor. (Proc. zygom.)
Foramen mastoid.
^ Fossa mandibularis
Fossa infratemporal is
Mandibula (Incisura)
Mandibula (Linea obliqua)
Spatium craniovertebr.,
Arcus zygom.
Mandibula (Angulus),
Lig. stylomand.
Lig. stylohyoid.
Foramen mentale
Linea mylohyoidea
Epiglottis
\ Os hyoideum (Corpus)
Os hyoideum (Cornu)
Cartilago epiglott. (Petiolus)
Prominentia laryngea
Cartilago aryt. (Proc. vocal.)
Cart. cric. (Margo sup.)
Arcus cricoideus
Scapula
(Angulus sup.)
Scapula (Margo med.)
Processus mastoideus -
Atlas (Processus transv .) —
Axis (Processus spinosus)
Os hyoideum (Cornu maj.)

Cart. thyr. (Cornu sup.
Cartilago arytaen.,
Cart. thyr. (Cornu inf.)
Sulcus n. spin.
Tubercul. ant..
Tubercul. post.
Foramen transversarium VI
Processus spin. VII '
Processus transv., Tuberc. costae I
Pars supraclavicul. thoracis
Clavicula
(Extremitas acrom.)
Clavicula
(Extremitas stern.)
■Sternum
(Incisura jug.)
coracoideus
Color code as in Fig. 231
1-7 = bodies of the 7 cervical vertebrae

I-V = ribs and corresponding thoracic vertebrae;
arrow in the costoclavicular space
Fig. 232. Skeleton of the head and neck. Viewed from the right side with the head
turned slightly to the left.
Squame occipitalis
Linea nuchae inf^
Foramina mastoid.
Foramen condyl., Condyl. occipit. ^

Incisura mastoid
Sulcus a. occipit —
Proc. mastoid.^"''
Proc. styloid. -
Atlas (Proc. transv.)"
Lig. sphenomandib., Foramen mandib.- -
Crista buccinat.""
Linea mylohyoid. -
Proc. artic. inf. -
Proc. artic. sup. -
Lamina vertebrae (Cerv. VI )...
S patium interarcuale. Proc.
Articul. sternoclavicul.
Manubrium sterni\
Protuberantia occip. ext.
Crista occip. ext.
Axis (Dens), Foramen occipit.

magnum (Margo ant.)
Axis (Corpus)
/ Proc. mastoid.
Arcus zygom.
Crista infrazygom., Proc. pteryg. (Lam. lat.)
Fossa -
supraspinata
Scapula (Spina) '

Trigonum spinae
Acromion
" Proc.
coracoid.
- Spatium craniovertebr.
Lig. stylomand.
Mandibula (Angulus)
Lig. stylohyoid.
^-Articul. intervertebr.
sProc. transvers.
/ Vert. thor. I (Proc. transvers.)
Costa I (Tuberculum)
Scapula (Angulus sup.)
(Margo sup.)
Articul. acromioclavicul
Linea nuchae suprema
Linea nuchae sup . N
1-7 = spinous processes of the 7 cervical vertebrae

I-V = spinous processes of the upper 4 thoracic vertebrae and
the upper 5 ribs
Fig. 233. Skeleton of the head and neck and the adjoining parts of the thorax.
Dorsal view with
the head bent slightly forward.
Acromion — "
Processus coracoideus —
Linea horizontalis (Frankfurt)
Protuberantia occipitalis externa (Inion)
Processus mastoideus
Musculi nuchae
M. sternocleidomastoideus (Margo post.)
Fossa retromandibularis
Tuberculum caroticum
Prominentia cervicalis (Cervicale)
Mandibula
(Processus condylaris)
Mandibula (Angulus)
Fossa submandibularis
Mandibula (Angulus) _
Tuberculum mentale (Gnathion) —
Clavicula (Extremitas sternalis)
Costa prim a
Oesophagus
Costa secunda
Clavicula
" (Extremitas acromialis)

Scapula
(Fossa supraspinata)
Os hyoideum (Corpus) —
Trigonum caroticum
Angulus submentalis
Prominentia laryngea (Pomurn
Cartilago cricoidea (Arcus )__
Isthmus gland, thyr
Linea mediana colli •

Fossa supraclavicularis minor v
M. sternocleidomastoideus (Origo sternalis)^

Clavicula -
1-7 = cervical vertebrae 1-7

I, II = thoracic vertebrae 1 and 2
Fig. 234. Exterior of neck (viewed from the side with skeletal parts and viscera
drawn in). Palp¬
able skeletal landmarks are indicated by o.
M. rectus capitis ant.
Condylus occipitalis, Articul.
atlantooccipital is,
Capsula articularis
M. rectus capitis I at.
Os temporale
M. splenius capitis ^
occipitale
M. sternocleidomastoideus
M. digastricus (Venter post.)"
Lig. stylomandibulare
M. pterygoideus med.
Ârticul. intervertebral is, Proc. articul. sup. Ill
Membrana tectoria
Lig. flavum
Lig. flavum
x Lig. longitudinale post., Discus intervertebral is
Processus styloideus,
Recessus parastyloideus
(Processus transversus),
Arcus post., Sulcus a.
vertebralis, Massa lot.
Processus styloideus, M. stylohyoideus

(Lig. cruciforme), Dens axis
Articul. atlantoaxialis lat.,
Fovea articularis inf., Atlas
Articul. atlantoaxialis lat. (Capsula),

Lig. atlantoaxiale accessorium
. stylomandibulare
Lig. cruciforme (Fasc. longitud. inf.)
Lig. stylohyoideum
M.
Articul. intervertebralis, Processus articul ares
Lig. alare sin., Membrana

atlantooccipitalis ant.
Foramen jugulare
\ Porus
Endocranium
Dorsum sellae, Clivus
Lig. cruciforme (Fasc. longitud.

sup.), Foramen occipitale
Articul. atlantooccipitalis (Capsula), Sinus

sigmoideus, Condylus occipitalis
Fig. 235. Dorsal view of the craniovertebral joints. The joint capsules are intact
on the right side and opened on the
left side. The tectorial membrane has been removed from the anterior wall of the
vertebral canal so that the proper
ligaments of the craniovertebral joints (cruciform and alar ligaments) may be seen
(drawn by K. Endtresser, 1951).
Os occipitale (Pars basilaris), Clivus v

Lig. cruciforme, Membrana
Lig. apicis den i
A rticul. atlantoaxialis lat.
Articul. atlantoaxialis mediana
" Axis (Corpus)
M. rectus capitis lat
Atlas (Proc. transv.)
Lig. alare
Dura mater
Tuberculum jugulare, N. hypoglossus
N. glossopharyngeus
N. vagus
Sinus sigmoideus
N. accessorius
Condylus occipitalis
Articul. atlantooccipitalis
Atlas (Massa lat.)

Axis (Dens)
Fig. 236. Frontal section through the region of the craniovertebral joints. Dorsal
view of the cut surface.
Axis (Dens)
Atlas (Arcus ant.)
Lig. longitud. ant., Atlas (Tuberc. ant.)

Lig. alare
Atlas (Proc . transv.

Atlas (Foramen
Lig. transversum at I antis
Atlas (Arcus post.) (Ponticulus)
Lig. cruciforme (Fasc. longitud.)
" Sulcus a. vertebralis

Membrana tectoria
(Arcus post.)
(Proc. spinosus)
Lig. supraspinale
Fig. 237. Transverse section through the region of the craniovertebral joints at
the level of atlas
(viewed from above).
Lig. longitudinale post.
Articul. intervertebral is (Capsula)
occipitalis
Lig. cruciforme
jZanalis n. hypoglossi
Dura mater
, Membrana tectoria
Bursa apicis dentis
Articul. atlantooccipit. (Capsula)
Foramen occipitale magnum (Margo)
Sulcus a. vertebr., Foramen a. vertebr. et n. cervicalis I
Lig. cruciforme
Lig. longitud. ant.
Foramen intervertebrale
Discus
Membrana atlantoaxialis,
Foramen atlantoaxiale
interspinale
Lig. flavum
- Lig. supraspinale
Sinus
Clivus "
Articul. atlanto¬
axialis mediana
Axis (Dens)
Articul. atlantoaxialis
mediana, Lig. transv. atlantis
Articul. atlantoaxialis lat.
Membrana atlanto-
occipitalis post.
Septum nuchae
Lig. apicis dentis
Membrana atlanto¬
occipit. ant.
Violet = ligaments
Light blue = synovial membranes of joint

capsules and cavities
Dark blue = surfaces of joint capsules

Brown = articular cartilage
Yellow = flaval ligaments
Fig. 238. Midsagittal section through the region of the craniovertebral joints
(right half).
Os frontale, Sinus frontalis .
Os nasa/e
Crista galli
! Os ethmoidale
Sinus sphenoidalis
\
Processus pterygoideus (Lamina lat.)
Fossa hypophyseos, Dorsum sellae
I Clivus
Os ethmoidale
(Lamina-
perpendicularis)
Vomer .
Processus pterygoid.
(Lamina med.) ..
Lig. pterygospinale, Spina angular is
Linea obliqua, Incisura mandibularis

/
S Porus acusticus int.
/ Canaliculus cochleae (Apertura ext.)
/ y Foramen jugulare
y Aquaeductus vestibu/i (Apertura ext.)

Spina nasalis ant. ,
Canal is incisivus.
Palatum
durum -
Foramen pal at. maj.,

Spina nasalis post.'"
- Sulcus sigmoideus,
Foramen mastoideum
Foramina „ - " fi'lj

palat.min.''
Mandibula'
Sulcus hamuli, Proces- /

sus pterygoid. (Hamulus)'
Crista buccinatoria, Trigonum retromolare
Sulcus mylohyoid. i /
Os hyoideum
Os hyoideum (Cornu min.)' / /

/ /
Lig. stylohyoid. /
" Articul. intervertebr., Proc. artic. sup. et inf.

- Discus intervertebr.
Clavicula (Extremitas sternalis) -
Sternum (Manubrium) -.
'' Fossasupra-
spinata
1-7 = bodies and spinous processes of cervical

vertebrae 1—7
I—III = ribs and associated thoracic vertebrae

Fig. 239. Median section of head and neck skeleton.
Atlas (Massa lat.)
Atlas (Proc. transv.) -
Fovea articularis inf. -
Articulatio atlantoaxialis -
Axis (Corpus)
~ Squama occipitalis
-Mandibula (Proc. muscularis)
"Proc. styloideus
~Dens axis
Mandibula
(Proc. spinosus)
Atlas (Arcus ant.)

Dens axis
Vert. cerv. II (Proc. costotransversarius)

Mandibula (Anguli)
Cavum pharyngis
Os hyoideum.
Os occipitale (Squama)
Atlas (Tuberculum post.)
Vert. cerv. II (Arcus)

Vert. cerv. Ill (Arcus)
Vert. cerv. VII (Proc. artic. sup.)
Cavum tracheae ■
Vert. cerv. VII (Proc. spinosus)

Vert. cerv. VI (Proc. artic. inf.)
1 — atlas 2—7 — bodies of cervical vertebrae i = intervertebral joints
* = Cartilago cricoidea
Fig. 240. (Top) Roentgenogram of cranial end of cervical vertebral column,

anteroposterior
view through mouth (L. Wicke, Vienna).
Fig. 241. (Bottom) Roentgenogram of adult cervical vertebral column, lateral view,
head in
normal, standing posture (L. Wicke, Vienna).
M. serratus ant.
if
//
M. subclavius, Spat, costoclavicul. j
M. omohyoid. (Venter inf.), Trig, omoclavicul.
Lig. interclavicul., M. sternothyroideus
' 1
/ ' /VI. intercost. ext.
/ l
/ Lacuna scalena post.
Lacuna scalena ant.
M. geniohyoideus
I M. genioglossus
I 1
Cartilago thyroidea
M. styloglossus
Os hyoideum (Corpus), Raphe mylohyoidea
/VI. digastricus (Venter ant.) \
/VI. mylohyoideus
M. stylohyoideus \
M. hyoglossus
M. digastricus (Venter post.) N
M. longiss. capitis .
M. levator scap
M. longus capitis x
Lig. thyrohyoid, lat., M. thyrohyoid. ^
M. omohyoid
M. scalenus med
M. scalenus ant
M. sternocleidomast.
Cavum viscerate cervicale
M. sternocleidomast. (Origo), Fossa supraclavicul s

min., M. scalen. ant.
M. levator scap.
m. omohyoid.
M. trapezius
M. longus capitis
M. sternohyoideus
M. omohyoid. (Venter sup.)

Cartilago cricoidea
- M. scalenus med.
M. sternothyroideus
~ M. scalenus ant.
M. longus colli
scalenus post.
A 1. rectus cap. lat.,

Atlas (Proc. transv.)
- A 1. hyoglossus
/VI. longiss. capitis
/VI. splenius cap.
> M. levator scap.
Blue = branchial musculature Red = ventrolateral (somatic)
Green = muscles of shoulder girdle musculature of neck
Yellow = somatic, dorsal (back)

musculature = intrinsic
muscles of post, neck region
VII = 7 th cervical vertebra
Fig. 242. Musculature of the neck. Front view (neurovascular bundles and viscera
removed). The left shoulder
girdle and associated muscles have been resected so that the suprahyoid tongue
musculature and the infrahyoid
ventrolateral neck muscles and scalene lacunae (anterior and posterior, arrows) may
be seen.
M
pharyngobasilaris
M. constrictor phar. sup.,M. stylogloss., M. stylohyoid.
articul. temporomandibularis
s'M. rectus cap. ant.
M. longus cap., M. long, colli
--7VI. rectus cap. I at.,
atlantooccip. ant.
-- M. stylopharyngeus
M. intercost, int
Lig. stylohyoid.
M. genioglossus '
M. mylohyoid.,
M. geniohyoid.
M. hyoglossus
M. digastricus
Membr. thyrohyoidea
Os hyoideum
. constrictor phar. inf. (Pars thyropharyng.)
M. thyrohyoid.
M. omohyoid. (Venter sup.)

Linea obliqua, Cartil. thyr.
M. sternothyroid.''
/VI. sternocleidomast."
M. sternohyoid.'
Oesophagus, Lacuna scalena ant

M. omohyoid. (Venter inf.) —
Artie, sternoclavic., M. subclav.
Spat, costoclavic., Proc. corac

M. intercost, ext.,
M. semi spinal is capitis
M. splenius capitis
"M. digastricus, Atlas (Proc. transv.)
constrictor pharyrigis medius

(Pars ceratophar.)
x /VI. trapezius
NV1. sternocleidomast.
M. levator scap.
M. scalenus post.
—M. scalenus ant.
M. scalenus med .
— _M. trapezius,
Costa II (Tuberc.)
Lacuna scalena post.
^ Artie, acromioclav.,
M. omohyoideus
Color code as in Fig. 242

Brown line = outline of atlas
Fig. 243. Neck musculature seen from the left side; head bent backward.
Canalis musculotubarius
Canalis caroticus
Apertura ext.
canalis carotid
Canalis n. hypoglossi
Fossa (Foramen) jugul.,
Crista tympanica --
M. rectus cap. lat.,
Proc. styloid. —
/Vi. intercost. ext.
M. longus colli (P. obliqua sup.)
/ Tuberc. caroticum, Angulus scalenovertebr.
Pleura (Cupula)
/VI. scalenus ant.
M. longus colli
(P. obliqua inf.)
y M. scalenus post.
scalenus ant.
Red =
ventrolateral neck musculature
+ = slips of attachments of the oblique
Yellow =
dorsal musculature
parts of longus colli m. on the
1-7 =
cervical vertebrae 1-7
transv. proc. (ant. tubercle)
I—III =
thoracic vertebrae 1-3 and
O = slips of origin of longus capitis
corresponding ribs
m. on the transv. proc.

+ • =
slips of attachments of the longus

colli m. on the bodies of the vertebrae
(ant. tubercle)
• = slips of origin of the anterior

scalene m. on the transv. proc.
(ant. tubercle)
x = slips of origin of the middle
scalene m. on the transv. process

(post, tubercle)
Fig. 244. Prevertebral and paravertebral neck musculature. The left longus capitis
muscle has been drawn trans¬
parent; on the right side the muscles have been removed from their sites of
attachment so that the smaller cervical
intercostal and intertransverse muscles may be seen. The cupula of the right pleura
is retained.
M. semispin. cerv.
(Margo med.)
M. longissimus
M. semispin. cerv. (Margo lat.)
M. semispin. cerv.
M. iliocost.
M. spinalis cerv
M. splenius cerv.
(Margo med.)
M. obliquus cap. sup. --
M. splen. cap.
M. rectus capitis post. maj.
M. rectus cap. post, min.,
M. splenius cap.
M. longiss. cap.'
M. obliquus capitis inf.
M. intertransvers.
M. lonqissimus cap.
- M. semispinalis capitis
(Margo med.)
M. splenius cap.
(Margo medial is)
(Margo lat.)
. longiss. cap.
(Margo med. et lat.)
M. interspin. cerv.
M. splenius cap. (Margo lat.)
M. splenius cerv. (Margo lat.)
M. semispinalis capitis (Margo lat.)
__ M. semispin. cerv. (Margo medialis)

- M. longiss. cerv. (Margo lat.)
M. iliocost. cerv. (Margo med. et lat.)

1-IV = spinous and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae 1-4 and corresponding
ribs
1-7 = spinous and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1—7
Fig. 245. The intrinsic muscles of posterior neck region (schematic, seen from
behind) toned yellow and outlined
in different colors. The superficial muscles on the right side are drawn
transparent; on the left side only the origins
and/or the insertions are indicated in order to bring into view the underlying
muscles. The directions of pull of the
muscles on the left side are indicated by arrows in appropriate colors.
N. occipitalis major et tertius (Rami cutanei)
M. rectus capitis post, minor

) M. semispinalis capitis
Vena emissaria condyloidea
V. auricul. post.
V. emissaria masfoidea _
- M. splenius capitis
Processus styloideus, M.
Vv. intervertebrales, Foramen intervertebr. (Rete ven.) _
Plexus ven. a. vertebralis"
V. cervical is prof."'
A. vertebralis, N. cervical is I,
Membr. atlantooccipitalis
M. obliquus capitis mf.
N. occipitalis tertius - -
Plexus ven. a. vertebralis (V. vertebralis) - -
V. cervicalis prof. - -
V. vertebralis - -
Vv. intervertebrales -
V. cervical is prof.
V. intercostalis suprema (R. post.) -

M. semispinalis cervicis - -
M. interspinalis-
cervicis
Lig.—
supraspinale
M. obliquus
capitis sup.
M. rectus capitis
" post, major
/ Membrana et
foramen atlanto-
occipitale (Ponticulus)
- M. longissimus capitis
M. digastricus
A. occipitalis,
Proc. styloideus
M. rectus capitis I at.
N. suboccipitalis
(R. dors. n. cerv. I)
"R. comm. n. suboccip. cum nervo occip. maj.
N. cervic. II, Foramen, Membrana

atlantoaxial is
M. intertransversarius (l-ll)
N. cervicalis II, Ramus ventralis

v A. vertebralis
N. occipitalis major, Plexus cervic. dors.
" N. cervic. IV (R. dors.)

- A. cervicalis profunda
~A. vertebralis
N. cervicalis V (R. dors.)

N. cervicalis VI (R. dors.)
M. scalenus medius
N. cervicalis VII (R. dors.)
- A. cervicalis prof.
,M. iliocostal is,
M. longissimus cervicis
A. intercostalis suprema
. post.), N. cervic. VIII
. scalenus post.
N. thoracicus I (R. dors.)

M. intercostalis ext.
intercostalis ext.
Vv. occipitales -
+ = slips of origin of semispinalis capitis
1—7 = spinous and transverse processes

(post, tubercles)
of the 7 cervical vertebrae
I—IT (III) = spinous processes of thoracic

vertebrae 1—3
and corresponding ribs
Fig. 246. The deep muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the back of the neck.
Arteries and nerves
are shown on the right, nerves on the left. The shoulder girdle and associated
musculature, the
splenius, semispinalis capitis, and longissimus cervicis have been removed.
M. scaler 1 . ant. - -
M. longiss. cerv.-
Fascia colli superficialis *
M. sternohyoid. \
M. sternothyroid.\
M. longus colli \
M. sternocleidomast. n
M. omohyoid. (Venter sup.,
Tendo)
M. scalenus med. etpost.

Costa I (Tuberc.),
Artie, costotransv. I-
/ Fascia cervic. comm.
M. multifidus"
Fascia cervic. (paravertebr.)
M. iliocost. cerv. -
" Spatium cervic. lat.
fascia colli media
suprastern.
/ Fascia colli media
s' Fascia cervic. comm.
Fascia sternocleidomast.
Fascia colli profunda
M. semispin, capitis '
M. levator scap.
M. trapezius'
M. semispin. cerv.
M. rhomboideuss'
M. serratus post.
Artie, intervertebr. (Vertebra

cervic. VII et vert. thor. I)
~ - Fascia nuchae prof. (F. lumbodors.)
Vert. cerv.
VII (Proc. spin.)
Fascia nuchae superfic.
Cart. thyr.
Rimaglott
Fascia cervicalis
Cartil. arytaenoidea
Fascia colli superf. et media
Facia cervic. (Lam. superfic.)
S pat. suprastern. ^
vie. j'
Fascia cervic.
Lacuna scalena ant.
Paries pharyngis
Fascia colli media
Spatium cervic. (Rec. submuscul.).
Fascia cervic. (Pars paravert

Proc. transv. V. (Tuberc. ant.)'
Proc. transv. V. (Tuberc. post.)"
Fascia nuchae superf..

Sulc. n. spin., For. transv. V ✓
Vert. cerv. V (Arcusy'
Fascia nuchae prof.
Vert. cerv. IV (Proc. spin.), M. interspin.
Fascia nuchae
Lig. nuchae (supraspin
M. spinalis
M. semispinal. cerv./
t Fascia cervicalis (Lam. superfic. et praetrachealis)

Spat. fibr. praetracheale
Lig am. vocal e, M. aryfaen.
M. sternohyoid.
sternocleidomast.
Spat. fibr. paravisc. •

Nodi lymphat. cerv. prof.
M. longus cap.
M. seal. ant.
M. scalen. med. et post.

M. longus colli
M. iliocost. cervicis
M. longiss. cerv.
Spat. fibr. retrovisc.
N. cervic. V
M. levator scap.
M. longiss. cap.
s M. semispinalis capitis
M. splenius cap. et cerv.
N M. trapezius
1 M. multi fid us
Spat, paralaryng. (submucos.)
- M. sternothyr.
Lam. vise, nervorum et vasorum

M omohyoid.
. longit. colli
Fig. 247. (Top) Cross section through the neck at the level of the 7th cervical
vertebra
(bones, muscles, and fasciae).
Fig. 248. (Bottom) Cross section through the neck at the level of the 5th cervical
vertebra
(bones, muscles, and fasciae).

Cartilago septi nasi
Cavum
viscerate
Canalis
vertebralis
Facies infratemp, et tuber maxillae
Sinus maxillaris
Septum nasi (Vomer)
Palatum durum, Sutura palat. transv.,

0. palat. (Lam. horiz.)
Maxilla (Proc. zygomaticus) N
M. pteryg. medialis,
Fascia pteryg.
M. temporalis, Fascia tempor.
M. zygomaticomandib.
(Pars prof.) x
M. masseter, Fascia
masseterica
M. pterygoideus I at.,
Fascia pteryg
M. zygomaticomandibularis
(Pars superfic.)
M. longus colli, Atlas

(Arcus et tuberc. ant.) -
M. longus capitis -
M. styloglossus -
M. stylohyoideus
M. stylopharyngeus,
Septum stylophar. —
M. rectus capitis ant. -

M. digastricus (Venter post.)
M. rectus capitis lat.
M. longissimus capitis '
M. splenius capitis
M. rectus capitis post, major
0. palat., (Lam. perpendicularis)
Canalis pterygopalatinus
s 0. palat. (Proc. pyramidalis)
s' Proc. pteryg. (Lam. med. et lat.)
Mandibula (Ramus)
- Spatium infratemporale
, Fascia colli prof.,
Ligam. longit. ant.
^ Ligam. sphenomandibulare
Mandibula (Ramus, Margo post.)
Jr Articul. atlantoaxialis mediana,

~~Dens axis, Lig. alare
-Proc. styloideus, Recessus parastyloideus
Fascia retromandibularis
Proc. mastoideus (Apex)
s Recessus submuscularis
For. transversarium,
Atlas (Proc. transversus, Massa lat.)

. transv. at/antis,
Artie, atlantoaxialis mediana
Membrana tectoria,
Ligam. cruciforme atl. (Fascic. longit.)
Atlas (Arcus post.)

v Fascia nuchae prof.
rectus capitis post, minor
/VI. trapezius
Septum nuchae, Atlas (Tuberc. post.)
I = Atlas
II = Dens axis
Fig. 249. Cross section through the neck at the level of the atlas, and through the
facial skeleton immediately
above the floor of the nasal cavity. Viewed from above, showing skeletal parts,
muscles, ligaments, and fasciae.
Arrows: entrance from The retromandibular fossa, in front of the styloid process,
into the craniovertebral space, or
rostrally into the infratemporal space.
Canalis vertebralis
M. orbicularis oristdi
jM
M. zygomaiicus major
Tunica mucosa buccae

(Vestibulum oris)
M. buccinator
Plica pterygomandib.,
Mandibula (Trig, retro mol a re) ^
M. temporalis -
M. masseter
Lig. sphenomandib.,
Lingula mandib.
M. pterygoideus medialis
Fascia pharyngea, Spatium
retropharyngeum -
Lig. stylomandibulare ~
Fascia colli prof.,
M. longus capitis et colli - -
M. digastricus (V. post.)

M. rectus capitis ant. ~
M rectus capitis I at. *
N\. sternocleidomastoideus\
M. obltquus capitis inf.
Membrana atlantoaxialis,
Lig. interspinale -
Fasc/a buccopharyngea
M. palatoglossus,
Arcus palatoglossus
^ Tonsilla palatina, Fascia

, Fascia pharyngea
-M. pharyngopalatinus,
Arcus pharyngopalatinus
_ Spatium interfasciale
infratemporale
- Spatium parapharyngeum
_ Lamina vasorum el
nervorum visceral is
Septum stylopharyngeum, Lig.
stylohyoideum, hA. stylohyoideus,
stylopharyngeus et styloglossus
- Funiculus nerv. et vasorum cervicali
Fascia retromandibularis,
Fossa retromandibularis
Recessus
submuscularis
Foramen atlantoaxiale in
membrana atlantoaxialis
M. rectus capitis post, major""
M. splenius capitis et cervicis
M. trapezius

s Fascia nuchae prof.
Lig. sup rasp inale (Lig. nuchae)
I = Massa lateralis, Proc. transv. atlantis

II = Dens and proc. spinosus axis
Fig. 250. Cross section through the head and neck region at the level of the dens
of the axis, oropharynx, and the
occlusal plane showing skeletal parts, muscles, ligaments, and fasciae.
Paravisceral and retrovisceral compartments
are white. The infratemporal (interfascial) fossa and the submuscular recess of the
lateral fascial compartments
of the neck are empty. Not included in the drawing are the buccal fat pad, the
contents of the fascially enclosed re¬
tromandibular fossa (parotid gland), the structures in the illustrated
neurovascular sheath (stylopharyngeal sep¬
tum), and the neurovascular bundle that occupies the parastyloid recess.
A. palat. desc., Nn. palat.,
Can. pterygopalat.
' Cartil. alaris major
„ 'A/I. nasal is
levator labii sup., N., A. infraorbit.
M. levator anguli oris
M. zygom. min. et maj.
Nn. alveol. sup., hA. buccin.
M. tensor veli pal.,
N. buccal is
M. lev. veli palatini,

A/I. pterygopharyng.
- Fascia pharyngea
- N. lingualis
N. alveol. inf.,
Lig. sphenomand.
N. glossophar., A. carotis
’ ext., N. hypoglossus
Fascia parot.
A. carot. int.,
Gang/, cerv. sup.
' N. vag., V.jugul. int.
• N. accessor., A. occip.
Concha nas. inf.

Sinus maxill.
Spat, parapharyng.,
N. mandibul.
A. vertebr., N. c ervic. I. (R. ventr.)'
N. cervic. I.
A. vertebr., N. cervic. I. (Radices)-'
N. occip. maj.'
Sulc. a. vertebr., Fovea artic. sup. al
Spat, infratemp. —
A. maxill., Parot is
(Proc. parapharyng.),
Chorda thymp.-
Lam. nerv. et vasorum visce-
ralis, Recessus pharyngeus, -
Cartil. tubae auditivae
Parotis, A. carot. ext.,
V. retromand.
Fig. 251. Cross section through the head and neck region at the level of the
nasopharynx
(on the right side the cut was made somewhat more inferior). View of the floor of
the nasal cavity
and the maxillary sinus. Note the anterior extension of the parotid gland toward
the
parapharyngeal space.
M. orbic. oris, Gland, lab. inf.
A. vertebr.
N N. access. (Rad. spin.)
N. occip. tertius, V. cervic. prof.
Corp. adipos. buccae n
V.jugul. int., N. access.
Fasc. retromand.
Rec. submusc.
buccinat., Gland, bucc.
mylopharyng.,
Plica pterygomand.
N. lingual., Raphe pterygomandib.
alveol. inf., Can. mand.
N. mylohyoid.
Gangl. spin. (N. cerv. II.)
Arcus (M.) palatoglossus

Tonsilla pal.,
Cav. parapharyng. sup. N
Lig
Lig. sphenomand.,
Spat, infratemp. n n
. stylomand., V. retromand.
A. carot. ext., N. glossopharyngeus

-N. laryng. sup.
~A. carot. int., N. hypoglossus
Gang/, cervic. sup.
Tunica muse, phar., Fascia pharyngea Membr. thyrohyoidea, Nodus lymph.
M. sterno-, omo-, thyrohyoideus
Platysma, Fascia cervic.,
Lam. access.
Plica ventric., Gland, laryngeae, Recessus pirif. phar.

N. thyr. sup.
A. car. int., V.jugul. int., N. vagus
carotis ext.,
Ansa cervic. (Radix sup.)
A. carot is inf.
N. vagus, V.jugul. int.,
" Nodi lymph, cerv. prof. sup.

'Gangl. cerv. sup.
N. access.
M. long. cap. ef colli

M. scalen. med., M. intertransv. cerv.
longiss. cap., cerv., iliocost. cerv.
Spat, extradur., Plex. ven. vert. int.
M. sternocleidomast., Fascia
N. auricul. magn.
Spat, retropharyng.,
Fascia cervic. (L. praevert.)
Fascia cervic. paravert.,

Rec. submusc., Plex. cervic.
M. splen. cerv.
M. lev at. scap.
A. vertebr., Gangl. spin.
/V1. splen.
M. semispinalis cap."'
N\. semispin, cerv., Multifidus"
M. trapez ‘
Fig. 252. (Top) Cross section through the head and neck region at the level of the
oropharynx.
Fig. 253. (Bottom) Cross section of the neck through the glottis and the 2nd and
3rd cervical vertebrae.
Os nasale
Os ethmoidale (Lamina cribrosa)
Os ethmoidale
(Lamina perpendicul.) "
Spina nasalis ant
Palatum durum
Spina nasalis post.
Mandibula —
Os occipitale (Squama)
Membrana atlantooccipit. post
M. mylohyoid., Fascia mylohyoidea
Lig. interclaviculare, M. sternothyroid. (Origo)
Sternum (Manubrium)
Lig. longitud. post,

Periosteum (Endorhachis)
Lig. longitud. ant
Discus intervertebralis
Violet = ligaments and intervertebral

discs
Black = cut edges of fasciae

and periosteum
Light blue = synovial membranes

of the articular
capsules and bursae
Red = musculature
Fig. 254. Median section through the bony and fascial boundaries of the visceral
and neural compartments of the
neck. The visceral compartment of the neck, the adjoining craniovertebral space,
the oral cavity above, the thoracic
cavity below, and the vertebral canal are empty.
mem®
Velum palat.
Choana nasa/is dextra

J Ostium pharyngeum tubae, Plica salpingopalatina
1 j Torus tubarius, Plica salpingopharyngea, Torus levatorius
. j • J Canalis craniopharyng., Hypophysis
Bursa pharyng., Tonsilla pharyngea, Phar. (Pars nasal.)
I Membrana atlanto occipit. ant., Spatium retropharyng., Recessus pharyngeus

Articul. atlanto axialis mediana, Lig. transv. atlantis
Ventric. IV (Tela choroidea)
Arcus palatoglossus ^
Tonsilla palatina,
Foramen caecum
linguae
— Ventric. IV (Apertura rm
T 2^—Cisterna cerebellomedullaris
Arcus palatopharyng.-,
Plica pharyngoepiglott.,
Isthmus faucium —
ill
M. genioglossus ,
geniohyoid. ~
T—Falx cerebelli
’"'Membrana atlantooccipit. post.

Septum nuchae
jj'"'- Membrana atlantoaxialis post
____ Tuberculum cornicul.et cuneiforme,
; r. Plica aryepiglottica
X- M. arytaenoideus, Plica interarytaenoid
Pharynx (Pars laryngea)

k-% ..
-L/g. supraspinale
Cavum laryngis
Lig. interspinale
Arcus cricoid. '

Oesophagus "
Xig • longitudinale ai
et post.
M. mylohyoideus
Epiglottis , Tonsilla lingual., Plica, Vallecula glossoepiglott. ;
Cs hyoideum, Bursa subhyoidea,
Membrana thyrohyoidea -~~ J
Bursa subcutanea, Prominentia laryng/
Spatium praeepiglott., Lig. hyo- etthyroepiglott.
Plica ventricul., Vestibulum laryngis '

Ventriculus laryng., Plica vocalis
Isthmus gland, thyroid.

Fascia cervicalis (Lam. superfic.)-
Fascia cervicalis (Lamina praetrachealis) —-
Trachea -
Spatium interfasc. suprastern., V. transv. juguli
Spatium praetracheale, Vv.thyroideae imae
»•
Lig. interclaviculare
V. brachiocephalica sin. m / g*
Vk
Thymus /
Arcus aortae, Truncus brachiocephal. X
Trachea (Paries fibrocartilag.)

Trachea (Paries membranaceus)
mi
,X X x'X Fascia cervicalis

X ^X X (Lam. praevertebr.)
X X Spatium retrooesophag.
/ Oesophagus
Spatium oesophagotracheale
, f l ' Dura mater

\ ! i spinalis, Spatium subdurale
1 I Cavum subarachnoideale
’ Medulla spinalis
Spatium epidurale
1-7 = bodies and spinous processes of cervical vertebrae 1-7 I-III = bodies of
thoracic vertebrae 1-3
Fig. 255. Median section through the neck and adjoining head and thoracic regions
with the contents of the fascial
compartments (previsceral space, etc.); right half of the section.
Falx cerebri
\
1 Ala vomeris
Hypophysis
Lig. sphenomandib.
Communicatio: Spatium craniovertebrale - Fossa retromandib.
N. trigem. et n. abduc. (Porus)
Porus acust. int. (VII, N. intermed., VIII)

Membrana atlantooccipitalis ant.
, N. IX, X, XI (Porus)
„ Tentorium
^ Lig. apicis dentis
N. XII (Pori)
Labium
Dura mater
M. levator veli palat., M. pterygoid, lot.
M. pterygoid. med.\
Palatum (Aponeurosis),
M. tensor veli palat.
Cart i I ago nasi

Cartilago alaris
major (Crus lat.)
Tunica mucosa
Palatum
Hamulus pterygoid.,
Raphe pterygomandib
Labium inf.,
M. orbicul. oris.
Tunica
Lig. stylohyoid., -
M. stylohyoid.
Linea mylohyoidea,
M. mylohyoideus
M. geniglossus
Fascia cervicalis (submandib.)
M. geniohyoid
M. mylohyoideus
Os hyoideum (Cornu min.)
f /
M. hyoglossus/ / .
Membrana thyrohyoidea f /
M. thyrohyoideus /
/ /
M. digastricus j
M. sternohyoideus' /
M. omohyoideus /
Fascia cervicalis (Lamina praetrachealis) ' ,
M. sternothyroideus / ,
^ ,
Fascia cervicalis (Lamina superfic.)'''}

Fascia cervicalis (Lamina praetrachealis)'’
Spatium (interfasciale) suprasternale'''
M. sternocleidomastoid.,
Recessus
Tuberculum caroticum, Angulus scalenovertebr.
Clavicula (Extremitas sternalis) j

M. buccinator-
Lig. stylomandib
^ Falx
cerebelli
Foramen a.
vertebralis et
- n. cervicalis I
--Mlantooccipit. post.
Articulatio atlantoaxialis medi-
ana, Lig. transversum atlantis
Recessus parastyloideus
Lig. nuchae, Lig. supraspinale
longus capitis
N. cervic. V (Porus)
Lig. longitu-
dinale ant.
'' M.
"Lig. longitu-
dinale post.
Endorhachis
" Dura mater spinalis
" Discus intervertebralis
,r,. ,ongus colli
M. intercostal is ext.
scalenus med.
M. intercostalis int.
M. scalenus ant.
M. omohyoid.
Lacuna scalena ant.
Fascia cervicalis (Lamina praetrachealis)
N. cervic. II (Porus)
Processus styloideus, M.
styloglossus et stylopharyngeus
' s N. cervic. Ill (Porus)
Lig. interspinale
N. cervic. IV (Porus)
C.t = Cartilago tubae
Cl = Clavicula
F = Squama ossis frontalis
S.sph
H = Os hyoideum
I-VII
M = Mandibula, Manubrium
1-3
sterni
l.,2.
N = Os nasale
Arrows
Os occipitale
Palatum durum
Sinus sphenoidalis
Vertebrae cervicales
Vertebrae thoracicae
1st and 2nd ribs
scalene lacunae
Fig. 256. Neck musculature of the right side seen from the medial aspect after
removal of all viscera and
neurovascular bundles.
Palatum durum —
A/1, orbicu¬
laris oris
A/1, sternothyroid.
Spatium retrooesophageum \
Fascia cervicall's
(Lamina praevertebr.)
x Dura mater spinalis
^ Lig. longitudi-
\ nale post
Lig. longitudinale ant.
Membrana pharyngobasilaris
Porus trigemini
A/1, genioglossus
A/1, orbicularis oris
Mandibula
M. geniohyoideus ■
M. mylohyoideus, Fascia mylohyoid
Os hyoideum, Bursa subhyoid.
Spatium praeepiglott., Lig. hyo- etthyroepiglott.
Prominentia laryng. (Bursa subcut.)
Cartilago thyroidea
A/1, arytaenoid
Lig. cricothyroid.
Arcus cricoid.
Fascia cervicalis (Lam.
Fascia cervicalis (Lam. superfic.)
Spatium suprasternale
Spatium praetracheale
Lig. interclavicul.
Spatium epidurale
Sternum (Manubrium)
Mediastinum
Spatium oesophagotracheale
' Foramen durale (N. abducens)

Porus acusticus int.
Foramen jugulare
Membrana atlanto-
occipit. ant
N. cervic. II (Vagina radicul.)
Membrana tectoria
N. cervic. Ill (Vagina radicul.)
Spatium epidurale
Foramina duralia (N. hypoglossus)
Membrana tectoria,
Lig. apicis dentis
Membrana atlantooccipit post
Foramen durale a. vertebr.

et n. cervic. I
Lig. cruciforme atlantis
Lig. interspin ale
Lig. supraspinale
N. cervic. VIII
(Vagina radicul.)
— N. thoracicus I
(Vagina radicul.)
Fig. 257. Median section through the neck and adjoining head region.
Blue = area of sensory innervation by the nerve of the 1st

branchial arch, the trigeminal n. (V):
1. Light blue: area of sensory innervation by the

ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (VI) in the
anterior part of the nasal cavity (frontal sinus).
2. Bluish-gray: area of sensory innervation by the

maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) in the
posterior part of the nasal cavity, in the sphenoid
sinus and the adjacent pharyngeal wall (roof of
pharynx), as well as the (nasal and oral) mucosa of
the palate and the vestibule of the oral cavity. The
area of sensory innervation by the olfactory nerve (I,
smell) is indicated by white dots on the lateral wall of
the nasal cavity (olfactory region).
3. Bluish-green: area of sensory innervation by the

mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) on the
mucosal surface of the body of the tongue in front of
the terminal sulcus, and in the vestibule of the oral
cavity. Within this field the red dots indicate
schematically the sensory innervation for taste sen¬
sation by the chorda tympani (of nervus inter-
medius). (VII = 2nd branchial n.)
Brown = area of sensory innervation by the nerve of the 3rd

branchial arch, the glossopharyngeal n. (IX): The
area of sensory innervation by this nerve (pharyngeal
and lingual branches) in the nasal and oral parts of
the pharynx, partly also on the soft palate, the isth¬
mus of the fauces, and the root of the tongue. The
white dots behind the terminal sulcus in the region of
the circumvallate papillae, the foliate region, and the

adjacent mucosa of the isthmus indicate schemati¬
cally the sensory innervation for taste sensation by
the glossopharyngeal nerve.
= area of innervation by the nerve of the 4th and 6th
branchial arches, the vagus nerve (X):
1. Light green: area of sensory innervation by the

pharyngeal branches and the sup. laryngeal n. (of the
4th branchial nerve) in the upper part of larynx, the
vallecula, and the laryngeal part of pharynx.
2. Dark green: area of sensory innervation by the

pharyngeal branches and the inf. laryngeal n. (of the
6th branchial nerve) in the laryngeal part of pharynx,
the esophagus, the lower part of larynx, and the
trachea. These 2 fields of innervation overlap in the
area of the vocal cords.
Green
Fig. 258. The sensory innervation of the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal and
respiratory tracts
in the head and neck shown in a median section (right half of section).
Topography of the Neck Regions
Capsula gland, parotis
- V. jugularis ext..
N. transversus colli (R. inf.)
Fascia cervicalis
(Lam. superfic.)
Nodi lymph, subauriculares
V. parotidea subcut.
A. auricularis post.
Fascia cervicalis,
N. occipitalis minor
V. jugularis ext.
Fascia cervicalis
N. cutaneus cervicis
Nn. supraclaviculares lat.,

A. cervicalis superfic.
Rete acromiale
Platysma
transversus colli, Vv. subcut.
Platysma
(Origo)
Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii

Nn. supraclaviculares med., A. cervicalis superfic.
'Clavicula (Extremi-
tas sternal is)
" Mandibula (Angulus)
- Nodi lymphat. cervicales

superficiales sup.
^ Platysma
N. cutaneus colli
(R. sup.)
A. thyroidea sup. (R. cut.)
Fig. 259. Superficial layers of the neck. The platysma and subcutaneous structures
in the anterior
and posterior triangles.
Glandula parotis
Nodus lymph.
A., V. auricularis post.
V. subcutanea
Nodus lymph, subauricularis ^
Mandibula (Angu/us)
Fascia cervicalis,
Tractus angularis
■ A., V. facialis
Ramus marginal is
mandibulae
Platysma faciei
Fascia cervicalis
(Lam. superfic.)
V. jugularis extern
- Nn. supraclavicu¬
lares med., A. sup
scapul. (R. cut.)
- M. sternocleido-
mastoideus (Orig i
sternalis)
Fascia cervicalis, M. sternocleidomastoideus

Nodus lymphat. cervicalis superficialis sup.
V. jugularis externa-
A. sternocleidomastoidea (Rami)
Punctum nervosum (Erb)
Fascia cervicalis, M. trapezius ^
Fascia submandib.
A. thyroidea sup.
(Ramus thyrohyoideus)
inf.)
lat., A. cervicalis
superficialis'
Fascia cervicalis „
Clavicula /
Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii
N. facialis (R. colli)
Ansa cervicalis superficialis

(N. transversus colli, R. sup.)
A. thyroidea sup. (R. cutaneus)
N. cutaneus colli,
A. cervicalis superficialis -
Fossa venae
jugularis ext. —
Fig. 260. Superficial layers of the neck after removal of the platysma. Dissection
of subcutaneous
structures on the ventrolateral aspect of the cervical fascia as well as the
cervical pole of the parotid
gland in the retromandibular fossa.
Foramen a. el v. facialis
cervicalis
(submandib).
x 0s hyoideum
N Prom in. laryngea
Mandibula (Margo)
Fascia cervicalis,
M. digastricus
Fascia masseterica
\
Arcus zygoma!.
Lig. temporomandib.
Proc. styloid. (Fossa retromandib.)
Cartilago meatus acust.
Fossa retromand.
Proc. masloideus x
Fascia cervic., Tractus angul. v
Fascia cervicalis
Foramen v. jugul. ant.
Fascia cervic., M. sternocleidomast.

Foramen v. jugul. ext. v
Fascia cervic., Trig, colli lat. (Fossa supraclav. maj.)
Fascia cervic., M. trapez. -

Acromion ..
Fascia deltoidea
Fascia cervic.,
M. omohyoid.
\ Fascia cervic.,
M. sternohyoid.
Fascia cervicalis, Fossa suprastern.,

Linea alba colli
Corpus ad ip. buccae
Platysma
Fascia pector
(Lam. superf.)
Fascia cervic.,
Fossa supraclav.
Fig. 261. The superficial layer of the cervical fascia. The skin, subcutaneous
tissue, and platysma
have been removed from the face and neck on the right side.
A., V., N. auricularis posterior ^
N. transv. colli (Ramus sup.) —

N. auricularis magnus -
Rami temporofrontales (VII)

I
/ Glandula parotis accessoria, Ramus

/ zygomaticus (VII), A. transversa faciei
/ Ductus parotideus
* Ramus zygomaticus (VII)

^ - Rr. bucales (VII)
„ R. colli (VII)
R. marginalis
mandibulae (VII)
- — A. facialis
— V. facialis
(anterior)
Mandibula
(Angulus)
—Fascia cerv. (su

mandibularis)
V. retromandi-
bularis
( = V. facialis
posterior)
V. jugular is ext.
K Cartilago thyroidea
''A. thyroidea sup. (Rr. cutanei)
^ Fascia cervical is (Lamina super fic.),

Fascia cervicalis (Pars angularis)
A. carotis ext., Vv. caroticae

externae (fasciam penetr.) -
Nodus lymph, subauricularis -

Nodus lymph, cervicalis
superficialis sup. -
A. sternocleidomastoidea
(R. cut.)"'"'
Punctum nervosum (Erb) ——
V. jugularis ext. (Fascia cervic.,

Lamina superfic. perforans) "
A., V. temporalis superficialis,

N. auriculotemporalis^
Rr. praeauriculares N
Meatus acusticus, Cartilago
N. facialis (Truncus)^
Glandula parotis
' I
\ Nodus lymph. i
\ praeauricularis
Fig. 262. The parotid gland, the retromandibular fossa, the submandibular and
carotid
triangles after removal of the skin and platysma. The cutaneous branches of the
cervical
plexus emerge at Erb’s point.
the parotid gland but retaining its fascia.

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Fig. 265. Regional dissection of the submandibular triangle and the submandibular
fossa.
Fig. 266. Regional dissection of the deep aspects of the submandibular triangle and
the retromandibular fossa, showing the
paralingual structures in the floor of the mouth. The digastric muscle has been
divided; the mylohyoid muscle has been incised
along its raphe and reflected upward. Note the lingual trigone with the exposed
lingual artery.
.> V. tempor. superfic., N. auriculotemp.
Fig. 267. Regional dissection of submandibular triangle and retromandibular fossa

showing paralingual structures
after dividing and retracting the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles.
M. digastricus, R. digastricus (VII)

Fig. 268. Regional dissection of structures in the carotid triangle. Exposure of
subfascial structures in the carotid
triangle and in the thyroid triangle (between the omohyoid, the sternothyroid, and
the sternocleidomastoid muscles).
\., V. temp, superfic., N.
A. transv. faciei _
M. masseter, A. max///. __
N. auricul. magnus,
N. facialis (Truncus)
nm.: VII-IX, A. auricul. post
Atlas (Proc. transv.),
M. levat. scapulae (Origo) --
X, XI —
N. hypoglossus —
cipitalis, V.jugul. inf., N. access.
R. comm.: VII - N. auric, magnus

A. carotis int., N. sinus carotid.
Gangl. cervic. sup. (symp.)

Nodi lymph, cervic. prof. sup.
N. cervic. II
N. laryngeus sup.
hypoglossus, A. carotis ext.,

Plexus carot. ext. -
N. card, cervic. sup.,
Truncus symp.
N. cervic. II (R. ventr.)
N. vagus., R. card.
Glomus caroticum
1 cervic. (Radix sup.),
R. card.
M. long us capitis
jlis, Ansa cervic. (Radix inf.) ''
Ansa cervic ."
S/. auricul. magnus, V.jugul. ext.

V.jugul. int., Truncus lymph, jugul.
M. long, colli
Truncus
N. vagus
M. stylopharyngeus, R. styiopharyng. (IX),

' Ligam. stylohyoid.
^ A., V. pharyngea asc.
M. styloglossus, Nodi lymphat ,

submand.
A. palatina asc.
A. facialis,
Gland, submand.
N. glossophar.,
Lig. stylohyoideum
A. lingualis,
V. comitans XII
M. digastricus
(Venter ant.)
-M. mylohyoideus
N. hypoglossus, A. ling.
(R. hyoid.), M. hyogloss
Cornu majus o. h., R.

thyrohyoideus (XII)
M. digastricus (V. post.)

A., V., N. laryngeus sup. (R. int.),
Membr. thyrohyoidea
A. thyr. sup., V. facialis,
M. thyrophar.
M. omohyoideus (Venter sup.)

x Wl. sfylohyoideus
M sternohyoideus
Linea obliqua, M. thyrohyoideus
N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.)
cervic. (R. muse.)
S '' W A., V. thyr. sup. (R. post.)
Gland, thyroidea
A. carotis comm., Plexus carot.

Rr.cardiaci sup.
Fascia cervicalis (Lam. superfic.

" M sternothyroideus
V. thyroidea media (access.)
Ansa cervic. (R. muscul.)
M. omohyoideus
Fig. 269. Deep aspect of the anterior cervical triangle. Regional dissection of
vessels and nerves in the carotid and
submandibular triangles, as well as the retromandibular fossa.
-- Nn. cufanei brachii med.
, N. thoracicus longus
N. cut. antebrachii med.
N. fhoracodorsalis
A. temp, superfic.,
N. auriculotemp., Rr. praeauricul,

A., R. auricularis post. (VII) '■
N. facialis, R. digastricus, A. stylomastoid. \
A. transversa faciei, Rr. commun.: N. auriculotemp. - Plexus parotid.

" A. angularis
■' A., N. infraorbit.
A. facialis
A.,N.
' mental is
IX,X,XN'"
A. occipitalis, N. occipitalis min. -
N. hypoglossus, N. cervic. desc. sup. ( C 1( C 2 )-
N. sinus carotid, Gangl. cervic. sup., /

N. auricularis magnus, A. carotis int. —■*—/
Rr. commun.: C 3 , C A - Truncus sympathicus
N. accessorius
N. cervic. desc. inf. (C 3 , C 4 ) __
R. cardiacus sup., R. commun. ad C 4 ,
A. cervicalis asc .._
Gangl. cervic. med., R. cardiacus med.,

N. phrenicus, A. thyroidea inf.
N. subclavius,
N. phrenicus access. (C 5 ) ^
A. cervic. superfic.,
N. thoracicus longus ^
A., N. suprascapularis
N. dorsalis scap., V|
A. transversa colli (R. desc.)\ M
Fasciculus post., A. subc/avia,
A. transversa coHi^^^$k$M
Fasciculus lat. /fgKil
\ -y , f;
N. subscapular is
N. axillaris \
Ansa cervic. (Rami musculares)
N. radial is
A. axillaris
N. medianus
N. mylohyoid.,
A. submentalis
Arcus n. lingualis
X marginal is mandibulae (VII),

j.h. > K colli (VII), A. palatina asc.
' A. lingualis, N. hypoglossus

R. thyrohyoideus (XII),
A. lingualis (R. hyoideus)
N. laryng. sup. (R. int.), A. laryngea sup.

„N. transversus colli (R. comm.),
A. carotis ext., Glomus caroticum
/ "A. thyroid, sup., N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.)

j? Ansa cervicalis prof.
r— A., N. vertebralis
I— Truncus thyrocervical is
\ —Ansa subclavia, A. subclavia, Gangl. cervic. inf.
■ — Gangl. thorac. I, A. thoracica int.
— N. recurrens, R. cardiacus inf. (X)

N. musculocutaneus
N. ulnar is
Nn. thoracici ant., Fasciculus med.

N. intercostobrachialis II
A = M. scalenus medius
B = M. scalenus ant.
C = M. scalenus post.
C.th = Cartilago thyroidea

E = M. sternohyoideus
F ± = M. sternothyroideus
F 2 = M. thyrohyoideus
G = M. omohyoideus (Venter sup.)
Gl.th = Glandula thyroidea
H a = M. digastricus (Venter ant.)

H 2 = M. digastricus (Venter post.)
J = M. mylohyoideus
J.e = M. intercostalis ext.
K = M. stylohyoideus
L = M. hyoglossus
M = M. styloglossus
Ma.st = Manubrium sterni
O.h = Os hyoideum
Ps
St
I-VIII
I.jII.R
M. thyropharyngeus
ventral ramus of
1st—8th cervical nerves
ventral ramus of
1st thoracic nerve
1st and 2nd ribs
Fig. 270. Arteries and nerves of the neck, from the right side. The shoulder
girdle, the sternocleidomas¬
toid, and the posterior neck muscles have been removed.
Truncus lymphat. subclav., V. subclavia, Nodi lymphat. i
angularis
transversa faciei
facialis
Nodi lymphat.
submandib. medii
Sinus transversus
V. laryngea sup., V.jugul int.
Nodi lymphat. cervic. prof. inf.
(jugulares)
—V. transversa colli
Sinus cavernosus
Nodi lymphat. parotidei
V.
Nodi lymphat. praec

Sinus petrosus sup
Nodi lymphat. occipitales
V. nasofrontalis
Nodi lymphat. cervic.

prof. sup. (jugulares)
. comitans XII
V. cervicalis subcutanea
V. jugularis ant.
V.jugularis ext., Truncus lymphat. jugul.
V. colli mediana
Ductus lymphat. dext. (influens), Angul. venos.,

Bulbus valvul. v. jugul. int.
brachiocephalica dextra
Foramen mastoid., Nodi lymphat.
retroauricul.
Sinus sigmoideus, Nodi lymphat. subauricul.,

V. auricul. post
. submentalis,
Nodi lymphat.
submandib. ant.
V. cervicalis
Nodi lymphat. cervic. prof,
inf. (supraclavicul.)
V. suprascapularis
V. retromandib.
Nodus lymphat. cervic. sup.,

V. facialis comm.
Nodi lymphat. submentales

Nodi lymphat. submandib. post.
A = M. scalenus med.
F =
B = M. scalenus ant.
G =
C = M. scalenus post.
Gl.th =
D = M. omohyoideus (Venter sup.)
Hi =
E = M. sternohyoid.
h 2 =
J =
M. sternothyroid.
K = M. stylohyoid.
M. thyrohyoid.
L = M. hyoglossus
Glandula thyroid.
M = M. styloglossus
M. digastricus (Venter ant.)
Ma.st = Manubrium sterni
M. digastricus (Venter post.)
l.,2R = 1st and 2nd ribs
M. mylohyoid.
Fig. 271. Veins, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes of the neck, seen from the right
after removal of the
shoulder girdle, the sternocleidomastoid, and the posterior neck muscles. The
direction of lymph flow
is schematically indicated by yellow arrows.
Gland, submandib., Fascia submandib.
M. sternocleidomast. (Origo sternal is) ''
M. omohyoideus, M. thyrophar., Membr.
thyrohyoid
M. sternohyoideus, V. colli mediana
Membr. thyrohyoidea, M. sternohyoideus
A. thyr. sup. (R. cricothyr.), N. lar. sup. (R. e
, A. thyr. sup.,
Ansa cervic. (R. sternohyoideus)
Lig. cricothyr., R. cricothyr.,
Nodus lymph, praelaryngeus
Arcus cart, cric., M. cricothyroid 6
^ R. marg. su
"(R. commu
sup.)
' Isthmus gland

V. thyr.
M. sternothyroic
"M. sternocleidomasi
V. thyroidea ima
Arcus venosus juguli

A., V. thyr. sup., N. laryngeus sup. (R. ext.)
V. jugul. ant.\
jgul. ext., Nod. lymph, cervic.

superfic. sup., Parotis s
V. jugular is ext.
>a cervic. (R. sternothyr.)*
M. sternothyroideus
. sternohyoideus (Inscriptiones tend.) ' ”
A. thyroidea sup
:ervic. (Radix sup.).

i. carotis communis,
V. jugul. int., Nodus

lymph, cervic. prof
I. ext., Nodus lymph,

cervic. prof
so cervic. (Radix inf.)
(prof .),.
nd. thyr. (Polus sup.)
Trig, thyr.,
and. thyr. (capsula fibrosa)-^
M. digastricus
A., V., N. laryngeus sup. (R. int.),

M. digastr. (Tendo)
/R. thyrohyoideus (XII),
M. thyrohyoideus
' Os hyoideum
Fascia cervic. (Lam. superfic.)
1. omohyoideus (V. sup.),
V. subcut.
V. comm, cum V. jugul. ant.,

Nn. supraclav. med.'
Fig. 272. Blood vesels, nerves, and muscles in the midline of the neck and in the
carotid triangle
(superficial). Laryngeal cartilages and thyroid gland.
Promin. laryngea
Fascia cervic. (Lamina superfic.), M. omohyoideus j
A. suprascapularis (R. cut.)
Arcus ven. jug. /

\ M. sternocleidomast (Origo clav.)
Nn. supraclav. med., A. suprascap. (R. cut.)
\ Fascia cervicalis (Lam. superfic.)
M. sternocleidomast. (Origo stern.)
A.,
Fascia cervicalis (Lam. superfic.)
N. access., A. sternocleidomast.
V. facialis
1
Nn. supraclav. lat.
N. transversu
N. auricul. magnus
V. jug. ext.
Nn. supraclav. intermedii

Nn. supraclav. lat.
A. thyr. sup. (R. cut.)
Fascia cervic. (Lamina superfic., Fascia sternocleidomast.)

V. jugul. ant.
Fig. 273. Sternocleidomastoid region. Exposure of the infrahyoid area of the

anterior neck region
showing both laminae of the cervical fascia.

Glandulaparotis ^
Fascia cervic.
A. suprascapularis
M. sternocleidomast. (Origo sternalis)
jugul. sterni
facialis (R. colli), V. retromandib., V. jugul. ext —
N. transversus colli (R. comm.)
N. auricul. magn.
V. jugul. ext., A. thyroid, sup. (R. cut.) ---

N. fransv. colli ^
Platysma
V. jugul. ext.-^
A/1. sternocleidomast.
(Origo clavicul.) "
upraclavicul. intermedii
Fascia colli propria, V. colli mediana
,N. auricul. magn.
A/1. sternocleidomast.
Fascia cervicalis, A. thyr. (R. cut.)
. A/1, sternohyoid.
^ N. fransv. colli
V. jugul. ext.
,M. sternothyroid.
Platysma
Nn. supraclavicul. med.

Nn. sup r aclavicul. intermedii
Fig. 274. Superficial dissection of the ventrolateral aspects of the neck and the
suprasternal fossa.
The suprasternal space (interfascial) has been opened.
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Fie. 275. Tonography of the superior thoracic aperture, the cunula of the pleura,
and the scalenovertebral triangle.
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S 2
A. thyroidea sup.
C 4 , N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.) \
A., V. thyroidea sup.

\ Ansa cervic. (Radix sup.)
Ansa subclavia, A.,

V. cerv. superfic.,
N. dorsalis scapulae
N. vagus, R. cardiacus sup.
N. phrenicus, Lig. cricothyroideum
Anastom. vasorum thyroid, sup. et inf. \
Aa. cervic. ascend., \
V. thyroid, media \
N. cardiacus
cervic. sup.,
A. verlebralis,
A. transversa colli
V. jugul. int. (bulbus

valvularis), A.
articulat. /
sternoclav ./
N. recurrens (Origo), R. cardiac, medius j
Nodi lymph, supraclav., V. vertebralis dext., R. card. inf.
■A. thyroid, inf.
A., V. suprascap.,
N. subclavius
R. card, sup.,
Trunc. thyrocervic.,
Trunc. lymph, jugul.
A., V. verlebralis,
Ductus thoracicus,
Angulus venosus
lymph.
(Virchow), A.
transversa colli
, V. subclavia
(Pars cervical is)
A. thorac.
int. dextra ^
V. jugul. ext., Trunc.

lymph, subclavius, N.
phrenicus
Ansa subclavia,
Trunc. lymph,
subclav.
„A. thorac. int. sin.,

N. phren., Trunc.
lymph, broncho-
mediast. ant.
R. cardiacus sup., V. brachiocephal. sin.

recur rens sin., Nodi lymph, paratracheales
R. nerv. m. omohyoid.
V. jugul. int., Ansa cervic. (Radix inf)
R. cricothyroideus, N. vagus,
' Trunc. lymph, jugul.
Aa. cerv. ascend., Ansa cerv.
/ /
/ V. jugul. ext., Ansa cervic. (Ramus muse.
' (N\. omohyoid.)
A., V. cervic. superfic.
Vv. thyroid, imae, Trachea
Os hyoideum
E = M. thyrohyoid.
J = M. omohyoid. (V. inf.)
N = M.
intercost. ext.
M. omohyoid. (V. sup.)
F = M. sternothyroid.
K = M. trapezius
O = M.
pect. major
M. sternohyoid.
G = M. cricothyroid.
L = M. subclavius
P = M.
scalen. ant.
Membr. thyrohyoidea
H = Isthmus gland, thyr.
M = M. intercost. int.
Q = M.
R = M.
levator scap.
scalen. med.
Fig. 277. Blood vessels and nerves in the lower neck region, particularly in the
area of the thyroid gland, the
superior thoracic aperture, the scalene lacunae, and the so-called venous angle.
Note the topography of the
cupula of the pleura in the superior thoracic aperture. Both clavicles have been
disarticulated.
Lig. cricothyroldeum, A. thyr. sup. (R. cricothyr.), N. laryngeus sup. (R. ext.) N.
laryngeus sup. (Ram. int.), A. thyroidea sup.
A., V., N. intercostal is II
vagus
N. phrenizus, V. thyr. sup.

cervic. (Radix inf.)
, A a. cervicales asc.
V.jugul. ext., N. accessorius
Nodi lymphat. cervic. prof, inf., A.,
. cervic. super fic., Plexus brachial is
N. laryng. sup. (R. int.)
A. carotis communis (Bifurcatio), A. thyr, sup.
Vasa thyroidea, Vv. thyroideae imae,

Isthmus gl. thyr.,
Ramus card, medius, A. vertebralis s
N. phrenicus, V. thyr. media,
Nodi lymph. jugul. s
Ansa subclavia, Aa. cervic. asc.

N. thoracicus
A. transversa colli
Tr uncus thyrocervical is
A.,V. suprascapul ..
Ramus cardiacus sup.,
A. artic. sternoclav
N.
Cupula pleurae,
N. recurrens
V. jugularis ext.
V. vertebralis,
cardiacus
Pleura parietalis,
M. transversus
thoracis (Origo)
A., V. thoracica int
Ramus trapezius
(A. cervic. superfic.)
A., V. suprascapularis
A. subclavia, Ansa
subclavia,
Truncus lymph,
subclavius
Truncus broncho-
mediastinalis ant.,
Nodi lymph,
supraclaviculares
N. recurrens. Nodi
lymphat. paratracheales
N. phrenicus, V.
brachiocephalica sin.,
A. pericardia-
cophrenica
Truncus broncho-
mediast. sin. ant., A.,
V., N. intercostalis I
Thymus, A., V.
thymica sup.
N. phrenicus, A.,
V. articul. sternoclavic
V. cava
Arcus aortae, Pericar¬

dium, V. thymica sup
A., V. vertebralis,
Nodus lymphat. Virchow
Ductus thoracicus,
A. thyroidea inf.
A., V. transversa colli
Vasa thorac. int., Ductus

lymphaticus, Nodi
lymph, intercost. ant.
" A., V. thoracica int.
A = M. laryngopharyng.
B = M. omohyoid. (V. sup.)

C = M. sternohyoid.
D = M. thyrohyoid.
E = M. sternothyroid.
F = M. cricothyroid.
G = M. sternocleidomast.
H = M. subclavius
J = M. intercost. int.
K = M. intercost. ext.
L = M. pect. major
M = M. scalen. ant.
N = M. scalen. med.
O = M. levator scap.
P = M. trapezius
Q = Membr. thyrohyoidea
l.,2. = 1 .,2. Costae
Fig. 278. The sternocleidomastoid region, vessels, and nerves in the area of the
superior thoracic aperture.
Dissection of the thyroid gland, the cupula of the pleura, the large vessels, and
nerves, and demonstration of
continuity with structures in the mediastinum by partial resection of the 1 st and
2nd ribs as well as the manub¬
rium of sternum.
A., V. trans-
versa colli -
A. thyr. inf.,
Ansa subclavia
Ramus card, medius,

Truncus broncho-
mediast. ant. sin.
A., V. suprascapul.,
N. subclavius
Nodi lymph,
paratrach., A. subclavia
R. card, sup., A.
artic. sternoclav.
A. thorac. int., A., V.,

N. intercost. I
A. thorac. int.
V.jugul. ext
A. articul. sternoclav.
Aorta desc., V.
hemiazygos accessoria
Vasa thyroidea, Truncus lymph, jugul
V. thyr. media, Aa. cervic. ascend

(Rami ascend.)
N. thoracicus
longus, A., V.
superfic.
R. cricothyr. (A. thyr. sup.), Ganglion cervic. medium, N. card, cervic. sup.
A. thyr. sup., N. laryngeus sup. (R. int.)
N. vagus, Aa. cervic. asc.
A. carotis comm., V.jugul. int.
Ansa cervic. (Radix sup.), V. thyr. sup.
A. thorac. int.,
Truncus
bronchomediast.
ant. dext.
N. vagus, N.
recurrens sin.
"" Ligam. art. (Botalli),

R. card. inf.
" Paraganglion supracardiale
l Gangl. cardiacum (Wrisbergi), A. pulmonalis
N Vasa lymph, cordis, V. brachiocephal. sin.
A. carotis comm., V.jugul. int.
V. jugul. ext.
N. phrenicus
N. card, cervic. medius, R.

comm, ad n. recurrentem.
Ansa cervic., Radix inf.
/A. thyr. inf., R. card. sup.
/ Gangl. cervic. inf., Ansa subclavia,

I A., V. cervic. superfic.
Nodus lymph. Virchow,

N. card, cervic.
medius, A.,
V. vertebralis
, Ductus thorac.
(influens), N.
recur rens, A.,
V. suprascap.
N. card, cervic. sup.
N. vagus, R.
card, medius,
Vv. thyr.
V. vertebralis,
Nodus lymph .,
mediast. ant.
N. phrenicus, A.
pericardiacophrenica
V. thoracica int., N.
card, cervic. inf., R.
card. inf. (X)
V. brachioceph.
N. phrenicus,
N. phren. access. (C 5 )
V. cava sup., A., /
V., N. intercost. II /
i /
A., V. thy mica sup. j
Aorta asc., Plexus card, (aorticus) superfic., Pericardium
Ligam. cricothyr., N. lar. sup. (R. ext.)
A., V. thyr. sup. >
A. carotis comm. (Bifurcatio), N. lar. sup. (R. ext.)
C 4 , N. phrenicus
Sternum (Corpus)
A = M. thyrohyoideus
B = M. omohyoideus
(Venter sup.)
C = M. sternohyoideus
D = Membrana thyrohyoidea
E = M. thyrohyoideus
F = M. sternothyroideus
G = M. cricothyroideus
H = Isthmus glandulae
thyroideae
J = M. scalenus ant.
K = M. omohyoideus
L = M. trapezius
M = M. intercostalis int.
N = Pleura costovertebralis
O = M. pectoralis minor
P = M. pectoralis major
Q = M. subclavius
R = Pulmo dexter
S = M. scalenus medius
T = M. levator scapulae
I, II = Costa prima, secunda
Fig. 279. Topography of the superior thoracic aperture and the deep neck region
after removal of the manubrium
of sternum, and resection of the sternal ends of the 1st and 2nd ribs. The arch of
the aorta.
Os hyoideum
A. n. laryngea (-us) sup.,

membrana thyrohyoidea
A., v. thyroidea sup., m. thyroideus —
Gland, thyroidea, lobus pyramidalis -
Gland, thyroidea, lobus sin.
A. n. laryngea (-us) inf., Oesophagus —
Gland, parathyroidea inf. sin.
Trachea —
V. thyroidea ima
N. laryngeus recurrens. (Rr. oesophagei) —
Truncus brachiocephalicus
V. brachiocephalica
Arcus aortae, N. laryngeus recurrens sin . ^
Aorta ascendens
A. carotis ext.
A. carotis int., N. hypoglossus (R. descendens)
— — V. jugularis int.
- Sinus caroticus
— M. constrictor pharyngis inferior

A/I. sternocleidomastoideus
_A. carotis communis,
N. vagus, V. jugularis int.
A. thyroidea inf.
3 ._ plexus brachialis
Rr., Nn. cardiaci cervicles
- Gangl. cervicothoracicum
(stellatum)
Trunci symp., Ansa subclavia
——Ductus thoracicus,
A. transversa colli
"^V. subclavia, Costa I
A. subclavia sinistra
Pulmo sinister
Fig. 280. Neurovascular structures of the deep neck region; opening of the thoracic
duct into the venous angle
(angulus venosus). Anterolateral view.
Plexus ven. vertebral, ext.
N. thoracicus longus,
N. cervic. VI (R. ventr.)
N. cervic. VIII (R. dors
. accessorius
i i ;
N. cervic. VIII (R. dors.) ' J
| I
Ganglion, N. spin. VIII, Foramen intervertebrale i

Septum interradiculare
Spatium extradurale, Plexus ven. vertebral, int., Endorhachis

\ Dura mater spin., Arachnoidea
Cavum subarachn., N. cervic. VIII (Radix dors.)
N. cervic. VII (R. ven
Trachea
Oesophagus, Spatium oesophagotracheale k

Spatium retrooesophag.
V.jugul. ant.
Lam. vasorum et nerv. visceral is
Isthmus, Vv. thyroid, imae, Spatium praetracheale

/ Capsula propria glandulae thyr.
Fascia thyroidea (Fascia cervic., Lam. med.)
-Gland, parathyroid, inf., N. recurrens, A. thyr. inf.
thyroidea, Spatium parathyroid.
Funiculus nerv. et vasorum c
Gang!, cervic. inf., N. card, cervic. sup.,

A., V. vertebralis, Ductus thoracicus
Nodi lymph, cervic. prof, inf., N. phrenicus

N. cervic. VIII (R. ventr.)
N. cervic. VII (R. ventr.)

N. cervic. VI (R. ventr.)
V.jugul. ext.
Ansa cervic. (R. muse.)
-A. carotis comm., N. vagus, R. card, s

V.jugul. int., Truncus lymph, jugul.
Fig. 281. Transverse section through the neck at the level of the isthmus of the
thyroid gland and
the 7th cervical vertebra. Illustration of the viscera, the cervical neurovascular
bundles, and the
perivisceral compartments in cross section. The cut edges of the fasciae are black.

prof., R. rnuscul. N
Punct. nerv. (Erb)
R. cutan., V. cervical, subcut.
Fascia cervicalis (Lamina media)
Fascia cervicalis
(Lam. superfic.)
Truncus jug., Nodus

lymphat. cervic. prof.
A., V. suprascapul.
(R. cutan.)
Angulus venosus
N. occipit. minor
Fascia cervicalis^
N. accessorius . \
M. levator scapulae \
M. trapezius, Fascia cervicalis, F. nuchae superf.
M. trapezium
A., V. cervical, superf~.
V. auric, post.
1
N. auricul. magn.
V. retromandib. (Anastom. cum v.jugul. ext.)
N. auricul. magnus
V. facialis
. jugul. ext.
ft. transversus
/colli (R. sup.)
.jugul. ant.
A., V. cervical, superfic.
Truncus subclav.,
Nn. supraclavicul. med.
A., V., N. suprascapul.

M. omohyoid.
(Venter inf.), Clavicula
Nn. supraclavicul. intermedii

prof., Plexus brachial is "
Nn. supraclavicul. lat.
N. transversus
colli (R. inf.)
laryngea
Fascia cervicalis
(Lamina media)
Fascia cervicalis (Lam. media)

"N. phrenicus
M. omohyoideus (Tendo)
R. omohyoid.
Fascia cervicalis
(Lamina superfic.)
V.jugul. ext. (influens)''
V. jugul. int. (Bulbus valv.)'
Fig. 282. Blood vessels and nerves in the lateral neck region, particularly in the
supraclavicular area.
The lateral cervical fascial compartment has been opened.
Fig. 283. Blood vessels, nerves, and muscles in the posterior triangle of the neck.
The brachial plexus and subclavian artery are seen in the space between the
anterior and middle scalenes.
Nodi lymphat. retroauricul.. V. auricularis post, subcut., Ramus a. auricul. post.

Nod/ lymphat. subauriculares ParotiSi w . pa „tideae superflc.
\ . . . . ■ - - /
Fig. 284. Ventrolateral aspect of the neck after removal of skin and platysma
showing nerves and blood vessels in the supraclavicular
region. The fascial compartment between the middle and superficial laminae of the
cervical fascia has been opened by reflecting the latter.
Trunc. sympath., Glomus caroticum
V. jugul. int.
Rr. trapezii (Plexus cervical.)
Nn. supraclavicul. lat.
Nn. supraclavicul. intermedii
N. suprascapul., Clavicula, V. transversa colli
Vv. jugul. ext., A., V. cervical, superf., N. thoracicus longus
Angulus venosus, Truncus lymph, jugul., A. transversa colli
A., V. suprascapul., N. subclavius I
Ansa cervic. (R. sternohyoideus), Aa. cervic. ascend., Vv. thyroid, med.
Vv. thyroid, imae, Arcus ven. jug (
i V. jugul. ant.
Glandula thyroidea, A., V. thyroid inf.
N. vagus, R. card, med., A. subclavia

Nn. supraclavicul. med., V. jugul. int. (Bulbus inf.)
N. phrenicus
Nn. supraclavicul.
Anastomosis : N. facialis-N. glossopharyng., A. auricul. post.
A., V. tempor. superf., N. auriculotemporalis \
auricul. magnus (R. ant.), A. occipitalis, Nodi lymph, cervic. prof.
N. auricul. magnus (R. post.)
N. access. (R. sternocleidomast.)
Lig. stylohyoideum, N. hypoglossus,

R. thyroid. (XII)
A. carotis ext., N. laryngeus sup. i

Os hyoideum (Cornu majus)
N. accessor. (Radices)
N. glossopharyng., A. carotis int., N. laryng. sup.
N. caroticus ext., A. carotis ext., V. retromandib.
/A. pharyngea ascend., A. sternocleidomast.
/ M. styloglossus
A., V. facialis, Glandula submandib.
!V\. sternocleidomastoideus "

Ansa cervic. (Radix sup.),
Ganglion cervic. sup.
N. occipit. minor
N. auricul. magnus
M. omohyoideus
V. jugul. ant.
. Ansa cervicalis (prof.), A. carotis comm

A. thyroidea sup.
N. cardiac, cervic. sup.
Ganglion cervic. med., N. vagus (R. c

sup.), A. thyr. sup. (R. cricothyroid.)
Fig. 285. Deep structures on the lateral aspect of the neck. Dissection of the
sternocleidomastoid region and the
infrahyoid area of the anterior neck region. Demonstration of the continuity of
structures in the sternocleidomas¬
toid region with those in the lateral neck region, and in the carotid and
retromandibular fossae, after partial resec¬
tion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the infrahyoid and posterior group of
suprahyoid muscles. The upper
cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus are reflected laterally and fixed by
pins.
Nn. cardiaci cervic. sup.
Truncus sympathicus
\
Rr. communicantes ad nerv. cervic. IV, V
A., V. thyroidea sup.,
N. laryngeus sup. (R. int. et R. ext.)

• racodorsalis,
ph. axillares
:ostobrach. II
N. cardiac,
cervic. inf. et sup
R. cardiac, inf. (X
oracicus longus,^,
V. thoracica lat.
Truncus lymph, subc

Nod. lymph,
paratrachealis,
Angulus ven. dexter
medianus,
brachial is
Nn: cutanei
brachii med.
Ganglion cervic. medium,

R. communicans prof.
R. cardiac, medius (X),
N. vertebralis, A. vertebralis
R. cricothyroid.,
'A. thyroid, sup.
Ansa thyroidea trunci symp.,

R. cardiac, sup. (X)
N. cardiac, cervicalis
medius
A. thyroidea inf., Glandule

parathyroidea inf. dextra,
Gl. thyroidea
(lobus dexter)
N. recurrens dext.,
N. cardiac, cervic.
medius
N. cardiacus sup. (R. a
Ansa subclavia,
N. cardiac, sup. (R
Ganglion cervicale
Truncus
brachiocephalici
Vv. thyroid, imae
A. cervic. ascend., N. phrenicus

N. vagus Vv. thyroid, med.
N. accessorius
Nodi lymph, cervic. prof, V. jugularis int.

. cervicalis superfic., N. thoracicus longus
A. suprascapularis, N. subclavius,
N. phrenicus accessorius (C 5 )\^

N. suprascapularis
Clavicula, Nn. supraclavicul.
N. thoracodorsalis
\ A. transversa
colli
A. subclavia,
Nn. thoracici ant.''
I. subscapularis v
V. cephalica,
jprascapularis
accessoria ^
N. axillaris,
coacromialis,^
tr. pectorales
rac. supremae
N. cardiacus
med. (Rr. ant.)
Discus artic.
^ sternoclavicul.,
Lig. interclavicu
N. radialis
zircumflexa
i imeri post.,
jlocutaneus
N. ulnaris
111—VIII
I
Nervi cervic. 3—8 (Rr. ventrales)

Nervus thorac. 1, R. ventralis
Fig. 286. Vessels and nerves in the lower neck region, in the scalenovertebral
trigone, in the superior thoracic
aperture, in the posterior triangle, and in the axilla. The right lobe of the
thyroid gland has been reflected to the left,
and the common carotid a. and int. jugular v. have been separated from each other
so that the deep structures of the
scalenovertebral triangle may be seen: inferior thyroid a., vertebral a. (origin).
The bulb of the int. jugular v. has
been opened in order to show the valves.

Tuberculum pharyngeum
Tuba audiliva, M. levator veil palat. / N. mandibularis,
| carofls 1n h
M. tensor veli palat. i ■ d&m,
A. meningea
media
CQswvefiel
Lig. sphenomandibulare,
A. auricul. prof., N. meatus

acust. ext. Discus artic.
temp.-mandib.
A. carotis int., N.
glossopharyngeus, vagus,
accessorius, V.jugul. int
A. maxillaris, N. facialis,
A., N. auricularis post.
A. carotis ext., Lig. stylo-
hyoideum, A. pharyngea ascend
A. occipitalis, N. hypoglossus
Ganglion cervicale sup., A. facialis
N. laryngeus sup., A. lingualis
Glomus caroticum, N. sinus carotid

A. thyroidea sup., N. cardiacus
Ganglion cervicale mgd.,

Rr. communicantes
Aa. cervicales asc.
N. phrenicus, A.,
V. thoracica int.
cervic. sup., Trunc. symp.
R. cardiacus sup.
M., Fascia temporalis
r A. temporalis superfic.,
N. auriculotemporalis
' Chorda tympani,
A. tympanica ant.
■** Card I ago meatus acust.,

Crista tympanica,
Proc. styloideus
" N. facialis, A. styloma-

stoidea, R. anastomoticus
" N. jugularis et caroticus int.,

A. occipitalis
Ganglion cervicale sup., Ganglion inf.

(X), N. glossopharyngeus
V.jugul. int., N. hypoglossus
' R. communicans, N. accessorius
" N. auricularis magnus
R. communicans: Ganglion
cervicale sup. - C 3 , C 2
Ansa cervical, superfic.
' N. transversus colli

WM 'Ansa cervic. prof. (Rr. muscul.)
I / Ganglion cervicale medium, Rr. comm.
N. vertebralis, N. accessorius
N. vagus, R. cardiacus med..

A. thyroidea inf., Ansa thyroidea,
N. cardiacus cerv. med.
Ganglion cervicale inf.

(stellatum), N.
cardiacus cerv. inf.,
A., V. vertebralis ^
Truncus
thyrocervicalis,
Ansa subclavia -j
Plexus brachial is ^
Angulus ven.
dexter, N. phren.
access. ( C 5 )
N. recurrens, R.
cardiacus inf.,
Tr. brachiocephal. — •]
/ A. cervicalis asc., N. phrenicus
/ N. thoracicus longus
Ganglion stellatum, R.
communicans Th u 'A., V. vertebr.

prof. inf.
A. cervicalis prof.,
A. intercostalis
suprema
✓ V. jugularis ext.,
A. transversa colli
■" Ductus thoracicus,
A. cervicalis superfic.
et suprascapul.
- Truncus costocer-
vicalis, V.
jugularis int.
- Ansa subclavia,
A. subclavia
- A. carotis comm,
sin., N. vagus sin.
Vv. thyreoideae imae, N. recurrens sin.
V. brachiocephalica sin., Arcus aortae, Plexus aorticus superfic.
A = M. longus capitis
J = M. sternocleidomastoid.
2-8 = ventral rami of cervical
, B 3 = M. longus colli
K = M. omohyoideus (Venter caud.)
nerves 2—8
C = M. levator scapulae
L = M. biventer (V. mastoid.)
+ = costotransv. proc. of
D = M. scalenus med.
M = M. stylopharyngicus (cut);
7th cervical vertebra
E = M. scalenus ventr.
N = M. styloglossus (cut);
O = 1st rib (neck)
F = M. trapezius
O = M. stylohyoideus (cut);
G = Mm. intercostales
P = Oesophagus (P. thorac.);
H = M. subclavius
0 = Trachea (P. thorac.);
Fig. 287. Cervical and axillary neurovascular bundle from front. Blood vessels and
nerves in the
region of the superior thoracic aperture.

Dorsum sellae
! N abducens
I I N. trigeminus (Portio sens, et mot.)
Dura mater, Tentorium cerebelli
A. vertebralis, N. cervic. I (R. ventr.), M. rectus capitis lat., V. emissaria

condyloidea
Dens axis, Impressio
A., V. occipit., M. obliquus

capitis sup.
N. facialis, N.
yestibulocochlearis
A. vertebralis, M. scalenus med.,

N. accessorius,
Parotis, M. digastricus
N. cervic. Ill (R. ventr.) -

Mandibula (Angulus)
vagus, accessorius
N. hypoglossus
(radices)
Sinus sigmoideus,
Sulcus a. occipit.
Os occip.,
Artie, atlantooccipit. (Capsula)

Sulcus a. vertebr., Atlas
(Massa lat.), M. rectus cap. ant.
^M. digastricus
Artie, atlantoaxialis lat. (Capsula)
" Mandibula (Angulus), M. pterygoideus

med., Lig. stylomandib.
Capsula artic. intervertebr., Lig. flavum
Ganglion cervic. sup.,
Rr. communicantes - ~
'Membrana tectoria
' Capsula artic. intervertebralis
N. cervic. IV (R. ventr.) -
N. phremeus -
Capsula artic. intervertebr.
A. carotis comm., I
V.jugul. int., N. vagus —
M. scalenus post.
Lig. flavum
sLig. longitud. post.
N. cervic. V (R. dors.)-
N. cervic. VI. (R. dors.), A. cervic. prof.

M. omohyoideus (Tendo intermedius v
M. scalenus medius, N. dors. scap. ^ ^
M. omohyoideus, Fascia
cervic. (Lam. media)
V. suprascap.,
Spatium (interfasc.)
supraclavicul. ~-
A. suprascap.,
M. subclavius -
Plexus brachia-
lis, A. subclavia^
A. trans-
versa colli
M. scale¬
nus postedI
M. longiss. cervicis, N. cervic. VIII (Rr. dors

, intercost, suprema (Ramus)
jg- Vert. thor. I (Proc. transvers.)
_ M. iliocostalis cervicis
M. semi spinal,
cervicis, M. multifidus
•>.
Cl = Clavicula;
Oa = M. obliquus atlantis (cut);
Lc = M. longissimus capitis (cut);
Sc = M. splenius capitis (cut);
St = M. sternocleidomastoideus (cut);
+ • = Slips of attachments of splenius cervicis m. I—VIII = roots (trunks)
• = Slips of origin of levator scapulae m. and ventral rami of the
x = Slips of origin of transversooccipital m. 8 cerv. nerves
O = Slips of origin of longissimus capitis m.
O = Slips of attachments of longissimus cervicis m.
Fig. 288. Cervical vertebral canal opened from behind with the contents removed.
M. trapezius (Fascia)
N. cervic. VIII (R. dors. = R. cut)
N. thorac. I (R. dors. = R. cut.) ''
Vert, thorac. prima, Proc. spinosus
Nn. supraclavicul. lot.,

A. cervic. superf.
Fascia
V. azygos dorsi (Radices)
M. trapezius (Aponeurosis)
M. trapezius
N. occipit. major, A., V. occipit.
occipitalis
M. occipitalis
M. occipitalis
N. auricul. magn. (R. dors.)
sternocleidomastoideus
Nodus lymphat. cervic. nuch.
M. splenius capitis
N. cervic. IV (R. dors. = R. cut.)

N. occip. minor
N. cut. cervicis, V. cervic. subcut.
A., V. cervic. superf.
N. supraclavicul. lat.
\. cervic. superf. (Rami)
Nodi lymphat. occipit. (subcut.)
Protuber, occip. ext.
/ V. azygos nuchae
Nodus lymphat. retroauricul.
Nodi lymphat. occipitales
M. semispinalis capitis,
N. occip. maj.
(Margo tendinis)
M. auricularis post.,
N. auricularis post.
Nodi lymphat. retroauriculares
M. splenius cervicis
Nodi lymphat. cervicales
profundi (subfasciales)
N. occipit. Ill (N. cervic. Ill, R. dors) s

VI. auricul. post., N. facialis (R. occip.)
N. retroauricul.), A. auricul. post
V. jugul. externa
N. accessorius
N. cut. cervicis,
V. cervic. subcut.
supraclaviculares
Fig. 289. Superficial layer of the posterior neck and occipital regions. Left:
subcutaneous structures and super¬
ficial lamina of the cervical fascia. Right: superficial muscles and overlying
vessels and nerves, particularly in
the occipital trigone.
scapulae
1 mus cervicis
I V. azygos dorsi
Lig. supraspinale, Vertebra prom mens
M. serrat. post. sup.
Lig. nuchae
M. trapezius, V. azygos nuchae
JL... /
M. semispinalis capitis, A. occipit., N. occip. maj.

N. occipit. maj.
M. auricul. post.
A., V. occipitalis
N. occipitalis III
N. auricularis post.
N. occipitalis min.
Ad. sternocleidomast., N. occipit. m/n.\I
M. splenius capitis, Ramus art. occipitalis,
N. cervic. Ill (Ramus)
A/l. splenius capitis *J|

N. cervic. IV (R. dors.)"
A/I. levator scap. (Origo)
Ad. splenius cervicis (Origo)
N. occipitalis min.
N. cervic. IV, R. dors.,
Ramus ad m. splenium
_ N. auricul. magn.,
A/l. sternocleidom. (Margo)

- N. accessorius
A/I. iliocostalis cervicis, A. transversa colli (R. ascend.)
N. dors, scapulae
Nn. supraclavicul
A. transv. colli (Var.)

A/l. levator scap. (Insertio)
M. splenius cerv.,
N. cervic. V. et VI (Rami)
M. scalenus med. et po
A. cervic. prof.
* M. longiss. cervicis
M. levator scap.,
A. transv. colli (R.

ascend.), N. dors, see
" Nn. supraclavicul.
N. dors, scap.,
A. transv. colli
(R. desc.)
Scapula (Angulus suf

A. transv. colli (Var.)
Jpraspmata
N. accessorius
M. trapezius
ap., A. transv. colli (R. desc.), Nodus lymphat.l
\ M. trapezius, N. access. (Ram

\ M. serratus post. sup.
Costa prim a, M. intercost. I
Costa secunda, N. thorac. II (R. dors.)
M. rhomboideus maj.
oCiii (opiiiunj l upiLij i ^
(Ponio med. et lot.) M r h om !HL
Ad. rhomboideus min.

Fig. 290. Continued dissection of posterior neck region: exposure of the intrinsic
muscles of the posterior neck and
the overlying vessels and nerves after reflection of the superficial muscles (the
trapezius, rhomboid, and post. sup.
serratus muscles), particularly the splenius muscle. On the right side: exposure of
the semispinalis capitis, longis¬
simus capitis and cervicis, and the iliocostalis cervicis muscles after reflection
of the splenius muscle.
A/I. semispin. cap.
N. occipit. tert., M. rectus cap. post. min.
A/1. rectus cap. post, min., N. occipit. i
N. occipit. maj., M. rectus cap. post, maj
M. semispin. cap. (Insertio)
A. vertebr. (Plexus ven.), N. suboccipit.
Membr. atl.-occ. post., V. emissaria condyloidea
M. obliquus capitis inf. \
\ \ -41
A/I. obliqu. capitis sup. v ■ vi M
.. \
M. semispin, cervic.
M. obliqu. cap. sup.
M. rect. cap. post. maj.
M. longiss. cap. s
N. occipit. maj. N
M. splenius cap. s
A/1. spin, cervic. N '

A4. longiss. cervic.
n jKvv
% '
Arcus post, atl., A. vertebr., N. suboccip.

M. splenius capitis
N. cerv. V (R. dors.)
A., V. occipitalis
A. occip.
N. occip. min
N. auricul. magn., A. cervic. asc
L, _ M. obliqu. capitis inf.
Atlas (Proc. transv.),
M. obliquus cap. sup.
m Membr. atlantoaxialis, N. occip. maj.,

Vertebra cervic. II (Arcus)
- M. digastricus
M. intertransv. cervicis, A., V. vertebr.,
M. levat. scap.
N. cervic. Ill (R. dors.), M. semispinalis capitis
N. supraclav. lat.
N. cervic. IV (R. dors.), A. cervicalis asc.
A/1. longissimus cap.
N. cervic. V (R. dors.), M. longiss. cerv.

N. cervic. V (R. ventr.), M. semispinalis capitis
N. cervic. VI (R. dors.)
Plexus brachialis
M. multif., N. cervic. VII (R. dors.),

A., V. cervic. prof
N\. trapezius, N. access. (Rami)
A/I. serrat. post. sup. /
M. rhomboideus, N. dors, scap., /

A. transv. colli (R. desc.) J
/ / N. thorac. u / /
/ / (R- dors.) j j
/ / M. semispin, thoracis I
/ / Lig. supraspinalel
/ M. semispin. cerv.
N. thorac. I (R. dors.)
I / m. semispin. cerv. /VI. multifid us 1
/ /VI. semispinalis capitis (Caput originis) ^ semispin, cerv.,
A/I. longiss. cerv. Co$ta p rjma
M. longiss. et
iliocost. cervicis
\ 'A. transversa coi
M. scalenus posterior et med
\ \ \ N. intercost. II (Ramus). M. serratus pos
\ \ “ ' .
M. intercost. ext.
y A/1, intercost. ext. et transversocos t.

M. longiss. cerv., Costa secunda
1—7 = spinous processes of the 7 cervical vertebrae

I—III = spinous processes of the upper 3 thoracic vertebrae
Fig. 291. Deep posterior neck region with blood vessels and nerves. Dissection of
the deep (intrinsic) muscle
layers down to the skeletal level. Left: exposure of the longissimus capitis and
cervicis muscles, and the iliocostalis
cervicis as well as the semispinalis cervicis, and the small muscles of the
suboccipital triangle, after reflection of the
semispinalis capitis. Right: dissection of the deepest layer, the multifidus
muscles.
The Vertebral Canal

and the Spinal Cord
Sinus occip.
I Sinus transversus
I I
M. serratus post, sup., Fascia supraspinata
M. semispinalis cervicis / 1
Dura mater spinalis, Plexus ven. vertebr. int. (Spatium epidurale) I
Ligg. flava
N. occipit. major, Plexus cerv. post.
N. spin, cervic. Ill (R. dors.) ^
N. occipit. min., M. levator scapulae

N. accessorius, V. jugul. ext., ,

N. transv. colli
V. emissaria condyloidea
l
A., V. occipitalis
/
/ | 1 M. iliocostalis cervicis
j I M. longissimus capitis et cervicis
I M. semispinalis cervicis
A. intercost, suprema (R. dors.)
\ M. levator scap., N. thoracicus long

A. colli (R. desc.), N. dors. scap.
V. condyloidea, V. cervic. prof.
Dura mater cerebri
A. vertebralis, A. vert. (Plexus ven.)
N. spin, cervic. (R. ventr.) \
N. suboccipitalis N
N. spin, cervic. VII (R. dors.)

A. transv. colli (R. ascend.) ^
N. supraclav. lot.,
A. transv. colli \
ransv. colli (R. desc.)
N. dors. scap.
M. splenius capitis
N. spin, cervic. I et II (R. comm. r. d<

s
A. cervic. ascend., Ganglion spinale I

Ram. meningeus
A., V. vertebr., R. spinalis a. vertei
_ Punctum nerv. plexus cerv. (E
N. accessorius
Vv. intervertebrales (Rete
__ foraminis intervertebr.), /
prof. (R. spinalis meninge
M. scalenus post., A., V. <
ma, V. jugul. ext.

supraclaviculare
transv. colli (R. a
ic = M. semispinalis capitis Is = M. levator scapulae
lc = M. longissimus capitis sc = M. splenius cervicis
1-7 left = posterior cut surfaces of the
arches of cervical vertebrae 1—7
2.,8. right = spinal ganglia of
2nd and 8th cervical nerves

I,II = right 1st and 2nd ribs
Fig. 292. Opened cervical part of the vertebral canal and the posterior cranial
fossa from behind. Dissection of ex¬
tradural structures, and the spinal and cranial dura mater. The laminectomy was
performed in such a manner that
the vertebral arches were sawed through behind the articular processes on the left
side, and in front of the same on
the right side. The right intervertebral foramina have been opened so that the
roots and ganglia of the cervical
nerves may be seen. The scalene muscles are retained on both sides, and the
branching of the cervical plexus is
brought into view.
Proc. spinosus
Plexus ven. vertebr. int.
Cavum suborachnoideale
Spatium
Spatium
Dura mater spin
Glia marginalise
Pia mater -
Arachnoidea
Septum arachnoid., V. spin. ext. post.
N. cervic. VI (Radix dors.), A. spin. post. sin.
N. cervic. V (Radix dors.), Vagina radicularis

Articul. intervertebr.
Lig. denticulatum
Proc. artic. inf. -
Ganglion spin., N. cervic. V

N. spinalis V
' N. spinalis V (R. dors.)
Proc. transv.
N. spin. V (R. ventr.)
A. vertebralis, Plexus vem

vertebr. (V. vertebr.)
A. spinalis ant.
Vert, cervic. IV (Corpus)
N. cervic. VI (Radix ventr.) ""

R. mening.
(N. sinuvertebralis)
1 Septum interradiculare
N. cervic. V (Radix ventr.), Vagina radicularis
scmarr
Thick black line

Fine black line
Light gray
Green
Yellow
Light gray
Violet
Brown
spinal dura mater

arachnoid, periosteum
pia mater
marginal glia
white matter of spinal cord,

and nerves
gray matter of the
spinal cord
ligaments and joint capsule

articular cartilage
Fig. 293. Transverse section through the cervical vertebral column and the contents
of the vertebral canal: the spi¬
nal cord and its investing membranes in cross section. Section through the body of
the 4th cervical vertebra; on the
right at the level of the transverse process, on the left somewhat deeper. On the
left side the cut passes through the
enclosed transverse foramen with the vertebral a. and v.
Sinus occipit, Falx cerebelli
Sinus transversus
/
M. trapeh
A. intercostalis suprema, R. spinalis
\ M. levator scapulae
I M. rhomboideus
A. transv. colli (R. desc.), N. dorsalis scapi

N. thoracicus longus, A., V. cervicalis prof.
V. emissaria condyloidea
A., V. occipitalis ^
M. splenius capitis
>rtebr., Plex. ven., N. cervic. I (R. ventr.)
M. levator
Nodi lymphat. cervic. prof. sup.

/VI. splenius cervic is -
alenus medius, N. cervic. II (R. ventr.)
Vert. cerv. Ill (Proc. transversus),
Dura mater (Vagina radicul.),-

Arachnoidea (Vagina radicul.)
A/I. longissimus cervicis
cess., Nodi lymphat. cervical, prof
Plexus cervicalis
Vermis cerebelli
Arachnoidea, Hemisphaerium cerebe
Arachnoidea,
—Cisterna cerebellomedull
Os occipitale
V. cervicalis prof., Vi condylok

M. splenius capitis
A/I. longissimus capitis
Anastom.: Ram. dors. I et II
Arachnoidea spin., Lig. dentici
A/|. levator scapulae
~ M. iliocostalis cervici
/ /
A. transv. colli (R. desc.) /
Plexus brachialis I
A. cervicalis superf., A/I. erector spinae
Dura mater cerebri
A/1, iliocostalis cervicis
A/I. scalenus medius,

cervic. V (Ganglion spinale) ~
A., V. vertebr.,
Foramen transv. VI
A/l. scalenus post.,
A. transv. colli (R. asc.)

thor. I (Proc. artic. sup.)
^ V. emissaria mastoidea
M. splenius cervicis
Dura mater spin., Plexus ven
- vertebr. int., V. intervertebr.
Foramen intervertebr.
" N. occipit. minor
— M. longissimus cervicis
N. accessorius
N. auricularis ma\
V.jugul. ext.
' M. scalenus med

N. transversus c
" Platysma
Arcus vert, ce
Vet VI
— Nn. supracla
Truncus cc
transv. <
cervic. s
N. occipit. major, A., V. occipit., M. semispinalis capitis
Tonsilla cerebelli, Communicatio: ^
Plexus venosus vertebr. et sinus marginalis \
Plexus vertebr. int., Lig. flavum
1—7 = cut roots of arches of cervical vertebrae 1—7
Fig. 294. Opened cervical vertebral canal and posterior cranial fossa seen from
behind. The arachnoid sac, roots,
and branches of the cervical spinal nerves are exposed by opening the
intervertebral foramina. The internal ver¬
tebral venous plexus and its external connections as well as the vertebral a. are
illustrated. The cervical plexus and
its branches are seen from behind.

Ventriculus IV
Membrana tectoria ventr. IV (Tela chorioid.),
Plexus chorioid. \ j
Velum medull. ant.,

j Lingula cere belli
Folium vermis
sinuum, Sinus rectus
Dura mater
Membrana atlantooccipit. post.
A. basilaris
Falx cerebelli
"" A. cerebelli inf. post.
Tonsil la cerebelli
~ Spatium extradurale, Plexus ven. vertebr. int.
Endorhachis
Membrana atlantooccipit.
Lig. apicis dentis '
Decussatio pyramidum,
Septum arachnoid, spin.
Lig. cruciforme "

Membrana tectoria ""
Spatium extradurale (epidurale) ''
Dura mater spin., Spatium subdurale

Cavum subarachnoideale '
Canalis centr.
Lig. transv. at I antis '
Fig. 295. Contents of the cervical vertebral canal and the adjacent portion of the
cranial cavity in a median section.
Cut surfaces of the cervical cord, brainstem, and cerebellum are colored yellow.
The arrow indicates the position of
the needle when doing a cisternal puncture; the tip of the needle is in the
cerebellomedullary cistern and points
approximately toward the median aperture of the 4th ventricle.
Sinus sagitt. sup.
.Sinus transv.
R. dors
— R. ventr.
Ganglion spin.
N. cervic. VIII
+ V\ r\r I /\/nninn rnMirnl 1
Uvula cerebelli, Ventr. IV (Membrana tectoria)
Lobulus biventer
Flocculus, Plexus choroid,

ventr. IV, Apert, lat.
Foramen mastoid.,
Sinus sigmoideus
Proc. mastoideus
N. accessorius (Radix, cerebr.),

Rad. IX etX
N. cervical is II (retroartic.)
N. cervicalis III
A. vertebr.
N. accessorius (Radix spin.)
Tonsi/la cerebelli, Foramen

occip. magnum (Margo)
Lig. denticulat.
N. thorac. I (Radix ventr.) --
Dura
Arachnoidea
Lig. denticulatum,
N. hypoglossus
Ganglion spin, cum rad. n.

accessorii conjunctum
A. vertebr.
Condylus occipit. -
N. accessorius (Radix spin.)

Radix dors. Ill (Fila
Proc. pterygoid.
1-8 red = cervical segments 1-8

1-8 black = cervical nerves 1-8
I-VII = cervical vertebrae 1-7
I,II red = thoracic segments 1 and 2
Fig. 296. The cervical portion of the spinal cord in situ within the vertebral
canal with the associated parts of the
brain, in a sagittal projection, and viewed from behind. The posterior wall of the
vertebral canal and the cranial cav¬
ity are drawn translucent. The dural sac (black) and the arachnoidal sac (blue)
appear as if cut in a frontal plane so
that the spinal cord and the dorsal roots of the cervical nerves and the adjacent
cranial nerves can be seen in this pro¬
jection. The course of the vertebral a. is indicated.
vertebr.(v. intervertebr.).
\rvic. VII (Radix dors.) £
V. spinalis ext. post.Jh—,
Falx cerebelli, .
Sinus occipitalis —
A., V, occipitalis, M. fm
semispinalis cap. •■-v
Vv. cerebellares inf. _
Vermis cerebelli,
Fastigium
Dura mater -
Pedunculus cerebellaris inf. et medius, Sinus
Arachnoidea — Jl
Membrana tectoria
(Tela choroidea) ventriculi IV
A. cerebellaris inf. post .—|
Apertura mediana ventriculi /V__

(Foramen Magendii)
A., V. occipitalis -
M. splenius capitis —
A/1. longissimus capitis-
A/1. splenius cervicis -
N. cervic. II (R- ventr.) —
N. cervic. II (R. dors.)-

M. levator scapulae —-§*
M. longissimus cervicis —*—

A/1. iliocostalis cervicis --
Irv/c. IV, Vagina radicularis, _
I. et vertebr. (R. spinalis)
A. spinalis post, sin.—4
N. accessorius
Plexus cervicalis
hansv. colli (R. asc.)^ jP

I fA. scalenus post .'
I V. cervicalis prof.
f Proc. articul. sup.,
jmca/is superf.
[Arachnoidea,
loter spinalis,"-,
yen. vertebr. int.
’ors. scapulae
,A. transv
thoracicus,
longus
Tentorium cerebelli, Crista pyramidis
N. facialis, intermedius, vestibulocochlear

Porus acusticus int., Pars petrosa (Fac. p
Apertura lat. ventriculi IV,
V. emissaria mastoidea
N. glossopharyngeus, vagus,
accessorius (Radix spin, et cerebi
_A. cerebellaris inf. post.,
Ventriculus IV (Taenia)
- N. hypoglossus, A. comitans n. hypogl
Arachnoidea, Sinus marginalis
V. emissaria condyloidea, Dura mater

Ganglion cervic. I cum radice spin,
conjunctum, A. spin, post., Lig. dent
— M. rectus capitis lat., A. occip.,
Atlas (Massa lat.)
A. vertebr., N. cervic. I (R. ventr.)

Parotis, N\. digastricus, N. accessori
V. jugul. int.
N. hypoglossus, R. communicans
r— N. vagus (Ganglion inf), N. laryr
Nodi lymphat. cervicales sup. pr
A. carotis int., V. jugularis. int., /N

- N. occipitalis minor,
A/1, sternocleidomastoideus
N. access.
Truncus sympathicus, Gai

cervicale sup., A/I . scalent
Dura mater, Arachnoidt
_ N. accessorius (Radix
N. auricular is magnus
N. phrenicus, A. cervi
^ Lig. denticulatum,
M. scalenus ant.
A. vertebr., N. vertc
* (Roc
--A., V. cervic. prc

access., Plat)
Plexus brachia,
N. thoracicus
x A. transvers
N. dors, sea
L M. levator sc
* = V. jugul. ext., Nn. supraclavicul., Truncus comm. a. transv. colli and a.

cervic. superfic.
2-8 right = spinal ganglia of cervical nerves 2-8
1-7 left = cut surfaces of the roots of the arches of cervical vertebrae 1-7
Fig. 297. Opened vertebral canal and posterior cranial fossa from behind. The dura
and arachnoid have been re¬
moved in order to show the cervical spinal nerves and their roots, branches, spinal
ganglia, the cervical plexus, the
entire course of the vertebral a. in the neck, and the vertebral venous plexus. The
right hemisphere of the cerebel¬
lum has been removed to show the rhomboid fossa, the crura of cerebellum, and the
arachnoidal course of VII,
VIII, IX, X, and XI.
Atlas (Arcus ant.) Cavum subarachnoideale canal is vert.
Fig. 298. Roentgenogram (lateral, right-left) of the cerebellomedullary cistern

filled with air.
cannula is introduced suboccipitally into the subarachnoid space (direct method).
Margo
auriculae
Vesiculaaeris
sub tentorio
Cisterna
cerebello-
medullaris (aer)
Os occipitale
(Squama)
Spatium
atlantooccipitale
Atlas (Tuber-
culum post.)
Spatium
atlantoaxiale
(interarcuale)
The
Pharynx and the Pharyngeal Region
M. splenius
capitis
Sinus sigmoideus
Membrana pharyngobasilaris, Nodus lymph, retropharyng.,

M. constrictor pharyngis sup.
M. longus capitis, Condylus occipit. \
A., V. occipitali$ \ \
M. longissimus capitis /
N. abducens
\ IX, X, XI
\ \ N .trigeminus
\ i Cqnalis n. hypoglossi, N. hypoglossus, Rete venosum
N. vestibulocochlearis,
N. facialis, N. intermedius
M. digastricus
Rr. communicantes:
N. cervic. I et II
M. sternoc/eidomast.,
N. access.
Rr. communicantes: N. cervic. II-

N. hypoglossus etgangl. cervic. sup. -
Rr. pharyngei
(X, IX et trunc. sympath.)
N. accessorius
..J\. occipitalis,
M. digastricus
-N. vagus, V.jugul. int.

—N. hypoglossus
- N. accessorius,
M. sternoc/eidomast.,
Parotis
A., V. pharyngeaasc.,
N. jugularis,
N. caroticus int.
Fasc. cervic. (Lamina praevertebralis)
Plexus venosus et nervosus pharyngis,
M. constrictor pharyngis med.' '
Os hyOideum (Cornu majus),

Cartilag. thyroid. (Cornu sup.)'
Raphe pharyngis -
M. constrictor pharyngis inf.-
Plexus nerv. pharyngis, Rr. pharyngei
Trigonum Laimeri __
Adventitia pharyngis -J
Oesophagus (Tunica muscul.)
Trachea
\Ganglion inf. (X)
Ganglion sup. (symp.)
Mandibula (Angulus),
Nodus lymphat.
x A. carotis int., V. jugularis int.
N 'N. laryngeus sup.
N.vagus
S A. et v. laryng. sup., Rr. pharyngei

\ Cartilag. thyroidea (Cornu sup.)
\N. cardiacus cervic. sup.
~-A. thyroid, sup. (R. post.)
__ A. carotis comm., Truncus sympath.
A. et v. thyroidea inf. (R. pharyng.)
Gland, parathyroid, sup.
_ Gland, thyroidea
Gangl. cervic. med., Ansa thyroidea
-- A., V. thyroidea inf.
\ Gland, parathyroidea inf.

N. recurrens
Fig. 299. Dissection of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the neurovascular bundle
from behind
after removal of the cervical vertebral column.
N. hypoglossus, Rete venosum (XII), A. pharyng. asc.,

Raphe pharyngea, R. comm-.
N. accessorius
N. glossopharyng
A. meningeapost., R. mening. X
Gang/, sup. (X), R. medialis XI, \
Bulbus sup. v. jugul. int. '
N. access. (R. lat.) \
Aponeurosis pharyngis, Mm. levaiores pharyng.
A., V. thyroid, sup. (R. post.)
Gland, thyroidea
Glomus caroticum f
M. constrictor pharyngis inf. /
R. cardiac, sup.
Pharynx - Oesophagus '
Oesophagus
' Gartilag. thyroid., (Cornu sup.)
N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.)
A. carotis comm., N. cardiac, cervic. sup.,

Plexus nerv. caroticus
V, jugul. int.
s \ Gangl. cervic. medium

x A. carotis comm.
Gangl. cervic. sup.
i Sinus petr. inf., XII (Rete venosum), VIII, VII

IX, X, XI
| XI, V. jugul. int. (Bulbus sup.)

Sinus petr. inf., V. jugul. int.
A. carot. ext., Rr. pharyngei (symp.)
N. access.
A. occipit., A. pharyng. asc.
Sinus caroticus X
A. facialis ''
A. lingualis X
Truncus symp. X
Os hyoid. (Cornu maj.) /
N. card, cervic. sup.
A. carotis comm., Plexus nervosus

M. constrictor pharyngis med.
Mm. levat. pharyng., Lig. thyrohyoid lat.
Cartil. thyr. (Cornu sup.) /

M. constrictor pharyngis inf.
Cellulae
mastoid.
N. facial.,
A. stylomastoid.
— N. carot. int.,
A. pharyng.
asc., N. jugul.
— Gangl. inf. (X)
■A. occipit.,
M. digastricus
N. glossopharyng.,
R. commun. cum n. vago,

[sup.
N. accessorius
Spatium parapharyng.
M. stylohyoideus
M. digastricus,
A. occipitalis -
N. hypoglossus —
Gangl. inf. (X)
N. carot. int.
N. jugularis
Vv. pharyng., M. constrictor

pharyngis sup.
N. laryng. sup.
R. pharyng. IX
N. glossopharyng.
R. pharyng. (X), M. stylopharyng.
Gangl. cervic. sup.
Mandibula (Angulus)
Proc. styloid., Lig. stylohyoid.

Rr. pharyngei IX et X
Lig. stylomandib.
N. sinus carotid
V. jugul. int.
V. retromandib.
\ A. carotis ext., M. stylohyoid.
' V 'N. hypoglossus, Ansa cervic. (Radix sup.)

v v A. facialis
K A. carotis int., N. laryng. sup.
A. lingualis, Os hyoid. (Cornu maj.)
' A. pharyng. asc., Rr. symp.: Sinus carot. el

plexus carot.
A. thyroid, sup., N. laryng. sup. (R. int.)
Fig. 300. Dissection of pharynx and the neurovascular bundles up to the cranial
base, from behind.
The section passes through the base of the cranium at the level of the jugular
foramina.
Vessels and nerves of the pharyngeal space.
V. jugularis int.
A. occipitalis
M. pierygopharyng.
Cortilago tubae auditivae, A. sphenopalat. (Rr. pharyngei)
Ganglion oticum, N. tensoris v. palat., A. pharyngeae asc. (R. tubarius)
N. mandib., Foramen ovale

N. hypoglossus, Rete ven. can. n. hypoglossi \
A. meningeapost., V.jugul. int., N. hypoglossus
A. stylomastoidea, Processus styloideus \
Tonsilla et bursa pharyngea

! N. abducens
I N. glossopharyng., vagus, accessorius
I i N. trigeminus
I / / N. acusticus, N. facialis, Porus acusticus int.
i l /
I l I / N. hypoglossus, Canalis n. hypoglossi, Rete ven. XII
I ! I 1 f Sinus sigmoideus, Cartilago tubae
! / Ostium pharyngeum (Tuba auditiva)

i ! /' Membranapharyngobasilaris, M. levator
1 1 1 veli palat., M. constrictor phar. sup.
M. palatopharyng.
A. carotis comm., N. vagus, V.jugul. int.
-Os hyoid. (Cornu maj.)

" Cart. thyr. (Cornu sup.)
Mm. levatores pharyngis

Paries pharyngis
Aponeurosis phar. /
M. pharyngoepiglotticus /
Gland, thyroidea
Plexus ven. pharyngooesophageus^/'

/
Tunica mucosa
^ Trachea
A. occipitalis
M. splenius -
N. vagus, Ganglion inf.

A. meningea post.
Chordatympani-
N. pterygoideus medialis
N. caroticus int. - -
N. lingualis,
N. alveolaris inf.
M. digastricus
M. pharyngotubarius '
M. levator ''°>i palatini '
N. facialis,
Foramen stylomast.
A. carotis comm., Truncus

sympathicus
. sternocleidomastoid.,
N. accessorius
Oesophagus
N. hypoglossus, Ggl. cervic.
sup., Rami anast. cum n.
cervic. I et II, A. pharyngea asc. '
A. palatina asc.,
N. accessorius, /
M. sternocleidomast. y
Par otis
R. digastricus (VII),
Parotis, A.
stylomastoidea
-N. accessorius,
(A. occipit.)
M. digastricus
V.jugul. int., N. vagus
N. hypoglossus
M. azygos uvulae
(dexter et sinister)
Glandulae mucosae, Velum

palatinum
Plica aryepiglottica
' Recessus piriformis
Fig. 301. Pharynx opened from behind, showing on the left the muscle layers of the
pharyngeal
wall from the inside, as well as the musculature of the soft palate.
Tuberc. pharyngeum, Membrana pharyngobasilaris
Aponeur. palat., Mucosa
Os sphenoidale As
(Spina angularis) gj
Proc. pterygoideus
Fibrocartilago basalis, Foramen lacerum
Canalis caroticus (Apert, ext.)
Ligam. sphenomandib.
M. pterygoideus lat.,
M. temporalis- fj||
M. tensor veli palat., '
M. levator v. palat.-
M. stylohyoideus
M. pterygoideus medial is -
M. stylophar. --
M. styloglossus-
Ligam. stylohyoideum, Ligam.
stylomandibular6
Hamulus pterygoideus,
M. pharyngopalatinus -
M. pterygoideus medialis
M. palatoglossus
Spatium intermusculare
M. uvulae
Radix linguae, Tonsilla lingualis,
Gland, linguales
Ligam. stylohyoideum
Cart. thyr. (Cornu sup.)
•- 0. petros us (Crista tymp.)
" Proc. styloideus
Cartilagotubae audit.,
Recessus phar.
~ Membrana pharyngobasil.
M. pharyngotubarius,
Ostium phar. tubae
M. palatopharyngeus
M. constrictor phar. sup. (Pars glosso-,

mylo-, bucco- et pterygopharyngea)
Mm. levatores phar.
--M. constrictor phar. medius
Cart. thyr. (Cornu inf.) - T \~
Arcus cric. 4
- M. pharyngoepiglotticus
--M. constrictor phar. inf.
Ligam. hyoepiglotticum, Os hyoideum

" Ligam. thyrohyoideum medianum
Tela submucosa phar.
' Ligam. thyroepiglotticum

Ligam. vocale et ventriculare
" Conus elasticus (Lig. cricothyr. medianum)
Cartilago cricoidea
' M. cricoarytaenoideus post.,

Artie, cricoarytaenoidea
Fig. 302. Muscles of the pharynx and palate seen from behind and inside after
removal of the mucosa.
A. et n. canalis pterygoidei (Rr. tubarii et pharyng.)

Cartilago tubae auditivae, Ostium tubae
Tonsilla pharyngea
M. pharyngotubalis (Membrana pharyngobasilaris)
M. levator veil palat., A. palat. asc. (R. palat.) s

M. pterygopharyng. s
M. palatopharyng. v
Tunica mucosa
M. tensor veli palat., Proc.

jC pterygoid. (Lam. med.)
^Tunica mucosa
Glandulae palatinae
.Os pterygoideum (Homulus)
-Tonsilla palat.
L - -Papilla parotidea
jm retropharyng.''
Pharynx (Paries post.)
Tonsilla palat.'
N. glossopharyng., *
A; dorsalis linguae (A. palat. asc.)
Mm. levatores pharyng' ^
N. laryng. sup. (Ramus)'"

M. pharyngoepiglott.
Epiglottis, Plica aryepiglott. :< /
Pharynx (Pars laryngea) /
A/1, glossopalat. j
M. glossopharyng. •
Lig. thyroepiglott.
- M. buccopharyng.
~~M. buccinator
SA A/|. mylopharyng., Rr. isthmi

faucium (N. lingualis)
-N. lingualis, Gangl. submandib.,

Gland, submandib.
M. mylohyoideus
a • ” Caruncula sublingualis,
€ I Ductus sublingualis maj.
aK'l
1" Gland, sublingualis,
Ductus submandib.
" Ductuli sublinguales min.,
A., N. sublingualis
M. genioglossus
v/VI. geniohyoid.
s > M. mylohyoid.
I N. lingualis, Gland, submandib. (Proc. uncinatus)
N- hypoglossus (V. comitans n. hypogl.)

ngua (Margo lat.) (Regio foliata)
Gland, thyroidea
Fig. 303. Median section through the facial skeleton and pharynx. Left half of the
section. Dissection
of the muscular layer of the pharyngeal wall from the inside, the nerves and
vessels at the base of the
tongue, of the tonsillar region, and in the region of the auditory tube opening.
The halved tongue has
been retracted medially.
N. facialis, A. stylomast.,
A., N. auric, post^
A. occipitalis
N. glossopharyng.,
A. meningeapost. -
N. accessorius (R. lat.) (Gangl. inf.)
A. carotis ext., A. maxillaris,

N. hypoglossus
Ganglion cervic. sup., Truncus symp. --
A. pharyngea asc., N. sinus carotid -

A. facialis -
Rami phar., A. lingualis _

Glomus caroticum
N. laryng. sup., A. thyroidea sup.
N. hypoglossus, A. lingualis,
M. hyopharyng
Truncus sympath., N. cardiacus cervic. sup.-
V.jugularis int., N. vagus, A. carotis comm.
M. tensor veli palatini.
N. tensoris v. p.
Proc. pteryg. (Lam. med.),

M. pterygopharyng.
N., A. pterygoidea med.
N. lingualis, Chorda tympani

N. alveolaris inf., N.
mylohyoideus, A. palatina asc.
Hamulus pterygoid.
M, buccopharyng., N. lingualis
(R. isthmi faucium)
M. , N. mylohyoideus,
N. lingualis
M. mylopharyngeus
A. facialis, Ganglion
submandib.
N. glossopharyng., A. dorsalis
linguae (A. palatina asc.)
N.,A. sublingualis
M. chondroglossus, A. lingualis
Ductus submandib.,
N. lingualis
N. glossopharyng., Sinus petrosus inf.

N. vagus, Ganglion sup.
N. accessorius (R. int. et ext.) 1

V. jugularis int. (Bulbus sup.), Sinus petrosus » !
inf. (Ostium), Sinus sigmoideus \
N. caroticus int.,
A. pharyng. asc. (R. tubarius)
! N. auriculotemporalis, A. meningea med.
levator veli palatini,

N. tens, tymp.,
A. mening. access.
Cartilago tubae auditivae,

N. petros. min.
Fossa scaphoidea, Ganglion
oticum, M. tensor veli palatini
N. sphenoideus int.
1 = M. styloglossus
2 = M. glossopharyng. (cut)
3 = M. palatoglossus (cut)
4 = M. pharyngopalat. (cut)
5 = M. stylopharyng.
6 = lateral plate of the pterygoid process
7 = Lat. Lamelle of the Proc. pterygoideus
S = M. digastrieus (Venter post.)
9 = M. splenius cap.
10 = M. longissimus cap.
11= M. sternocleidomastoideus
12 = M. buccinator
13 = aponeurosis of the palate
P = Parotis (Proc. parapharyng.)

Sm = Glandula submandibularis
SI = Glandula sublingualis
O = Lig. sphenomandib.
x = Lig. ptervgospinale
+ = Lig. stylomandibulare
+ O = Liu. stvlohyoidcum
Fig. 304. Parapharyngeal structures seen from the medial aspect after removal of
the pharyngeal wall. Dissection
of the cervical neurovascular bundle up to the base of the skull. The infratemporal
region with the branching of the
mandibular nerve, the otic ganglion, the large salivary glands, and the course of
the lingual and glossopharyngeal
nerve, prepared from the medial side.

N., A. auricul.
post.
N. facialis,
A. stylomastoid.
N. masse-
tericus
Chorda
tympani
Ganglion
oticum, N.
sphenoid, int.
N. tympanic.,
A. tympanica inf.
R. anastomot.:
N. facialis-
N. glossopharyng _
A. meningea post.
(A. occip.)
N. glossopharyng.,
A. pharyng. asc.
(A. mening. post.) --
Mur de la logette, Meatus acust. (Paries sup.)
Meatus acust. ext. (Pars ossea)
Meatus acust. (Pars cartilag.)
Membrana
tympani (Um¬
bo), Manubrium
mallei
Membrana tympani (Recessus sup.) (Prussak)
Caput mallei, Cavum tympani (Paries sup.)
I Plexus tympanic., Promontorium (A. tympanica inf., N. tympanic.)

J j A. tympanica sup., N. petros. min., Nn. caroticotymp.
i i
j J A. tympan. ant., Chorda tymp., Malleus (Proc. longus)

i i ! M. tensor tymp., Septum can. musculotubarii
! j N. tensoris tymp.
i ill
» j 1 J A. meningea med., access., N. petros. min.
N. mandib. (Portio min.= motor.), Rami masticatorii
N. temporalis
prof.
N. alveol. inf.,
N. mylohyoi-
deus
N. lingualis
Ostium
pharyng. (Tuba audit.)
M. levator
veli pal at.
M. stylohyoid. --
N. accessor. (R. lat.) ''
Paries pharyng is (Membrana pharyngobasi laris),
A. pharyng.' asc. (R. tubarius)
V.jugul int., A. occip. s'
N. vagus -/
N. sinus carotid /7
N. glossopharyng.
/ / / M. buccopharyng.
/ / A. palatina asc.
/ M. styloglossus
M. stylopharyng., Lig. stylohyoid.
M. tensor
veli palat.
M. ptery-
gopharyng.
Hamulus
pterygoid.
Rhaphe ptery-
gomandibul.
N. pterygoid.
N. pterygoid,
med., N. ten¬
sor is veli pal.,
M. tensor v. p.
N. buccalis,
A. maxi I laris
1 = Meatus acust. ext. 6 =
2 = Os tympanicum, Crista
tympanica 7 =
3 = Processus styloideus
4 = M. digastricus 8 =
5 = M. sternocleidomast.
border of the med. plate
9,10
of the pterygoid process.
lateral plate of the pterygoid
11
process
X
M. buccinator
= artic. tuberc. and base of the
zygomat. proc. of the temporal bone

= origin of the medial pterygoid m.
= isthmus of the auditory tube

= cartilaginous part of the
auditory tube
Fig. 305. Tympanic cavity and auditory tube. Area of the otic ganglion as well as
nerves and blood vessels on the
base of the skull. The external auditory meatus, the tympanic cavity, and the
auditory tube have been opened from
the lateral side. The main branches of the mandibular n. were cut, the optic
ganglion reflected upward, and the
tensor veli palatini m. pulled down.
1-8
cervical nerve trunks 1-8
I.,II.
1st and 2nd thoracic nerves
l.R
1st rib
2.R
2nd rib
V-XII
=
cranial nerves V-Xll
11.BW
2nd thoracic vertebra
M. longissimus cap.
M. splenius cap.
M. digastricus
Platysma
oE
sup. parathyroid gland
uE
inf. parathyroid gland
M. trapezius
G
=
M. omohyoideus (Vepter inf.)
M. serratus ant.
==
M. supraspinatus
M. levator scap.
M. serratus post. sup.
Ln
'=
Nodi lymph, retropharyngei
Me, mh. Ml
Mm. constrictores pharyngis
M. erector spinae
Mm. intercostales
Oe
Oesophagus
Pi
=
M. scalenus ant.
P 2
M. scalenus med.
Pa
Parotis
Pb
cupula of pleura
Pu = lung
oP = sup. pole of thyroid gland

R = M. longus cap.
S = M. rectus cap. ant.
Tr = Trachea
1 = Ductus thoracicus
2 = communicating rami from 7th and
8th cervical nerves to inf. cervical

ganglion (vertebral n.);
vertebral a. and n. medial
to these rami
5 =* 1st thoracic ganglion.
Communicating ramus to
1st thoracic n.
6 = communicating ramus to 2nd thoracic n
7 = A. transversa colli (R. descend.)
8 = N. dors, scapulae
9 = Ganglion stellatum (cervicale inf.
and thoracale I)
10 = N. intercostalis I, A. intercostalis
suprema
11 = Truncus costocervic., Ansa subclavia
12 = N. thorac. long.
13 = Mi suprascapularis
14 = Plexus brachialis
15 = A. transversa colli
16 = A. thyroidea inf.
17 = Nn. supraclaviculares
Fig. 306. Dissection of cervical viscera and exposure of structures in the

neurovascular bundle in situ from
behind. (The vertebral column has been removed down to the 2nd thoracic vertebra;
the base of the skull was
cut in a frontal plane behind the condyles of the occipital bone, and the left
cervical nerve trunks have been
retracted laterally.
N. jugul., N. caroticus int.
Sinus sigmoideus
N. accessorius (R. lat.) j
Raphe pharyngis,
loccipit. (R. mening.)^
R. commun
lervic. I-Gangl. cerv. sup
Rr. communicantes:
:ervic. I et II - N. hypoglr~
Rr. communicantes:
Ganglion cervic. sup. — _
Nn. cervic. II et III
haryng. asc., N. laryng. sup.—

carotis ext., Gang!, cervic sup.,
A. carotis int.
Rr. pharyngei IX et X, A. pharyng.
A. pharyng. asc. et thyroid, sup.
(Rr. pharyngei)
Truncus sympathy
N. cardiacus cervic. sup.,
V. jugul. extr
A. thyroid, sup. (R. post.), Jffj

Ansa cervic. (Radix inf.)
•— A., V. occipitalis
Proc. styloideus, M. stylohyoid.
F—— N. vagus
■— N. caroticus int.
K N. hypoglossus
"* N. glossopharyng.
N. jugularis
Ganglion inf. (X)
Ganglion cervic. sup. (symp.)
N. accessorius
v N. occipit. min.
A. carotis int., V. jugularis int.,

N. laryng. sup., A. carotis ext.
N. auricul. magn.
N. phrenicus
- - 13
?lion cervic. med. :

r. communic. cum __
n. cervic. V et VI
x*
A. carotis comm., R. cardiac.

r*- V. jugularis ext., N. accessc
— A. cervic. asc., R. cardii
Ganglion cervic. me
Srr— 17
‘ 16
15
6 --
Truncus sympath.
N. vagus
Truncus brachiocephal., N. cardiacus cervic. inf.
Ductus thoracicus, Truncus bronchomediast. post.

N. recurrens
Hamulus pterygoid.,
A. palatina
asc.,
M. constrictor
pharyngis sup.
A., V., N. temporalis prof.

N. trigeminus, A. maxillaris
A. meningea media
M. levator veli palatini, Membranapharyngobasilaris

Chorda tympani i
N. auriculotemp., A. temp, media
A. tympanica ant.
A., V. temp, superfic., N. auriculotemp.
Rr. praeauriculares
A. auricular is prof.,
N. auriculotemp .'
A., N. infraorbitalis
, A., V.,N. alveolar is sup.
/ A. buccalis, M. tensor veli

/ palatini (Tendo)
A. auricularis
prof.,
Rr. comm.:
N. facialis
N. auriculotemp.
N. facialis,
A. stylomastoid.
A. auricularis
R.
A.
A. pharynycu. ujl.,
Rr. pharyngei IX et X
N\. stylopharyngeus -
A. carofis ext.,
Ai. styloglossus
N. accessorius
N. mylohyoideus'''
A., N. alveolaris inf.''
Lig. stylomandib.'''
A. carotis int., V.jugularis int.,
N. vagus
A.
N. hypoglossus, A. lingualis ''

A. thyroidea sup., N. laryngeus sup ,
M. stylohyoideus (Insertio)
Ansa cervicalis
' N. laryngeus sup. (R. ext.)

M. omohyoideus
Gland, thyroidea (Polus sup.) -
Ansa cervic. (R. muse.)-
A. carotis comm., N. vagus, V.jugularis int
M. buccinator,
Gland, buccales
A., N. buccalis,
Ductus parotideus
N. lingualis
N. alveol. inf. (R. buccalis)
. depressor anguli oris

"A., V. facialis
'' A. submentalis
Glandula submandib., A. facialis
R. thyrohyoid. (XII), M. thyrohyoid.
M. sternohyoideus
N. laryngeus sup. (R. inf.)
Fig. 307. Blood vessels and nerves of the deep face region and the neurovascular
bundle of the neck.
Blood vessels and nerves of the pterygoid region are exposed after resection of the
zygomatic arch and the
ramus of the mandible.
M. temporalis, N., A., V. tempor. prof.
N. mandib., A. meningea access.
A., N. massetericus
A. meningea media ’
A. maxill. \ i
' \
Chorda tympani, A. tympanica ant. \ \
A. auricul. prof.
A., V. tempor. superf.,
N. auriculotempor.
N. facialis ,
A. stylomastoid.
O Cartil. meatus
acust.
+ Proc. styl.
M. styloglossus, Lig. stylohyoid. -

R. sinus carotid (symp.)
N. sinus carotid (IX),
0. hyoideum (Cornu maj.)
Glomus caroticum
A. lingualis
N. glossopharyng.
A. thyroid, sup., R. omohyoid.
M. constrictor pharyngis med. /
Ansa cervic. prof.<|
A. carotis comm.,
N. vagus, V. jugularis int.
A., V., N. laryng. sup. /
M. constrictor pharyngis inf.
N. infraorbitalis
N ' M. thyrohyoid., R. thyrohyoid. (XII)
' M. omohyoideus
"M. sternohyoideus
M. constrictor phar. sup.,

A. palatina asc.
M. stylopharyng.
/ M. I N. pterygoid. I at.
z N. tensor is veli palatini, Gang!,
oticum
R. zygomaticotemp.
Lig. pterygospinale,
N. pterygoid, med.
A., N. alveolaris sup.
• • Arcus zygo-
maticus
x Proc. ptery¬
goid. (Lam. lat.)
'A., V.,N.
buccal is.,
M. bucci¬
nator
+ Par otis
"M. tensor ef levator

veli palatini,
M. pterygoid, med.
Hamulus pteryg.
" N. alveolaris inf., Rr. dent ales

V A. facialis
"N. lingualis, Ganglion submandib.,

Ductus submandib.
At, N. mylohyoid., A. sublingual.
N - N. mentalis
' M. digastricus (V. ant.), A. submental.
A. facialis, Gland, submandib.

hyoglossus, N. hypoglossus
M. stylohyoideus
Rr. pharyng. (IX),
A. pharyng. asc.
A. carotis ext.
N. glossopharyng. -
N. access. -
N. hypoglossus --
Fig. 308. Dissection of the cervical neurovascular stalk up to the base of the
skull.
Division of the mandibular n. into its branches.
N. mandib.
N. temporalis prof., N. buccalis

A., N. temporalis prof. >
A. meningea access.
M. pharyngotubalis, Chorda tymp. ,
A. meningea media, N. tensoris tympani i ,
A. palatina asc. ' ! ''
Chorda tympani, A. tympanica, Fissura

petrotympanica
N. auriculotempor.,
A. auricularis prof.
A. makill.
/ A., N. infraorbital is
A., N. alveolaris sup.
„ Ganglion oticum,
N. pterygoid, lat.
^ N. pterygoideus med.,
N. tensoris veli palat.
spheno-
mandib. _
A. carotis
int~'~"~
N. facialis, A.
stylomastoid
A. auricularis-
post.
A. pharyngea asc.
(A. meningea occipit.y
-- C art i I ago
tubae,
Pharynx
(Paries membr.)
M. pterygo-
pharyng.
M. digastr., M. stylohyoid
Plexus nerv. pharyng
/VI. constrictor phar. sup.---"
N. access r-"
A. carotis int.„--
A. pharyngea asc.--"'
A. carotis ext.
M. stylopharyng., .
N. glossopharyng.'
A. facialis ^
Lig. stylohyoideum-'^'
A. palatina asc./'
M. glossopharyng
A. lingualis,''
M. hyopharyng, f
Ansa cervicalis''
N. laryngeus sup. (R. ext.) '' ■

N. laryng. sup. (R. int.), A. laryngea sup., /
Membrana thyrohyoidea /
M. laryngopharyng. /
Ansa cervic. (Ramus muse.)/
V. jugularis int., N. vagus, A. carotis comm. /
Glandula thyroidea (Polus sup.),
M. hyoglossus, N. hypoglossus
M. stylohyoideus, M. digastr
Os pterygoid.
(Homulus),
A/I. tensor, veli palat. (Tendo)
M. palatopharyng.
' /VI. buccinator, N. buccalis

Glandulae mucosae palat.,
N. lingual. (Rr. isthmi faucium)

N. lingual is
V s M. palatoglossus
' M. mylopharyng.
\ ' A., N. alveolaris inf.
s 'Tonsilla palatina, A. dors, linguae (R. tonsill.)
'' A. submentalis
Glandula submandib., A. facialis
' M. mylohyoideus, A., N. mylohyoideus

x M. digastricus (Tendo)
Nn M. styloglossus
M. sternohyoideus
M. omohyoideus
M. thyrohyoid., R. thyrohyoideus n. hypoglossi
Fig. 309. Structures of the neck from the lateral side. The cervical vertebral
column has been removed; the
zygomatic arch and the ramus of the mandible have been cut, the former in front and
in the back, and removed with
the muscles of mastication after disarticulation of the temporomandibular joint.
With maximal depression of the
mandible, access is gained to a large area of the lateral pharyngeal wall.
N. massetericus, Arcus zygomaticus
N. mandib.
N. buccalis
N. facialis (Truncus ) k
. A., N. alveolar,
sup.
N. auricular is post., M.
N. infraorbitalis
A. maxillaris ^
Chorda tympani, M. levator

veli palat., A. pharyng. asc
N. accessorius (R. ext.)~~--'
N. glossopharyng., R. pharyng.
N. laryng. sup.
N. hypoglossus
A. occipitalis „
Lig. stylohyoid., M. stylopharyng

et styloglossus, A. palatina asc
N. laryng.
N. sinus carotid
Glomus carot.
(Paraganglion carot.).
Os hyoid. (Cornu majus),
A. lingualis, M. hypopharyng. „
M. stylohyoid., M. digastri -
c us, M. hyoglossus __
V. jugul. int .,
N. vagus^
Truncus sympathy
Raphe pterygo-
mandib., Hamu¬
lus pterygoid.,
M. tensor veli
palat. (Tendo)
Periosteum, Mandib.
(Proc. alveolaris), A. facialis
Ganglion submandib.,
M styloglossus,
M. glossopharyng.
N. sublingualis
Glandula sublingual.,
Ductus sublingual, min.
N. lingualis, Ductus submandib.
M. mylohyoid., A. subling. (perforans)

N. alveol. inf., Mandibula
Chordatympani,A.
A. maxillaris
I Aa., Nn. tempor. prof.
M. pterygoideus med., N. pterygoid, med.,

! N. tensoris veli palat.
A. carotis comm.,
A. thyroid, sup.,
Ramus omohyoid.
N. laryngeus sup.'
M. laryngopharyng.
Glandula submandib.,
A. facialis''
iangl. submandib. (R. glandul.), ,
Ductus submandib., Proc.'

uncinat. (Glandula submandib.)
\ /
Glandula thyroidea, M. omohyoid., Trachea t ,

N. hypoglossus /
'R. isthmi faucium,

N. lingualis,
Chorda tymp.
,.M. buccinator
Ductus parotideus
M. glosso- et
mylopharyng.,
A. palat. asc. (Ramus)
"Proc. uncinat.
. geniohyoideus
mental is
A. meningea med., N. mandibul. (R. mening.)
Lig. pterygospinale
N. auriculotempor., A. tempor. superf.
N. meatus acustici ext.
N. mylohyoid.
Fig. 310. Dissection of the right cervical neurovascular bundle. The right half of
the body of the mandible has been
sawed through in a parasagittal plane, freed subperiosteally, and retracted
downward with the mylohyoid m. in or¬
der to expose structures in the sublingual region (anomalous course of the
maxillary a. medial to the mandibular
nerve trunk; the ascending pharyngeal a. arises here from the internal carotid a.).
View of the course and branches
of the maxillary a.
M. masseter
A. palatina asc. (R. tonsillaris)
Uvula, Paries pharyngis
Aponeurosis palatina
A., N. palat. maj.
Aa., Nn. palal. minores
Incisura
mandibulae, Parotis-
M.
M. zygomatico-
mandibul
M. palatopharyngeus
Tunica mucosa
Foramen palat. maj., Foramina palat. min.
Hamulus pterygoid., A/I. tensor, veli palat. (Tendo)
M. buccinator
(Pars buccophar.),
asc.- (R. to ns ill.), Plexus pharyng.
M. masseter
N. lingualis, R. isthmi faucium
N I. constrictor pharyngis sup.
(Pars mylophar.)
M. glossopharyng.
Raphe pterygomandibul.
M. buccinator
Lacuna inter m. mylo- et glossopharyng.
' Tonsillapalatina, M. palatoglossus
Violet = musculature of the palate and the palatine arches

Blue = the sup. pharyngeal constrictor with its
3 parts that are visible here
(buccopharyngeus, mylopharyngeus, and glossopharyngeus),
the muscles of mastication

(masseter and temporal muscles),
and the musculature of the cheek
(buccinator muscle)
Fig. 311. Topographical relationships and blood supply of the palatine tonsil;
dissection of the palatine
musculature from the oral side (semischematic).
M., N. pterygoideus med., Lig. pterygospinale
N. tens, veli palat.. Proc. pterygoid. (Lam. med.) /

Sinus sphenoidalis j
Rete venosum
M. tensor veli palatini (Origo) N

Cartilago tubae auditivae
M. longus capitis, Clivus
M. levator veli palatini (Origo)

M. pterygopharyng.
Aponeurosis palat.,
Palatum molle
Chorda tymp., N. lingualis „
A. pharyngea asc.
(R. tubarius et palatin
Lig. sphenomandib. -
Parotis (Proc.
parapharyng.)~^__
Lig. stylomandib.
Fascia cervic.
(Lamina praevertebr.)
M. longus colli
Nodi lymph, retrophar.,

A. pharyng. asc.,
Rr. pharyngei
M. styloglossus,
A. palatina asc.-
M. stylopharyng
M. hyopharyng.
(constrictor
pharyngis med.),
Spatium
retropharyng.^'
N. glosso-
pharyngeus, Lig.
stylohyoid.^''
A., N. palatin. maj.
"Hamulus
pterygoideus
Palatum durum (Margo),

Glandulae palat.,
Tunica mucosa
''A., N. palatin. min.
M. palatopharyng.''
Stratum muse, longit. pharyngis '
M. pharyngoepiglott.''
M. glossopharyng., M. styloglossus '
'M. pterygoid, med.
'M. buccinator,
Papilla parotidea
--- Raphe pterygomandibul.,
M. buccopharyng.,
N. lingualis (R. isthmi faucium)
N. lingualis, M. mylopharyng.
~M. palatoglossus,
A. dors, linguae
(A. palatina asc.)
- Glandula et ganglion
submandib.
Ductus submandib.,
Ductus sublingual, major
Ductuli sublinguales min.
• V. sublingualis
-M. genioglossus
- M. geniohyoideus
‘M. mylohyoideus
M. mylohyoideus
Cartilago cricoidea
A. sublingual., Ductus submandib., N. lingualis
Lig, thyroepiglott., Cartilago thyroidea
N. hypoglossus, V. comitans
1—5 = median section of cervical vertebrae 1—5
Fig. 312. Median section through the facial skeleton and the pharynx. Dissection of
the pharyngeal and palatine
musculature from the inside; vessels and nerves in the tubal and sublingual
regions.
- Tonsilla et bursa pharyngea
Recessus pharyngeus
Tonsilla palatina
Tonsilla lingualis
Tonsilla tubaria
Plica pharyngotubalis
Folliculi lymphatici
Tonsilla lingualis
- Tonsilla laryngea
Fig. 313. The distribution of tonsillar tissue in the mucosa of the upper
respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. The
lymphatic rings near the anterior apertures of the pharynx and the lateral columns
in the pharyngeal wall are
colored blue (semischematic). Pharynx and larynx are opened in the posterior
midline.
Plica, Incisura interarytaenoidea
Septum oesophagotracheale
Trachea
Fornix pharyngis, Tonsilla et bursa pharyngea
Basis cranii
N. glossopharyngeus, vagus, accessorius
-Canalis n. hypoglossi, N. hypoglossus
Choana sinistra, Conchae nasales ~~
Plica salpingopalatina —
Velum palatinum (Palatum molle, Uvula) --
' Torus tubarius, Recessus pharyngeus
Tuba auditiva (Ostium pharyngeum),

Eminentia (M. levator)
-Plica salpingopharyngea
Sulcus terminalis linguae,

Papillae circumvallatae
Tonsillapalatina
Epiglottis, Pars libera (Fac. laryngea) -
Arcus pharyngopalatinus
Os hyoid. (Prominentia cornus maj.)
' Radix linguae, Tonsilla lingua/is
Cart. thyr. (Prominentia cornus sup.)
Plica aryepiglottica,
Tuberculum cuneiforme et
Plica pharyngoepiglottica,
Vallecula glossoepiglottica dextra
Recessus piriformis, Plica (N. laryngeus sup.)
Oesophagus
Clivus
' N. abducens
N. trigeminus
N. facialis, intermedius,
vestibulocochlearis
Pharynx (Paries post.)
Cartilag. cricoidea (Eminentia)
Blue = nasal pharynx (epipharynx)
Violet = oral pharynx (mesopharynx) and isthmus of the fauces

Brown = laryngeal pharynx (hypopharynx)
Green = vestibule of larynx
Fig. 314. Regions of the pharynx and entrance into larynx (aditus). The 3 levels of
pharynx, opened
from behind. The food-conducting channels that run from the isthmus of the fauces,
on both sides of
the epiglottis, over the piriform recess, and then reunite in the esophagus are
indicated by white lines.
Spina angularis, Lig. sphenomandibulare

\ Canaliscaroticus, M. peiropharyngeus
\ • Membrana pharyngo-
\ J \ basilaris, Raphe
\ j \ phar.
Clivus
Tonsilla pharyngea, Tunica mucosa
j Cartil. tubae auditivae, Tuba auditiva (Ostium pharyngeum)

At pharyngotubarius
I At levator veli palat.
—At levator veli palat.,

At palatopharyngeus
— At pharyngotubarius
~~M. constrictor phar. sup.
\—At azygos uvulae dexter
-At palatopharyngeus,
Tonsillapalatina
At constrictor phar.
At stylopharyngeus
Proc. styloideus iB
At pterygoideus lat. ~~
Incisura mandib
At stylohyoideus -
M. pterygopharyngeus — 1
M. pterygoideus medial is -
Ligam. stylomandibulare
M. buccopharyngeus
At styloglossus -'
Ligam. stylohyoideum
At mylopharyngeus, Mandibula '
At styloglossus et stylopharyngeus '
At stylohyoideus, At digastricus
M. glossopharyngeus
M. hyoglossus
Spatium intermusculare
At hyopharyngeus, Os hyoid. (Cornu majus) y y
Ligam. thyrohyoideum lat'
A1. thyropharyngeus ..
„-At pterygoideus lat.
- M. tensor veli palat.,

Proc. pteryg. (Lam. medialis)
‘At glossopharyngeus
r"--At constrictor phar. medius
- At pharyngoepiglotticus
■Membrana thyrohyoidea
— At constrictor phar. inf.
"Aim. levatores phar.
M. aryepiglotticus
At arytaenoideus (Pars transv. et obliqua)
M. cricopharyngeus
Ligam. cricopharyngeum
Trigonum Laimeri.
Oesophagus (Strat. muse, longit.)
- cricoarytaenoideus post.
Ufa
— Aponeurosis phar.
Oesophagus (Stratum muse, circulare)
Fig. 315. The musculature of the pharynx shown from behind. The right half of the
pharynx has been reflected lat¬
erally. On the left side pharyngeal muscles are seen from the outside; on the right
the pharyngeal and palatine mus¬
cles may be viewed from the inside.
Sulcus termin. linguae, Papillae circumvallatae
Foramen caec., Folliculi linguales
"Oesophagus (Tunica muscularis)

Gland, parathyroidea sup.
N Gland, parathyroidea inf.
Plica glossoepiglott. mediana, Glandulae lingual. N
N. glossopharyngeus (Rr. lingual.), A. lingualis (R. sup .X

N. glossopharyngeus (Rr. tonsil!.), Tunica mucosa v
N. glossopharyngeus - _
A. lingualis- -
Plexus venosus valleculae - - "

Os hyoideum (Cornu majus), M. hypopharyng.
Lig. thyrohyoid, lat., N. laryng. sup. (Rr. lingual.)'
M. glossopalaf.
M. glossopharyng.
Tonsillapalatina
' M. hyoglossus
- Lig. stylohyoid.
- M. chondropharyng.
- - Os hyoideum (Cornu majus)

M. palatopharyng.,
M. pharyngoepiglott.
"" M. palatopharyng.
M. stylopharyng., Mm. levatores

pharyngis, Membr. hyothyroidea
" " A., V. laryng. sup., Foramen ihyroideum
" M. arytaen. transv. et obliquus,
Gland, laryng. post.
" Lamina cartilag. thyroideae

M. cricoarytaen. post.
M. cricopharyngeus
Lig. cricopharyngeum
/
N., A., V. laryng. sup., Cart. thyr. (Cornu sup.)
N. laryng. inf. (R. arytaen.)-"
Plexus ven. submuc. pharyng. ant.-
N. laryng. inf. (R. ant
N. laryng. sup. et inf., (R. communic.), Aponeur.
N. laryng. inf. (R. post.), A. laryng. inf.-'
N. laryng. inf. (Rr. oesophagei) - "
Plexus venosus pharyngooesophag." ’
V. thyroid, access. (media

Tunica mucosa oesophagi''
A., V. thyroid, inf., N. recurr., Gland, parathyr. inf.- -
Fig. 316. Muscles, vessels, and nerves on the back side of the larynx, in the
posterior tongue region, and in the reg¬
ions of the palatine tonsils and the glossoepiglottic valleculae. Pharynx and
esophagus have been opened from be¬
hind so that a posterior entry may be made into the paralaryngeal submucosal space
after removal of the pharyngeal
mucosa (of the piriform recess). The thyroid and parathyroid glands.
Plica fimbriata, Tunica mucosa
A., V., N. sublingualis
Regio folia!a
N. lingualis, Gangl. submandibul
M. styloglossus \
M. palatoglossus
Tonsillapalaiina
M. glossopharyngeus ^
M. palatopharyngeus
M. mylopharyngeus J
Ligam. stylohyoideum- -
A. palatina asc., Rr. tonsillares (IX) —
N. glossopharyngeus *'
M. stylophar
M. hyophar., V. palat. asc.
N. hypoglossus ■' ’
A. lingualis, V. comitans n. hypogloss.-
Os hyoideum (Cornu majus),
A. lingualis (R. hyoid.)-
Truncus venosus (V. thyr. sup.) -' /
N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.)-' /
N. laryngeus sup. (R. int.), /'

Cartilago triticea'
M. hyopharyngeus-'
A. thyroidea sup..
N. laryng. sup. (Rr. pharyngei)
A. thyr. sup. (R. post.
A., V. laryngeasup.'
N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.) -'

A. thyr. sup. (R. ant.)
A., V. thyr. sup. (R. margin.
M. laryngopharyng. (M. cricopharyng.)
.' V. lingualis (V. apicis linguae)
N. lingualis (Rr. ling.)
- M. long it. inf.
R. commun. n. lingual,
cum n. hypoglosso
A., Vv. linguales
- M. geniogloss. dexter
- N. hypogloss., V. comit. n. h.
A4. hyoglossus
M. hyogloss., A. lingualis
- - - M. geniohyoid, (dexter et sinister)
- M. mylohyoid., Raphe mylohyoidea
Initium oesophagi''
Rr. oesophagei
A. thyr. inf.
V. thyr. inf..-'"
N. recurrens dexter-''
Oesophagus (Lumen) -
" N. hypoglossus (R. thyrohyoid.)
- M. omohyoideus
~~ M. sternothyr.
- - M. sternohyoid.
Bursae subhyoid. (N\. sternohyoid, et m. sternothyr.)

Corpus adip. paralaryngeum
* L/g. thyrohyoid, medium

*' Prominentia laryngea
Cart. thyr. (Cornu sup.)
M. laryngopharyng. (M. thyropharyng.)

- M. thyrohyoid.
“' M. sternothyr.
- A. thyr. sup. (R. cricothyr.)

v - - Lig. coni cum
** M. cricothyr. (P. recta)
' N. laryng. sup. (R. ext.)
M. cricothyr. (P. obliqua)
'' A. thyr. sup. (R. marg. sup.)
' Nodus lymphat. praetrachealis
'• A., N. laryng. inf.
"^.N. recurr. (Rr. trach. et oesophagei),

Nodi lymphat. paratrach.
Fig. 317. Dissection of muscles, vessels, and nerves on the ventrolateral aspect of
larynx and pharynx after re¬
moval of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, and resection of the thyroid gland.
Muscles, nerves, and vessels at
the base of the tongue.
N. lingualis (R. terminalis
M. hyoglossus ^
M. longif. linguae inf.
s' N. hypogloss.,
R. anastom. c. n. linguali
Lig. thyroepiglott.
- Appendix ventric. lar.
M. thyroarytaen.
' Cartil. thyroidea

----- M. cricoarytaen. lat.
-- N. laryng. inf. (R. ant.)
— Lig. coni cum
"■ Cart. thyr. (Cornu inf.)
“-/VI. cricothyroid. (Pars obliqua et recta)

- Lig. cricotracheale
Nodi lymph, praetrach.
""N. laryng. inf. (R. ant.)
- N. laryng. inf.
Nodi lymph, paratrach.
v ' Trachea
N. hypoglossus, V. comitans n. h.
N. lingualis, M. styloglossus
Tonsillapalal., M. palatoglossus
/VI. glossopharyng., A. lingualis (R. tonsill.)
Rr. tonsillares (A. palat. asc., N. glossophar .)^
/VI. palatophar. ---

A. palatina asc.
M. constrictor phar. sup. -
Ligam. stylohyoideum -
N. glossophar. -
Os hyoideum (Cornu majus), M. hyophar. -

Tun. muc. valleculae gl. - epigl.
A., V., N. laryngeus sup.,
Ligam. thyrohyoideum lat.
Cart. thyr. (Cornu sup.),
M. laryngophar.
Tunica muc., Rec. piriformis --

M. aryepiglotticus - - -
A. thyroid, inf., N. recurrens "
Oesophagus'
~' A. sublingual.
-"A. prof, lingual.
-'A. lingualis (R. dorsalis linguae)

/VI. geniogloss.
A., V. lingualis
' Lig. stylohyoid., Cornu minus

- /VI. geniohyoid.
/VI. hyogloss.
•/VI. thyrohyoid., R. thyrohyoid. (XII)
• /VI. mylohyoid.
Lig. hyoepiglott.
---/VI. omohyoid.
— "/VI. sternohyoid.
--Spatium praeepiglott.
— - Epiglottis
Lig. thyrohyoid.
'Glandulae muc. laryng., M. thyroepiglott.
Lam. cartil. thyr. (refl.) -

Cartil. aryt. (Margo lat.) - -
M. arytaenoideus —
V., A. laryng. inf.'
Oesophagus (Strat. muse, longitud.)
N. laryngeus sup. et. inf. (R. anast.),
Lamina cart. cric. (Margo sup.) -

M. laryngopharyngeus
Cartil. arytaen. (Proc. muscul.)-
Aponeurosis pharyngis
M. cricoarytaenoideus post. -
N. laryngeus inf. (Ram. post.) -
/VI. laryngopharyngeus -
N. recurr. (R. tracheal.)
Fig. 318. Deep muscles, vessels, and nerves on the ventrolateral aspect of the
larynx. The thyroid cartilage has
been cut parasagittally and reflected back after freeing it from the underlying
structures without disturbing the
mucosa of the piriform recess and larynx. The hyoglossus m. has been removed in
order to show the course of the
lingual a. and the glossopharyngeal n., as well as the attachment of the stylohyoid
lig. to the lesser horn of the
hyoid bone.
Epiglottis
Cartilago cricoidea
Os hyoideum
M. aryepiglotticus
Cartilago
cuneiformis
Cartilago
corniculata
M. arytenoideus
transversus
Mm. arytenoidei
obliqui
M. cricoarytenoideus
posterior
Tunica mucosa
Tuberculum
epiglotticum
Syndesmosis
arycorniculata
Cartilago arytenoidea
Cartilago thyroidea
Epiglottis
Lig. hyoepiglotticum
Tuberculum
cuneiforme
Tuberculum
corniculatum
Mm. arytenoidei obliqui

Paries membranaceus tracheae,
Glandulae tracheales
Lig. anulare tracheae
M. arytenoideus
transversus
M. cricoarytenoideus post.
Cart, arytenoidea
(Proc. muse.)
Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae
M. aryepiglotticus
M. thyroarytenoideui
obliquus (var.)
. thyroarytenoideus
Lig. cricothyroideum
M. cricoarytenoideus lat.
Facies articul. thyroidea
M. cricothyroideus
Corpus adiposum
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago cuneiformis
Epiglottis
Lig. thyrohyoideum
Cartilago triticea ^
Tunica mucosa
(Vallecula epiglottica)
Tuberculum cuneiforme
Tuberculum
corniculatum
Plica vestibularis
Ventriculus
laryngis
Plica vocal is
M. vocalis
M. cricothyroideus,
(pars recta)
lat.
Lig. cricothyroideum
Os hyoideum
(Cornu majus)
Tuberculum
" epiglotticum
Cartilago thyroidea
(Cornu sup.)
Glandulae
laryngeae
M. arytenoideus transversus
!— M. arytenoideus obliquus
- Conus elasticus
M. cricoarytenoideus post.
Cartilago thyroidea
(Cornu int.)
Trachea
Fig. 319. (Top, left) Muscles on the dorsal surface of larynx (from
Sobotta/Becher).
Fig. 320. (Top, right) Posteroinferior view of laryngeal musculature

Fig. 321. (Bottom) Larynx opened in the dorsal midline and spread apart by
retractors. The mucosa has been re¬
moved between the vocal fold and the upper edge of the arch of the cricoid
cartilage, and the musculature of the left
side has been dissected from the inside (from Sobotta/Becher).
Margo epiglott.
M. laryngophar.—
M. cricoaryt. post. (Inse
M. c ricoarytaen. post (Origo) /

M. cricophar. (Origo)
Lig. cricopharyng.
Cart trachealis (III)
M. mylohyoideus
-M. geniohyoideus
Lig. hyoepiglotticum,
■" Cart, epiglott.
___ Os hyoideum
(Cornu majus)
Cart, triticea
Lamina cart thyr.,

Foramen thyroideum
Cart corniculata,
Lig. corniculopharyngeum
Cart arytaen. (Fac. post)
Cart thyr. (Cornu inf.)
\
Lig. ceratocricoideum post
^ Paries membranaceus
Lig-
M. hyoglossus
M. hyopharyngeus
Spatium paraepiglott.,
Membr. thyrohyoidea
Lig. thyrohyoideum lat.

Cart, epiglottica, Lig. thyroepiglott.^
Mm. levatores phar.
M. arytaenoideus,
M. ary epiglott.
I Cart/7, aryt. (Proc. muse.),

I Lig. cricoarytaen. post.
Cart thyr. (Cornu sup.)
Cart, cuneiformis
i-i g- nyucyigiuLULUUl
Cartil. epiglottica
Membr. thyrohyoidea
Cartil. cuneiformis
Cartil. triticea
Cartil. thyr. (Cornu sup.)

Cart, corniculata, Ligam.
corniculopharyngeum
Lam. cartil. thyr.,
Foramen thyroideum
Cart aryt. (Fac. post.)
M. thyroarytaenoideus (lat.)
M. cricoaryt. lat.
(Proc. muse.)
Cartil. thyr. (Cornu
Lig. cricotracheale
M. cricoarytaen. lat.
Lig. cricotracheale
M. cricothyroideus
Ligg. anularia
Ligg. stylohyoidea
Lig. thyrohyoideum
medianum
Spatium praeepiglott.
\ Lig. thyroepiglott.
^ Cartil. thyroidea
\ Ligg. vocalia, Lig. ventric
^ Lig. cricothyroid, (conicur

\
Cartil. cric. (Arcus)
Conus elasticus, M. vocalis
Cartilago trach.
Cartilago epiglottica
/
Os hyoideum (Cornu majus) t
Cart triticea
Cart, cuneiformis
Cart, corniculata
Cart. aryt. (Fac. m

Proc. vocalis (Macula flava post.)
Lig. cricoarytaen. post.
Conus elasticus
Lam. cartil.
Trachea (Tunica
/ Lig. stylohyoideum
/ /
ig. hyoepiglott.
^ Membr. thyrohyoidea
- Spatium praeepiglott.
Cart, epigl. (Petiolus)
Lig. thyroepiglott.
Membrana quadrangularis,
Lig. ventric. sin.
Cart, thyroidea
'Macula flava ant
\ Lig. vocale sin.
\ Lig. cricothyroid.
Cart, cricoidea
Lig. anulare
x Cart. trachealis
Fig. 322. (Top, left) Larynx seen from behind. The musculature of pharynx and
larynx has been completely re¬
moved from the right side; the origins and isertions of this musculature as well as
the muscles of the hyoid bone have
been retained on the left side (epiglottis is pulled down somewhat).
Fig. 323. (Top, right) Larynx seen from the side. The right greater horn of the
hyoid and the right half of the
thyroid cartilage with the thyrohyoid membrane are removed. The elastic cone with
the vocal lig., the vocalis m.,
and the quadrangular membrane with the ventricular lig. are seen on the right side.
Fig. 324. (Bottom) Median section through larynx. The mucosa has been stripped of
its epithelium.
Lig. hyoepiglott,
Lig. thyroepiglott."
Cart, thyroidea, Macula flava ant
Plica ventricularis, Ventriculus laryngis^
Plica vocalis, Processus vocalis,s

Macula flava post.
Lig. cricothyroideum (conicum)
Arcus cricoid.
Cavum laryngis (Mucosa)
Gl. thyroidea (Isthmus)
Trachea (Lumen)
Lig. anulare —
Lamina cricoidea
M ucosa, Submucosa oesophagi

Oesophagus-Muscularis
^ Spatium oesophagotracheale
Os hyoideum (Corpus)—
Bursa subhyoidea,
Membrana
thyreohyoidea "
Spatium
praeepiglott.
Fascia cervic. (Lam. superfic. et media) /
— Epiglottis (Facies laryng.)
-Tuberculum cuneiforme
— Tuberculum cornicul.
Plica (Incisura) interarytaenoidea
~ M. arytaenoideus
) Tunica submucosa, Plexus venosus
Vallecula glossoepiglott.,
Radix linguae
— Cartilago epiglott.
Trachea (Paries membranaceus)
Epiglottis (Facies laryng.)
Gl. parathyroidea inf.
Cartilago epiglott.
M. aryepiglott.
Os hyoideum (Cornu maj.)
Appendix ventric. laryng. I

\
Fascia cervic., M. thyrohyoideus
Lig. et m. vocalis
M. thyroarytaenoid. lat.
M. cricoarytaenoid. Iat.\
M. sternothyroideus
M. thyropharyng., A. thyroidea sup
M. cricothyroideus —
Glandula thyroidea —
Cartilago cricoidea -
Cartilago trach. I •
V. jugul. int., A. carotis comm. —
— Lam. propria (Lig. anulare)
" Appendix ventriculi laryng.
Membrana quadrangul.,
Lig. ventriculare
Rim a vestibuli',
Plica ventricular.
Rim a glottidis, Plica vocalis
Conus elast., Spatium

intramembran. laryngeum
_L/g. cricotracheale, Conus elast.

(Lam. propr. laryng.)
" Trachea
Green = cut edges of the cervical fascia including both laminae
M. thyropharyng.
Mm. levatores pharyngis j

Adventitia pharyngis
Mucosa, M. constrictor inf. pharyngis
'' Rima glottidis
» ' M. arytaenoideus
\ Pharynx (Pars laryngea)

Submucosa pharyngis, Plexus venosus
Lobus pyramidalis
Fascia cervicalis
uriuago inyroiaea
Appendix ventriculi laryngei

Plica vocal is, Rima glottidis
M. sternohyoideus,
omohyoideus
M. thyrohyoideus N
7 Plica ventricularis, Glandulae

laryng.,M. ventricularis
Spatium paralaryngeum submucosum, Ram.
Foramen
thyroideum
Cartilago arytaenoidea
piriformis
. int. a. et n. laryng. sup.
Macula flava ant.
Rima glottidis (Pars intermembran.)

Lig. vocale
M. constrictor inf.,
Mm. levatores
pharyngis.
Lobus pyramidalis gland, thyr.
M. vocal is x
M. thyroarytaenoid. (lat.)
Processus vocalis,
Macula flava post.
Recessus
piriformis
Polus sup., Gland, thyr.

(Lobus dexter)
1 Processus muscularis cartil. arytaen.
M. cricoarytaenoideus post.
Rima glottidis (Pars
Conus elast. (Laminae
Mucosa pharyngis
Lamina cricoidea
Fig. 327. (Top) Transverse section through larynx and pharynx at the level of the
ventricular
fold (cut fascial edges are green).
Fig. 328. (Middle) Transverse section through the larynx and pharynx at the level
of the vocal
fold (cervical fascia investing the infrahyoid muscles is green).
Fig. 325. (Left, top) Midsagittal section through larynx. The figure illustrates
larynx with the
adjoining part of the trachea and the root of the tongue in med. section (right
half of specimen).
Fig. 326. (Left, bottom) Frontal section through the larynx and the 2 lobes of the
thyroid gland
showing the larynx, the 3 compartments of the laryngeal space, and the adjacent
portion of the
trachea. Anterior half of the specimen seen from behind. On the right side, in the
submucosal
paralaryngeal space, is seen a markedly expanded appendix of the laryngeal
ventricle.
Palatum durum, Rhaphe palat.
Tonsilla lingualis (in speculo) v
Arcus pharyngopalatinus,
Fossa supratonsill.
(Plica semilunar .)"
Arcus glossopalatinus
Tonsilla palatina,
Plica triangul
Plica pterygomandibul.
Uvula, Pharynx (Paries post)
Tonsilla palatina
Dorsum linguae
Plica vocalis
Proc. vocalis
Phar. (Paries
piriformis
Plica interarytaenoidea
Plica pharyngo-
epiglottica
interarytaenoidea
Plica glosso-epi-
glottica mediana
Tuberculum
epiglottidis
Ventricuius laryngis,
Plica ventricularis
Fig. 329. Laryngoscopic view. With the mouth wide open, protracted tongue, and the
head bent slightly backward,
the mirror has been placed against the soft palate at an angle of approximately 45°
in such a way that the uvula is
completely covered, and the inferior edge of the mirror touches the posterior
pharyngeal wall (illumination “nor¬
mal”). In the mirror the image of the interior of larynx is reversed with anterior
becoming superior, and posterior
becoming inferior.
a) shows the rima glottidis during quiet breathing, triangular in shape, and with
approximately the same appear¬
ance as that seen in a cadaver (intermediate position); b) shows the rima glottidis
during deep inspiration, penta¬
gonal in shape (abduction, respiration position); c) shows rima glottidis
completely closed (adduction, median, or
phonation position); d) shows the aditus of larynx almost completely closed by the
approximation of the small car¬
tilages in the aryepiglottic folds; the epiglottis (free part) is not completely
folded back.
N. cervic. Ill et IV (Rr. dors.) (Rami muscul.)'
Foramen intervertebr. _
(Rete ven.)~
A., Vv. vertebr. -
N. cervic. V (R. ventr.)

- N. cervic. V (R. dors.)
N. dors. scap.
(7VI. levator scap.)
- Nn. supraclaviculares
Septum interradiculare
Plexus ven. vertebr. ext.
Spatium praeviscerale (praelaryng.)
A. laryngea, N. I ary rig. sup., Spatium par alary ng. submuc

Tunica mucosa pharyng., Recessus piriformis
Spatium paraviscerale (paralaryng.)
M. laryngopharyng., Fascia pharyngea
Ansa cervic. prof. (Rami)
A. carot. comm., V.jugul. int., N. vagus
Platysma -
Nodi lymphat. cervic. inf.
N. phrenicus, A. cervic. asc.,
Truncus symp.
Jipatium retroviscerale
(retropharyngeum)
_ Lacuna scalena post.

^ Dura mater spin., Cavum
subarachnoid., N. cervic. VI, (Radices),
Lig. denticulat., Arachnoidea
Spatium cervic. lat.
V. colli mediana
Rima glottidis, M., Lig. vocale
Cartil. arytaen., M. arytaenoideus
_ A. thyr. sup., N. laryng. sup.
^ Spatium extradurale, N. Plexus

ven. vertebr. int., Endorhachis
Fig. 330. Transverse section through the neck at the level of the glottis with the
contents of the neural and visceral
compartments. Illustration of the viscera, the cervical neurovascular bundles, and
sheaths in cross section. Plane of
section through the 5th cervical vertebra and the vocal cords. The cut edges of
fasciae, periosteum, and spinal cord
investments are black; those of the neurovascular sheaths are lighter in color.
Membrana thyrohyoidea _
Cartilag. thyr. (Cornu sup.)
Epiglottis
Lig. hyoepiglott.
— (Lig. thyrohyoideum
medianum)
— Petiolus epiglottidis
— Lig. thyroepiglotticum
Cartilago thyroidea
Lig. ventriculare
Lig. vocale
Lig. cricothyroid.
(Lig. conicum)
— Arcus incoideus
Os hyoideum
(Cornu
Lig. thyrohyoideum lat,

Cartilago triticea
Lig. corniculopharyng.
Cartilago cornic
Syndesmosis arycorniculata
Fovea triang., Cartil. arytaenoid. (Apex)
Facies post..
Cartilag. aryt. (Facies med

Lig. cricoarytaenoid. post.
Cartil. aryt. (Processus vocalis)
Conus elast.,
Lamina cricoidea —
Lig. hyothyroid. medianum

Tuberculum thyroid, sup.
— Petiolus epiglott.
Jncisura thyroid, sup.
Apex, Fovea triangul.
Epiglott. (Fac. lingualis)

Os hyoideum (Cornu minus)
Crista arcuat.
Fovea oblonga
Cornu inf.
Tuberculum thyroid, inf.,

Linea obliqua (Var.)
ceratocricoid. lat. et ant.

Lig. cricothyroid, (conicum)
\Lamina cart, cricoid., vocalis

Arcus cricoid.
Lig. thyrohyoid, lat.

(Cartilago triticea)
Cart. thyr.
(Cornu sup.)
Lig. corniculopharyng.
Cartilago corniculata
Syndesmosis
arycorniculata
Lig. thyroepiglott.
(Petiolus)'
Facies post. _
Lig. ventriculare-
Processus vocalis,
Facies med.
Lig. vocale
Capsula articul. cricoarytaen.

Lig. cricoarytaen. post.
Lig. ceratocricoid. post.
Epiglottis (Facies
Ilaryngea = posterior)
Lig. ceratocricoid. lat.

Lamina cartilag. cricoid.
Art. cricothyr.
Cartil. arytaenoidea (Processus muscul.)
blue = ligaments, quadrangular membrane not shown
Fig. 331. Skeletal framework and ligaments of larynx, a) Medial view of the left
half, b) Viewed
from front (right arytenoid cartilage is seen through the thyroid cartilage), c)
View from behind.
~— Margo epiglottidis
Plica ventricularis
Tuberculum cuneiforme
Tuberculum corniculafum
Cartil. aryt. (Processus voc.), Rima g/ott. (Pars
Plica (Incisura)
Conus elast., Rima glott.
Cartil. arytaen. (Processus muscul.)
\ .
Conus el., Lig. vocale, Rima glottidis \ T
Arytaenoidea cartil. cric. (Facies artic.)
' Apex cartil. cric.
/ Crista arcuata, Fovea triangul.

thyr. (Cornu sup.)
z Rima glottidis (Pars

intermembran.)
Trachea (Paries post.)
Plica inlew
arytaenaoidea-.
Cartil a go
cric., Articul.
cricothyroidyx
Rima
glottidis
(Pars inter¬
cart Hag.)
Arcus cricoid.
Lig. cricothyroid, a Macula flava ant.

medium
Rima glott.
(Pars intermembran.)
Plica vocal is, Rima glott

(Pars intermembran.)
Rima glott. (Pars intercartilag.)__
Apex cart. aryt.

Fovea triangul^
Fovea oblonga
Fig. 332. The shapes of rima glottidis as seen on a skeletal preparation and in the
mirror during resting phase (a),
respiratory phase (b), and phonation (c); (d) rima glottidis when whispering; (e)
rima glottidis in falsetto voice.
A/I. vocal is
M. ceratoglossus
A/1, chondroglossus,
Lig. stylohyoid.
A/1, stylohyoid.
A/I. geniohyoi-
deus
A/I. aryepiglott.
A/I. aryepiglott.
A/1, cricoarytaenoid. I at.
Lig. vocale, M. vocal is
/•s.
A/1, thyroepiglotticus
M. thyroarytaenoid.
M. my/o-
hypid.
M. sternohyoid
A/1. omohyoid,
thyrohyoid.
Proc.
A/1, arytaenoid. obliquus
M. arytaenoid
Cart. aryt. (Proc. muse.}
M. thyrohyoid.
cricoarytaenoid. lat.
A/I. cricothyroid.
Oesophagus
M. cricoarytaenoid.
M. arytaenoid. transv.
A/1, cricoarytaenoid. post.
A/1, thyro-
pharyng., /
M. cricopharyng.
A/1, sternothyroid.
M. cricothyroid. (Pars recta)

A/1, cricothyroid. (Pars obliqua)
Blue = the branchial musculature
Red — the ventrolateral, somatic musculature
Fig. 333. Muscles of the larynx and their actions when contracting (arrows).
Pharynx (Pars laryngea)

Aditus laryngis
Cartilago arytaenoidea
" Cartilago cricoidea

"Trachea (Lumen)
Fig. 334. Lateral roentgenogram of the soft structures in the laryngeal and
tracheal regions (from
R. Kraus, Heidelberg).
Blue
Light violet
Brown
Green
Violet =
Colorless
nasopharynx
oropharynx and isthmus of

the fauces
laryngeal pharynx
upper, or supraglottic
laryngeal space
(vestibule of larynx)
subglottic (infraglottic)
space
glottis (laryngeal ventricle

with the ventricular and
vocal folds)
The white arrow a-a identifies the course of the upper

alimentary tract; it leads from the oral cavity through the
isthmus and along the trough-like depression of the
piriform recess, and via the oral and laryngeal parts of
larynx into the esophagus. The black arrow b-b indicates
the upper airway; it leads from the nasal cavity through the
nasal and oral parts of pharynx, the aditus of larynx, and
into the trachea. The two arrows cross in the region of the
oropharynx. The remaining arrows c-f indicate the sites
and directions for surgical entry into the respective parts of
the digestive and respiratory tubes from the front: Arrow c
indicates the approach in a subhyoid pharyngotomy in
which the thyrohyoid membrane is incised immediately
under the hyoid bone to gain entrance into the

oropharynx; in this way the larynx can also be inspected
from above. Arrow d indicates the approach in the so-cal¬
led coniotomy in which the cricothyroid lig. is cut trans¬
versely and the subglottic laryngeal space is opened. Ar¬
row e identifies the site for a high tracheotomy; and arrow
f, the approach in a low tracheotomy under the isthmus of
the thyroid gland.
Fig. 335. The various levels of the larynx and pharynx in midsagittal section
(view of the right half of the specimen).
Fig. 336. (Top, left) Tomogram of larynx (A-P) during pronounciation of the vowel
“u” (depth
of field 16 cm) (from R. Kraus, Heidelberg).
Fig. 337. (Top, right) Tomogram of larynx during normal respiration

(from R. Kraus, Heidelberg).
Fig. 338. (Bottom) Tomogram of larynx during deep inspiration

(from Prof. Dr. R. Kraus, Heidelberg).
a) During quiet respiration the airway (white) appears

wide open toward pharynx; the upper and lower parts
of the airway indicate the direction of the air flow dur¬
ing inspiration and expiration.)
b) During the act of swallowing the upper and lower air¬

ways are closed off from the oropharynx by the soft
palate (Passavant’s cushion) and the epiglottis, respec¬
tively; only the digestive tract (black) is open; the
white arrow indicates the direction in which the bolus
moves toward the esophagus.
c) The process of phonation while pronouncing a vowel.

The airway is white and the channel used is cross-
hatched. Although the upper airway can be sealed off
by the soft palate, it must not be totally isolated; the
nasal passages may serve an important function by ad¬
ding a nasal quality to the sound of a vowel. (The soft
palate is elevated the least when the vowel k ‘a” is ex¬
pressed.)
d) The act of sucking (median section of the head and

neck of a newborn). The oral cavity as a suction pump
(indicated in black) is closed off from the pharynx by
means of the soft palate and the root of the tongue; the
airway is open so that breathing may take place during
the act.
e) The intranasal larynx (median section through the

head and neck of a mammal, the horse). The airway
(white, black arrows) as well as the passage of food
(black, white arrows) which is split in the pharynx by
the epiglottis, appear open and passable. The 2 path¬
ways (arrows) cross in the oropharynx where the white
arrow lies to the side of the epiglottis in the channel
provided by the isthmus of the fauces and the piriform
recess.
A.R. = oropharynx
O.h. = hyoid bone
S.H.
B.ph = pharyngeal bursa
P = soft palate
V.H.
Cl = clivus
P.W. = Passavant’s cushion
W.R.
E = epiglottis
S.f. = frontal sinus
1-7
M = mandible
S.sph. = sphenoid sinus
suction cavity
vocal cavity
windpipe
cervical vertebrae 1-7

Fig. 339. The craniocervical digestive and respiratory tracts in midsagittal
section.
Index
This condensed index includes only material found in this volume. A complete and
comprehensive index covering both
volumes of this atlas may be obtained separately from the publisher.
Acromion (scapula) 233

Adhesion, interthalamic (also: inter¬
mediate mass) 94
Ampulla, osseous, anterior 190, 193
-lateral 190
-posterior 185, 190
Angle of eye, lateral 204

-medial 204
Ansa cervicalis (Ansa hypoglossi)

268, 285
- subclavia (Ansa of Vieussens) 270,

275, 286
Antiheiix 203
Antitragus 203
Antrum, mastoid 186
Anvil (incus) 185, 194
Aponeurosis, palatine 311
Aqueduct, cerebral
(= Aqueduct of Sylvius) 117

Arachnoid of the brain 30
- of cerebellum 52
- of spinal cord 52, 53, 55, 294

Arch, glossopalatine 329
- pharyngopalatine 314
- venous, jugular 272, 284

Area cribiformis saccularis 193
- subcallosal 92
- vestibular, superior of internal

acoustic meatus 192
- vestibular, inferior of internal

acoustic meatus 192
Artery(-ies)
- angular 136, 140, 141, 210
- alveolar, inferior 307

-superior 307
- anterior communicating, of cere¬

brum 40, 41, 84, 85
- auricular, posterior 186, 259, 262,

263
- basilar 58, 59, 60, 85
- buccal 308
- carotid, common 285, 300

-external 19, 143, 300
Artery(-ies) carotid, common
-internal 19, 41, 78, 81, 82, 84,
153, 299, 300
- cerebellar, inferior, posterior 53,
56
-superior 56
- cerebral, anterior 32, 33, 37-47

-middle 32-37
-posterior 32, 33, 84, 85
- cervical, ascending 278

-deep 246, 292
-superficial 259, 282, 284, 286
- ciliary, anterior 221
-posterior, long 221
-short 221
- ethmoidal, anterior 216
- facial 19, 136, 139-142,745, 262,

264,307, 309
- infraorbital 209, 211, 307
- of labyrinth 184
- laryngeal, superior 316
- lingual 159, 266, 270

-deep 267
- masseteric 308
- maxillary (also: internal maxillary

artery) 83, 142, 143,744, 168,
263, 265, 307, 308, 310
- meningeal,middle 19, 29, 78, 155,

305
- mental 165
- nasofrontal 212
- occipital 50, 82, 138, 144, 270,

289, 305
- ophthalmic 84
- palatine, ascending 155, 265, 267,

307, 311
-greater 311
-lesser 311
- pharyngeal, ascending 305
- pterygoid, medial 304
- of pterygoid canal 155

- of retina, central 217
- spinal, anterior 297
Artery (-ies) spinal, anterior

-posterior 53
- sternocleidomastoid 284, 301
- stylomastoid 82, 305
- subclavian 270, 278, 280, 283,
286
- sublingual 159, 167
- submental 266, 270
- supraorbital 215
- suprascapular 270, 282, 286
- supratrochlear 210
- temporal, deep 141, 307, 310

-superficial 138, 262, 263
- thoracic, internal 270, 278

-left 277
-right 277
-lateral 286
- thyroid inferior 280, 299
-superior 259, 270, 272, 273,
278, 284, 300, 317
- transverse, of face 262, 265

-of neck 270
- tympanic, posterior 187, 188
- vertebral 51, 52, 270, 296
- zygomaticoorbital 210
Articulation, atlantoaxial, lateral 235
- atlantooccipital 235
Auditory tube (Eustach) 195
Body, amygdaloideum 119
- ciliary 227, 229

- geniculate, lateral 116
-medial 96, 116
- mamillary 91, 95
- pineal 94, 96
Brachium of inferior colliculus (also:

posterior conjunctival brachium)
96
- of superior colliculus (also: an¬

terior conjunctival brachium) 96
Branch(es)
- buccal, of facial nerve 139, 140,

262, 263, 266
Branch(es)
- cardiac, cervical (vagus nerve) 280
- digastric, of facial nerve 263, 267
- hyoid, of lingual artery 270
- marginal, mandibular, of facial

nerve 139, 140, 262, 266, 284
- temporal, of facial nerve 139, 140
- temporofrontal, of facial nerve

263
- thyroid, of hypoglossal nerve 285
- zygomatic, of facial nerve 139,
262, 263, 266
Bridge (Pons) 95
Bulb, olfactory 152
Bundle(s) (also: fascicle)
- longitudinal, inferior 124

-superior 124
Bursa, subhyoid 317
- pharyngeal 313
Canal, mandibular 171
- mental 171
- semicircular, anterior 188

-lateral 187
-posterior 188
Capsule, internal 120, 121

Cartilage of acoustic meatus 186
- cricoid 314
- thyroid 314
Caruncle, lacrimal 205
- sublingual 159
Cavity, tympanic 194
Cells, mastoid 186
Cerebellum 30, 33-35
Chiasm, optic 85, 91
Choanae 314
Chorda tympani nerve 155, 187, 305

Cistern, cerebellomedullary 52, 86
- of chiasma (chiasmatic cistern) 86,
87
- interpeduncular 86
Cisterna ambiens 86
Clavicle (collar bone) 231
Cochlea 83, 189, 190
Colliculus, inferior 94, 96
- superior 91, 94, 96

Column, fornix 92, 94
Commissure, anterior, of cerebrum
92
- inferior 94
- posterior 96
Conchae, nasal 314

Condyle, occipital 233
Cone, elastic 321, 324
Confluence of sinuses 53
Conjunctiva, bulbar 205, 212
- palpebral 205
Cornea 226
Corpus callosum 37, 39-48, 56, 62,

63, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 109-121,
123, 128, 135
Crest, occipital, external 233
- transverse, of internal acoustic

meatus 192
Crown, ciliary 227, 229

Crus cerebri 91
- of fornix 92
- of helix 203
- of incus, long 196

Cuneus 91, 92
Dens axis (odontoid process of axis)

233
Disc, ciliary 227, 229

Duct, endolymphatic 189
- Hensen’s (ductus reuniens) 189
- lacrimal 206, 211
- nasolacrimal 206
- parotid 139, 162, 163, 264

-lesser 163
- sublingual,.greater 163
- submandibular 144,759
- thoracic 280
Dura mater of brain 29, 31
Eminence of concha 186

Epiglottis 303
Esophagus 300
Eyelid (palpebrae) 204
Falx of cerebrum 37, 40, 48, 56, 89,

132, 135
Fascia, cervical 259, 261

Fascicle (also:bundle)
- uncinate 124
Fenestrae of cochlea (also: round

window) 83, 193, 195
- of vestibulum (also: oval window)

190
Fibers, of pons, transverse 95

Fissure of cerebrum, longitudinal 90
Floccule 95
Fold, aryepiglottic 301, 314, 329
- glossoepiglottic, medial 329
- interarytenoid 314
- mallear, anterior 196

-posterior 196
- pharyngoepiglottic 314
- pterygomandibular 329
- salpingopalatine 314
- salpingopharyngeal 314
- ventricular 329
- vocal 329
Follicle, lingual 313
Foramen, condylar 233
- infraorbital 4, 231
- mastoid 232, 233
- mental 4, 231
- palatine, greater 311

-lesser 311
- parietal 52
Fossa of antihelix 186
- of cerebrum, lateral 91
- infratemporal 232
- mandibular 232
- triangular, of auricle 186, 203

Frenum of tongue (frenulum of ton¬
gue) 157, 163
Ganglion(-ia)
- cervical, medial 285, 287

-superior 153
- cervicothoracic (stellate) 280, 287
- geniculate, of facial nerve 83, 183
- of glossopharyngeal nerve, inferior

82, 83
- otic 82, 155, 304, 305
- pterygopalatine 83, 755
- spinal, of cervical nerves 2-8, 297

- second 51
- spiral, of cochlear nerve 185
- stellate (= ganglion, cer¬

vicothoracic)
- submandibular 167, 264, 266,
303, 304,308,310
- of sympathetic trunk, cervical, in¬

ferior 275
-middle 275
-cervical, superior 299, 300
- of trigeminal nerve 78, 80, 82
- of vagus nerve, inferior 155, 299,

300
Ganglion(-ia)
-superior 155
- vestibular 184
Gingiva 172
Gland, lacrimal 206
- laryngeal, posterior 316
- lingual, anterior 163
- parathyroid, inferior 316

-superior 316
- parotid 139, 162 ,163, 262, 264

-accessory 162 ,163
- sublingual 144, 159, 162, 266
- submandibular 143, 144, 162,

264, 265
Granulations, arachnoidal 29-32

Groove of eyelid, inferior 204
-superior 204
Gyrus(-i)
- angular 90
- cingulate 91
- fasciolaris 92
- frontal, middle 90
-superior 90
- occipital 90
- occipitotemporal, lateral 91
-medial 91
- orbital 91
- parahippocampal 91
- precentral 90
- rectus 91
- supramarginal 90
- temporal, inferior 91
Hamulus, pterygoid 164

Head of malleus 187
- of stirrup 188
Helix 203
Hemisphere, cerebellar 53, 94

Hippocampus {Ammons horn) 121
Horn of lateral ventricle, anterior
125
-inferior 125
-superior 125
- lesser, of hyoid bone 164

Hypophysis 40, 41, 58, 59, 70, 81
Incus 185, 194

Infundibulum cerebri 95
Iris 226
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus 91
- of thyroid gland 279
Lacuna, lateral, of superior sagittal

sinus 29-32, 38, 39
Lamina affixa 94
- of hypothalamus, terminal 119

- of septum pellucidum 94
- spiral, bony 83
- superficial, of cervical fascia 273
- tectal 114
Lemniscus, lateral 114
Lens, crystalline 229, 230
Ligament, alar, of atlas 235
- of anvil (incus), posterior 194
- cricopharyngeal 315, 316
- cruciform, of atlas 235
- denticulate, of spinal cord 294
- flaval 235
- of incus, posterior 196
- longitudinal (vertebral column),

anterior 256
-(vertebral column) posterior
235, 246, 288
- of malleus, lateral 194

-superior 194
- nuchae 256
- pterygospinal 239, 308
- sphenomandibular 233, 239, 302,

315
- stylohyoid 157, 164, 233, 235,

239, 266, 267, 315
- stylomandibular 153, 233, 235,

315
- supraspinous 246
- thyrohyoid 242, 243
- thyroid, lateral 315
- transverse, of atlas 235
- vocal 324
Line, nuchal inferior 233
-superior 233
Lobule, paracentral 92
- parietal, inferior 90
-superior 90
Lymph node(s)
-axillary 286
-buccal 22
-cervical, deep, inferior 271
-superficial 271, 284
-occipital 50, 271
-parotid 22, 271
-retroauricular 22, 271
-submandibular, anterior 264
-medial 264
Lymph node(s)
-posterior 266
-superior 264
-tracheal 317
Manubrium of malleus 194 ,196

Mass, intermediate (= adhesion, in¬
terthalamic) 94
Mastoid cells 186
- notch 187
Meatus, auditory, external 186, 194

Medulla oblongata 95
Membrane, stapedial 195
- tectorial 288
- thyroid 315
- tympanic 194, 196

Muscle(s)
- ary epiglottic 315
- arytenoid 315
-oblique 316
-transverse 316
- auricular, posterior 265
- buccinator 9, 137, 156, 311
- constrictor m. of pharynx, inferior

300, 315
-medial 300, 315
-superior 301, 302, 311
- cricoarytenoid, posterior 315
- cricopharyngeal 315
- cricothyroid 317
- digastric 154, 163, 242, 264
- genioglossus 157, 159, 257
- geniohyoid 157, 158, 162, 242,

256, 257
- glossopharyngeal 311, 315
- hyoglossal 157, 159, 162
- hypopharyngeal 315
- iliocostal, of neck 288, 291
- intercostal, external 243

-internal 243
- interspinal, of neck 246
- laryngopharyngeal 317
- levator, of head 243
- of palatine velum 152, 301, 311,

315
-of pharynx 300, 301, 315
-of scapula 283
-of upper eyelid 206
- long, of head 244

-of neck 244
- longissimus, of head 290

Muscle(s) longissimus
-of neck 290
- masseter 9, 140, 156, 163
- multifidus 291
- mylohyoid 158, 162, 242, 256
- mylopharyngeal 315
- oblique, of eyeball, inferior 208,

214
-superior 208
-of head, inferior 245, 246
-superior 245, 246
- omohyoid 242, 243, 282, 307
- orbicular, of eye 136

-of mouth 136
- palatoglossus 156, 311
- palatopharyngeal 152, 154, 156,

301, 302, 315
- pharyngoepiglottic 301, 315
- pharyngopalatine 153, 302
- pterygoid, lateral 302, 315
-medial 153, 156, 158, 302, 304
- pterygopharyngeal 315
- scalene, anterior 242 -244

-middle 242-244, 288
-posterior 242-244, 288, 297
- semispinal, of head 243, 245, 246,

290
- - of neck 246, 291
- serratus, posterior, superior 290
- splenius, of head 243, 283, 289,

290
-of neck 283, 289

- salpingopharyngeal 152
- stapedius 188, 195
- sternocleidomastoid 242, 262
- sternohyoid 242, 243
- sternothyroid 242
- straight, of eyeball, inferior 208,

226
-lateral 208. 226
-medial 208, 226
-superior 208, 226
-of head, anterior 244
-greater posterior 245, 246
-lateral 244
-lesser posterior 246
- styloglossus 156, 157, 242, 267,

304, 315
- stylohyoid 242, 265
- stylopharyngeal 153, 267, 302,

304,315
Muscle(s)
- subclavius 242
- temporalis 9
- tensor, of palatine velum 157, 302

-of tympanic membrane 194 #
- thyroarytenoid 318
- thyropharyngeal 315
- trapezius 242, 243, 283, 289
- of uvula 154, 302
Nerve(s)
- accessory (eleventh cranial nerve)

82, 95, 144, 155, 282, 284, 294
- alveolar, inferior 142,743, 155,

156, 168, 304, 307, 308
-superior 307
- ampullar, posterior 185
- auricular, great 139, 259, 262,

274, 282, 284, 294
-posterior 144, 186, 262, 263
- auriculotemporal 138, 155, 262,

263, 304, 308,310
- buccal (buccinal) 141, 142, 156,

308, 319
- carotid, internal 153, 155, 299
- cervical, second 51, 53, 55
- cochlear 183
- cutaneous, of neck 259, 284
- facial 80, 82, 83, 187, 262, 263,
265, 266
- glossopharyngeal (ninth cranial

nerve) 80, 82, 144, 267, 304, 305
- hypoglossal (twelfth cranial nerve)

82, 95, 155, 159, 167, 168, 265,
266, 267, 299, 317
- infraorbital 141, 209-211, 307
- infratrochlear 209, 210
- intermedial (intermediary) 80, 183
- jugular 155, 299
- lacrimal 210, 217
- laryngeal, recurrent 280

-superior 278, 299, 316
- lingual {— lesser hypoglossal n.)

141, 142,743, 144, 153, 156, 159,
167, 264, 266, 304, 308, 310, 311,
317
- mandibular 21, 78, 82, 142, 143,

305, 308
- masseteric 141, 305, 308
- maxillary 21, 82, 83
Nerve(s)
- mental 156
- mylohyoid 141, 142
- nasal, anterior 152

-posterior 152
- nasociliary 217
- occipital, greater 50, 51, 138, 246

-lesser 50, 259, 262, 282, 284,
294
- oculomotor 80, 81, 217
- olfactory, medial 152
- ophthalmic 82, 83
-superior 217
- optic 37, 40, 41, 57-60, 70, 78,
81, 82, 84-86, 135
- palatine, ascending 267
-greater 156, 311
-lesser 156, 311
- petrosal, deep 155
-greater 83, 155, 183, 195
-lesser 82, 195, 305
- phrenic 275, 279

-accessory 286
- pterygoid, medial 304
- of pterygoid canal 83
- of retina, central 217
- subclavian 286
- sublingual 144, 167, 266, 310
- suboccipital 51, 292

- supraclavicular 285, 292
-intermediate 259, 274, 282
-lateral 259, 282
-medial 282
- supraorbital 209, 210, 215,276
- suprascapular 282
- supratrochlear 209, 210
- temporal, deep 143, 307, 310
- transverse, of neck 259, 262, 263,

273, 282, 284, 294
- trigeminal (fifth cranial nerve) 78,

80, 81, 307
- trochlear 215
- tympanic {Jacobson's nerve) 195
- vagus (tenth cranial nerve) 21, 80,
82, 91,153, 285, 286, 299
- vestibular 183, 184

Notch, mastoid 187
Nucleus, caudate 94, 107
- cuneate 56
- dentate, of cerebellum 114
- gracile 56
Nucleus
- lentiform 35, 36, 93, 107,
109-114
- red, of tegmentum 116
- subthalamic ( Luys’ body) 108
Obex 96
Olfactory bulb 39-41
- tract 39-41
Olive, inferior 95
Optic tract 78
Os, hyoid 231, 232, 239, 242, 243
Palate, hard 256, 257
- soft 257
Palpebrae 204
Peduncle, cerebral 95, 97
Platysma 259
Plexus, brachial 280, 283
- carotid 155, 268, 300

-external 268
- cervical 294
- parotid, of facial nerve 140, 265
- pharyngeal 153, 311
- pterygoid 141, 155
- tympanic (Jacobson) 82, 195
- venous, vertebral, internal 51, 292

Pole, frontal, of hemisphere 90
- occipital 90
- temporal 91
Pons 95
Precuneus (quadrate lobe) 92

Process(es)
- coracoid, of scapula 233
- mastoid 232
- pterygoid 239
- styloid 232
- vocal 329
Prominence, mallear 187

Protuberance, occipital, external 233
Pulvinar of thalamus 94, 96
Punctum lacrimale 205
Pupil 226
Pyramid 95
Radiation of corpus callosum 115

Raphe, pharyngeal 300
- pterygomandibular 309, 311

Recess, elliptical, of vestibule 190
- pharyngeal 313, 314
- piriform 301, 314
Recess
- spherical, of vestibule 190
- suprapineal 96
Roof of tympanum 188
Sac, endolymphatic 183
- lacrimal 206, 211

Scala tympani 83, 193
- vestibuli 83, 193

Scapula 233
Sclera 205, 220
Septum, interalveolar 171
- intraalveolar 171
- pellucid 92
Sinus(es)
- carotid 300
- frontal 29, 145, 150
- maxillary 145, 150
- occipital 51
- petrosal, inferior 83
-superior 78
- sagittal superior 30-50, 37-40,

51-53
- sigmoid 30, 33-37, 56, 70
- straight 43
- transverse 33-35, 37, 43, 46, 47,

51-54, 56
Space, preepiglottic 318

Squamous part of occipital bone 233
Stirrup (stapes) 82, 185
Stria, medullary, of thalamus 94, 115
- terminalis 94
Substance, black 117
- perforated, anterior 91
-posterior 117
Sulcus(i)
- basilar, of pons 95, 97
- calcarine 91, 92
- central, of cerebrum (Sulcus

Rolandi) 90
- of cingulum 90, 92
- collateral 91, 92
- frontal, inferior 90
-superior 90
- hippocampal 91
- intraparietal 90
- lateral 90
- median 96
- occipitotemporal 91
- olfactory 91
- orbital 91
Sulcus (i)
- parietooccipital 90, 91
- parolfactory, anterior 92
- postcentral 90
- precentral 90
- subparietal 92
- temporal, inferior 91
-superior 90
Surface, superior, of tongue 329
Tentorium of cerebellum 43
Thalamus 94
Tongue, superior surface 329

Tonsil of cerebellum 52, 53
- laryngeal 313
- lingual 313, 314

- palatine 303, 309, 311, 313, 314
316
- pharyngeal 303
Tract, corticospinal 120
- optic (ophthalmic) 97
- spinocerebellar, anterior 114

-posterior 114
- spinotectal 114
Tragus 203
Triangle of Laimer 299

Trigone (triangle), olfactory 91
Trunk, brachiocephalic 280
- facial nerve 140
- thyrocervical 270, 277

Tube, auditory 314
Tuber cinereum 91, 95, 108
Tubercle, corniculate 314
- cuneiform 314
Umbo of tympanic membrane 188

Uvula of soft palate 311, 314
Vein(s)
- accompanying, of hypoglossal
nerve 169, 265
- alveolar, inferior 169

-superior 307
- anastomotic superior 30
- angular 136, 139-141, 210
- auricular, posterior 260, 262, 28
- azygos 289
- brachiocephalic, left 278

-right 279
- buccal 308
- cava, superior 278, 279
Vein(s)
- cerebellar, inferior 53
- cerebral, inferior 32—35
- - middle 32-34
-superior 30, 32-35, 37, 38
- cervical, deep 51, 246, 292, 294

-subcutaneous 282
-superficial 282
- emissary, condylar 51, 246, 294

-mastoid 246
- facial 20, 67, 136, 139-142, 143,

169, 262, 264, 307
- jugular 277
-anterior 264, 272, 284
- - external 20, 139, 259, 272, 284

-internal 20, 67, 82, 83, 153,
285, 299
- of labyrinth 184
- laryngeal, superior 316
Vein(s)
- lingual 159, 167, 266, 267
- maxillary 265
- medial, of neck 274
- meningeal, middle 29
- nasofrontal 211, 212, 271
- occipital 51, 138, 289
- palatine, ascending 265
- retromandibular 67, 169, 262,

264,271
- spinal, external, posterior 297

-posterior 53-55
- sublingual 266
- supraorbital 215
- suprascapular 282, 284
- temporal, deep 307

-superficial 138, 262
- thalamostriate 94
- thoracic, internal 278

-lateral 286
Vein(s)
- thyroid 272, 278
-inferior 299
-medial 279
-superior 279, 280, 317
- transverse, of face 265
- vertebral 278
- vorticose 217, 221

Velum, palatine 314
Ventricle, fifth (also: cavity of sep¬

tum pellucidum) 94
- fourth, of cerebrum 118
- of larynx 329
- lateral, of cerebrum 121
- third, of cerebrum 94
Vermis, of cerebellum 128
Vestibule of mouth 172
Zonule, ciliary 227, 229

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Eduard Pemkopf

Topographical and Applied

Helmut Femer, M.D.

Translated from German by

Harry Monsen, Ph.D.

2nd Revised Edition

231 full color and 108 black and white illustrations

Urban & Schwarzenberg Baltimore-Munich

Points for skeletal measurements . 1

External aspect of head, from behind. 2

Adult skull, from the right side . 3

Adult skull, from front . 4

Adult skull, from behind . 5

Base of skull, from the inside . 6

Calvaria, from above .

Skull with muscle attachments, from the side . 9

Base of skull, from below. 10

Base of skull with muscle attachments . 11

Skull, midsagittal section (left half) . 12

Skull, midsagittal section (left half) with muscle attachments . 13

Skull, posteroanterior roentgenogram. 14

Skull, right lateral roentgenogram . 15

Paranasal sinuses I, posteroanterior roentgenogram . 16

Paranasal sinuses II, posterior roentgenogram . 17

Paranasal sinuses III, axial roentgenogram . 18

Head, arterial pattern (semischematic) . 19

Head, venous pattern (semischematic) . 20

Head, nerve pattern (semischematic) . 21

Head, lymphatic pattern (semischematic) . 22

External carotid angiography . 23

Diploic veins, lateral roentgenogram. 24

Diploic veins of the calvaria. 25

Newborn skull, from right side . 26

Newborn skull, from above . 27

Skull of an aged edentulous individual. 28

Brain and Meninges

Dura mater in situ, from the side. 29

Brain with the arachnoid membrane, from the side . 30

Dura mater in situ, from above . 31

Brain surface in situ, from above. 52

Brain surface in situ, from the side . 53

Insula, exposed in situ . 54

Lateral ventricle in situ, from the side . 35

Left lateral ventricle. 36

Brain stem and falx cerebri in situ, lateral view . 37

Frontal lobes in situ, from front. 38

Olfactory bulb and tract in situ, from front . 39

Optic nerve and chiasm, from front . 40

Suprasellar hypophyseal region, arteries and nerves, from front . 41

Lateral ventricle, horizontal section through telencephalon in situ . 42

Choroid layer of prosencephalon and tentorium in situ .. 43

Lateral ventricle in situ, from above . 44

Lateral ventricle in situ, from above . 45

Brain stem and basal ganglia in situ, from above . 47

Head, median section. 48

He^d. horizontal section at the level of the external occipital protuberance . 49

Occipital region, blood vessels and nerves. 50

Dura mater and dural sinuses in situ, from behind . 51

Arachnoid and dural sinuses in situ, from behind . 52