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Geology, the study of the Earth, focuses on describing-s our planet's
Composition, behavior, and history. Because of the diversity. of

subjects that it includes, researchers commonly substitute the ferm
geoscience for geology, when referring to the subject
Not only do gedagists. address academic questions, such as the-

formation and composition of the Earth, the causes of earthquakes...
and ice ages, and the evolution of life, they also address practical
problem such as how to prevent ground-water contamination, how to
find oil and minerals, and how to stabilize slopes. And in recent years
geologest have participated in the study of global climate change,. for
the long-term record of climate change. Wes-in-layers-of- Asediment
and rock
Glogists have been able to explore and sample the continent rocks and
a considerable area of the ocean floor. Their explorations great deal of
information about the composition of have given us a the surfaces on
.which we live
thus, like the other earth science disciplines, geology ho its own
subclasses of information. Some geologists specialize in.... the study of
minerals and rocks, others in the process that- shape the landscape,
and still others in geologie hazards and the large forces at work within
our planet. The fascination of geology attracks. many people to careers
in this-science. Thousan of geologists work for oil, mining, water,
engineering, and enviromental companies, while a smaller number
work in
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-universities, government geological surveys, and independent
.Laboratories
We depend on the Earth for. energy resources. aved.... the raw
materials we need survival, comfort, and pleasure. Every manufactured
object relies on Earth's resources-even pencil. The Earth, at work for
billions of years, has localized. material into concentration that human
can mine or extract. By learning how the Earth works and how
different kinds of substances-are- distributed and why, we can
intelligently search for metals, sources of energy, and gems. Even
maintaining a supply of sand and grave... for construction purposes
.depends on geology
"?Why should people, in general, study geology
First, geology may be one of the most practical subjects you Can learn,
for geologic phenomena and issues affect our daily lives, Sometimes in
unexpected ways. Second, the study of geology- gives you a
perspective on the planet that no other field can. As- you will see, the
Earth is a complicated system; its living organisms climate, and solid
rock are all interrelated Geslagical study reveals- Earth's antiquity (it's
about 4.6 billion years old) and demonstrates- 3 how the planet has
changed profoundly during its existence. Third, the study of geology
provides a content for understanding the impact of society on the
planet. By understanding how natural phenomens- have changed the
Earth in the course of the planetes long-history, we might understand
whether the changes that society renders- will disrupt the Earth or will
‫ا‬..be accommodated and remediated. by the Earth
and then when news reports begin, "Scientists say- ntinue with an
earthquake. occurred today off Jaban. "or
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landslides will threaten the city." of "contuminents from the
proposed toxic waste damp are destroying the town's water
supply, or there's only a limited supply of old left! the seventists
referred to are gologists
.Grology Sufoliisions and White Relation to Other Scheme
The questions we ask when faced with a welcome in complex are of
the kinds angported by all natural phenomena. They indrepte.. hd-in
general terms-scientific investigation. Is concerned with the
Manifestations and tousformations of mother and currgy in space and
/time. Put more briefly and philosophically sesence is concerned with
volkanships between events
Of of the sciences Thysses to the most fundamental, forst deals. with

all the menfestion orgy and with the nature and porpection of matter
in thier most general aspects. It overlays to some extent with Chimitry,
which is potilasly concerned with composition. terms of atoms and and
interactions of substances of story kind. fundurites, elements and
compounds /1Biology in the salence of living matton. The nature of life
will remains an-clusive-mystery. There are arable aspects of organisses
and thick_foss &-romains that com The Investinated by scientific
methods with astonishing success fr with the unfathomed universe of
shine and rebulae as the field of study deals essentially with the
distribution and movements of mother in space on a total sale. The
lowest in the Swith be limited. to party the posely planetary aspects of
our globky The study of the physical environment by itself is physeal-
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graphy, whes Includes consideration of the surface relief the Grdinats
and orean floors (geomorphology), of the sens
and oceans( Coceanography), the star (meteorology and climatology),.

As a major science, however, geology deals not merely with's the land-
forms and other surface features of the earth's rocky crust, but with
the structure and behaviour of every part of the earth, with special
reference to the rocks and structures of the visible crust and all that
...can be learned from them
Modern geology has for its aim the deciphering of the whole evolution
of the earth and its inhabitants from the time of the earliest- records
that can be recny nized in the rocks right down to the-present day. So
ambitious a programme requires much-sub division of effort, and in
practice it is convenient to divide the subject.. into anumber of
branches, as shown in the figure, which also Indrates the chief
..relationships between geology and the other major sciences
The key words of the main branches are the materials. of the Earth's
rocky framework (mineralogy and petrology), and- their dispositions,
ie. their forms, structures and interrelationships- (structural geology
of)Geology is traditionally divided into two broad areas - physical. and
historical. Physical geology examines the materials composing. Earth
and seeks (tg) understand the many processes that operate.. = beneath
and upon its surface. Historical geology) is to understandthe origin of
Earth and the development of the planket through- is 5 billion-year
history. The study of physicd geology-logically precedes the study of
Earth history because we must first understand how Barth works
before we attempt to unrard. ils past.
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The important brunches of Applied Geology are. De Engineering
Godagy, that deal with Cheil Engineering the way, foundations of
Construction and other engines
1-Petroleum Cheology, that deal with petroleum engineering

2-Fonomie Gesley
3- Mining Go-legy
4- Agustural geology, Agrogerlegy Allergy
5- hydrology hgdrogealoge
6- military geology
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Geology, the study of the Earth, focuses on describing-s our planet's

Composition, behavior, and history. Because of the diversity. of

Not only do gedagists. address academic questions, such as the-

Of of the sciences Thysses to the most fundamental, forst deals. with

and oceans( Coceanography), the star (meteorology and climatology),.

1-Petroleum Cheology, that deal with petroleum engineering

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