6.4 Thin Lens Formula

CHAPTER 6:
LIGHT AND OPTICS
6.4 THIN LENS FORMULA
PHYSICS FORM 4 KSSM DUAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMME | CHAPTER 6 LIGHT AND OPTICS| 6.4 THIN LENS FORMULA
6.4.1 Experiment to:
(i)) Investigate the relationship between object
distance, u and image distance, v for a convex lens.
(ii)Determine the focal length of a thin lens using lens
formula:
Images for different object distances with a camera lens
A of the same focal length
(a) Short object distance - large image (b) Long object distance - small image
The relationship between object distance, u,

image distance, v and focal length, f is
Images for same object distances with a camera lens of the
B different focal length
(a) Short focal length- small image (b) Long focal length - large image
Images for same object distances with a camera lens of
the different focal length
Inference: Image distance, v is influenced by object distance, u
Hypothesis: When the object distance increases, the image distance

decreases
Aim: (i) To study the relationship between object distance, u and

image distance, v for a convex lens
(ii) To determine the focal length of a thin lens using lens formula
Manipulated variables: Object distance, u
Responding variables: Image distance, v
Constant variable: Focal length, f
Apparatus: Convex lens (f = +10.0 cm), lens holder,

bulb, a wooden block, white screen and
meter rule
Procedure: 1. Switch on the bulb. Adjust the position of the lens until
u = 15.0 cm.
2. Adjust the screen in order to form a sharp image on it.
3. Measure the image distance, v.
4. Repeat step 1 until 3 for u = 20.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 30.0 cm, and
35.0 cm.
Results: u (cm) v (cm) 1/u 1/v
(cm-1) (cm-1)
15.0 30.0 0.067 0.033
20.0 20.0 0.050 0.050
25.0 16.7 0.040 0.060
30.5 15.0 0.033 0.067
35.0 14.0 0.029 0.071
Analysis of data:
Gradient of the graph:
m = (0.03 – 0.07) m = - 1.0
(0.07 – 0.03)
From 1 + 1 = 1 and y = mx + c
u v f
1 = (-1) 1 + 1
v u f
x-intercept = 0.10 cm-1
y-intercept = 1 = 0.10 cm-1

f
f = 10.0 cm
Focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm.
Conclusion:
The graph of 1/v against 1/u shows that

1/v decreases linearly with 1/u. Object
distance, u increases, image distance,
v decreases. Hypothesis accepted.
Safety precaution:
1. Eye position perpendicular to the scale of

meter rule when taking readings to avoid
parallax error.
2. Experiment should be carried out in a

dark room condition.
Rajah menunjukkan gambar rajah sinar bagi satu imej, I yang terbentuk oleh
objek, O yang diletakkan pada jarak 15 cm di hadapan kanta cembung.
Diagram shows a ray diagram for an image, I formed by an object, O placed

at a distance of 15 cm in front of a convex lens.
(a)Namakan fenomena cahaya yang

terlibat.
Name the light phenomenon involved.
Refraction of light
(b) Hitungkan/Calculate
(i) panjang fokus kanta.

focal length of lens.
u = +15 cm
v = 75 – 15
= +60 cm (ii) tinggi imej jika tinggi objek ialah 1.2 cm.
height of image if height of object is 1.2 cm.
ho = 1.2 cm hi = v
hi = ?? ho u
1/f = 1/15 + 1/60 hi = 60

= 1/12 1.2 15
f = +12 cm hi = 4.8 cm
(c) Ramalkan apa yang berlaku kepada imej yang terbentuk jika objek
digerakkan menghampiri kanta sehingga jaraknya sama dengan panjang
fokus kanta.
Predict what happens to the image formed when the object is moved
closer to the lens until it is at a distance equals to the focal length of the
lens.
The image formed is real, inverted, magnified

and distance of image increases (further from
lens). When u = f, the image is virtual, upright,
magnified and formed at infinity.
6.4.2 Solve problems using lens
formula for convex and concave lens
Positive (+) Negative (−)
Focal length, f Convex lens Concave lens
Image distance, v ▪ Real image ▪ Virtual image

▪ On the opposite side of ▪ On the same side as
the object the object
Position and characteristics Position and characteristics of images
of images varies with object ALWAYS virtual, upright and diminished
distance, u
TEST YOURSELF:
1. Satu objek diletakkan 30 cm daripada kanta cembung dengan panjang
fokus 20 cm.
An object is placed 30 cm from a convex lens with a focal length of 20 cm.
(a)Berapa jauh jarak kanta daripada imej?

How far from the lens is the image?
u = +30 cm 1/20 = 1/30 + 1/v
f = +20 cm 1/v = 1/20 – 1/30
= 1/60
v = +60 cm
(The image is located 60 cm from the optical centre of the
lens, on the opposite side of the object)
(b) Berapakah pembesaran yang dihasilkan?
What is the magnification produced by the lens?
m = v/u
= 60/30
=2
(m > 1, image magnified)
(c) Apakah ciri-ciri imej?

What is the characteristics of the image?
Real, inverted, magnified
2. Sebuah objek diletakkan 30 cm daripada kanta
cekung dengan panjang fokus 20 cm. O
An object is placed 30 cm from a concave lens with a I
focal length of 20 cm.
(a)Berapa jauhkan jarak antara kanta dengan imej?

How far from the lens is the image?
u = +30 cm -1/20 = 1/30 + 1/v (b) Berapakah pembesaran kanta?
f = -20 cm 1/v = -1/20 - 1/30 What magnification does the lens
= - 5/60 produce?
v = -12 cm m = v/u
(The image is located 12 cm from the optical
centre of the lens, on the same side of the object) = 12/30
= 0.4
(c) Apakah ciri-ciri imej? (m < 1, image diminished)
What is the characteristics of the image?
Virtual, upright, diminished
3. Sekeping kanta cekung dengan (b) Lukiskan gambar rajah sinar
panjang fokus 25 cm membentuk satu untuk menunjukkan
imej maya seekor semut pada jarak pembentukan imej maya
20 cm dari pusat optik kanta. semut tersebut.
A concave lens with a focal length of Draw a ray diagram to show
25 cm forms a virtual image of an ant the formation of a virtual image
at a distance of 20 cm from the optical of the ant.
centre of the lens.
Objek
(a)Di manakah kedudukan asal semut itu? Object
What is the original position of the ant? Imej
Image
-1/25 = 1/u + (-)1/20
1/u = 1/20 – 1/25
v = -20 cm = 1/100 F 20 cm
f = -25 cm u = 100 cm 100 cm
4. Rajah menunjukkan pembentukan imej oleh kanta cembung.
Panjang fokus kanta adalah 6 cm dan tinggi objek adalah 2 cm.
Diagram shows the formation of an image by a convex lens. The focal
length of the lens is 6 cm and the height of the object is 2 cm.
(a)Hitung/Calculate
(i) Jarak imej

The image distance
u = +9 cm
f = +6 cm 1/6 = 1/9 + 1/v (ii) Tinggi imej
1/v = 1/6 – 1/9 The height of the image
= 1/18 hi = 18
v = +18 cm
hi = v
ho u 2 9
(The image is located 18 cm from the optical centre
of the lens, on the opposite side of the object)
hi = 4 cm
5. Rajah (a) menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk menentukan
hubungan antara jarak objek, u, jarak imej, v dan panjang fokus, f bagi
satu kanta cembung. Keputusan ditunjukkan pada Rajah (b).
Diagram (a) shows the apparatus used to determine the relationship
between the object distance, u, the image distance, v, and the focal length
of a convex lens. The results are shown in Diagram (b).
Apakah nilai q?
What is the value of q?
Rajah (a) A. 1/f
Diagram (a)
B. 1/u
Rajah (b)
From and y = mx + c Diagr am (b) C. F
1 = -1 + 1
v u f D. u/v
6. Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan imej huruf-huruf FIZI yang kelihatan melalui gelas berisi air.
Figure 6.1 shows an image of letters FIZI when viewed through a glass of water.
a)Nyatakan fenomena cahaya yang

menyebabkan imej FIZI dibesarkan.
State the light phenomenon that
causes the image FIZI to be enlarged.
Refraction of light
Rajah 6.1
Diagr am 6.1
(b) Apakah perubahan saiz imej sekiranya air diganti dengan cecair lutsinar
yang ketumpatan optiknya lebih tinggi?
What is the change of size of the image if the water is replaced with a
transparent liquid of a greater optical density?
Size of image increases
(c) Air di dalam gelas diganti dengan kanta M yang mempunyai panjang
fokus 10 cm. Jarak di antara muka buku dengan pusat optik kanta ialah
8 cm. Diperhatikan imej FIZI dibesarkan.
The glass of water is replaced with a lens M with focal length of 10 cm. The
distance between the book cover and the optical centre of the lens is 8 cm. It is
observed that the image FIZI is enlarged.
(i) Namakan jenis kanta M. (iii) Tentukan pembesaran linear imej.

Name the type of lens M. Determine the linear magnification
Convex lens of the image.
(m shows a ratio,
(ii) Hitung jarak imej dari kanta M. m = v m = 40 thus the negative
Calculate the distance of the
u 8 sign for v is ignored)
image from lens M. 1/10 = 1/8 + 1/v = 5
(m > 1, image is 5 times
u = +8 cm 1/v = 1/10 – 1/8 bigger than the object)
f = +10 cm = - 2/80 (The image is located 40 cm from the optical
v = ?? v = - 40 cm centre of the lens, on the same side of the object)

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CHAPTER 6:

LIGHT AND OPTICS

6.4 THIN LENS FORMULA

The relationship between object distance, u,

Hypothesis: When the object distance increases, the image distance

Aim: (i) To study the relationship between object distance, u and

Responding variables: Image distance, v

Constant variable: Focal length, f

Apparatus: Convex lens (f = +10.0 cm), lens holder,

2. Adjust the screen in order to form a sharp image on it.

3. Measure the image distance, v.

15.0 30.0 0.067 0.033

20.0 20.0 0.050 0.050

25.0 16.7 0.040 0.060

30.5 15.0 0.033 0.067

35.0 14.0 0.029 0.071

x-intercept = 0.10 cm-1

y-intercept = 1 = 0.10 cm-1

The graph of 1/v against 1/u shows that

1. Eye position perpendicular to the scale of

2. Experiment should be carried out in a

Diagram shows a ray diagram for an image, I formed by an object, O placed

(a)Namakan fenomena cahaya yang

(i) panjang fokus kanta.

1/f = 1/15 + 1/60 hi = 60

The image formed is real, inverted, magnified

Focal length, f Convex lens Concave lens

Image distance, v ▪ Real image ▪ Virtual image

(a)Berapa jauh jarak kanta daripada imej?

(c) Apakah ciri-ciri imej?

Real, inverted, magnified

(a)Berapa jauhkan jarak antara kanta dengan imej?

(i) Jarak imej

a)Nyatakan fenomena cahaya yang

(i) Namakan jenis kanta M. (iii) Tentukan pembesaran linear imej.

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