Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.

San Guillermo, Isabela

MODULE 3
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS IN COUNSELING

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. describe the clientele of counseling;
2. illustrate the different processes and methods involved in counseling;
3. distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities

EXPLORE!
Are you interested to discover your future clients? How about exposing you to
their work setting, processes, methods, and tools in counseling? Counseling is challenging and
requires sensitivity to for you to reach the world of clients. It entails the capacity and patience to
remove the barriers between you and your clients. Are you joining? Let us proceed.
Activity 1: Recall an instance/s or experience/s wherein you were able to help somebody who
has personal troubles and difficulties. Describe what you did to be of help to that person.
a. How did you help him/her?
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b. What made you realize that he/she needs your help?
________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 2: Write your name at the center of the graphic organizer template. Under your name,
write the quality that you most value in people. Write the following on the sides of the graphic
organizer template.

• Upper left - the place where you spent your happiest summer vacation
• Lower left - the person who taught you important beliefs in your life
• Lower right - the year when you had a big trip
• Upper right - three things you do well

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Processing questions:
1. What have you learned about the activity?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do think is it important for the members of the community to have an opportunity to
share information about themselves?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it necessary for you to understand the members?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Activity 3: What do we mean when we say: Process and Method? Through a concept map,
present your ideas regarding the processes and methods of counseling.

Counseling

Processes
Methods

1. 1.

2. 2.

3.
3.
4.
4.
5.

6.

FIRM UP!

Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different settings.
Counselors deals with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues. The items below
briefly describe each of the special counseling population (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003).
1. People Who Abuse Drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to
our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that drug addiction creates more social
problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry
for help and seek for counselor’s attention.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

2. People who use Tobacco – users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who
desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.

3. People who Abuse Alcohol- alcoholism is seen as a disease and alcoholics find it
difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it
requires appropriate intervention and treatment.

4. Women –even with the changing role of women in society, men still predominantly
control purchasing and decision-making powers. Counselors are responsible for helping
women appreciate their values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to
develop their full potential.

5. Older Adults – the aging population is increasingly rising and demands more attention.
Retirees who are adjusting to life outside work feel lost and ignored. Life for them loses
meaning. Other aging issues that require the attention of counseling include loss of a
partner, a decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased loneliness, decline in
financial security, etc.

6. People with AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have been labeled
as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help
to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem.

7. Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence characterized

by spouse and child abuse. Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse,
and career disappointments.

8. Gay Men and Lesbian Women – there is a growing number of gays and lesbians that
are coming out. However, there are still sectors in society, including their own families
that avoid and discriminate them. They are usually victims of harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians suffer from peer denial, family clash,
health uncertainties, and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self-
acceptance, and understanding.
Counseling and its Work Settings
Counselors are employed in different work settings such as schools, community, private
sector, mental facilities, and government. However, most are deployed in school settings and
mental facilities (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003).
1. Counselors in Schools – there are elementary school counselors, junior high school
counselor, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational schools, counselors in
higher education, and counselors in community and junior colleges. The counseling
service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs program.

2. Counselors in Community Setting – this setting refers to employment in a community

agency, and other non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in the

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies,

correctional settings, and marriage and family practice.

3. Counselors in the Private Sector – this setting refers to counselors who decided to do
full-time work or part-time as private practitioners while employed by community
agencies.

4. Counselors in the Government – relevant agencies or institutions include public

schools, public hospitals, public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth,
children, and the aging

Before we proceed in the next lesson, you’ll take first a short assessment. Match the
items in column A with items in column B, and then write the correct letter of your answer on
the space provided.

Answer Column A Column B

______ 1. Relationship Building A. This serves as the window for the
counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
______ 2. Assessment and Diagnosis B. It shall serve as the parameter of work
and the client-centered relationship.
C. The essential goal in counseling to
______ 3. Formulation of Counseling Goals witness client progress on his/her own
without the assistance of the counselor.
D. This stage can be undertaken at any
______ 4. Termination and Follow-up. point in the counseling stage.
E. The guidelines include the following:
a)the counselor has to provide a
______ 5. Research and Evaluation mapping of the different approaches
offered; b) describe the role of the
counselor and client for each
______ 6. Intervention and Problem-solving procedure; c)identify possible risks and
benefits that may come and; d)estimate
the time and cost of each procedure.
F. This is the heart of the counseling
process because it provides the force
and foundation for the counseling to
succeed.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling

Process in Counseling
The counseling process is considered as an art and a science. The art, which is the
subjective part, requires counseling to be sensitive to the world of the client. It entails good
listening skills and the ability to demonstrate care and empathy. The science which represents the
objective part of the process requires the use of scientific tools to obtain comprehension of what
is happening during the different stages of the counseling process (Nystul, 2003).
1. Relationship Building – This is the heart of the counseling process because it provides
the force and foundation for the counseling to succeed. This stage involves establishing
rapport, promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth, establishing genuine
interaction, promote direct mutual communication, helping clients understand
themselves, helping the client focus, and slowly promote counseling relevant
communication from the client (Tylus, 2003).

2. Assessment and Diagnosis – is one of the most crucial stages. This serves as the window
for the counselor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition. It entails an
analysis of the root causes of the problem. The data that will be gathered in the diagnosis
will be utilized in the formulation of goals.

3. Formulation of Counseling Goals – goals are important as it sets the direction of the
counseling process. It shall serve as the parameter of work and client-counselor
relationship. Process goals institute the circumstances needed to make the counseling
work progress, which includes promoting a good relationship.

4. Intervention and Problem-solving – the client’s participation in choosing intervention

strategies has more benefits. According to Kanfer and Busemeyer (1982), as cited by
Tysul (2003), they identified the six-stage model for problem-solving: problem detection,
problem definition, identification of alternative solutions, decision-making, execution,
and verification.

5. Termination and Follow-up – this is one of the essential goals in counseling to witness
a client's progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor. There are four
components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan (1992) as cited
by Tysul (2003):
a. Discussion of the end of counseling
b. Review of the course of counseling
c. Closure of the counselor-client relationship
d. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counseling plan

6. Research and Evaluation – this stage can be undertaken at any point in the counseling
stage. Results will provide a scientific appreciation of the counseling situation.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Methods in Counseling
The items to be discussed in this section involve the theoretical orientations of counselors
and their corresponding approaches. The approaches to be studied are within the broad
theoretical categories including psychoanalytical, affective, cognitive, and behavioral (Galding,
2000).
The presentation of the theories and methods will be divided into three.
I. Classic Theories
1. Psychoanalytic Theory – this approach used by Sigmund Freud in counseling
and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of
the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of
intrapsychic conflict, which focuses on internal forces such as unconscious
processes. To explain further, it focuses on personal adjustment through the
reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware
of the unconscious aspects of his/her personality.
Psychoanalysis has three goals: a) to help clients gain insights about
themselves; b) to help clients work unstuck issues, through a developmental stage,
not settled in the past; and c) to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
According to Nystul (2003), a psychoanalytic counselor may utilize the
following methods:

Methods Description
Free Association A method to encourage the patient to discuss
whatever comes to his mind to release suppressed
emotions.
Dream analysis A method to explore unconscious processes using
dreams.
Confrontation and A form of feedback procedure for patients to become
Clarification aware of what is happening to him/her and to
determine areas for further analysis.
Interpretation A process of giving insights to the patients about their
inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance,
transference, and other processes.

2. Individual Psychology – this approach used by Alfred Adler in counseling and

psychotherapy is focuses on the role of cognition in psychological functioning. Its
objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave
and think in certain ways. Counselors used uncertain techniques to help clients
reorient themselves toward positive functioning. Adlerian counseling focuses on
four goals: a) establishment and maintenance of an egalitarian relationship; b)
analysis of client’s lifestyle; c) interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that
promotes insight; and d) reorientation and reeducation of the client with
accompanying behavior change

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

According to Nystul (2003), Adlerian techniques can be explained in four

phases of Adlerian psychotherapy.

Phases Description
First Phase: Establishing Relationship
Use of listening skillsEffective listening skills are necessary to promote
mutual trust and respect.
Winning respect and Winning the respect of clients and offering hope can
offering hope increase the client’s motivation towards becoming
involved in counseling.
Encouragement Encouragement gives the feeling of support to the
clients which can help to believe in themselves.
Second Phase: Performing Analysis and Assessment
Lifestyle Analysis Identify the client’s strengths that may be utilized to
overcome the client’s problems.
Dream analysis may be A method to see dreams as an attempt to deal with
used to conduct lifestyle difficulties and challenges of life.
analysis
Third Phase: Promoting Insight
Insight Process A method that allows clients to understand the
dynamics of self-defeating patterns and utilize the
insights to rectify the said patterns during the
orientation process.
Phase Four: Reorientation
Spitting in the Client’s A method that involves determining the pay-off of
soup the game and interpreting it to the client; this can be
used for clients that engage in manipulative games.
The Push-button A method that focuses on pleasant and unpleasant
Techniques experiences and the feelings they generate; the push-
button symbolizes the amount of control that clients
can exert when they push the button and put the stop
to self-defeating processes.
Catching Oneself A method used to avoid old defeating patterns such
as humor when the clients catch themselves.
Counselors may encourage clients to learn and laugh
at their self-defeating tendencies.
Adding as-if A method that advances “can-do” spirit and self-
fulfilling prophecy, which can help clients,
experience success. It involves acting as if the client
can do whatever s/he wants.
Task Setting and A method that provides a structure as a homework
Commitment assignment that can be useful in instilling the value
of ‘effort to change.’

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

3. Analytic Psychology – the counseling and psychology approach of Carl Jung is

referred to as psychotherapy. Jungian counseling believes that the method of
treatment must be flexible and has to be established by the character and persona
of the clients. He also applies dreams but finds it limited to analyze a single
dream. Counselors help the client appreciate the meaning of the dreams and
utilize them to understand more the client’s personality.

II. Experiential Theories

1. Person-Centered Counseling – has been described as an “if-then” approach
because this approach considers that if certain conditions exist in the counseling
relationships, then the client will move toward self-actualization. Manifestations
that the client is ready to move toward self-actualization include: openness to
experience, self-trust, possesses an internal source of evaluation, and willingness
to grow. Tysul (2003) identified the said conditions which were formulated by
Rogers (1957):

Condition Description
Counselor Congruence This implies that the counselors must be congruent
with what they experience and what they
communicate. For example, if you feel threatened by
the client, you cannot say enjoy their company
because it will create confusion among the clients.
Emphatic Understanding This implies that the counselors must attempt to
understand the client from the client’s perspective or
frame of reference.
Unconditional Positive This implies that it is vital for the counselors to a
Regard sense of acceptance and respect for the client. It does
not mean accepting and tolerating anything about the
client’s actions or words but to see and consider the
client as a person.

2. Perls’ Gestalt Theory- it refers to a dialogue between the therapist and the client
wherein the client experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from
the outside. The goal of the approach is awareness of the environment, the
responsibility of choices, self, and self-acceptance. This approach is appropriate
for people who lack awareness and have a feeling of “out of touch.”
Gestalt’s techniques include the following:

Technique Description
Assuming Responsibility The method requires the client to rephrase the
statement to assume responsibility. Ask the client to
end all the statements with – and I take responsibility
for it.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Example: I will report to the principal what David

did to Diana and I will take responsibility for it.
Using Personal Pronouns The method encourages the clients to take personal
responsibility by saying, “I or me” instead of stating
in general terms such as “we or us”

Example: Instead of saying, we got scared of the

angry people who mobbed our car, say; I got scared
of the angry people who mobbed our car.
Now I am aware The method is a means to assist the clients in getting
in touch with him/her. The counselor may ask the
clients to close their eyes to get in touch with the
inner world and say, “Now I am aware. . .”

Example: Now I am aware of the silence and I am

afraid that I will hear something scary.”
The Empty Chair The method can help clients work through conflicting
Technique parts of the personality. The empty chair technique is
done by putting an empty chair in front of the client.
The empty chair is the chair of the personality that
avoids doing what the client wants to do.

Example: A client wants to give feedback to the

teacher but is afraid of negative reactions.

The counselor will instruct the client to start the

conversation with his/her other personality seated at
the chair in front of him/her stating why s/he wants to
give feedback and what is the feedback all about.
After that, the client will be asked to sit on the empty
chair and express why s/he does not want to give
feedback. Then the client will move back and forth
until the issue is resolved.

III. Cognitive-Behavioral Theories– the cognitive-behavioral theories highlight the task of

cognition in psychological functioning. According to Holden (1993), as cited by Galding
(2000), cognitions are thoughts, beliefs, and internal images about events in their lives.
Cognitive counseling theories underscore mental processes and their effects on mental
health.
1. Elli’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy – the REBT highlights the role of
cognition on emotions with the assertion that persons can be best appreciated in
terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT views that emotional
disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational. The main goal
of REBT is to reform the self-defeating cognition of the client and assist him/her

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

to obtain a more reasonable viewpoint in life. It educates the clients to argue

illogical thinking and if essential, challenge the client’s self-defeating idea or
principle. The table below describes the said techniques (Tysul, 2003):

Technique Description
Cognitive Focuses on helping clients conquer “defeating
cognitions.” The method involves reforming ideas that
are unreasonable and irrational. Other techniques
include reframing from an unconstructive stance to a
more positive viewpoint.
Emotive Techniques Focuses on the client’s “affective or emotional
domain.” This helps in assisting clients learn to
acknowledge themselves.
Behavioral Techniques Focuses on the full array of behavioral methods such
as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-
management, self-monitoring, and homework
assignments.

2. Beck’s Cognitive Theory – highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking

particularly dysfunctional thoughts. This counseling approach is appropriate for
people suffering from depressions and anxieties.

Technique Description
Decatastrophizing This method is referred to as “what if” and includes
priming clients for results that may strongly affect the
clients.
Redefining This method assists clients to drum up clients who have
a lost sense of control over an obstacle by rearticulating
an obstacle to something that may be useful.
Example: “I am ugly” to “I am beautiful.”
Decentering This method comprises instructing the clients to
observe and get a practical appreciation of other
people’s responses. This will help clients apprehend
that they are none “center of attention.”
Behavioral Techniques This method applies a broad selection of methods to
assist clients in obtaining “essential skills, relaxing,
preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to
feared situations.”

3. Berne’s Transactional Analysis – approach refers to examining and dissecting

transactions between people. It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent,
adult, and child of each person.” This is to detect if the transactions are balanced
and harmonized. The fundamental goal is to assist clients to reach a stage of being
“autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous, and have the capacity for intimacy.”

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Technique Description
Structural Analysis A method that assists clients to be conscious of their
“three egos”.
Transactional Analysis A method that assists clients to “learn to communicate
with complementary transactions (i.e., adults to adults)
Script Analysis A method that looks into the “type of life script the
client has developed and how it can be re-written.”
Analysis of Games A method that compromise of determining “what
games the clients play and how the games interfere
with interpersonal functioning.”

DEEPEN!

Activity 1: Analyzing the Context of Counseling Clients

Instruction:
1. Choose one among the identified counseling clientele. Choose a particular
problem that this type of client (for example, youth suffering from depression)
face.
2. Read related cases about this type of client.
3. Write a paper: profile of this type of client, discuss and analyze their situation,
and the difficulties and challenges they face.

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DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Activity 2: A Comparative summary of Counseling Theories and Methods

Instruction: Please fill out the required information in the table below.

Founder/ Contribution
Theories Methods Strengths Weaknesses
Theorist to the Field

Freud’s
Psychoanalytic
Theory

Adlerian
Theory

Roger’s
Person-
Centered
Counseling

Perls’s Gestalt
Thery

Beck’s
Cognitive
Theory

Ellis’s
Rational
Emotive
Behavior
Therapy

Berne’s
Transaction
Analysis

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

TRANSFER!

Activity: Answer the following questions. Limit your answers to five to seven sentences only.
1. What is your understanding of respecting the client’s rights to confidentiality? Are there
exceptions to the rule? What are those?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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2. Choose one theory and discuss the methods associated with the theory. Which clientele is
appropriate for the identified method? Why?
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3. What aspect of the counseling theory has influenced you? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
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Performance Task Assessment Rubric

Category 4 3 2 1
Coverage of the Captures all Captures all Captures all Captures all
Topic important important important important
information about information information about information
the issue which about the issue the issue which about the issue
will provide the which will will provide the which will
audience full provide the audience little provide the
understanding of audience basic understanding of audience poor
the issue understanding of the issue understanding of
the issue the issue
Accuracy of Facts All supportive Almost all Most supportive Most supportive
facts are accurate supportive facts facts are accurate facts are
are accurate inaccurate

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
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Sequencing of Information is Most Some information Poor

Information organized in a information is is organized in a organization of
clear and logical organized in a logical way information
way clear and logical
way
Analysis and Provides a Provides a Provides an Poor analysis
Evaluation of discerning and thorough incomplete
Problems thorough problem analysis of some analysis of the
analysis of all problems problem
problems identified identified
presented
Relevance/ With appropriate With With the No connection
connection to connections appropriately inappropriate at all
Lesson between identified connection
identified problems and the between problems
problems and the concepts studied identified and the
concepts studied in class but concepts studied
in class somewhat in class
unclear
Writing Mechanics Shows clarity, Shows clarity of Unclear writing; Very poor
conciseness, and ideas, some poor grammar writing
correctness; grammar and
writing is free of spelling errors
grammar and
spelling errors

REFERENCES
Dela Cruz, A.R., Fernandez, C., Melegrito, M. L., & Valdez, V., (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in
the Applied Social Sciences. Phoenix Publishing House,57-79
Gibson, R. & Mitchell, M. (2003). Introduction to Counseling and Guidance. (Sixt Edition). NJ:
Merril Prentice Hall
Nystul, M. (2003). Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective. (Second
Edition).
Tysul (2003). Counseling and its Processes, Methods and Tools in Counseling

END OF MODULE 3

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021