Chapter 4

Synthesis of deriving point functions

(one port networks)
 ELEMENTARY SYNTHESIS PROCEDURES
To synthesize driving-point functions break up a p.r. function Z(s)
into a sum of simpler p.r. functions 𝑍1 (𝑠), 𝑍2 (𝑠), .. 𝑍𝑛 (𝑠), ), and
then to synthesize these individual 𝑍𝑖 (𝑠), as elements of the
overall network whose driving point impedance is Z(s).

Z(s)= 𝑍1 𝑠 + 𝑍2 (𝑠) + ⋯ . +𝑍𝑛 𝑠

For Z(s) to be able to be synthesizable all 𝑍𝑖 𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟

𝑎𝑛 𝑠 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 +⋯.+ 𝑎1 𝑠+𝑎0 𝑃(𝑠)

Suppose Z(s)= =
𝑏𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑏𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 +⋯.+𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏0 𝑄(𝑠)
 Breaking up process
✓ One important restriction is that all Zi(s) must be positive
real.
✓ If we were given all the Zi(s), we could synthesize a
network whose driving point impedance is Z(s) by simply
connecting the Zi(s) in series.
✓ However, if we were to start from Z(s) alone, how do we
decompose Z(s) into Zi(s)?
an s n + an−1s n−1 + ... + a1s + a0 P(s)
Z ( s) = m −1
=
bm s + bm−1s + ... + b1s + b0 Q( s)
m
 Removing a pole at s=0

✓ If there is a pole at s=0, we can write

Q(s) as: Q( s) = sG( s)
✓ Hence, Z(s) becomes:
D
Z (s) = + R( s)
s
= Z1 ( s ) + Z 2 ( s )

✓ Z1(s) is a capacitor.
✓ We know Z1(s) is positive real, is Z2(s) positive
real?
 Is Z2(s) positive real?

The poles of Z2(s) are also poles of Z(s), hence, Z2(s)

doesn’t have poles on the right hand side of the s plane and
no multiple poles on the j𝜔 axis.
Satisfies the first 2 properties of p.r. functions.
What about Re(Z2(j𝜔 ))?
Re(Z ( j ) ) = Re(Z1 ( j ) + Z 2 ( j ) ) = Re(Z1 ( j ) ) + Re(Z 2 ( j ) )
= Re(Z 2 ( j ) )
Since Z(s) is p.r. , Re(Z2(j𝜔 ))= Re(Z(j𝜔))≥ 0.
Hence, Z2(s) is p.r.
 Removing a pole at s=∞
✓ If Z(s) has a pole at s=∞, we can write Z(s) as

Z ( s) = Ls + R( s)
= Z1 ( s) + Z 2 ( s)
✓ Using a similar argument as previous we can show that
Z2(s) is p.r.
✓ Z1(s) is an inductor.
 Removing complex conjugate poles on the j𝜔 axis.

▪ If Z(s) has complex conjugate poles on the j𝜔

axis, Z(s) can be expanded into
2 Ks
Z ( s) = 2 + Z 2 ( s)
s + 1
2

 2 Kjw 
▪ Note that Re 2 =0
2 
 s + 1 

▪ Hence, Re(Z 2 ( s) ) = Re(Z ( s)) = 0

▪ Z2(s) is p.r.
 Removing a constant K
▪ If Re(Z(j𝜔 )) is minimum at some point 𝜔i
and if Re(Z(j𝜔 )) = Ki as shown in the figure

▪ We can remove that Ki as

Z ( s) = K i + Z 2 ( s)
✓ Z2(s) is p.r.
✓ This is essentially removing a resistor.
 Constructing
• Assume that using one of the removal
processes discussed we expanded Z(s) into
Z1(s) and Z2(s).
• We connect Z1(s) and Z2(s) in series as shown
on the figure.
10
Example 1
s 2 + 2s + 6
Synthesize the following p.r. function Z ( s) =
s ( s + 3)
Solution:
Note that we have a pole at s=0. Lets remove it
A Bs + C
Z ( s) = +
s s+3
A = 2, B = 1, C = 0
2 s
Z ( s) = +
s s+3
Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s+3) is a parallel
connection of a resistor and an inductor.
 Synthesis of one port networks with
two kinds of elements
• In this section we will focus on the synthesis
of networks with only L-C, R-C or R-L
elements.
• The deriving point impedance/admittance of
these kinds of networks have special
properties that makes them easy to
synthesize.
 1. L-C Immittance functions
• These networks have only inductors and
capacitors.
• Hence, the average power consumed in these
kind of networks is zero. (Because an inductor
and a capacitor don’t dissipate energy.)
• If we have an L-C deriving point impedance
Z(s) 𝑀1 (𝑠) + 𝑁1 (𝑠) M and M even parts
1 2
𝑍(𝑠) = N1 and N2 odd parts
𝑀2 (𝑠) + 𝑁2 (𝑠)
 Cont…
• The average power dissipated by the network
1
is 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
2
Re 𝑍(𝑗𝑤) 𝐼(𝑗𝑤) 2 = 0
⇒ Re 𝑍(𝑗𝑤) = 0
𝑀1 (𝑠)𝑀2 (𝑠) − 𝑁1 (𝑠)𝑁2 (𝑠)
=
𝑀2 2 (𝑠) − 𝑁2 2 (𝑠)
⇒ 𝑀1 (𝑠)𝑀2 (𝑠) − 𝑁1 (𝑠)𝑁2 (𝑠) = 0
⇒ 𝑀1 (𝑠) = 0 = 𝑁2 (𝑠) or 𝑀2 (𝑠) = 0 = 𝑁1 (𝑠)
𝑁1 (𝑠) 𝑀1 (𝑠)
⇒ 𝑍(𝑠) = or 𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑀2 (𝑠) 𝑁2 (𝑠)
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑍(𝑠) = or 𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
 Properties of L-C function
1. The driving point impedance/admittance of an L-C network
is even/odd or odd/even.
2. Both are Hurwitz, hence only simple imaginary zeros and
poles on the j𝜔 axis.
3. Poles and zeros interlace on the j𝜔 axis.
4. Highest power of the numerator and denominator may only
differ by unity and the lowest powers also differ by unity
5. Either a zero or a pole at origin and infinity.
 Synthesis of L-C networks
• There are two kinds of network realization
types for two element only networks:
▪ Foster and
▪ Cauer
 Foster synthesis
• Uses decomposition of the given F(s) into
simpler two element impedances/admittances.
• For an L-C network with system function F(s), it
can be written as:
𝐾0 2𝐾𝑖 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = + 𝐾∞ 𝑠 + 2 +. . .
𝑠 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑖 2

• This is because F(s) has poles on the j𝜔 axis

only.
 Cont...
• Using the above decomposition, we can
realize F(s) as

For a driving point

impedance

For a driving point

admittance
 Cauer synthesis
• Uses a continued fraction expansion method.
• It is based on removing pole at s=∞.
𝑁1 (𝑠) 𝑀1 (𝑠)
𝑍(𝑠) = or 𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑀2 (𝑠) 𝑁2 (𝑠)

• Since the degree of the numerator and

denominator differ by only 1, there is either a
pole at s=∞ or a zero at s=∞.
– If a pole at s=∞, then we remove it.
– If a zero at s=∞, first we inverse it and remove the
pole at s=∞.
 Cont…
• Case 1: pole at s=∞
– In this case, F(s) can be written as
𝑁3 (𝑠)
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐾∞ 𝑠 + ,
𝑀2 (𝑠)
Order of M2 (𝑠) = Order of 𝑁3 (𝑠) + 1
Hence,
1
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐾∞ 𝑠 +
𝑀2 (𝑠)
𝑁3 (𝑠)
1
= 𝐾∞ 𝑠 +
1
𝐾1 𝑠 + 𝐾 𝑠+. . .
2
 Cont…
• This expansion can easily be realized as
 Cont…
• Case 2: zero at s=∞
1
– In this case 𝐺(𝑠) =
𝐹(𝑠) will have a pole at s=∞.

– We synthesize G(s) using the procedure in the

previous step.
– Remember that if F(s) is an impedance function,
G(s) will be an admittance function and vice versa.
 Example
• Using Cauer-I realization synthesize
2𝑠 5 + 12𝑠 3 + 16𝑠
𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑠 4 + 4𝑠 2 + 3
Solution:
– This is an impedance function.
– We have a pole at s=∞, hence, we should remove
it.
 Cont…
.
 Cont…
The realization of the above network is then:
 Cauer II method
• Since the lowest degrees of numerator and
denominator of an L-C admittance must differ by
unity, it follows that there must be a zero or a pole
at s = 0.
• Following the same procedure we have just
outlined, and remove successively poles at s = 0
• First, arrange both numerator and denominator in
ascending order
• divide the lowest power of the denominator into the
lowest power of the numerator
• invert the remainder and divide again
 Example
(𝑠 2 +1)(𝑠 2 + 3)
Z(s) =
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 2)
• The continued fraction expansion Cauer II is:
 Cont…
• both the Foster and the Cauer forms give the
minimum number of elements for a specified
L-C driving-point function.
• These realizations are sometimes known as
canonical forms.
 R-C driving point impedance/ R-L admittance
• R-C impedance and R-L admittance driving point functions
have the same properties.
• By replacing the inductor in LC by a resistor in R-C driving
point impedance or R-L driving point admittance, it can be
written as 𝐾0 𝐾1
𝐹(𝑠) = + 𝐾∞ + +. . .
𝑠 𝑠 + 𝜎𝑖

• Where
1 1
, , . . Capaictors for R−C impedance and inductor for R−L admittance
𝐾0 𝐾𝑖
𝐾𝑖
K ∞ , , . . . Represent resistors
𝜎𝑖
Properties of R-C impedance or R-L admittance functions

1. Poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis.

2. The singularity nearest to (or at) origin must be a pole
and a zero near (or at) infinity.
3. The residues of the poles must be positive and real.
4. Poles and zeros must alternate on the negative real axis.
 Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance
• Foster:
✓ In foster realization we decompose the function into simple
immittances according to the poles. That is we write F(s) as
𝐾0 𝐾1
𝐹(𝑠) = + 𝐾∞ + +. . .
𝑠 𝑠 + 𝜎𝑖

✓ For R-C impedance

1 1
, , . . . are Capaictors
𝐾0 𝐾𝑖
𝐾𝑖
K ∞ , , . . . are resistors
𝜎𝑖
 Cont…
• For R-L admittance
Example
• Synthesize 𝐹(𝑠) = 3(𝑠 𝑠(𝑠
+ 2)(𝑠 + 4)
+ 3)
as R-C impedance and R-L
admittance in foster realization.
Solution:
– Note that the singularity near origin is a pole and a zero near
infinity.
– The poles and zeros alternate
– We can expand F(s) as 𝐹(𝑠) = 8 + 1 + 3
𝑠 𝑠+3
– R-C impedance
 Cont…
✓R-L admittance
 Cont…
• Cauer realization
✓ Cauer realization uses continued fraction expansion.
✓ For R-C impedance and R-L admittance we remove a
resistor first.
✓ Then invert and remove a capacitor
✓ Then invert and remove a resistor . . .
Example
3(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4)
𝐹(𝑠) =
• Synthesize using Cauer realization as
𝑠(𝑠 + 3)
R-C impedance and R-L admittance.
Solution:
o Note that the singularity near origin is a pole.
o The singularity near infinity is a zero.
o The zeros and the poles alternate.
F(s) is R-C impedance or
R-L admittance
o Note that the power of the numerator and denominator
is equal, hence, we remove the resistor first.
 Cont…
.
 Cont…
.

For R-C impedance For R-L admittance

 R-L impedance/R-C admittance

• R-L impedance driving point function and R-C admittance

driving point function have the same property.

• If F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance, it can be

𝐾𝑖 𝑠
written as 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐾∞ 𝑠 + 𝐾0 + +. . .
𝑠 + 𝜎𝑖
 Properties of R-L impedance/R-C admittance

1. Poles and zeros are located on the negative real axis and they
alternate.
2. The nearest singularity near origin is zero. The singularity
near infinity is a pole.
3. The residues of the poles must be real and negative.
• Because the residues are negative, we can’t use standard
decomposition method to synthesize.
 Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance

• Foster

✓ If F(s) is R-L impedance d.p or R-C admittance d.p function we

𝐾𝑖 𝑠
can write it as 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐾∞ 𝑠 + 𝐾0 + +. . .
𝑠 + 𝜎𝑖

✓ Because of the third property of R-L impedance/R-C admittance

d.p. functions, we can’t decompose F(s) into synthesizable
components with the way we were using till now.

✓ We have to find a new way where the residues won’t be

negative.
 Cont…
• If we divide F(s) by s, we get
𝐹(𝑠) 𝐾0 𝐾𝑖
= + 𝐾∞ + +. . .
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 + 𝜎𝑖
• Note that this is a standard R-C impedance d.p. function, hence,
the residues of the poles of F(s)/s will be positive.

• Once we find Ki and σi we multiply by s and draw the foster

realization.
 Example
2(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)
• Synthesize 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 6)
as R-L impedance and R-C
admittance using Foster realization.
Solution:
– Note that the singularity near origin is a zero.
– The singularity near infinity is a pole.
– The zeros and the poles alternate.
F(s) is R-L impedance or
R-C admittance
 Cont…
• We divide F(s) by s. 𝐹(𝑠) 2(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)
=
𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 6)

1ൗ 1ൗ 5ൗ
= 2 + 4 + 4
𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠+6

Then multiplying by s
1ൗ 𝑠 5ൗ 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 1ൗ2 + 4 + 4
𝑠+2 𝑠+6
 Cont…
• R-L impedance

• R-C admittance
 Cont…
• Cauer realization
– Using continued fractional expansion
– We first remove R0. To do this we use fractional
expansion method by focusing on removing the
lowest s term first.
– We write N(s) and M(s) starting with the lowest
term first.
 Example
2(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)
• Synthesize 𝐹(𝑠) =
as R-L impedance and
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 6)

R-C admittance using Cauer realization.

• Solution:
– We write P(s) and Q(s) as, where ,
𝑃(𝑠) 6 + 8𝑠 + 2𝑠 2
𝐹(𝑠) = =
𝑄(𝑠) 12 + 8𝑠 + 𝑠 2

– By continued fraction expansion, arranging the

numerator and denominator polynomials in ascending
order and then dividing:
 Cont…
.
 Cont…
• R-L impedance

• R-C admittance
Reading assignment: Synthesis of Certain R-L-C Functions