« SR.

PHYSICS 1
BABY BULLET-Q «

R1 R2 R3 6. CURRENT ELECTRICITY R1 R2 R3

@IMP DEFINITIONS & FORMULAS?

1. Electric current is the stream of charged
6. Resistance is the measure of the opposition
particles between two points.
to the electric current in a circuit.
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2. Electric current (i) is the rate of charge
7. Resistance is the ratio between voltage
passing through the area of cross section of
V
Q dQ and current . R=
a conductor. i = i
t dt
SI units: ohm (W)
SI units: ampere (A).
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8. The resistance of a metal increases with

Q
3. Voltage is an electro motive force which
the rise of temperature. But resistance

-
pushes electrons to move in a direction.
of insulators and semiconductors decreases

T
---------------------------------------------------------
with the rise of temperature.
4. Voltage is the cause and current is its effect.

E
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Voltage V= iR where R is the resistance.
9. Resistivity (r): It is the resistance of a

L
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conductor per unit length per unit area of

L
5. The voltage between the terminals of a cell cross section of material of the conductor .
is called terminal voltage (V). RA

U
E
• Formula: r = (or) r =
V = e – ir l j
where e is emf and r is internal resistance
B • SI units: Wm.

YPHYSI BEATS!
BULLET MASTER'S

B Wheatstone bridge

A
6) CURRENT ELECTRICITY [1 LAQ]

B
Two Heroes of Current Electricity: Mr. Ohm & Mr. Kirchoff
Current Electricity means 'Flow of Electrons' in a wire.
The number of charges that move per second
is measured in Amperes.
Current H÷ Speed Brakes "ÍÀ‹^Í Resistor
Charged electrons #° =òO^ΰ䛽 Push KÍÀ‹ Pressure <Í Voltage JO\ì~¡°.
Kirchoff ª~¡° U=°x ̋qKŒó~¡O>è .....
ZO`Ç H›ï~O\˜ [OH›Æ<£ ÕxH÷ "³ˆ×Ã`Ç°O^Ë JO`Í H›ï~O\˜ [OH›Æ<£ ƒÿá\ ÷H÷ =‹¬°ëOk!
Ohm =°‚¬ð‰×†Çò_È° U=°x ̋qKŒó~¡O>è.... Voltage (V) ̄iy`Í Current (i) ̄~¡°Q®°`Ç°Ok!
Cell †³òH›ø emf x HùeKÍ device #° Potentiometer JO\ì~¡°.
City Hêx City Uq°\÷? Electricity. So silly!
Daily Uses: Turning on Bulbs, Fans, TV, Phones; starting Bikes, cars...
IPE View
F IMP LAQ : Kirchoff's law and balancing condition of wheatstone bridge,
Working principle of potentiometer : Comparing an emf of two primary cells and internal resistance.
« SR. PHYSICS 2
BABY BULLET-Q «

10. Current passing through a circuit with a cell 18. In parallel combination, electric power is
of emf e, internal resistance r and external inversely proportional to resistance because
H pd V remains constant in it.
resistance R is i= V2 1
Rr P= (or) P µ
-------------------------------------------------------- R R
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11. Equivalent resistance of 2 resistors connected
19. In series combination, electric power is
in series is Rs = R1 + R2
directly proportional to resistance because
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current i remains constant in it.
For n resistors Rs = nR
P = i2 R (or)P µ R
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12. Equivalent resistance of 2 resistors connected
R1R 2
20. Kirchoff's junction rule: ¦ iin ¦ iout
in parallel is Rp =
R1  R 2 Kirchoff's loop rule: ¦ H  ¦ iR 0
--------------------------------------------------
For n resistors Rp = R/n Q
--------------------------------------------------------

-
21. Wheatstone bridge - balance condition:
--------------------------------------------------------
T R2 R4
=
13. When n cells each emf e and internal
resistance r are connected in parallel,
L E R1 R3
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22. Emf of the cell balancing a length (l) on the

L
(i) equivalent emf e' = e, potentiometer wire is given by
(ii) equivalent internal resistance r' = r/n,

U
e=fl
H where f is potential drop per unit length.
(iii) current through circuit i = R  (r / n)
B
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23. Comparison of emfs of cells with
14. When n cells each emf e and internal
Y H1
potentiometer H = 1
l

B
resistance r are connected in series, 2 l2
(i) equivalent emf e' = ne, --------------------------------------------------------

A
(ii) equivalent internal resistance r' = nr, 24. Internal resistance of a cell - potentiometer

B
nH §l ·
(iii) current through circuit i = r = R ¨ 1  1¸
R  nr
-------------------------------------------------------- © l2 ¹
15. When a conductor is stretched, its length --------------------------------------------------------
increases, area of cross section decreases, 25. Colour code of resistors:
volume , density remain constant.
R l 2 0 = Black
Its resistance R µ l2 Hence , 2 = 2
The 1st and 2nd colours represent
R1 l12 1 = Brown
--------------------------------------------------------- simply digits in the places.
16. Heat produced in a current carrying 2 = Red
3 = Orange But the third colour represents the
V2t
i2
conductor is H = R t Þ H = 4 = Yellow power of the decimal multiplier.
R
--------------------------------------------------------- 5 = Green 4th colour represents tolerance.
17. Electric power P = Vi 6 = Blue Gold = 5% tolerance,
7 = Violet
2
V Silver = 10% tolerance,
(or) P = i2 R (or) P= 8 = Gray
R No colour = 20% tolerance.
9 = White