Flashcards - Topic 3.4 Alkenes - AQA Chemistry A-Level

AQA Chemistry A-level
Topic 3.4 - Alkenes

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What is an alkene?
What is an alkene?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C=C

double bond
What is the general formula
of an alkene?
What is the general formula of an alkene?
CnH2n
Why is there no rotation
about the C=C double
bond?
Why is there no rotation about the C=C double
bond?
Due to the π (pi) orbital - electron density above
and below the single bond, which holds the
carbon atoms in place
Are they more or less
reactive than alkanes?
Why?
Are they more or less reactive than alkanes? Why?
More reactive, due to high electron density of

double bond and the fact the pi-bond is slightly
easier to break
What intermolecular forces
of attraction do they have?
What intermolecular forces of attraction do they
have?
Only van der Waals due to non-polar bonds
Are they soluble in water?
Why?
Are they soluble in water? Why?
No, non-polar bonds (van der Waals’ < hydrogen

bonding)
Name and describe the
three kinds of isomers
alkenes can have
Name and describe the three kinds of isomers
alkenes can have
Chain isomers (branched chains)
Position isomers (C=C on different carbon atom)
Geometric E-Z isomers (Z is when 2 highest atomic number
chains are on the same side of the double bond; E is when
they're on opposite sides)
Write an equation for the
complete combustion of
pent-2-ene.
Write an equation for the complete combustion of
pent-2-ene.
CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + 7½O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O
What is an electrophile?
What is an electrophile?
Electron deficient atoms/ions which accept a pair

of electrons (here, from the C=C double bond)
What is the most stable type
of carbocation intermediate?
why?
What is the most stable kind of carbocation
intermediate? Why?
Alkyl groups have a positive inductive effect, so the most
stable carbonation is the one bonded to the most other
carbon atoms i.e. A tertiary carbocation
Major products will be
formed from which kinds of
carbocations?
Major products will be formed from which kinds of
carbocations?
Tertiary (or the most stable avaliable)
What conditions are needed
for the electrophilic addition
of H2O to an alkene?
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition
of H2O to an alkene?
Acid catalyst, usually phosphoric acid
What are the product(s) of
the reaction?
What are the product(s) of the reaction?
An alcohol
Draw a mechanism for the
addition of water to ethene
Draw a mechanism for the addition of water to
ethene
of a hydrogen halide to an
alkene?
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic
addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene?
Room temperature
reaction of HBr and ethene.
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of HBr and
ethene.
of a halogen molecule to an
alkene?
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic
addition of a halogen molecule to an alkene?
Room temperature and organic solvent
How does a molecule with a
non-polar bond react as if it
is an electrophile?
How does a molecule with a non-polar bond react as
if it is an electrophile?
C=C double bond with a high electron density

induces a temporary dipole in the halogen
molecule → δ+ atom attracted to double bond
reaction between bromine
and ethene
Draw a mechanism for the reaction between bromine
and ethene
reaction of sulfuric acid with
ethene.
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of sulfuric acid
with ethene.
How would you turn the product (from
sulfuric acid + ethene) into an alcohol
and how does this show that sulfuric acid
catalyses the addition of water to an
alkene?
How would you turn the product into an alcohol and how does
show that sulfuric acid catalyses the addition of water to an
alkene?
Add water
H₂SO₄ reforms, showing it catalyses the
hydration of alkenes
What is an addition
polymer?
What is an addition polymer?
many monomers bonded together via

rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any
atom or molecule
What are monomers? What
form do they usually take?
What are monomers? What form do they usually
take?
Molecules which combine to form a polymer

Usually have a C=C bond which breaks to leave
a repeating pattern
Draw how you would
represent the polymerisation
of ethene.
Draw how you would represent the polymerisation of
ethene.
Give 3 uses of
poly(chloroethene) / PVC
Give 3 uses of poly(chloroethene) / PVC
Drainpipes
Vinyl
Aprons
Give two examples of
plasticisers
Give two examples of plasticisers
esters and phthalates
What are plasticisers?
What are plasticisers?
Small molecules that get between polymer

chains to force them apart and allow them to
slide over one another
How do the physical properties
of PVC change due to a
plasticiser? What applications
does this lead to?
How do the physical properties of PVC change due to a
plasticiser? What applications does this lead to?
PVC with a plasticiser become flexible, used for

aprons
Without a plasticiser, PVC is rigid, used for
drainpipes
Why do things containing
mainly C-C and C-H bonds
not decompose easily?
Why do things containing mainly C-C and C-H bonds
not decompose easily?
Bonds are non-polar so are not attacked by

enzymes
Why is a lack of
biodegradability in
compounds with C-C or C-H
bonds a problem?
Why is a lack of biodegradability in compounds with
C-C or C-H bonds a problem?
Disposal is very problematic
What is mechanical
recycling?
What is mechanical recycling?
Where plastics are separated into different types,

washed, ground down, melted and re-moulded
What is mechanical
recycling used for?
What is mechanical recycling used for?
Soft drinks bottles → fleeces
What is feedstock
recycling?
What is feedstock recycling?
Plastics heated to a temperature which break

polymer bonds, leaving original monomers that
can be made into new plastics
What is feedstock recycling
used for?
What is feedstock recycling used for?
Making totally new plastics
What is a problem with
recycling?
What is a problem with recycling?
Each time thermosoftening plastics are melted

and remoulded, their properties degrade, so they
can only be remoulded a limited number of times

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AQA Chemistry A-level

Topic 3.4 - Alkenes

PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C=C

More reactive, due to high electron density of

Only van der Waals due to non-polar bonds

No, non-polar bonds (van der Waals’ < hydrogen

CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + 7½O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O

Electron deficient atoms/ions which accept a pair

Acid catalyst, usually phosphoric acid

Room temperature and organic solvent

C=C double bond with a high electron density

many monomers bonded together via

Molecules which combine to form a polymer

esters and phthalates

Small molecules that get between polymer

PVC with a plasticiser become flexible, used for

Bonds are non-polar so are not attacked by

Where plastics are separated into different types,

Soft drinks bottles → fleeces

Plastics heated to a temperature which break

Making totally new plastics

Each time thermosoftening plastics are melted

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