\l Modern physics (BNN Sir) Trajectory of an electron motion in a uniform electric field: Consider two horizontal parallel plates A and B of equal length (L) and separated by a small distance (@)_as shown in figure. Let V be the p.d. applied between the parallel plates A and B supplied by a high tension battery (B) keeping the upper plate +ve and the lower plate is earthening . The electric field intensity (E) between these plates is given by Bava) Suppose a beam of electrons, each of masss (m) and charge (e) is moving horizontally in a direction perpendicular to the direction of a uniform electric field (E) and enters midway between the plates with initial velocity (u). When the electron reaches at a point © at the region of electric, it experiences electric force, which is given by ke Fig. The trajectory of an electronin the uniform electricfield With this force, the electron is accelerated upwards towards the positive plate (A) with an acceleration (a) . According to Newton’s second law of motion, the force experienced by the electron is given by :. F=may G6) From equations (2) & (3), we get may =Ee ou @) This is the expression for the upward acceleration of an electron due to electric field. At any time interval (t), the posi two dimensional motion i y m n of the electron is assumed to be at a point P where electron has Horizontal and vertical motion, Horizontal motion of the electron: At any time't’, the electron travelled a horizontal distance a uniform velocity ‘u’ .Then We know, Sx = uxt + % axt? ut + % 0.0% ut [-u, =uanda, =0] (5) At the same time't” , the electron covered a vertical distance ‘y’ with Vertical motion of the electro: a vertical acceleration ay . Then,Ve OnY= 3 Sa 1_Ve 2 yetod a fe YF IE oe seve (©) Where C= 555 (6) represents the equation of parabola. So, the trajectory of an electron in electric field nature, This equ in a uniform electric field is parabolic Magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the electron: At any time interval (f) , the resultant velocity (v) of the electron which is tangentially at a point (P) to the parabolic path. Let @ be an angle by which the electron is deviated from its original path at point p. The velocity (v) can be resolved into two rectangular components: horizontal (v,) and vertical component (vy). In horizontal motion Vag Ux tant Mae In vertical motion Vy = Uy + ayt Or, vy Or, vy (7) dmu The resultant velocity of the electron: Let v be the resultant velocity of the electron at a point p at certain (1). Let vs and vy be the horizontal and vertical component of the velocity (v) respectively. According to the parallelogram law of vector addition, we have 7 ve fw = ws( S24) eevee 9) V+ aa This relation gives the resultant velocity of the electron at certain time. To determine the direction of the electron: The angle of deviation (©) gives the direction of the velocity (v) of the electron at point (P) Mex 1 Tang = “2 = Vex 1 ee dan a 0 = Tan! Vex (10) . dmu? This is an expression for the direction of the final velocity Kinetic energy gained by the electron: Let u and v be the initial and final velo. the point p respectively. Thi he electron at a certain time interval. ies of the electron at I kinetic energy (E;) = ‘The final kinetic energy (En) E,=Ey- Ey(13) This relation gives the kinetic energy gained by the electron as the particle is moving from one point to another point in the uniform electric field, Special cases: @ When the electron emerges out one end of plates: (i) When the electron emerges out one end of the plates, its the vertical deflection be y and x =L Sy=utt %ae zx? Where x = L = length of 2 dmu plate Gi) Let v be the resultant velocity of an electron emerges out one of the plates. Let Obe an angle of by the electron, x=L. From equation (9) and (10), w get ‘The resultant velocity of the electron; v= v2 + v2 5 2 ( Ze) seve) This relation gives the resultant velocity of the electron at certain time. ‘To determine the direction of the electron: Tang= “x =Yel. 1 vy, dmu'u @=Tan + (10) This gives the final direction of electron with initial direction of the electron beam. Kinetic energy gained by the electron: Let u and v be the initial and final velocities of the electron respectively when emerges from one of the ends of plates respectively The initial kinetic energy (E;)= % mv? ='4 mu?.. ‘The final kinetic energy (E,) =f? = zm + ‘Therefore, the kinetic energy gained by the electron is E,=Er- Ei iad Or, Ey= smu? +2) 2 (Viel 2\ amu™ ++ (13) This relation gives the kinetic energy gained by the electron as the particle is moving from one point to another point.(ii) When the electron grazes one end of plates: Let y and be the vertical deflection of the electron when it grazes one end of the plates. In such cases y = d2 if the electron enters horizontally a midway between the plates. Fleming's Left Hand Rule: It states that when the fore finger, central finger and the thumb are mutually ‘Thumb (F) perpendicular to each other, the fore finger pointing in . the direction of the magnetic field, central finger points ‘Magnetic filed (B) in the direction of the current, then the thumb pointing in the direction of force. Lorentz force: The total force experienced by a charged particle moving in a space when both electric and magnetic fields are present is called Lorentz Force. ‘The total force a on the charged particle is, ? Current (1) “+ Fa = qh +q@vxB) This is called Lorentz Force. Inthe absence of electric field, Lorentz force is (0B) = Bqvsind Fig. Fleming’s left hand rule In magnitude, 2-F= Bqvsind Trajectory of an electron motion in a uniform electric field: Let us consider an electron of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e’ is moving with velocity * 7° perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field of magnetic flux density B -The force due to magnetic field is given by Lorentz force F, =e(0xB) F, =e(¥xB)=evBsin90° i [71 B) Where fi is the unit vector perpendicular to plane of B & V. The direction of magnetic field is inward and perpendicular to the plane of paper shown by cross marks. The magnitude of B,v e are costant , then the magnitude of the magnetic force (Fm) is 1: Fm= Bev = constant ..... (1) From figure, we have (The magnetic force (Fm) is perpendicular to the velocity (v) (ii) Fm is directed towards to the point O by Fleming's left hand rule. Gi) From equation (1), the magnitude of Fy and v are constant, since B, ¢ and v are constant. (iv) The direction of Fm and v are different. These conditions are identical with circular motion. Therefore, the electron moves in a circular path of radius ‘r’. Here, we have The centripetal force = magnetic force (Fm) = Bev evBsinO Fig. The motion of electronin magnetic field.Derivation of the velocity ,time and frequency period of the electron: When an electron of mass ‘m' and charge ‘e’ is moving with velocity‘ ¥" perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux density B, then the electron moves in a circular path of radius ‘r’ as shown in figure. The force (Fr) duc to magnet provides centripetal force acting on the electron is given by + Centripetal force = Fn = Bev... (2) To move in the circular path, we have Magnetic force = centripetal force Bey= Magnetic field @). Fig The motion of electronin magretic field. This gives the radius of the circular path, Again, Be=m x @ Be=mx2nf Be 5 2am oO 1 _2nm Again, T= — = 22m ea fie ans + (9) ‘The equations (4) and (5) show that the frequency and time period are independent of the velocity of the electron The motion of the electron is passed through the magnetic field through certain angl Let us consider an electron of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e’ is moving with a velocity % making with an angle © with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of flux density Bas shown in figure. The velocity v can be resolved in two components (i) The y- component of the velocity is ¥y=Vsin®. With this velocity, ‘the electron moves in a circular path of radius ‘r’. Gi)_ The x- component of the velocity is ¥,=W¥e0s0. With this velocity, the electron moves in a straight along the direction of magnetic field. With both velocities, the electron moves in a helical path. ‘The magnetic force acting on the electron Fig.The motion of elecronin a uniform magnetic field is given by the Lorentz force, Farell, xB)-c [i flsino & ‘The magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron is given by the Lorentz force, : Fa= |F| =Be vy sino0" Beyx1 1. Fa =Bevy « ____ Where i is the unit vector perpendicular to Bi & Vy, The centripetal force acting on the electron is given by mv? r(a) To calculate the radius of the helical path of the electron: When the magnitude of the magnetic force is equal to the magnitude of the centripetal force then Bev, = -Q) m This relation gives the radius of the helical path of the electron. (b) To determine the time period of the electron in the helical pat Time period (T) = 2% = 2% __2nr @ Y, vsinO r 2nt <¢. Time period (T) = . tme period (1) = To6 “o This relation gives the time period of the helical path of the electron. (© To determine the frequency of the electron motion in helical path: 1 vsin® Frequency (1) = rrequency (f) One oar vsind «Frequency (f) = YSi8® (3) i 2ne This rélation gives the frequency of the helical path of the electron. @ Pitch (x): Itis the linear distance travelled by an electron in one complete rotation. . Pitch (x) = vy XT = veos0x— 2 = 2nreot® vsind (Two fields: Two fields are said to be cross fields (electric field and magnetic field) if they are two mutually perpendicular to each other in such a way that they can cancelled each other effect on charge particle so that the charge particle move in a straight line without, deviation by experiencing zero net force. In the cross field, we have Force due to magnet (Fx) = force due to electric field (Fe) Fig. Showing the motion of electron in a Bev =Ee E_V1 B dB This is the velocity of an electron in a cross field where the electro is undelflected by both fields Basic unit of charge: It is the least value of charge which cannot be broken into other form of charge like cell is basic unit of a living being. Elementary charge (¢) = 1.610" C is a basic unit of charge. Quantization of a charge: The net charge on a body is equal to an integral multiple of electric charge is known as the quantization of charge ie. q=ne where n= 1,2,3,...n and €= 1.6%19" CMillikan’s oll drop experiment: In the period 1909 -1913, Robert Andrews first accurately measured the value of the fundamental electric charge with his famous oil drop experiment Millikan followed a total of $8 individual oil droplets over a period of 60 days. Millikan’s value for the charge on an electron was 1.592*10" coulombs, which is very close to the modern value of 1.6022*10°" bs, Millikan's oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an oil drop and also charge of an electron, Prineiple: Millikan’s oil drop experiment is based on the study of the motion of charged oil drops under freely fall due to gravity as well as in a uniform electric field obeying Stokes’ law which states that when a spherical body is falling through a viscous medium, it experiences a viscous force given by F=6nnrv where 1 is coefficient of viscosity, ris radius of spherical body, v terminal velocity Experimental arrangement: Atomizer Clock oil Travelling |— Double walled chamber Fig. Millikar's oil drop experiment to determined charg of an oil drop ‘The schematic diagram of Millikan’s oil drop experiment is shown in figure. It consists of two horizontal circular metallic plates X and Y separated by a small distance (d). The upper plate (X) is ‘connected to +ve terminal of a high tension battery (B) while the lower plate (Y) is earthen. A rheostat (Rh) varies the p.d between these plates. The very fine spherical oil drops are sprayed by an atomizer (A) and are allowed to pass through the hole ‘H’ at the middle of the upper plate. The drops are made up of non-viscous and nonvolatile oil like clock oil. The oil drops are little charged by friction with air because the air is less viscous. These charges are not sufficient to perform Millikan’s oil drop experiment, To produce extra charge on the oil drop, the x-ray is passed through the window W1 to ionize air and the air losses electrons. These electrons are captured by the oil drop and becomes -vely charged oil drop. The light is used to illuminate the droplets. At the window Wo, the microscope with vertical scale is adjusted to observe the oil drops and to determine vertical height travelled by the drop in a certain time interval. The whole apparatuses are set into a doubled wall chamber. Water is ulated through a doubled wall to maintain constant temperature ‘Theory: The Millikan’s oil drop experiment is performed under two steps: R (i) The motion of a charged oil drop under gravity only: When the electric field is switched off, the charged oil drop are falling downward u through air medium with the terminal velocity (v1) experiencing zero net force, According to stoke’s law, the viscous force (Fi) of the air is fe By = GIVE oe ose (i) Let . a m= mass of an oil drop. w += radius of the oil drop In absence of p= density of the oil drop electric field m' = mass of the displaced air a= density of air 1 = coefficient of viscosity of airAt equilibrium condition, ‘The weight (WW) of the oil drop = Viscous foree (F1) + Upthrust (U) FU Fi=(W-U).. Or, 6x ry = mg - mg Or, 6x mv; = Vpg- Voge ov cams; =n7pe—tean Or, 6x my, = $a? P-o8 ony)” n | a... cat Ee = 5] : This is the required expression for the radius of an oil drop. Gi) Motion of the oil drop under electric field: When the electric field is switched on, the oil drop are attracted towards +ve plate by electric force F. (W) and moves upwards with the terminal velocity (v2) experiencing zero net force t ‘At equilibrium condition, we have Up thrust force + Electric force = Weight of oil drop+ Viscous force + R U+F.=WtF e Or, Fe=(W-U)+Fr w Or, Fe=FitF: [+ R=(W-U)] Fig(c). in presence of electric field(b) When oil drop is stationary: Eq = 6rne vet Grn v2 Or, Eq= nme (vit va) or, a= 6m 54] (tv 2p-o8, . Grn [_onv, |” qe SNM _ | yt ae [x me) wt? This gives the charge on the oil drop. Gen [ony ]" sa [ea] orn Sexe [es ~ | (wit) Or, ne= aw (2-0), This relation gives the basic unit of charge ie. e= 1.6 x 10°C. When the strong electric +a ae field is switched on, the oil drop are stationary ie. rE ‘Terminal velocity (v2) =0. ie viscous fore (Fz) ¢ is also i zero u Atequilibrium condition, we have v - F,+F2+U =W for downward motion | ? t W= Fet0+U % W=FetU _ _ Again, for upward motion a wy. Pewee Fig(b)-In the presence Fig(t)-In the presence electric field electric field Hikan’s oil drop experiment are as follows: » (a) We can study quantization of charge. Q= tne where = 1,2,3....n and ¢ = + 1.6x10' C (b) Itis an accurate and simple method for determining the electronic charge. (©) We can calculate the mass of electron from Millikan’s oil drop experiment, we have, charge ‘onan electron (e) = 1.6 x 10°C. From Thomson experiment, we have Specific charge of electron ( e/m) = 1.759 x 10"'C/Kg. 16x10" 9.108 x 10"Kg. 1.759x10" Thus, the mass of electron (m) = (@) Itenables us to determine the radius of an oil drop. (©) Ithelps us to determine the mass ofa hydrogen atom. (B Ithelps us to determine the value of Avogadro's number (Na). 2JJ. Thomson experiment (To determine specific charge (e/m) of an experiment) Electron beam Sereen Note: The above figur Principle: The J.J. Thomson experiment is based on the principle that the beam of electrons is deflected by electric field as well as magnetic field but they are undeflected in cross field. Construction: The schematic diagram of J.J. Thomson's experiment to determine the specific charge of an electron is shown in figure. used only for understanding the aparatus. Heater Anhigh resistance] voltmeter © 1} Fig(a)-J.J.thomson' s experiement to determine e/m It consists of two horizontal parallel circular plates X and Y separated by a small distance d. The filament of heater is heated by a low tension battery to eject the electrons thermionically from filament (C). Two, small holes on the axis of the anode (A) make the electron beam narrow. These electron beams are accelerated toward the two horizontal circular plates X and’Y by applying accelerated potential (V4) between the cathode (C) and cylindrical anode (A). The electron beams are deflected by electric field between plates X and Y as well as magnetic field, The electron beams when hits the screen (S), they produce fluorescence there. The whole apparatus is enclosed inside the glass discharge tube.‘Theory: When filament of heater is heated by a low tension battery, the electrons are einitted thermionically from filament (C). These electrons are accelerated horizontally with velocity (v) towards the deflecting plates X and Y by applying an accelerating potential (V,) between cathode (©) and anode (A). If ¢ and m be the charge and mass of an electron respectively, then the kinetic energy of an electron is given by When both fields ( B and £) between plates is switched off, the accelerated electron moves in straight line and strikes the screen at point T producing fluorescence there. The position of T is noted. Let V be the p.d between the deflecting plates X and Y , the The electric field between these plated is given by E=V/d . (2), Where V = the P.D. between the deflecting plates X & Y d= their separation When cross field (E 1B) is applied between the plates X and Y, the electron moves in a straight line with a uniform velocity ‘v’ and strike at point T again on the screen. In cross field, we have Force due to magnet = force due to electric field Bev=eE v=E/B @) Substituting the value of v from equation (3) in equation (1), we get 2.1 (EY VE m 2V,\B) 2V, B* So, from equation ( 2) and (3), we get By knowing the values of B, V., V and d, we can calculate the value of —. In this way, we can m determine the specific charge (e/m) of charged particle (electron) by J.J. Thomson’s experiment and equal to 1.8%10"" C/ kg.Alternative mehtod Principle: The J.J. Thomson experiment is based on the principle that the beam of electrons is deflected by electric field as well as magnetic field but they are undeflected in cross field Construction: The schematic diagram of J.J. Thomson's experiment to determine the specific charge of an electron is shown in figure. Cylindrical Anod(A) Heater Ahigh resistance, voltmeter Fig(a).J.J.thomson' s experiement to determine e/m, It consists of two horizontal parallel circular plates X and Y separated by a small distance d. The filament of heater is heated by a low tension battery to eject the electrons thermionically from filament (C). Two small holes on the axis of the anode (A) make the electron beam narrow. These electron beams are accelerated toward the two horizontal circular plates X and Y by applying accelerated potential (V,) between the cathode (C) and cylindrical anode (A). ‘The electron beams are deflected by electric field between plates X and Y as well as magnetic field. The electron beam when hits the screen (S), they produce fluorescence there. The whole apparatus is enclosed inside the glass discharge tube. ‘Theory : When filament of heater is heated by a low tension battery, the electrons are emitted thermionic ally from filament (C). These electrons are accelerated horizontally with velocity (v) towards the deflecting plates X and Y by applying an accelerating potential (V,) between cathode (© and anode (A). Ife and m be the charge and mass of an electron respectively, then the kinetic ‘energy of an electron is given by “y, 2 No field applied : When both fields (magnetic field (B ) and electric field (E) is switched off, the electron beam moves in a straight line and strikes the screen at point T producing fluorescence there. The position of T is noted. ‘When magnetic is applied only perpendicular to the direction of beam of electron, the electron is deflected downwards along a circular arc of radius (f). The direction of magnetic field is determined by Fleming's left hand rule and is directed into the plane of paper shown by cross marks. In a circular motion, force (Fr) due to magnet provides centripetal force, - Centripetal force = Fm= Bev ...... (I) To move in the circular path of radius (t), we have Magnetic force = centripetal force Or, Bev= r - 2) ea m Br ™To find the radius of the cireular path (r): Let ‘0 be the angle made by the final direction of the electron beam with initial direction of the electron beam when it emerges out of the plates and strike the screen at point R. Fig(0)..Thomeon s experiment in mngtic Feld From rt. angled A PTR, TR_y = Sse [« TR = yand PT =L] tno- FR=2% TR=y ] a tend= 2.) When the angle 0 is very small, then Are Dt tand <0 = a eee 2. Tand=1/r... . (4) - OOF, From equations (3) & (4), we get y t - 6) ‘To find the velocity of electron (v): The electron beam can be brought back to T by using cross field, When the electron enters in cross field (E 1B), it moves straight line with a uniform ‘velocity ‘v’ and strike again at point T on the screen. In cross field, we have Force due to magnet = force due to electric field Bev=eE v=EIB ... . From equations (2), (5) & (6), we get Be 5 sre exbyly By knowing the values of E,B, £, Land y, we can calculate the value of — . In this way, we can m determine the specific charge (e/m) of charged particle (electron) by J.J. Thomson's experiment and ‘equal to 1.8%10"" Cikg