Inspiring Communication

Thank you to the educators who provided invaluable feedback during the development of the
third edition of the World English series:

AMERICAS United States

Brazil A m y F o u ts, Face to Face Learning Center, Doral, FL

G a bri el y B illo r d o , Berlitz, Porto Alegre Vir gi n i a Jo r g e, UCEDA International, New Brunswick, NJ
Ric h a r d Mc D or m a n , Language On, Miami, FL
B r u n a C a l t a b i a n o, Caltabiano Idiomas, Sao Paulo
S a r a h Mi k uls k i, Harper College, Palatine, IL
So p hi a d e C a r v a l h o, Ingles Express, Belo Horizonte
R a c h el Sc h ei n e r, Seattle Central College, Seattle, WA
R e n a t a C o e l h o, 2b English for you, Florianopolis
P a m el a S m a r t -S m i t h , Virginia Tech Language and Culture
R e b e cc a As h l e y H i b a s, Ingles Express, Belo Horizonte
Institute, Blacksburg, VA
Crist i n a K o b a s h i, Cultivar Escola de Idiomas, Guaratingueta
M a rci e S t o n e, American English College, Rowland
Sil vi a T e l e s B a r b osa , Colegio Candido Portinari, Salvador
Heights, CA
Chile C oli n W a r d, Lone Star College-North Harris, Houston, TX
Jo r g e C u e v a s, Universidad Santo Tomas, Los Angeles M a rl a Y os h id a, University of California, Irvine, CA
Colombia ASIA
R u b e n C a n o, UPB University, Medellin N a z a r u l A z a li, UiTM Cawangan Melaka, Alor Gajah
J a vi e r V e g a , Fundacion Universitaria de Popayan, Popayan S t e v e n B r e t h e ric k , Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai
Costa Rica S a m B r u c e, Soka University, Hachioji
Jo n a t h a n A c u n a , Centro Cultural Costarricense Americano, K a r e n Cli n e - K a t a y a m a, Hokusei Gakuen University and
San Jose Tokai University, Sapporo
Lill y S e vill a , Centro Cultural Costarricense Americano, T o m D a v id, Japan College of Foreign Languages, Tokyo
San Jose Jo h n n y Ec kst e in , Soka University, Hachioji
M e g Ellis, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto
Mexico T h o m as G o e t z, Hokusei Gakuen University, Sapporo
Jos e A g u irr e , Institute Tecnologico Superior de Irapuato, K a tsu k o H ir a i, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama
Salamanca P a ul H o r n ess, Soka University, Hachioji
Al e j a n d ro Al v a r a d o C u p il, Institute Tecnologico de D a vid K l u g e, Nanzan University, Nagoya
Minatitlan, Minatitlan S t e p h e n L a m b a c h e r, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo
Jh os e lli n A n g e l e s, ITSOEH, Mixquiahuala de Juarez, Yi- A n Li n , National Taipei University of Business, Taipei
Hidalgo K e rr y McC a t t y, Soka University, Hachioji
R e n e B a u t ist a , BUAP, Puebla G r e g g Mc N a b b, Shizuoka Institute of Technology, Shizuoka
I m eld a F eli x , Colegio Cervantes Costa Rica, Guadalajara C olli n M e h m e t, Matsumoto University, Matsumoto City
I s a b el F e r n a n d e z, Universidad Autonoma de S e a n M e h m e t, Shinshu University, Matsumoto
Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes Li n Mi n g y i n g, Soka University, Hachioji
A n d r e s G a rci a , FES Aragon (UNAM), Mexico City Eri k a N a k a tsu k a, Soka University, Hachioji
J e ssic a G a rci a , Colegio Cultural, Puebla S e i k o O g u ri, Chubu University, Nagoya
L a z a r o G a rci a, Tecnologico de Toluca, Metepec T h o m a s N is hi k a w a , Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto
F e r n a n d o G o m e z, Universidad Tecnologica S e a n O t a ni, Tottori University, Tottori
Jalisco,Guadalajara D a n i e l P a ll e r, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya
Al m a G o p a r, FES Zaragoza (UNAM), Mexico City T o m o m i S a s a k i, Ibaraki University, Mito
I n es G u ti e rr e z, University of Colima, Colima M a r k S h r osb r e e , Tokai University, Hiratsuka
J es u s C h a v e z H e r n a n d e z, Universidad Aeronautica en B r e n t Si m m o n s, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya
Queretaro, Colon Mi k i k o S u d o, Soka University, Hachioji
Crist i n a M e n d e z , Institute Tecnologico Superior de Irapuato, M o n i k a S zir m a i, Hiroshima International University,
Irapuato Hiroshima
El e n a Mio t o, UNIVA, Guadalajara M a t t h e w T a ylor, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya
R u b e n M a u ricio M u n o z M or a l e s, Universidad Santo Tomas, J a m e s T h o m as, Kokusai Junior College, Tokyo
Villavicencio Asc a Ts u sh i m a, Soka University, Hachioji
M a ri a R o d rig u e z, Universidad Aeronautica en Queretaro, H ui C h u n Y u, Macau University of Science and Technology,
Colon Macau
A n a Lili a T e rr a z a s, ICO, Puebla

Acknowledgements iii
Unit U n i t G o a ls Gra m m ar V oc a b u l a r y

• Contrast General and Current Verb Tense Review: Healthy Diets

Actions Simple Present and Present Continuous Types of Food
• Describe Regional Foods I almost never buy fruit at the
supermarket.
• Describe Favorite Dishes
My father is buying all our food at
• Discuss Diet Trends
the farmers’ market.
• Give Details to Support Your Ideas Simple Past (Regular and Irregular)
We walked to the restaurant last night.

• Talk about Yourself The Present Perfect vs. The Simple Past Culture and
Communication
• Make Small Talk with New People He has traveled to many countries.
Starting a
• Start a Conversation We met 10 years ago.
Conversation
• Discuss Endangered Languages Already, Yet, Ever, and Never + the
Present Perfect
• Give Examples
I4fe ’ve already finished this unit.

• Make Predictions about Your City Future with Will Changing Cities
or Town Cities will be noisier in the future. City Life
• Explain What Makes a Good Will + Tme Clauses
Neighborhood
Before I move to the city, I’ll look
• Discuss the Pros and Cons of City Life for a job.
• Evaluate Solutions to a Problem
• Explain What Makes a Good City

• Discuss Ways to Stay Healthy The Comparative, Superlative, and Human Organs
Equative Everyday Ailments
• Talk about Healthy Lifestyles
Henry is healthier than his father.
• Suggest Helpful Natural Remedies
Infinitive of Purpose
• Describe the Benefits of a Positive
Attitude You can drink tea with honey
to help a sore throat.
• Explain an Idea Using Details

•Talk about Facing Challenges Past Continuous vs. the Simple Past Physical and
I saw him yesterday. He was riding Mental Challenges
• Describe Past
Accomplishments a bike. Phrasal Verbs
• Use Too and Enough io Talk about Past Continuous with the Simple Past
Abilities We were eating dinner when you
• Discuss Steps Toward a Goal called.
Enough, Not Enough, Too + Adjective
• Describe a Personal Challenge
He was old enough to sail alone.

Talk about Different Stages in Your The Past Perfect Describe Life
Life Events
I had lived alone before I moved
Talk about the Best Age to to Mexico. Adjectives for Age
Do Something
Hon/ + Adjective or Adverb
Ask Questions to Get More
How tall is he?
Information
Discuss Changes Caused by
Technology
Describe an Important Transition
in Your Life
 Sp e a kin g a nd
Lis t e n in g Pr o n u n ci a t io n R e a di n g W ri t i n g Vi d e o Jo u r n a l

General and Focused Comparing Diets The Paleo Diet: Natural Writing Main Ideas W id e A w a k e B a k ery
Listening and Healthy? and Supporting
Discussing Types of Food This National Geographic Short
An Interview: Details
Linking Words Together Film Showcase video describes
Rice Farming how baking delicious bread can
change your life.

General and Focused Talking about Yourself Endangered Languages Giving Examples M a ri e ’ s D ic tio n a r y
Listening
Starting a Conversation This National Geographic Short
Conversations: of the Week video describes
Have or Has vs.
Small Talk Contractions Marie ’s efforts to archive her native
Wukchumni language and save her
language and culture for others.

General and Focused Discussing the Future of Streets for People Writing a Paragraph Ho w to Reinve nt the
Listening Your City With a Good Topic A p a r t m e n t B u il d i n g
A Radio Interview: Describing the Pros and Sentence
In this TED Talk, Moshe Safdie
Jardin Nomade in Paris Cons of Cities talks about reinventing high-rise
Stressed Syllables Before apartment buildings and making
-tion Suffix them better.

Focused Listening Talking about Staying Attitude Is Everything Writing a Paragraph Li v i n g B e y o n d Li m i t s

Healthy Using Supporting
Discussions: In this TED Talk, Amy Purdy
Suggesting Easy Remedies Details
Different Lifestyles explains how obstacles can help us
Linking with the be creative.
Comparative and
Superlative

General and Focused Discussing Challenges Making a Difference: Bali Writing a Paragraph S u cc e ss S t or y : R e c y cli n g in
Listening about a Challenging t h e P h ili p p i n e s
Talking about Abilities
An Interview: Experience
Words That End in -ed In this National Geographic video,
Dr. Jenny Daltry: Wildlife we learn how communities in the
Conservationist and Philippines created a solution for
Ecologist discarded plastic fishing nets.

General and Focused Talking about Events in Innovation in Africa Writing a Paragraph T h e M a g ic W a s hi n g M a c h i n e
Listening Your Life to Describe a Life In this TED Talk, Hans Rosling
Transition
Conversation: Getting More Information explains the incredible effect a
Becoming an Adult The Schwa Sound /a/ in simple machine can have on our
lives.
Unstressed Syllables
Unit U n i t G o a ls Gra m m ar V oc a b u l a r y

T h i n g s t h a t M a t t e r Page 86 Discuss Spending Habits Passive Voice (Present Tense) Spending Habits

Talk about Needs and Wants A large amount of plastic is thrown Irregular Past
away every day. Participles
Discuss What Makes People ’s
Lives Better Passive Voice with By
Talk about Different Lifestyles The plastic bottles are washed by
powerful machines.
Set Priorities

C o n se r v a t io n Page 100 Talk about Consequences Real Conditionals in the Future Climate Change

Discuss Ways to Solve Future If we don’t control pollution, more Adverbs of Manner
Problems sea animals will become extinct.
Describe a Situation Review of Quantifiers
Discuss Conservation Projects There are too many endangered
species.
Explain a Conservation Issue

9 Lif e N o w a n d in t h e P a st Page 114 Discuss Life in the Past Used to Life in the Past

Contrast Different Ways of Life People used to travel by horse and Separable Phrasal
cart. Verbs
Talk about How Things Were Done
in the Past Passive Voice in the Past
Discuss Historical Facts A large amount of plastic bags were
used every day.
Describe a Historical Wonder

1Q T r a v e l Page 128 Talk about Organizing a Trip Expressing Necessity Travel Preparations

Talk about Different Kinds of I must make a reservation. At the Airport

Vacations Expressing Prohibition
Use English at the Airport You must not take pictures here.
Discuss Travel
Describe a Cultural Event

11 C a r e e rs Page 142 Discuss Career Choices Modals for Giving Advice Careers and Jobs
Ask and Answer Job-Related You should choose a career that fits Participial
Questions your personality. Adjectives
Talk about Career Planning Indefinite Pronouns
Explain New Careers Everyone in the audience was
laughing.
Create a Personal Profile

C e l e b r a ti o n s Page 156 Describe a Celebration Comparisons with as... as Festivals and

Holidays
Compare Holidays in Different New Year's is as exciting as
Countries Independence Day. Expressions for
Celebrations
Express Congratulations and Good Would rather
Wishes I’d rather have a big party.
Talk about Rituals
Share Opinions about Holidays
 Sp e a king a nd
Lis t e n i n g Pr o n u n ci a t io n Re a ding W ri t i n g Vi d e o Jo u r n a l

General and Focused Discussing Spending A Zero-Waste Lifestyle Writing about Your T h e D o gis t
Listening Habits Future Life
In this National Geographic Short
Discussions: Talking about Priorities Film Showcase video, Elias Weiss
Needs and Wants Content vs. Function Friedman explains how he finds
Words happiness while taking photos of
dogs.

General and Focused Talking about Issues That Making a Difference: Writing a Lif e L e sso n s fr o m B i g C a ts
Listening Affect Nature and Their Small Changes Paragraph about an
In this TED Talk, Beverly and
A Radio Program: Consequences Environmental Issue
Dereck Joubert explain how getting
The Bluefin Tuna Talking about Protecting to know the personalities of big
Animals cats can help protect Africa.
Phrases in Sentences

General and Focused Comparing Life Now and in The Silk Routes Writing a Paragraph S e a rc h i n g f o r G e n g h is K h a n
Listening the Past on One of the New 7
This National Geographic Learning
A Talk: Discussing How Things Wonders of the
video describes how Albert Lin uses
Used to Be in the Past World
The Sami People the power of technology and the
Reduction of Used to contributions of non-scientists in the
search for historical sites.

General and Focused Discussing Preparing for Four Reasons Why Writing a Travel W h y A r t T h ri v e s a t B u r n in g M a n
Listening a Trip Traveling Is Good for Blog
In this TED Talk, Nora Atkinson
Conversations: Describing Things You Do You
describes how curiosity and
Vacations at the Airport engagement are inspired by this art
Reduction of have to and festival.
has to

General and Focused Discussing Career Choices Changing Careers Writing a Personal Jo e l S a r t o r e : T h e P h o t o A r k
Listening Profile
Talking about Career In this National Geographic video,
An Interview: Planning Joel Sartore talks about his work
A Restaurant Owner Intonation in Questions documenting animal species.
in Thailand

General and Focused Describing Celebrations The Rituals of Life Events Writing a D a n c e o f t h e F ly e rs: J a ci n t a ’ s
Listening Substantiated Jo u r n e y
Expressing Congratulations
Discussions: and Good Wishes Opinion
In this National Geographic Short
Local Celebrations or Question Intonation with Film Showcase video, Jacinta
describes her journey as the first
Holidays Lists
female flyer in Mexico.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE Page 170

Harvester works in
high-density tomato
greenhouse in the
Netherlands.
 Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 Does this vegetable grow 2 In what dishes can you use
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: where you live? this vegetable?

VI

it- <

'■B

UNIT 1 GOALS
A. Contrast General and Current
Actions

B. Describe Regional Foods

C. Describe Favorite Dishes

D. Discuss Diet Trends

E. Give Details to Support

Your Ideas

3
 GOAL Contrast General and Current Actions

Vocabulary
o Read the suggestions for healthy eating.
Tips for a Healthy Diet
Nowadays, many people are
trying to eat a healthier diet. Eating
healthy meals is not hard to do. Here
are some easy ways to eat better:
• Take the time to prepare delicious
dishes that are also good for
you. Food you make at home is
usually healthier than food from a
restaurant or cafeteria.
• Eat dishes with healthy
ingredients, such as vegetables,
and ones without much sugar
or salt.
• In many places, fresh food is
available at farmers’ markets.
Farmers bring a variety of crops
to these markets, including many
kinds of fruits and vegetables.
• Although most of your meals
should be healthy, it is fine to
enjoy some ice cream or cookies
on special occasions like your
birthday.

V i b r a n t f a r m e r s’
m a r k e t i n F u n c h a l,
M a d e i r a I sl a n d , Q Write each word in blue next to the correct meaning.
Portug al
1. the kind of food you usually eat
2. to make something ready
3. better or more important than other things
4. breakfast, lunch, and dinner
5. describes something you can find or get
W O RD F O CUS plants grown by farmers for food
Use the-s ending y
food that is cooked in a certain way
with the third person
singular (he / she / it). 8. different kinds of something
Mr. Kim sells some g people who grow and produce food
of the most delicious
salad ingredients. 1 0. types of food that are combined to make a dish

4 Unit 1
Grammar
Simple Present and Present Continuous

Use the simple present to talk about habits and I normally don ’ t e a t eggs for breakfast.
things that are generally true. Fresh vegetables a r e always available at the market.

Use the present continuous to talk about My father is p r e p a r i n g a special dish for tonight ’s dinner, and
actions and events that are happening now. I a m w a t c h i n g and l e a r n i n g how to make it.

To form questions, use d o / d o e s with the D o you f o ll o w a special diet?

simple present and a m / a r e / is with the present I s she c e l e b r a t i n g her birthday tonight?
continuous.

Discuss the statements below in pairs. Which things does the speaker usually
do? Which things is the speaker doing right now?
a. I am eating an apple. c. I buy fruit at the grocery store.
b. I eat breakfast at 9. d. I am making coffee for you.

Q Complete each sentence with the simple present or present continuous form of
the verb.
1. My mother and I(prepare) a meal together every afternoon.
carry a cell
2. In Mexico, most people(eat) a big meal in the afternoon.
phone
3. Right now, my mother and I(make) a dish called enchiladas.
check your email
4. I really like enchiladas. Sometimes I(have) them for breakfast! climb a mountain
5. Now my mother(tell) the whole family to come to the table. eat fruit for

6. We(enjoy) at least one meal together every day. breakfast

e at lunch in a
Q In pairs, take turns doing the following.
cafeteria

1. Tell your partner what you usually eat for breakfast and lunch. practice English
grammar
2. Tell your partner three things people you know are doing right now.
talk with a
Q Use the phrases in the box to talk about things... classmate

...you usually do. try new foods

...you never or almost never do. we ar athletic

shoes
...you are doing (or not doing) right now.

GOAL CHECK I usually wear glasses, but today

I’m wearing contact lenses.
Contrast General and Current Actions
Complete this sentence three times. Two of the sentences should be true,
I usually carry my phone to
but one should be false: I usually, but today I’m class, but today I’m letting my
Read your sentences to a partner in any order. Your partner will guess which sister use it.

sentence is false.

Food for Life 5

B GOAL Describe Regional Foods

Listening
Q Look at the picture. In pairs, discuss these questions.

1. What are important foods that everyone in your country eats?

2. Where in the world do farmers grow rice?
3. Why do they grow it there?

A 2 Listen to the interview. Circle the correct letter.

1. Who is the interviewer talking to?
a. a restaurant owner b. a rice farmer c. a news reporter
2. What is happening in the rice paddy today? People are...
a. planting rice plants. b. planting seeds. c. letting water into
the paddy.
3. What kind of climate does rice need?
a. hot and dry b. warm and wet c. cool and humid

A 2 Listen again and answer the questions.

W O R D F O C US 1. Why doesn’t the rice farmer plant seeds like other farmers?
Farmers raise or
grow crops
2. How is the rainfall this year?-------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. What happens to the water in the rice paddy after the rice plants grow?

4. What happens to the rice plants after they're dry?------------------------------------------

Communication
0 Follow the instructions with a partner.
1. List some of the foods that grow well in your part of the world. They can be
crops, meat, or seafood.

2. Talk about the dishes people make from each of these foods. What are the
ingredients? Do you enjoy eating the dish?

o MY WORLD Do you try to buy local foods from farmers in your area? What are
some advantages and disadvantages of doing this?

PRONUNCIATION: Linking Words Together

When a word ends in a consonant sound, and the next word begins with a vowel sound,
the words are usually linked together.

We cut the rice p l a n t s a n d clean them. We g r o w a l o t o f rice.

□SB Listen to the sentences. Notice the pronunciation of the linked words. Then,
listen again and repeat the sentences.
1. We’rejeating dinner now.
2. Her favorite dishjs chicken with rice.
3. Famers workon weekends and holidays.
4. PauHandJ don’t like fish very much.
5. Coffee grows welHn Colombia.
6. Rain falls in all seasons where I live.

GOAL CHECK Describe Regional Foods

1. Think of a special dish from your area or region of the world. Take a few notes
about each question below. Then use your notes to tell a partner about the
special dish.
What is the name of the dish? When are the ingredients available?
When do people usually eat it? How do people prepare the dish?
What are some of the ingredients? How do you feel about the dish?

2. Get together with another pair and tell them about the special dishes you
described.
The dish is called ceviche, and
it is popular in Peru. We make it
with seafood and lime juice. Some
of the other ingredients are...

Food for Life 7

c GOAL Describe Favorite Dishes

Language Expansion
0 Look at the Healthy Eating Pyramid from Australia. In pairs, choose the correct
phrase from the box to complete each sentence below.

a. fish, beans, and nuts d. milk, yogurt, and cheese

b. spinach, tomatoes, and carrots e. pasta, bread, and rice
c. pineapples and grapes f. pizza and canned foods

1. Vegetables that are high in vitamins include-------

2. Foods high in protein include meat,-------

3. Many people eat grains at every meal. Grains

include

4. Many fruits are sweet. Fruits that have a lot of sugar

in them include

5. Dairy foods come from animals such as cows--------

are all dairy.

6. Don’t eat too much salt. Salty foods include-------

W O RD F O CUS Simple Past

With the simple past,
we often use: Use the simple past to talk about We l e a r n e d how to make pizza yesterday,
completed past actions or situations. Our class w a s interesting last we ek.
yesterday / the day
before yesterday
Some verbs are regular in the simple past. ask-asked cook-cooked
days / weeks / years /
They have an -ed ending. learn-learned ne ed-needed
months ago
last week / month I
Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. choose-chose eat-ate
year
give-gave go-went

Follow the instructions in pairs.

1. List 10 of your favorite things to eat and drink.
2. Talk about the nutrition in each item on your list. Use some of the bold words
from A.
3. Plan a healthy meal. Explain your plan to another pair of students.

It has some protein and We chose peach yogurt as the

vitamins, but I don’t think you dairy food. It has some sugar in it,
should eat a lot of pasta. but it’s also high in protein.

8 Unit 1
 Complete the conversation. Use the simple past of the verbs.

Mary: Tell me about yourself, Pedro.

Pedro: Well, I love to travel. Last year, I (1)(travel) to Greece.
Mary: Wow! You (2)(go) to Greece?
Pedro: Yes, and I (3)--------------------- (meet) my friend Vasilys and his family there.
They (4)--------------------- (show) me around Athens and (5)
(introduce) me to many new foods. We (6)(eat) a lot!
Mary: That sounds like fun.
Pedro: It was. I (7)(eat) seafood and lamb, and I (8)
(try) a dish...
—
Q Complete each sentence so it is true for you. Use the simple past and words from dairy
the box. Then, share your sentences with a partner. dish
1. (eat) Yesterday, I_____________________________________________________ grain(s)

2. (like) When I was a child, I_____________________________________________ meal

protein
3. (prepare) Last week, I________________________________________________
salt
4. (buy) The last time I went to the grocery store,
special
5. (order) The last time I went to a restaurant, sugar

vegetable(s)
Conversation vitamins

A 4 Close your book and listen to the conversation. What is Albert eating?
What is it made from?

Albert: You should try this! My aunt made it.

Mary: Mmmm... Delicious! What is it?
Albert: It’s called couscous. It’s made from wheat.
Mary: And what’s this on top of the couscous?
Albert: Mostly vegetables and some kind of sauce.
Mary: How did your aunt learn to cook it?
REAL LA N G UA GE
Albert: Her great-uncle married a woman from North Africa. That’s where
When you share food
couscous is from. They always ate it on special occasions.
with someone, you
Mary: What an interesting family history! can say:
Albert: Yeah, and a great family recipe. You should try this!
Would you like to try it?
Practice the conversation. Tell your partner about foods from other parts of the world. Do you want a bite?

GOAL CHECK Describe Favorite Dishes My whole family ate my

grandmother’s spaghetti. Do
You want to share a photo of your favorite dish on a social media website. In pairs, you think I should write that?
discuss what you should include in the post:

Why did you eat the dish? Who prepared the dish? What ingredients were in the dish?
Who ate the dish? How did the dish taste? Your ide a : ________________________

Food for Life 9

D GOAL Discuss Diet Trends

Reading The
0 In pairs, describe diets that you or someone you
know have followed. Were they effective?

Q Read the title and the first sentence of each Paleo

Diet:
paragraph. Which of these popular diets is I are
mentioned in the article?
a. vegan diet c. low-calorie diet

Natural
b. paleo diet d. raw foods diet

Q Read the article. Write examples of different

foods in the correct columns.

Foods people eat

on a paleo diet
Foods people do NOT
eat on a paleo diet
and
Healthy?
Q Read the question at the end of the first
paragraph. Match each answer below with the
correct person. There is one extra answer.
a. A person who is following a paleo diet
b. Dr. Peter Ungar
1. Maybe, because there are many
choices at the supermarket.
2. No, because not eating certain kinds
of food isn’t healthy or natural.
3. Yes, because not eating foods from
farmers is more natural.

QGOAL CHECK
Create a one-day menu plan for a paleo diet. What
might that person eat for breakfast, lunch, dinner,
and snacks? Then, discuss the questions.
1. Would this diet work well for you? Why?
2. Does the paleo diet seem enjoyable?
Practical? Healthy?

10 Unit 1
 Modern supermarkets give us many choices. For Dr. Peter Ungar, the truth is not so simple.
There are colorful fruits and vegetables, fresh fish In human history, people have eaten a wide variety
and meat, many kinds of bread, eggs, yogurt, and of foods. Early human beings lived in different
cheese. But at the same time, people in the modern places with different climates, so many kinds of
world are experiencing health problems, such as food were available to our ancestors—including
diabetes and heart disease. Could the food we eat some grains—even before farming began. Dr.
be causing some of these problems? Ungar says our ability to eat in many different ways
and to be healthy whether we live in the Arctic or
One explanation for modern health problems is
in the tropics is the important thing. One thing is
that they began when human beings became farmers
certain, though: If you do decide to try a paleo diet,
about 12,000 years ago. Around that time, people
remember that your meals might actually have less
started growing and eating crops, such as wheat and
variety than the meals of your early ancestors.
rice. Some people believe that returning to an earlier
way of eating—a “paleo diet” that includes only meat, experience have something happen to you
fish, and fruits and vegetables—might be a solution truth facts, not things that are imagined or invented
to our modern health problems. ancestors parents, grandparents, and other people who lived
before you
A paleo diet is special because it doesn’t include ability quality or skill that makes it possible for you to do
something
grains, dairy foods, or legumes, such as peanuts or
beans. For many of us, it is not possible to prepare
our favorite dishes without these ingredients. But
people who follow a paleo diet only eat foods people
ate before farming began. They believe this is a
more natural and healthier way to eat.
 GOAL Give Details to Support Your Ideas

Communication
0 Discuss the questions in a small group.
You can have a Many social events include food. What do you know about each social event
picnic at a park below? Where does it take place, how many people are there, and what do they
or at the beach.
usually eat and drink?
It’s very informal, 1
and you might eat a dinner party a family dinner
a birthday party
sandwiches or
lunch with coworkers an outdoor picnic a w edding dinner or fe ast
salads and fruit. ____________________________

Describe a recent social event in your life. What happened? What did you eat?

Writing
Q Read the information in the box. Then discuss the questions below.

Main Idea
When you are re ading, it is important to look for the writer’s main ide as. These are the
important points or claims the writer wants to make. For example :

For Peter Ungar, the truth is not so simple.

One explanation for modem health problems is that they began when humans
became farmers thousands of years ago.

Supporting Details
After you re ad a main idea, it is helpful to look for details—information that helps you
understand the main ide a or believe the writer’s claim. For example :

...in human history, people have eaten a wide variety of foods.

W O RD F O CUS
Many kinds of food were available to our ancestors.
claim something that
a person says is true
1. What main idea do the details in the box above support?
2. How do the details help you understand or believe that main idea?

P l a n t - b a s e d l a s a g n a is a
h e a l t h y v e g e t a r i a n m e a l.

12 Unit 1
0 Read the paragraph from an internet food blog. Notice the main idea (underlined)
and the details that support the main idea.

There are many good dishes to serve at a dinner party, but I recommend
baked lasagna. It is great for parties because it is a dish you can make in
advance. For example, if you have time the night before the party, you can
make the lasagna and put it in the refrigerator until the next day. In addition,

everyone seems to like lasagna. If your guests eat meat, you can make a
meat and cheese lasagna, but if your guests are vegetarian, a vegetable
lasagna is just as delicious. A good tomato sauce, together with the pasta
REAL LA N G UA GE
and other ingredients, is really all you need. Lasagna can even be vegan if
Quotation marks can
you can find good vegan “cheese” at the store. Finally, it’s a good party food tell us a word is being
used in an unusual
because you don’t need to prepare a lot of other dishes when you serve
way. Vegan “cheese,”
lasagna. A simple green salad and some Italian bread go well with lasagna. for example, is not
made from milk.
And maybe some dessert—after all, it is a party!
vegetarian a person who does not eat meat, fish, or chicken
vegan contains no animal foods, including milk, cheese, or eggs

Read the paragraph again and complete the outline below.

Main Idea: I recommend baked lasagna for a dinner party.

Supporting Details: 1. You can make lasagna in advance.
2 _________________________
3 ____ _____________________

Ina small group, brainstorm ideas for these possible writing topics. What ideas
do you have about each topic? What details might you include?

Write about a social event you attended recently.

Write about a bad meal that you had. W R I T I NG N OTE
You can use because
Write about people’s eating habits in your country or culture. to introduce reasons.
Choose ONE topic from the list above and write a paragraph in your notebook. Notice the two places
the blog writer uses
Your paragraph should have a main idea near the beginning and three or four
because.
supporting details.

GOAL CHECK
Give Details to Support Your Ideas
In pairs, discuss the topic you chose.

Food for Life 13

O What do you think daily life is like for bakers— D.| In pairs, practice using the expressions from the
people who bake bread for a living? Discuss video.
your ideas with a partner.
1. Tell each other about a time when you were
“climbing the walls.” Why were you
In Your Opinion: A Baker’s Life
so bored?
1. Bakers start working very
early in the morning. T F 2. Tell each other about a time when you tried
something and “nailed it.”
2. Bakers have to do the same
IH In pairs, talk about the meaning of the quotation
thing over and over again. T F
below. Is McInnis really talking about dancing?
3. Bakers are creative and make
a variety of different breads. T F “You’re learning a dance, and you’re thinking
about the steps all the time. ... And when
4. Bakers make a food that is very you learn the dance, you just kind of do it—you
important in people’s daily diets. T F don’t have to think about it anymore.”
5. Bakers need to practice a lot — David McInnis
to become good at their job. T F
F Tell your partner about something you have
6. Bakers do a boring job. It’s
learned to do well. What are the “steps”? How
not very exciting work. T F
did you learn to do them?
B Read a quotation from the manager of the Wide
Awake Bakery in Ithaca, New York, USA. In REAL LA N G UA GE
pairs, talk about the meaning of the quotation. A sweet spot is a time or
I don’t want to say that the bakery is an place where everything
happens perfectly.
experiment. But, it’s more like... it’s more like
saying, “Why not? Why not do it right?” When you study for an
exam, find the sweet spot
— Stefan Senders
between not enough and
C Watch the video and take brief notes. What do too much study.
you notice about...
1. ...the two people in the video (Stefan
Senders and David McInnis)?

2. ...the bakery (where the bread is made)?

i
3. ...the bread dough (before it is baked)?

4. ...the bread oven?

5. ...the finished bread (after it is baked)?

15
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a nd 1 How do these men know 2 What do you think they are
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: each other? talking about?

Marine biologist chats

with local salmon
fisherman in Scotland.

UNIT 2 GOALS
A. Talk about Yourself

B. Make Small Talk with New People

C. Start a Conversation

1 D. Discuss Endangered Languages

E. Give Examples

17
 GOAL Talk about Yourself

Vocabulary
Q Read.

Every culture around the world has

different customs and different ways of
communicating. So when you learn a
language, you learn more than words.
People use language to communicate
many different things. Greetings, such as
“Hello” or “How are you?,” show that we
are friendly or polite. We also use language
to connect with each other. Using the right
words can show our family members that
we love them, for example. We might also
become friends with people who we speak
to every day. Another good way to connect
with people is by talking about our personal
experiences.
In some cultures, it is common to ask
questions when you meet someone for the
first time. You might ask a new neighbor,
“Have you recently moved to this city?” This
kind of conversation can increase feelings
of trust between people. In other cultures,
though, asking this kind of question could
make people uncomfortable. Once you
have learned the rules of a language, you
can communicate more easily and avoid
communication problems.

Selfies a r e a n
i m port a n t p art of □ Circle the correct word or phrase. You may use a dictionary to help you.
ho w w e t alk a bou t
o u rselv es n o w! 1. A custom is something that few/ most people in a certain place or culture do.
2. The way we do something is how/ why we do it.
3. When you communicate with someone, you share money/ information with them.
4. A polite person has good manners and is not rude / nice to other people.
5. When you connect with other people, you feel doser / not as close to them.
6. After a long day at work or school, most people become sad/ tired.
7. Your experiences are things that you do or that return / happen to you.
8. If something happens often / rarely, it is common.
9. If the amount of something increases, there is more / less of it.
10. Most people avoid things they like / don’t like.

18 Unit 2
Grammar
The Present Perfect vs. The Simple Past

Use the present perfect to talk about actions that:

1. began in the past and continue until the present. 1. They h a v e k n o w n e ach other since the first grade.
2. happened at an indefinite past time and affect 2. Tim h a s t r a v e l e d alone before, so he ’s not nervous
the present. about his trip to India.
3. happened more than once in the past. 3. Ken and Takako h a v e b e e n to Peru five times.

Use the simple past for completed actions or Th e y hav e b e com e par e nts tn 2017.
situations at a specific past time. They became parents in 2017.

Complete each sentence with the present perfect or simple past form of the verb.
1. I think Lee will do well on the test. He(study) a lot for it.
2. Elena(take) the same test last year.
3. Sam(travel) to Argentina four times. He loves it there!
4. Jason doesn’t want to call his mother tonight. He(call)
her every night for the past week.
5. We(learn) some Arabic greetings and polite phrases
before our trip to Qatar last year.

□ Complete the questions. Ask a partner. If the answer is “yes,” ask, “When?”

Have you ever...

1. eaten food? 4. played _
2. seen a movie from 5. talked to
(country)?
3. gone to?

GOAL CHECK Talk about Yourself

Use the questions to interview a partner. Then switch roles.

Interview Questions
1. What is a custom from your culture that you really like?
2. What are some things you have done just to be polite?
3. When you meet new people, do you avoid talking to them, or do you
try to communicate with them? Explain.
4. Talk about some of your closest friends. How did you become friends
with them?
5. What was your favorite way to spend time with the people in your family?
6. Talk about an important experience in your life. How has it
affected you?

Express Yourself 19
 GOAL Make Small Talk with New People

Listening
t A 6 These people are meeting for the first time. Listen to their conversations.
Where are the people?
Conversation 1 The speakers are in
a. a hospital b. a school c. an airport
Conversation 2 These people are in
a. a restaurant b. an apartment c. an office building
building

Listen again. What do the people make small talk about?

Conversation 1 They make small talk about
a. classes b. weather c. clothes
Conversation 2 They make small talk about
a. sports b. TV shows c. the neighborhood

W O RD F O CUS 0 In pairs, decide what the speakers will talk about next. Think of two more ideas
make small talk for each conversation.
talk about things that
aren’t important PRONUNCIATION: Have or Has vs. Contractions

In statements with the present perfect, have and has are sometimes pronounced
completely, but in informal spe aking, contractions may be used.

WEI Listen and repeat.

W O RD F OCUS Have Contraction Has Contraction

Remember that has is I have I’ve she has she’s
pronounced with a /z/
you have you’ve he has he’s
sound.
She has already we have we’ve it has it’s
watched that movie,
they have they’ve
so she doesn't want to
see it again. A 8 Listen and circle the sentences you hear.
1. a. I have never gone skiing. b. I’ve never gone skiing.
2. a. He has been to Colombia three times. b. He’s been to Colombia three times
3. a. Linda has taken a scuba diving class. b. Linda’s taken a scuba diving class,
4. a. They have already eaten breakfast. b. They’ve already eaten breakfast.
5. a. We have had three tests this week. b. We’ve had three tests this week.
6. a. Michael has found a new job. b. Michael’s found a new job.

20 Unit 2
Communication
Q Read.

English speakers often make small talk when they meet someone new.
In general, small talk should make people feel more comfortable—not less
comfortable—so the topics should not be very personal. For example, “Which
department do you work in?” is a good question at work, but “How much
money do you make?” is too personal.

o Circle the topics that are good for small talk when you meet someone for the first
time. Then add two more ideas. Compare your ideas in pairs.
family money religion school sports work

In pairs, read the situations. Choose a question to ask for each situation. Then,
write and practice brief conversations based on the situations.
Situation 1 Min-Hee talks to Judy. It’s Judy’s first day at this job.
a. Are you new in this city? b. Are you making a good
salary here?
Situation 2 Andrei is from Russia. He talks to Eduardo at the International
Students’ Club. It’s Eduardo’s first meeting.
a. Where are you from? b. Do you practice a religion?
Situation 3 Mark lives in apartment 104. He meets his new neighbor Lisa in the
apartment building.
a. Do you like living here? b. Are you married?
Situation 4 Liz is making small talk with another student in her class.
a. What was your grade b. Did you think the
on the test? test was difficult?

With your partner, discuss the “incorrect” answers from H.

Why do you think those questions might make someone feel
uncomfortable? Do you think it’s the same in every culture?

Make Small Talk with New People

In pairs, write four good questions to ask when you meet
someone new. Then join another pair and ask and answer
your questions. Are all of the questions good for making
Smalltalk?
c GOAL Start a Conversation
Language Expansion: Starting a Conversation
Read the questions below. Think of different ways to answer them.

E N G A G E! Starting a Conversation
Are you shy or How do you like this we ather? Are you enjoying this class?
outgoing when Did you he ar a b o u t ? (something in the news, for
you meet new
example)
people? Do you like
How long have you be en waiting? (for the elevator, the bus, the me eting to
to make small talk?
begin, etc.)

In pairs, choose one of these situations. Try to make small talk for as long as you
can. Then change partners and situations and practice again.

at a w elcome party for new students waiting in line in the office cafeteria
at the airport walking in the park

Grammar

Present Perfect Signal Words: Already, Yet, Ever, and Never

already Use already with questions and affirmative H a s Roberta a l r e a d y l e f t ?

statements to clarify if something has happened in We h a v e a l r e a d y s t u d i e d this.
the past.

Use yet /not yet in questions and negative H a v e you d o n e the writing homework y e t ?
(not) yet John h a s n ’ t s e n t the text message y e t .
statements for emphasis.

(not) ever Use ever/never (not ever) in questions and H a v e you e v e r met her?
never negative statements to talk about something that We h a v e n e v e r lost our house keys.
has or has not happened at any time before now. We h a v e n ’ t e v e r be en bored in class.

’’W-. <
T w o p e ople, o n t h eir w a y
+*& " i
h o m e , s t a r t a c o n v e rs a t i o n
Unit 2 i n M il a n , I t a ly.
 Two classmates are talking. Fill in the blanks in the conversation.

A: Have you ever traveled to another country?

B: No, I have (1)--------- left this country, but I want to go to Colombia someday.
Some of my cousins live there.

A: I see. Have (2)--------- already met your Colombian cousins?

B: Yes, I have (3)--------- them already. They came here last year.

A: That's nice. Are there any other countries you want to visit?

B: I want to visit Australia someday. (4) you ever been there?

A: No, I haven’t (5)--------- been there. Why do you want to go?

B: Well, I learned about Australian Rules football last year, but

I (6)--------- not played the game yet. Maybe I can play it in Australia!

Q Practice the conversation in C with a partner.

MY WORLD In pairs, discuss the questions about traveling.

1. What are some places you have traveled to?

2. Where would you like to go that you haven’t been yet?

Conversation
□SB Close your book and listen to the conversation. What do the speakers
decide to do about the homework?

Tom: Excuse me. Are you in my history class?

Rita: Yes! I saw you in class yesterday. I’m Rita.
SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y
Tom: Hi, Rita. I’m Tom. Is this your first class with Mr. Olsen?
After you answer a
Rita: Yes, it is, but I’ve heard good things about him. What about you? question, say What
Tom: I’ve taken his classes before, and they’ve always been good. about you? or How
about you? to keep
Rita: That’s great. Have you already done the homework for tomorrow? the conversation
Tom: No, not yet. How about you? going.
Rita: Not yet. Maybe we can call each other to talk about it.
Tom: That’s a great idea! I’ll give you my number.

a Conversation
Move around the class. Walk up to five classmates and start a short conversation. Have you ever taken a class
Choose a topic and use Have you ever...? with Ms. Lee before?

classes foods movies sports travels your ide a

Yes, I took an art
class with her.

Express Yourself 23
D GOAL Discuss Endangered
Languages

Reading
o In pairs, discuss the questions.

1. How many languages are spoken in your

country? There are around 7,099 languages in
the world today. However, most people
2. How many languages do you speak? speak the largest languages: Chinese,
3. Do you think language and culture are related? Spanish, English, Hindi, Russian, Arabic,
and others. So what about the smaller
Q Are these statements true or false? Answer before
languages? According to the UNESCO
you read the article. Then read and check. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger,
1. Most people in the world speak a “large” around one third of the world’s languages
language with many speakers. now have fewer than 1,000 speakers. We
may soon lose those languages completely.
2. We will not lose any more languages in the In fact, 230 languages became “extinct"
future. between 1950 and 2010.
3. Few people are learning the Maori language. Unfortunately, when we lose a
4. Technology is a danger to languages. language, we also lose culture and
knowledge. That’s because people in
Q For each idea, circle the TWO correct examples different places have different ways of
from the article. living and thinking. One example of this is
the Tuvan language of southern Siberia.
1. world languages with the largest number of Tuvan people depend on animals for food
speakers and other basic needs. Their language
Hindi Maori Spanish shows this close connection between
people and animals. The Tuvan word
2. Tuvan words that show a connection with ezenggileer, for example, means “to sing
animals with the rhythms of riding a horse.” And
ak byzaa songgaar ezenggileer the word ak byzaa is “a white calf less
than one year old.”
3. technology that helps save endangered
languages In some places, people are working to
save traditional languages. Many schools
telephones the internet talking dictionaries
in New Zealand now teach the Maori
language. This helps connect native New
El GOAL CHECK Zealanders to their Maori culture. And in
the United Kingdom, Welsh is spoken by
Discuss the questions in a small group. Then share around 500,000 people in Wales. The
your ideas with another group or with the class. Welsh government is working to increase
that number to one million by 2050.
1. Why might it be important to speak one of
the world’s “large” languages? Make a list of Technology could be another important
3-4 reasons. way to save endangered languages.
National Geographic’s Enduring Voices
2. Why are organizations trying to save project has created “Talking Dictionaries.”
endangered languages? Why are those These dictionaries are the recorded
languages important? voices of people communicating with each
other. All of them are fluent speakers of
endangered languages. And because
these dictionaries are available to anyone

24 Unit 2
on the internet, people now and in the
future can learn some of the vocabulary, the
greetings, and the grammar rules of past
languages.

extinct a language is extinct when it has no living

speakers.
rhythm a regular series of sounds or movements
calf a young cow
endangered in danger of soon becoming extinct
 GOAL Give Examples

Communication
0 Discuss the questions in pairs.
1. Look at the box. Which ways to learn a language have you experienced?
2. Which has been the most helpful to you?

conversations with a spe aker language textbooks

of the language lists of vocabulary words
electronic dictionaries television or movies
explanations from a te acher other ---------------------------------------------

B Read the information.

Technology for Language Learning

Vide o Ch at O n li n e V i d e os
You ’re probably alre ady using video chat with your Many kinds of videos are online. They combine
friends and family. You can also find people to practice language and pictures, and they can show us different
a new language with. cultures as well.

A p ps G a m e A p ps
A few apps help language le arners practice new Using some apps is similar to playing video games.
vocabulary. Some have electronic flashcards with You work your way from level to level, and you can
words, definitions, and example sentences. e arn points as you go.

N e w s Bro adcasts S o ci a l M e d i a
It's common for news agencies such as the BBC to Many people find interest groups and “ like ” them on
broadcast stories from around the world. You can social media. It’s a way to connect and communicate
watch or read them for free. with people like yourself.

Q Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. Which of the technologies have you used? How have you used them?
2. How might each kind of technology be helpful for language learning?
3. What kinds of technology might be the most and least helpful for you? Why?

Writing

WRITING SKILL: Giving Examples

Giving examples is a good way to help your re ader understand your ide as. Two common
ways to introduce examples are such as and for example.
Study tools, such as flash cards, can be helpful for learning new vocabulary.
It’s also important to find ways to hear a new language. For example, online
videos and music are good for listening practice.

26 Unit 2
□ Complete the sentences.

1. An app for video chats, such as, can be helpful for

practicing a new language.
2. There are several good ways to learn new vocabulary. For example, I like to
use______________________________________________________________
3. It’s important to read something in your new language every day. For example,

4. Don’t forget to talk with people who can help you, such as

In your notebook, make a list of 3-4 things you do and don’t recommend for
language learning. Use your own ideas and examples.

Do Don’t
• Do find fun ways to practice the language. For • Don ’ t spend all your time reading things such as
example, use an app that se ems like a game. news reports. You can listen to them as well.

Q Exchange your list with a partner and answer the questions.

1. Do you understand everything on your partner’s list?

2. Can you suggest any other examples for your partner to use?

GOAL CHECK Give Examples I think children learn a lot from language
teachers. For example, they might sing songs
In small groups, look at the box. Talk about good ways for these or practice saying new words in class.
different kinds of people to learn a language. Use examples.

employees at a company people such as you That’s true, and older students
like to use social media websites,
high school or university tourists planning to visit another such as Facebook and Twitter.
students country
older people with free time young children

Express Yourself 27
VIDEO JOURNAL
M A RI E’S DI C T I O N A R Y

gj Read. Then choose the correct word or phrase.

1. If you are fluent in a language, you speak it
Marie Wilcox is the last fluent speaker of
very well I badly.
the Wukchumni language. It’s the Native
American language of a group of people 2. California is in the eastern I western United
from central California. States.

Marie learned Wukchumni from her 3. Marie Wilcox had teachers I family members
who spoke the Wukchumni language.
grandparents, who did not speak English
at home. In recent years, Marie decided to 4. A dictionary is a book with the words /
create a Wukchumni dictionary. history of a language.

L a k e S u c c e ss is a r e s e r v o i r
a n d d a m t h a t pro vid es w a t er
t o n e a r b y s m a ll t o w n s a t t h e
e ast e r n e d g e of t h e C e n tr al
V a ll e y i n T u l a r e C o u n t y ,
C a li f o r n i a .
 What parts of learning English have been 1. says she spoke English as a child
easy or difficult for you? Rank the skills from 2. tells a story about animals and people
1 (easiest) to 5 (most difficult).
3. uses a machine to record the sounds
of Wukchumni
Learning a Language
4. help Marie with the dictionary
Q Learning the definitions or meanings
of words. 5. types slowly on the computer keyboard

2] Learning sounds and being able to Watch again and answer the questions in your
understand the language. notebook.

Q Learning pronunciation and being able 1. How would you describe Marie?
to speak the language. 2. How is Marie’s family helping her?
Q Learning grammar rules and making 3. Who speaks Wukchumni better, Marie’s
correct sentences. daughter or her grandson?

Q Having confidence in your language 4. In the story, which animal won the race to
ability. the top of the mountain?

sounds things that you hear Discuss the questions in groups.

confidence feeling comfortable and sure about your
abilities 1. What languages are spoken in your country?
Do these languages have small or large
3 Watch the video and match the actions with the numbers of speakers?
correct person or people.
2. Do a lot of people in your country want
a. Marie Wilcox to learn English or other widely spoken
b. Jennifer Malone (Marie’s daughter) languages? Why?

c. Donovan Treglown (Marie’s grandson) 3. What effects have English or other

languages had on your country? For
example, do most children still speak the
same language as their grandparents?
UNIT

Cities

Amsterdam-based architects won an

international competition to design a
pedestrian bridge over Dragon King
Harbor River in Changsha, China.
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a nd 1 Is it important that 2 Does your city have
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: cities be beautiful? landmarks like bridges
and rivers?

UNIT 3 GOALS
A. Make Predictions about Your City
or Town

B. Explain What Makes a Good

* Neighborhood

/, C. Discuss the Pros and Cons of

. City Life

4 D. Evaluate Solutions to a Problem K

E. Explain What Makes a Good City

 GOAL Make Predictions about Your City or Town

Vocabulary
0 Read the article.
Changing Cities
By the year 2050, 66% of the people on Earth will live in large
cities. That’s around two-thirds of the world’s population. Most of
these people will live in tall apartment buildings, so it makes sense
to design those buildings in ways that are good for the environment.
Gardens on top of buildings, for example, save energy for heating
and cooling. They are also a comfortable place for people to spend
time—away from the traffic on the noisy city streets below.
Walking from place to place is a big part of city life.
However, when pedestrians need to walk across streets, there
can be problems. One solution to these problems are the
“X-crossings” found in Tokyo, Japan and other cities. There,
when the light turns red, all of the cars, buses, and other
vehicles must stop. Then, the pedestrians can cross in any
direction. Another solution could be neighborhoods with more
shops and restaurants on every block. This makes it easier for
people to walk to the places they need to go.
Every big city needs good ways for people to get around.
In the future, more cities will have as many kinds of public
transportation as Hong Kong. With more than seven million
people in a fairly small area, Hong Kong is a crowded place. So, in
addition to cars and taxis, Hong Kong residents ride buses, trains,
boats, and streetcars—all good ways to get around the city.

M a n h a t t a n’s H i g h
Li n e P a r k
o Write each word in blue next to the correct meaning.
1. all of the people who live in a certain area
2. parts of a city where people live
3. machines, such as cars or trucks, that carry people or
things from place to place
4. people who are walking
5. full of loud sounds
6. all the vehicles moving on the roads in an area
W O RD F O CUS
7. full of people
traffic jam so many
vehicles in the street 8. plan how something should be
that they can’t move
9. all the ways of taking people or things from one place to
population growth
another
a growing number
of people living in a 10. the number 1,000,000
place

32 Unit 3
Grammar
Future with Will • . . ' ■ ; ' • ' . ' • ' •• • .

Statements The city w ill b e safer for pedestrians. Use will + the base form of a verb
to talk about the future.
Negatives We w o n ’ t h a v e space for any more traffic.
In spe aking, we often use contractions
Yes /No questions W ill the population c o n t i n u e to grow? with will: I’ll, you’ll, we’ll, they’ll, she'll, he’ll.
Note the irregular negative contraction for
Wh- questions Where w ill people li v e ? will not: won’t.

What do you think? Circle Y for yes or N for no. Compare answers in pairs.
In the year 2040...
1. My city will have a larger population thanit does now. Y N
2. People will still drive cars in the city. Y N
3. Buildings will be taller than they are now. Y N
4. There will be more parks and gardens in the city. Y N

Q Complete the sentences with words from the box.

be

1. Adam will in Vancouver, Canada all next week. enjoy

he
2. That’s great!he take a tour of Vancouver?
se e
3. Yes, that way he will different neighborhoods.
want
4. Will use the public transportation there?
will
5. I think so. He probably won’t to spend money on taxis.
6. That sounds great. I think he will really his visit!

In pairs, think about the city or town you are in now. What will it be like 10 years
Will our city have a
from now? larger population 10
years from now?
enough jobs for everyone a larger population
many shops and restaurants more vehicles and traffic jams
safer ways for pedestrians to cross streets several kinds of public transportation I think so. People will
taller apartment buildings
move here from the
your ide a ___________________________
countryside.

Our city will have... Our city won’t have...

GOAL CHECK In 10 years, our city will have a

larger population.
Make Predictions about Your City or Town
Join another pair of students and talk about the future of your city or town. Yes, but there won’t be enough
Use your list from E and will or won’t. jobs for all of those people.

Cities 33
B GOAL Explain What Makes a Good Neighborhood
Listening
Q Discuss these questions in pairs.

1. How often do you go to a park?

2. What do you do there?
3. What do you think about the parks in your city or town?

A 11 Listen to a radio program about a park in Paris called the Jardin Nomade.
Circle the correct letter.
1. The Jardin Nomade is unusual because it’s so--------------------
a. old b. large c. small
2. In the Jardin Nomade, people--------------------
a. grow food b. play sports c. enjoy art
3. Isabel Dupont and her neighbors will help other neighborhoods-------------------
a. next week b. next month c. next year

A 11 Listen again. Answer each question in your notebook.

1. What year did the park start?

2. How many gardens do people have in the park?

3. What do the neighbors eat there every month?

4. How many people come to the monthly dinners?

5. How many parks like this are there in Paris now?

Q MY WORLD What are some of the special things in your city? Answer the
question in pairs.

PRONUNCIATION: Stressed Syllables Before -tion Suffix

The syllable before the suffix-tion is stressed. This me ans the sound is a little longer
and louder than other syllables in the word.

Listen and repeat. Put the stress on the syllable in bold.

1. population 4. pollution

2. transportation 5. emotion

3. pronunciation 6. attention

Q In pairs, make new sentences using the

The population of the
words in E. city will probably grow.

34 Unit 3
Conversation
Close your book and listen to the conversation.

Ben: How do you like living in your neighborhood?

Sarah: Well, it has a lot of beautiful old buildings, but there
are some problems.
Ben: Like what?
Sarah: It doesn’t have many different stores. There’s only
one supermarket, so food is very expensive.
Ben: That sounds like a pretty big problem.
Sarah: It is, but the city is building a new shopping center
now. Next year, we’ll have more stores.

Practice the conversation in pairs. Then discuss the questions.

1. What is good about the neighborhood? What is bad?
2. How will the neighborhood be different in the future?
B ac k B a y n eigh b orh ood
Write the words or phrases from the box in the correct column
in B ost on, US
in your notebook. Add two more ideas to each column.
beautiful buildings
Good things in a neighborhood Bad things in a neighborhood
crime
heavy traffic
a lot of noise
pollution
public transportation
shops and restaurants
trees and green space

In pairs, make a conversation. Use your ideas from I.

What are the three most important things for a good neighborhood? Talk in pairs
about your ideas in I. Make a new list together. Give reasons.

Most important things for a good neighborhood Reason

1.

2.

3.

GOAL CHECK
Explain What Makes a Good Neighborhood
Explain your list to the class.

Cities 35
c GOAL Discuss the Pros and Cons of City Life
Language Expansion: City Life
art museums
0 Look at the list. Discuss the questions in pairs.
buses and trains 1. Which places might you visit for entertainment?
coffee shops 2. Which places might you visit for relaxation?
concert halls
3. Which places might you visit for some other purpose?
government
buildings
MY WORLD What public places do you visit in your city or town? Are there any
movie theaters
places on the list where you have never been?
parks and gardens
shopping centers
sports arenas
Grammar

Will + Time Clauses

A time clause says when something happens. We often use before I will look at the neighborhood carefully
or after at the beginning of a time clause. b efore I ch oose a n e w a p art m e nt.
Af t er I m o v e in t o m y n e w a p art m e n t,
I ’ll me et my neighbors.

In a sentence about the future, use the simple present in the They will design the garden a f t e r t h e y t a l k

time clause. to all of the neighbors.

The time clause can come first or second in the sentence. If the B e for e I ch oose a n e w a p a rt m e n t,
time clause comes first, it is followed by a comma. I will look at the neighborhood carefully.

Li g h t s h i n i n g o n t h e b u s y
ci t y o f B o g o t a , C o l o m b i a .

36 Unit 3 ■—
 Ask and answer the questions in pairs. Use time clauses
• Monday: Arrive in Bogota,
and the family’s plan for their city vacation.
Colombia at 1:15 p.m.
1. What will they do after
After they arrive, they will take a • Take a taxi to hotel; check in
they arrive?
taxi to their hotel and check in. at the hotel.
2. What will they do after
they check in at the hotel? • Walk to the Plaza Bolivar;
take pictures.
3. What will they do before they visit the art museum?
• Visit the Botero museum.
4. What will they do after they visit the art museum?
• Eat dinner at a restaurant.
5. What will they do before they leave Bogota?
• Tuesday: Take a tour of the city.

Conversation
Close your book and listen to the conversation. Where does each speaker live?

Sofia: What a great day it’s been!

Hana: I agree! When will you come downtown to visit me again?
Sofia: Maybe I'll come next Saturday. I want to see the new shopping center.
Hana: That sounds good, but I have my yoga-in-the-park class on Saturday mornings.
Sofia: Will you be free after you finish class?
Hana: Yes. We could have lunch before we go to the shopping center.
Sofia: Great! It sounds like another perfect day in the city.
Hana: And maybe I can visit you in the suburbs soon.

Q Read about Sofia’s situation.

Sofia likes living in a suburb outside the city. It is quiet and there are many gre en spaces,
such as parks and gardens. On the other hand, Sofia enjoys visiting her friend in the city.
She is thinking about moving downtown, but she has not yet made up her mind.

Think of reasons why Sofia should or shouldn’t move downtown. Finish her list of pros and cons.

Pros—Good things about city life Cons—Bad things about city life
1. Easy to visit interesting museums 1. City apartments are more expensive
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.

GOAL CHECK think Sofia will move downtown?

Discuss the Pros and Cons of City Life

Share your lists of pros and cons with a small group. Discuss Maybe, but she won’t like the noise.
what you think Sofia will do.

Cities 37
 GOAL Evaluate Solutions to a Problem

Reading
Q Look at the topics in the box. In pairs, talk about how
easy it is to do these things in your city.
/■
e ating out finding a park going to school

walking in your neighborhood

Scan the reading to find the information.

1. The name of a person__________________________
2. The title of a book______________________________
3. The names of three cities

0 Read the article. Circle the correct option.

1. Walking in cities can be slow I dangerous.
2. Engwicht wants cities to be better for pedestrians I
vehicles.
3. Nowadays, people have more I less contact with their
neighbors.
4. Brisbane / Boston is working to make its streets safer.
5. Engwicht travels all over Australia / the world with his
message.

Communication
Q Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. How much walking do you usually do?

2. Where do you usually walk?
3. Do you feel safe when you are walking? Explain.

EFGOAL CHECK
Your city wants to improve pedestrian safety. Rank the safety For short trips, for exercise, or just for
measures from 1 (most helpful) to 5 (least helpful). Then, in fun, walking can be better than driving
pairs, compare and discuss your answers. or riding. But in many cities, walking can
also be dangerous. Cars, trucks, and
more or better crosswalks
motorcycles are a danger to pedestrians,
lower speed limits and sometimes there are accidents.

fewer cars in the city David Engwicht, from Brisbane,

Australia, wants to do something about
more or better sidewalks
this. His book, Reclaiming Our Cities and
____________ (your idea) Towns, has a simple message: We need
to take back our streets and make them
better places for walking.

38 Unit 3
 In the past, Engwicht says, streets belonged Engwicht travels around the world, helping
to everybody. Children played there, and people people think differently about pedestrians, streets,
walked to work or to stores. Now, however, most city and neighborhoods. Whether we live in a small town
engineers design streets for vehicles, such as cars, or a city with a population in the millions, Engwicht
trucks, and buses. People stay inside buildings to says we should think of streets as our “outdoor living
get away from the crowded sidewalks, the noisy room.” Changing the traffic is just the beginning.
streets, and the dangerous traffic. Unfortunately, this In the future, streets may again be safe places for
gives them less contact with their neighbors. people, and walking will be an even better form of
transportation than it is now.
Many cities are working to make their streets
safer for pedestrians. There are new crosswalks on
accident something harmful or unpleasant that happens by
the streets and more traffic lights and bicycle lanes. surprise
The city of Florence, Italy, only allows cars and sidewalk a path with a hard surface along the side of a street
buses with special permits to drive on its historic crosswalk a place where drivers must stop to let pedestrians
cross a street
city streets. In Boston, US, the Slow Streets program lane a part of a street that is marked with painted lines
gives some neighborhoods more stop signs and a permits official documents that allows you to do something
20 mph (32 kph) speed limit. These cities hope there
will be fewer accidents in the future.

Cities 39
 GOAL Explain What Makes a Good City

Communication
0 Look at the chart. Discuss the questions below in pairs.

City A City B

• good weather, sunny days • good schools, education

• plenty of jobs • parks, outdoor spaces
• safe • public transportation
• art, music, culture • safe for pedestrians

1. How does each item in the chart ^People spend time outdoors on sunny days.
improve city life?
2. Which city would you rather And they might get more exercise.
live in? Why?

MY WORLD Answer the question in pairs.

Think about your hometown or the city where you are now. Which of the items
from the chart in A does your city have?

Writing
WRITING SKILL: Topic Sentences

Most paragraphs in English begin with a topic sentence. The topic sentence tells us:

1. the main ide a (What is the paragraph about?)

2 . the controlling ide a (What does the paragraph say about the topic?)

A good topic sentence helps the re ader understand your ide as.

W R I T I NG N OTE Q Read the paragraph.

The words also and
and can show that main idea controlling idea
you are moving on to Gre en spaces incre ase the quality of life in cities. Parks, be aches, and other
the next idea. green spaces are good places to be active. Playing sports and doing other kinds
of recre ation helps people in cities stay healthy. These spaces a ls o give people
contact with nature. Se eing gre en plants and he aring birds in the tre es are ple asant
bre aks from a noisy city. A n d because they are good places for special events,
green spaces can make communities stronger. He aring a concert in the park with
friends and neighbors, for example, is a gre at way to enjoy city life.

Q Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. Where is the topic sentence located?

2. What are the three ways green spaces increase quality of life?
3. What other details does the writer include?

40 Unit 3
 P e o ple ro w in g
Choose the best topic sentence for the paragraph below. b o a t s a n d c y cli n g
in Ce n tral Park,
a. My city has numerous good places to work. N e w York
b. The national university is located in my city.
c. Good schools are one of the best things about my city.

-------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------- For children, there are

excellent public schools and private schools. Parents can decide which kind of
school is best for their child. For older students, the national university is located
in my city. It is quite large, and it attracts top professors from here and around the
world. And for people who want job training, my city has several technical schools.
They offer programs in everything from nursing to solar-energy technology. All of
these education options help to make my city a good place to live.

In your notebook, write a paragraph with a good topic sentence.

1. Choose one of the items from the chart in A.
2. Explain how or why it makes city life better.

GOAL CHECK Explain What Makes a Good City

In pairs, share your ideas about how or why these things make city life better.

Cities 41
VIDEO JOURNAL

TALKS
H OW T O REIN V E N T T H E
A P A R T M E N T B UILDIN G w
Q In pairs, talk about architecture in your city. Q Watch the video. Number the places in the
Does your city have high-rise buildings? Does order you see and hear about them.
your city have creative buildings or traditional ___ Beijing, China
ones?
___ Philadelphia, US
Discuss the questions with a partner. ___ Singapore

What are some of the high-density cities in ___ Hong Kong, China
1
the world?
2 What interesting buildings do you know
about?
3 Do you think most high-rise apartment
buildings are beautiful? Nice to live in? Why?

H a b i t a t 6 7 is a h o u si n g c o m p l e x
i n M o n t r e a l, C a n a d a d e si g n e d
□ Complete each sentence from the video with a Q Work in pairs.
word or phrase.
1. At the end of the video, you see Safdie’s
1. Let’s design a building which gives the building called Marina Bay Sands in
qualities of a to each Singapore. List several things you and your
unit. partner might like and dislike about living
2. In 1973,1 made my first trip to there.

Things we might Things we might

3. This is Beijing then—not a single like dislike
— -------------------- -- building in Beijing or
Shanghai.
4. So a few years ago, we decided to
— ----------------------- and rethink Habitat.
And we realized it’s basically about light, it’s 2. Do you think buildings like Safdie’s
about------------------ —------- , it’s about nature. will become more popular in the
future? Why?

MOSHE SAFDIE
Architect

Moshe Safdie’s idea worth spreading

is that apartment buildings should be
habitats that provide light, nature, and
user-friendly spaces for their inhabitants.
Watch Safdie’s full TED Talk on TED.com
UNIT
A The Body

44
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What words could 2 How does this kind of
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: you use to describe activity keep people
the photo? healthy?

UNIT 4 GOALS
A. Discuss Ways to Stay Healthy

B. Talk about Healthy Lifestyles

C. Suggest Helpful Natural Remedies

D. Describe the Benefits of a Positive

Attitude

E. Explain an Idea Using Details

45
A GOAL Discuss Ways to Stay Healthy

Vocabulary
0 Look at the picture. Fill in the blanks with the vocabulary words from the box.
F
a. artery b. bone c. brain d. heart e. joint f. kidney
g. lungs h. muscle i. skin j. stomach k. vein
-J

1. This pushes your blood through your body:

2. These carry blood around your body:
3. These bring air into your body:
4. This covers the outside of your body:
5. These make your body move:,---------
6. This lets you think and remember:
7. This is one of the organs that cleans your blood:___ _
8. This digests food:
9. This supports your body:

Listen and check (/) the words you hear.

.................................................................................................................................................................................... —.... X

□ artery □bone □ brain □ heart □ joint □ kidney

□ knee □ lungs □ muscle □ skin □ stomach □ vein

Grammar

The Comparative, Superlative, and Equ<ative

The c o m p a r a t i v e expresses similarities or Henry is h e a l t h i e r t h a n his father.
differences between two people or things. A cold is l e ss s e r i o u s t h a n the flu.
Form the comparative with an adjective + Nothing is m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n good
-er + than or more / less + adjective + than. health.

The s u p e r l a t i v e expresses extremes Walking is t h e h e a l t h i e s t exercise for

among three or more people or things. many older adults.

Form the superlative with the + adjective Having good social connections is
+ -est or the most / least + adjective. t h e m o s t b e n e f ici a l thing we can do
W O RD F O CUS for our health.
Some adjectives have
The e q u a t i v e is used when two people Sitting for too long can be a s h a r m f u l
irregular comparative
or things are or are not the same, use a s smoking cigarettes.
and superlative forms:
this pattern: (not) as + adjective + as For me, swimming in a pool is n o t a s
good / better / best
bad / worse / worst e n j o y a b l e a s taking a yoga class.

far / farther / farthest Add -er 1 -est to most adjectives with 1 or 2 syllables.
Use more/ less or the most/ least with some 2-syllable adjectives and all adjectives
of 3 or more syllables.

When adjectives end in -y, change the -y to -/ and add -er / -est.

46 Unit 4
Q Complete the sentences. Use the comparative, superlative, or equative forms,
and the words in parentheses.
1. Walking for exercise is(good) than running.
2. Some elderly people are(healthy) as some young people.
3. Too much stress is(bad) thing for your body.
4. Getting enough sleep is(beneficial) as getting enough
exercise.
5. Playing tennis is-----------------------------(not, enjoyable) as playing basketball.
6. Eating healthy food is-----------------------------(less important) than drinking
plenty of water.

Q Do you agree or disagree with the statements above? Discuss in

pairs, using the comparative, superlative, and equative forms.

Communication
In pairs, complete the table with ideas from the box. Add your
own ideas.

contact with friends & family eating fruits & vegetables

playing sports reading a good book
sleeping 7-8 hours taking a walk
\_ _______ J

Ways to Stay He althy

Daily Life Exercise Routine Other

Discuss the table in E. Which things are more important or less important for
staying healthy?

GOAL CHECK Discuss Ways to Stay Healthy

In pairs, talk about things you do to stay healthy. Complete these sentences: REAL LA N G UA GE
Common equative
I try to________________________________________________________________
expressions include:
I try not to_____________________________________________________________ As soon as possible
As much as possible
to walk as much as possible.

I try not to eat a

The Body 47
B GOAL Talk about Healthy Lifestyles

Listening
Q Discuss the questions in pairs.
W O R D F O C US
genes parts of a cell 1. What determines how healthy you are?
that control physical
2. Are your genes or your lifestyle more important?
characteristics (eye
color, height, etc.)
Listen to three people talk about their health. Write the letter (A-C) to
lifestyle how we live
match the speaker to the correct topic.
1. Exercise 2. Diet 3. Healthy genes----------------

Listen again and answer the questions in your notebook.

Speaker A:
1. What kind of exercise does Speaker A get?
2. Which family members does Speaker A mention?

Speaker B:
3. What kind of exercise does Speaker B get?

4. How often does Speaker B get sick?

Speaker C:
5. Why did Speaker C change her diet when she got older?
6. What do some people think about Speaker C’s diet?

W or king in a
co m m u nit y g ard e n
ca n b e a good form
o f e x e r cis e .
□ MY WORLD Interview a partner. Then tell the class about your partner’s lifestyle.

• Exercise: What kind do you get? • Diet: What do you usually eat?
How often?

PRONUNCIATION: Linking with the Comparative and Superlative

When we use the comparative -er or more, and the next word starts with an /r/
sound, the words are linked together.
When we use the superlative -est or most, and the next word starts with a /t/
sound, the words are linked together.
She’ll run in a longer race next month. We had the best time of our lives.

A 18 Listen to the sentences. Notice how the sounds are linked. Listen again
and repeat.
1. Watching a sunset is morejelaxing than watching TV.
2. This is the besMea for your stomach.
3. My grandfather is a faster runner than I am.
4. Which exercise is the mosUiring?
5. You’ll need a bettemeason than that.
6. I like to buy the freshest tomatoes I can find for my salads.

Communication
What are the best kinds of food and exercise for a healthy lifestyle? In pairs,
I feel good if I eat some
rate the foods from least healthy (1) to healthiest (5). Add one idea of your own.
meat or fish every day.
Then do the same with the types of exercise. Compare your list with the list
of another pair.
___ bread ____ fruit ____ meat ____ vegetables But is meat healthier
than vegetables?
___ running ____ swimming ____ walking ____ yoga

GOAL CHECK Talk about Healthy Lifestyles Our generation is healthier

because doctors know more
Discuss the questions in a small group. Use some of the ideas below and now than in the past.
your own ideas.
Is your generation (the people near your age) healthier or less healthy than
your parents’ or your grandparents’ generation? Why do you think so?
Are our parents healthier
r \ because they spend more time
a healthy diet contact with friends and family with friends and neighbors?
doctors and medicine enough exercise

having energy to do things living a long time

your ide a : ______________________ ____ your ide a : ___________________________

\____ ___ ____ ____ __ ____________ _ ___7

The Body 49
 GOAL Suggest Helpful Natural Remedies

Language Expansion: Everyday Ailments

For every common health problem, there’s a product for sale to cure it. Are you
suffering from insomnia? There’s a pill to help you fall asleep. Did a pimple appear on
your face? There’s a cream for that. If you have a headache after a long day at work,
or perhaps a sore throat and fever, you can buy something to make you feel better.
Do you have indigestion because you ate the wrong kind of food? There’s a pill to end
the burning feeling in your stomach. If food won’t stay in your stomach at all, you can
take some medicine to end the nausea. Or maybe you ate too fast, so now you have
the hiccups. Well, you won’t find anything at the pharmacy for hiccups, but there’s
probably a company working on a new product for that right now.

Write the words in blue next to their definition.

1. not being able to sleep
2. high body temperature
3. a repeated sound in your throat, often from eating too quickly
4. a feeling that what’s in your stomach will come up
5. pain in the stomach because of something you have eaten
6. a small raised spot on the skin
I know about using
7. a pain in your head olive oil to help
with dry skin.
8. a general feeling of pain in the throat

Read the article about natural remedies. What other natural Interesting! Have
remedies do you know about? you tried it?

A Natural Solution
Garlic for a cold? Mint for bad breath? These days, more
and more people are turning to their grandparents' remedies to
cure their minor illnesses. And why not? These natural remedies
are usually safe, inexpensive, and best of all—they work! (At
least for some of the people, some of the time.) So the next time
you’re looking for a cure, skip the pharmacy and head to the
grocery store for:
• lemons to stop the hiccups (Bite into a thick slice.)
• ginger to end nausea (Grind it and add hot water to make a
tea.)
• milk to cure insomnia (Drink a warm glass at bedtime.)
• honey to help a sore throat (Mix it with warm water and drink
it slowly.)
• onions to relieve a headache (Put slices on your forehead,
close your eyes, and relax.)

50 Unit 4
Grammar

Infinitive of Purpose
The infinitive of purpose gives a reason for doing something. You can drink te a with honey t o h e l p a sore throat.
Form an infinitive with to + the base form of a verb. I use sunscre en t o p r o t e c t my skin.

In order to + the base form of a verb is another way to Nikki took an aspirin i n o r d e r t o l o w e r her fever.
express the infinitive of purpose.

Use a comma after the infinitive of purpose when it T o s t o p h icc u p s, I drink a glass of water.
begins a sentence.

Q Match the actions with the reasons.

1. Get plenty of sleep at night a. to help them fall asleep.

2. Eat fruits and vegetables b. to find out the best remedy for your problem.
3. Take a nap c. to feel rested during the day.
4. Give children warm milk d. to make your muscles stronger.
5. Ask your doctor questions e. to get enough vitamins in your diet.
6. Lift weights f. to cure a headache.

Conversation
A 19 Close your book and listen to the conversation. What remedies for fatigue REAL LA N G UA GE
do the speakers talk about? We say ‘That’s new’
when we notice
Olivia: Hi, Ashley. Are you drinking coffee? That’s new. something different
Ashley: Hi, Olivia. You’re right. I usually don’t drink coffee, but I need it today or unusual.

to wake up.
Olivia: You do look tired. Did you get enough sleep last night?
Ashley: No, I was worried about today’s test, so it was hard to fall asleep.
Olivia: Come on. Let’s go for a walk.
Ashley: Go for a walk? Why?
Olivia: To wake you up and to get some oxygen to your brain before the test.
Ashley: That’s a good idea. Where do you want to go?

Practice the conversation in pairs. Find and underline the infinitives of purpose.

MY WORLD In pairs, discuss which ailments from A you or your friends

sometimes have. Do you think they are serious health problems?

GOAL CHECK Suggest Helpful Natural Remedies

Join another pair. Follow the steps.
1. Tell the other pair which ailments from A you talked about.
2. Ask them to suggest remedies for those ailments. Then switch roles.

The Body 51
D GOAL Describe the Benefits of a Positive Attitude

Reading
(3 Tell a partner what makes you feel a lot of stress.
going to the doctor or dentist me eting new people spe aking to a group
taking an important exam traveling by car, plane, etc. your ide a : --------------

Do you think stress is harmful to your health? Explain your answer to your partner.

0 Read the text. Match each university to the correct research result.
1 _ _ _ University of Wisconsin a . Helping other people can ke ep you healthy
when you are under stress.

2 _ _ _ Harvard University b . People who believe stress prepares them

for a challenge have open, relaxed blood
vessels under stress.

3 _ _ _ University at Buffalo c. The belief that stress is harmful to one ’s

health can be harmful to one ’s health.

Circle T for true or F for false. Then correct the false statements to make them
true.
1. For the University of Wisconsin study, participants were asked
two questions. T F
2. The way you think about stress affects how your body reacts
to stress. T F
3. Stress always causes blood vessels to become narrower. T F
4. People who had a lot of contact with others had a higher risk
of dying. T F

Complete the list of dos and don’ts with information from the article.
1. Don’t believe that---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Do believe that signs of stress_________________________________________
3. Do spend a lot of time________________________________________________

KI GOAL CHECK

Form a small group with 2-3 other students. Discuss the questions.
1. What do you remember about the three research studies?
2. In each study, why were the participants’ attitudes important?
3. Talk about a time when a positive attitude helped you in some way.

52 Unit 4
 s

Attitude Is Everything
•ft

ft ■ ' • •- fOPS:? ' : ■ • 5 ■ •■.■■-<. < ' <• ' J5' '"Z'"

Kelly McGonigal is a health psychologist with blood vessels become narrower. That makes
some good news: Stress may not be the enemy it harder for blood to flow and may contribute to
of good health. McGonigal came to this conclusion heart disease. But the blood vessels of the study
after looking at three important health studies. participants stayed open and relaxed, simply
In the first study, researchers at the University of because they thought about stress in a different
Wisconsin asked 30,000 adults how much stress way.
they had experienced during the past year. They
McGonigal also points to a study of the
also asked whether the participants thought this
connection between stress and human contact.
stress was harmful to their health. Eight years later,
Researchers from the University at Buffalo studied
one group of participants was 43% more likely
people who had experienced very stressful events
to have died—the people who had a lot of stress
during the past year. Surprisingly, if they had spent
and believed that stress was bad for them. Those
a lot of time helping others, they had no increased
who had a lot of stress but did not believe it was
risk of dying. Compare that to a 30% increase for
harmful actually had the lowest risk of dying!
those who had not helped others. It seems that
According to McGonigal, the way we think enjoyable activities such as giving a friend a ride
about stress is important because, “Your body or babysitting a neighbor’s child can help us stay
believes you.” In fact, our mind and attitude can healthy even under stress.
have beneficial effects on our health and may help
prevent some kinds of serious illness. In a study stress worry and tension due to difficulties in life
enemy the person(s) on the opposite side in a struggle
at Harvard, researchers taught participants to
participants people who volunteer for a research study
believe that signs of stress—a faster heartbeat, for narrower having a smaller distance from one side to
example—were the body’s way of preparing them the other
to meet a challenge. Under stress, most people’s
 GOAL Explain an Idea Using Details

Communication
Q Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. How can a sick person make other people sick? Think of three ways.
2. The last time you got sick, how do you think you caught the illness?
In pairs, discuss how each action can prevent the spread of disease. Add your
own idea.
------------------------------------------------------------------- -
covering your nose and mouth exercising and e ating healthy foods
staying home when you ’re sick using cle an dishes for eating and drinking

washing your hands often your ide a : -----------------------------------------------

Washing your hands removes

Coughing or sneezing
sends germs into the r
( germs from your skin.

: I always wash my
hands before I eat.

Writing
WRITING SKILL: Using Supporting Details

A good topic sentence gives the main ide a of a paragraph. In addition, a good
paragraph includes details to support, or give more information about, the
main idea.

Some types of supporting details:

descriptions examples explanations facts re asons

0 Underline the topic sentence in the following paragraph. Then answer the
questions below.

Although there are several ways to prevent the spread of disease, staying
home when you are sick may be the best way. When you stay home, no
one at school or at work has contact with your germs. Going to work or school
and covering your mouth when you cough is less effective than staying at home.
Some of your germs are still sent into the air when you talk and breathe. And washing
your hands after every cough or sneeze may be the least effective way to keep
other people healthy. It is not possible to wash your hands that many times in a day.

1. What is the topic of the paragraph? (i.e., What is the paragraph about?)

2. What is the controlling idea? (i.e., What does the paragraph say about the topic?)

54 Unit 4
0 Complete the chart with supporting details from the paragraph in C.
Re ason to stay at home Re ason why covering one ’s mouth Re ason why washing one ’s hands
when sick is less effective often may be the le ast effective

Choose one of the topics and write a paragraph about it. Use your own ideas.
Remember to include a good topic sentence and a few details to support it.

exercise having a positive attitude he althy foods

QI GOAL CHECK Explain an Idea Using Details

In pairs, follow the steps.

1. Tell your partner about your paragraph. Which topic did you choose,
and why?
2. Talk about your main idea and the details you included.

A sneeze in slow motion

The Body 55
VIDEO JOURNAL

TALKS
LIVIN G B E Y O N D LIMIT S
Read the quotation. Discuss the question in pairs.

“If your life were a book, and you were the

author, how would you want your story to
go? That’s the question that changed my life
forever.”
—Amy Purdy

How do you think this question might have

changed Amy Purdy’s life?

56 V? 'f
B Watch the TED Talk. Circle the correct words to D Read the quotation. Then discuss the
complete the sentences. questions with a partner.
1. Amy Purdy grew up in Las Vegas / “And this is when I learned that our borders
Los Angeles. and our obstacles can only do two things:
One, stop us in our tracks; or two, force us to
2. Purdy’s disease caused her to lose parts of
get creative.”
her body and the hearing in her left I right ear.
—Amy Purdy
3. On her 21st birthday, Purdy received a new
1. What were two or three obstacles Purdy
foot I kidney from her father.
faced after her illness?
4. Purdy won two gold I silver World Cup
medals for snowboarding. 2. Before she went snowboarding again, what
did Purdy imagine?
5. Purdy has learned to rely on her parents /
imagination. 3. How did Purdy get the “feet” she needed in
order to snowboard again?
C Complete each sentence from the video with
one word.
1. At the age of 19, a day after I__ __ ■ • ■___
high school, I moved to a place where it
snowed.
2. I went home from work early one day with
what I thought was the__________
3. When my parents wheeled me out of the
HHHHHHH, I felt like I had been pieced
back together.
4. I was absolutely ■■■■■■ ancj
emotionally broken.
5. And that is when it dawned on me ... I could
be as HHHHHHH as I wanted!
6. And that is when a new ■■■■■■ m my
life began.

AMY PURDY
Professional Snowboarder

Amy Purdy’s idea worth spreading is that you

5 Challenges

National Geographic Explorer

Sarah McNair-Landry
exploring the Northwest
Passage of Canada
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What phrase best 2 What do you think of when
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: describes this photo? you hear the word challenge?

UNIT 5 GOALS
A. Talk about Facing Challenges

B. Describe Past Accomplishments

C. Use Too and Enough to Talk

about Abilities

D. Discuss Steps Toward a Goal

E. Describe a Personal Challenge

 GOAL Talk about Facing Challenges

Vocabulary
o Read about two people’s challenges.
REAL LA N G UA GE P h y sic a l C h a ll e n g e M e n t a l C h a ll e n g e
If something makes
you feel alive, it I absolutely love a challenge! Doing Although it might not se em like a significant
makes you happy and something difficult makes me feel alive. challenge to some people, reading is quite
full of energy. Recently I set a goal for myself: To run a difficult for me, especially when I need
marathon and make it to the finish line. to do a lot of it. Last year, I convinced my
I trained almost every day before the parents to hire a reading tutor to help me. I
marathon, and I felt like I was making learned ways to deal with large amounts of
progress toward my goal. Last month, I reading homework, and I hope the result
achieved the goal with a competitive time! will be better grades this year.

Write each word in blue next to the correct meaning.

1. a target you hope to reach
2. something new or different that requires effort
3. introduces a statement with a contrast
4. to succeed in making something happen
W O R D F O C US
5. large enough to be important
To face a challenge
means to decide to 6. improvement over time
do something new 7. something that happens because of something else
and difficult.
To make progress 8. to give an impression or appear a certain way
means to improve or 9. to manage or handle a situation well
get nearer to a goal
over time. 10. to persuade someone to do something
 Grammar

The Past Continuous and Simple Past

Use the past continuous to talk about I saw Sasha at the library yesterday. He w a s
something that was in progress at a w o r k i n g on his assignment.
specific time in the past.
We w e r e n ’ t w a t c h i n g a movie at 8:00 last night.
Form the past continuous with was / We w e r e s t u d y i n g for a test.
were + the -ing form of a verb.

Use the simple past to talk about Edmund Hillary and T enzing Norgay cli m b e d
completed actions or situations. Mount Everest.

Use when for an action in the simple It w a s r a i n i n g very hard w h e n R i t a c r o ss e d

past and while with the past continuous the finish line.
to say that something happened when
Sara g o t a text message w h il e s h e w a s
another event was in progress.
t a l k i n g with her professor.

Use a comma after a time clause W h il e B e n w a s w r i t i n g his paper, the

when it begins a sentence. computer stopped working.

Complete each sentence with when or while.

1. Martina was looking for a job I met her for the first time.
2. The mountain climbers were resting the storm began.
3. My phone rang six times------------------ -— I was working on my project.
4- ----------------------- he was visiting Quito, Justin practiced his Spanish.
Complete the sentences. Use the simple past or past continuous form of the verbs.
1. Yesterday, I---------------------- (convince) my best friend to compete in a 5k race.
2- Maria----------------------- (deal with) health problems when she quit her job last
October.
3. My parents----------------------- (look) for new jobs when they met.
4. The professor----------------------- (seem) tired in class last week.
5- We----------------------- (make) progress with the project when the class ended.
6. At the gymnastics competition, Leo---------------------- (achieve) the highest score.

GOAL CHECK Talk about Facing Challenges My father lost his job last year
while studying for exams.
Tell a partner about a challenge you have faced in your life.
1. What was happening in your life at that time?
2. What did you do? Do you think you dealt with the challenge well? That’s awful! What did
you and your family do?

Challenges 61
 GOAL Describe Past Accomplishments

Listening
Read the information in the box. Discuss the questions in pairs.

Dr. Jenny Daltry: Wildlife Conservationist and Ecologist

Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme

Antiguan Racer Conservation Project
Sustainable Lansan Project

1. What do you think it means to conserve wildlife?

2. What kinds of wildlife do you think Jenny Daltry is interested in?
3. What kinds of challenges do you think Jenny Daltry might face in her work?

W O R D F O C US A 21 Listen to the conversation. Circle the correct letter.

If an animal is 1. What is the man working on?

endangered, its
a. a conservation project b. a presentation assignment
population is so small
that it might die out. 2. What did Daltry convince people in Cambodia to do?
An animal is extinct
when none of its kind
a. to care about the crocodiles b. to kill fewer crocodiles
is alive. 3. What causes problems for the Antiguan Racer snakes?
a. progress on the island b. people, rats, and bad weather

4. Where does the lansan tree grow?

a. in the Caribbean b. in Cambodia
 Listen again. Complete the statements with two or three words you hear. W O RD F O CUS
To achieve a goal
1. The assignment is to learn about someone who
means to succeed in
2. As a result of Daltry’s work, the Cambodian government decided to protect doing something you
acres of forest. hoped to do.
An accomplishment
3. She saved an animal species, and it’s that people don’t
is something special
even like.
that you achieve.
4. They found, and it doesn’t hurt the trees.

Present Simple Past /V /d/ /id/

convince convinced — — —
protect protected — — —
discover discovered — — —
ne ed ne eded — — —
close closed — — —
walk walked — — —

Q Write down ten regular present verbs that end in /t/ or /d/. Say a verb. Ask your partner
to say it in the past.

Communication
Q Use the ideas in the box to talk about Jenny Daltry and her accomplishments.
Remember to pronounce verbs that end in -ed correctly.

convince people to care for crocodiles discover a group of crocodiles

save a kind of snake in the Caribbe an try different ways to get lansan tree sap
walk into are as of Cambodia work on three conservation projects

GOAL CHECK Describe Past Accomplishments I practiced a lot, and now I

play the violin pretty well.
1. In your notebook, write notes about something you achieved and how you
achieved it.
2. Tell a partner about your accomplishment. Give details about how you did
it and how you felt.
Challenges 63
c GOAL Use Too and Enough to Talk about Abilities
Language Expansion: Phrasal Verbs
Q Read the article.

Subaru Takahashi was only 14 years old when he set out

on an amazing adventure. His goal was to sail from Tokyo to
San Francisco—alone. Subaru grew up near the sea and loved
sailing. His parents thought he was old enough to sail alone,
and they helped him buy a boat. He left on July 22. At first,
the trip was easy. Then, after three weeks, his batteries broke
down, so he didn’t have any lights. He had to watch out for big
ships at night, because it was too dark to see his boat. Five
days later, his radio stopped working. Subaru was really alone
then, but he didn’t give up. His progress was very slow, but he
kept on sailing. He almost ran out of food, and he was not fast
enough to catch fish. He put up with hot sun and strong wind.
On September 13, Subaru sailed into San Francisco. He was the
youngest person ever to sail alone across the Pacific Ocean.

S u b a r u T a k a h a s h i,
t h e y o u n g est Match each phrasal verb in blue with its meaning.
p e r so n t o s a il
a l o n e a c r oss t h e 1. set out a. accept something bad without being upset
P a ci f ic O c e a n
2. give up b. change from a child to an adult

3. watch out c. finish the amount of something that you have

4. grow up d. leave on a trip

5. keep on e. be very careful

6. run out of f. stop trying

7. put up with g. continue trying

8. break down h. stop working

Q MY WORLD Would you have been brave enough to sail across the ocean alone
at the age of 14? What brave things have you done in your life? Discuss in pairs.

Grammar
Read these sentences and the questions that follow. Circle Y for yes or N for no.
1. “He was old enough to sail alone.”
Could he sail alone? N
2. “He was not fast enough to catch fish.”
Could he catch fish? N
3. “It was too dark to see his boat.”
Could people see his boat? N

64 Unit 5
 Enough, Not Enough, Too + Adjective

adjective + enough = the amount that He w as o l d e n o u g h to sail alone.

you want

not + adjective + enough = less than He was n o t f a s t e n o u g h to catch fish.

the amount that you want

too + adjective = more than the His boat was t o o d a r k to see.

amount you want

Complete the sentences. Use enough, not enough, or too, and the adjective.
1. Subaru’s boat was(big) for two people.
2. A boat is(expensive) for me to buy because I don’t have
much money.

3. Crossing the ocean alone is(difficult) for most people to do.

4. My parents say I’m(old) to travel alone. I have to wait until
I’m 18.
5. I think Subaru’s trip was(dangerous) for a young person.
His parents should not have let him go alone.
6. A trip to San Francisco by plane is a fun adventure, and it’s
(safe) for my family and me. Maybe we’ll go there for our next vacation.

Conversation
A 24 Close your book and listen to the conversation. What does Lisa need to
do before she can climb the mountain?

Lisa: Do you know what I want to do next summer? My goal is to climb

Black Mountain.
Mari: Are you serious? Black Mountain is too hard to climb. Don’t you
need special equipment? SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y

Lisa: I already asked about it. I just need good boots. You can show
surprise in an informal
Mari: And you’re not strong enough to climb a mountain!
conversation by
Lisa: You’re right, I can’t do it now. But I’ll go hiking every weekend. Next saying:
summer, I'll be fit enough to climb the mountain. Are you serious?
Mari: Well, I like hiking. I’ll go with you sometimes! Are you kidding me?

GOAL CHECK
Use Too and Enough to talk about abilities
Write down six things you want to do. In pairs, discuss whether you can do
these things now. Are you old enough to do them? Are they affordable or too
expensive?

Challenges 65
D GOAL Discuss Steps Toward a Goal
Reading
Making a
o MY WORLD Are young people in middle school or
high school old enough to do good things for the
Difference: Bali
environment? Discuss your ideas in pairs.
It started with a lesson at their
Q Read the article. Answer the questions. school about significant people. Two
sisters, Melati and Isabel Wijsen,
1. What first inspired the sisters? were only 10 and 12 years old at
the time. They were inspired after
2. What challenge or problem are they facing? learning about people such as
Mahatma Gandhi, Princess Diana,
and Nelson Mandela. So they
3. What lesson does Green School Bali teach its
asked themselves: What can two
students?
girls in Bali, Indonesia do to make a
difference in the world?
Q Match the details with the ideas they support. The answer was all around them
1. ___ Gandhi, Princess a. kinds of plastic on the island. When they walked
Diana, and Mandela garbage
2. ___ empty plastic bottles b. not working by
and cups yourself
3. ___ a ban on plastic bags c. things the
organization is doing
4. ___ bringing reusable
bags to shops d. significant people
5. ___ people in Bali and e. something other
global teams countries have done

□ Work with a small group. Discuss the questions.

1. What big problem do the sisters want to deal with?

2. According to the third paragraph, what is their goal
for now?
3. What steps have the sisters taken toward their goal?
Make a list.

Q GOAL CHECK
Follow the steps with your group.
1. What problem is everyone in your group concerned
about? It might be a global problem or a local
problem in your country or city.
2. What is a realistic goal you might set to try to deal
with the problem?
3. What are 3-4 small steps you could take toward
achieving your goal? Make a list.

66 Unit5
to school or swam in the ocean, they saw plastic and restaurants to reduce waste. Isabel points out
garbage. Empty water bottles, plastic cups and that, “You can’t do it by yourself.” Now, the team of
straws seemed to be everywhere. In fact, like young people in Bali have been joined by several
many places, Bali produces an enormous amount global teams working to reduce plastic garbage in
of plastic garbage every day. That includes the thin countries around the world.
plastic bags that many shops give to their customers.
Melati and Isabel attend Green School Bali,
When the girls learned that those bags had already
where students are taught to become the leaders of
been banned in several countries, they decided it
today. The sisters decided they did not want to wait
was a good place for them to start. “If they can do it,
until they were adults to become significant people.
we can do it,” says Melati.
Although the challenge of dealing with plastic
The result is a youth organization called Bye- garbage is huge, these young people in Indonesia
Bye Plastic Bags. Their goal, for now, is to make are making progress and making a difference.
one village completely plastic-free. In order to
achieve that goal, they bring reusable shopping inspire give new ideas or strong feelings, enthusiasm
plastic a light but strong material made from oil
bags to local shops every Saturday. They have also
straw a long, narrow tube for drinking
taken several other steps; for example, creating banned not allowed, illegal
booklets to educate children about the garbage device an object used to do a certain job
problem, making devices to collect plastic from
streams and rivers, and convincing many hotels

Challenges 67
 GOAL Describe a Personal Challenge

Communication
Q People face challenges for different reasons, but there is usually some reward
when they accomplish their goal. What are three or four challenges in life that
cannot be avoided? (For example, it can be a challenge to get along well with
all of our family members or neighbors.) What are the rewards if we face those
challenges? Discuss these questions in pairs.

Q Tell your partner about two or three challenges in your life that you chose for
yourself. Why did you choose to do those things?

Writing

WRITING SKILL: Using Specific Information

When you describe something in writing, specific information helps your re ader imagine
and understand your ide as. The more interesting your details are, the more your writing
will engage your reader. Specific information might include :

• dates or times • descriptions • locations • people ’s re actions

• step-by-step actions

Babysitting se emed like an e asy job, but on that S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n , Adam

got bored quickly. First, he c o m p l a i n e d . Then, he c r i e d l o u d l y f o r s e v e r a l
m i n u t e s. At first, I didn ’ t know how to de al with a b o r e d t w o - y e a r - ol d b o y , but
then I had an idea. I w e n t i n t o t h e k i t c h e n and came back with a b i g b o w l o f
a p p l e s, p e a rs, a n d li m e s. Adam looked s u r p r is e d ...

0 In pairs, rank the information from 1 (most specific) to 3 (least specific). Discuss
your reasons.
1. children two-year-old boys two-year-olds
2, vehicles airplanes transportation

Q Choose one of the challenges you told your partner about in A. Follow the steps.

1. Write the challenge as one sentence in your notebook.

2. Under the sentence, list key words about what happened. How did you face
the challenge? What happened after that?

(3 Use your sentence and notes from D to write a complete paragraph about a
challenging experience from your own life. Finish the topic sentence below or
write your own. Then, add details with interesting specific information.
Topic sentence: When I was years old, I decided to----------------

Details: It was a challenge because----------------------------------------------------------

68 Unit 5
 Exchange paragraphs with a partner.
1. Read your partner’s paragraph and underline the parts that were most
interesting to you.
2. Tell your partner which parts you underlined and why.
3. Ask your partner one or two questions about the paragraph.

Rewrite your paragraph. You might want to add a few more details to make the
paragraph more interesting or to answer the questions from your partner.

GOAL CHECK Describe a Personal Challenge

Read your paragraph aloud to a small group. After each person reads, tell him or her
which information was interesting to you. Ask questions.

B r i t is h a r t is t S t e p h e n W il t s h i r e ’
d r a w s, f r o m m e m o r y , a p a n o r a m ic / It
v i e w o f M e x ic o C i t v . M e x ic o.
VIDEO JOURNAL

S U C C E SS ST ORY:
R E C Y C LIN G IN T H E P HILIPPIN E S
in marine conservation, but in poor communities,
Discuss the questions in pairs.
people have real and immediate needs that take
1. At home or at school, do you separate priority. How could she convince them to care for
garbage from things to be recycled? the environment more?
2. What kinds of things are usually recycled?
Koldewey and her team members like
Read the information. Amado “Madz” Blanco have come up with one
solution to these problems. Net-Works collects
Heather Koldewey could easily see the
plastic fishing nets and exports them from the
challenge. As a marine biologist, she knew
Philippines to Europe. There, they are made
there were fewer fish living in the reefs near the
into nylon yarn for carpet. This process has
Philippines. One problem was too much fishing.
removed 18 tonnes (19.84 US tons) of nets from
Another problem was harmful plastic garbage
just one island and provided much-needed
in the ocean, including plastic fishing nets.
money for islanders.
Koldewey wanted to get the local people involved

■11

>. S ' W

P !

Mi
U.

F is h i n g n e t s i n t h e o c e a n a f f e c t
m a r i n e h a b i t a t s. H e r e s o m e m a r i n e
p l a n t s a r e g r o w i n g o n t h e i r s t r i n g s.
 Write each word in blue next to its meaning. 0 Watch again. Complete each statement with
1. brings things together in one one or two words that you hear.
place 1. “As a marine biologist, I quickly realized
2. natural structures in the I really wanted to do something that was
ocean where many fish live going to make”
3. related to the present 2. “It’s globally, this place—
4. long thread usually used for from a marine biodiversity point of view.”
weaving 3. “Many of our team are also
5. sells products or materials to organizers—people who
another country can talk to people.”
6. groups of people living in a 4. “What is so inspiring for me is actually
certain area seeing what communities who have so very
7. a covering of soft material little can actually do and _
laid over a floor change they can make.”

□ Watch the video and check (/) the things you 5. People can easily buy into something that is
supported with science.”
see.
In pairs, list all of the steps REAL LA N G UA GE
□ a reef with few fish □ small fishing boats
you saw or heard about in the If you buy into an
□ plastic in the ocean □ a large truck video for recycling fishing nets.
■ idea, you believe
□ tourists at a beach □ colorful t-shirts in it.
In pairs, take turns describing
hotel
the steps in the net recycling
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What is happening 2 What are some important
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: in the photo? transitions in life?

Kosavar Bosnian bride

preparing for traditional
wedding in Donje Ljubinje
located in the Shar
Mountains beween Kosovo
and Macedonia

UNIT 6 GOALS
A. Talk about Different Stages
in Your Life

B. Talk about the Best Age to

do Something

C. Ask Questions to Get More

Information

D. Discuss Changes Caused

by Technology

E. Describe an Important Transition

in Your Life

73
 GOAL Talk about Different Stages in Your Life

Vocabulary
Q Read the information.

Nadia Drake is a writer for National Geographic and the daughter of a

famous astronomer. As a child, she attended lectures and other events with
her dad. It may have been her relationship with him that eventually led her
to develop her own love of astronomy. Astronomy isn’t Drake’s only interest,
though. She also has a PhD in genetics, and before she earned that degree,
she had worked as a professional ballet dancer. Then, she realized that writing
about science was the career she wanted. Once she had chosen this direction
for her career, many interesting opportunities opened up for her. For example,
Drake recently wrote an article about a photographer who used cameras to
learn about wild rainforest animals in Peru. “This is basically my dream job,” she
says. The negative part of the job might be that her schedule is not very regular.
The positive part is the writing, so she is happy with the choice she made.

Nigh t sk y
o bse r v e d t hrou g h Write each word in blue next to the correct definition,
a t e l e sc o p e
1. something that happens
2. good
3. became aware
4. way something is going
5. job or occupation
6. bad
7. grow over time
8. chances to do something
9. connection, friendship
10. finally, after some time

Grammar
< ■ . < ■ •
The Past Perfect

The past perfect describes a past event that When I met Franz, he h a d alre ady c h a n g e d jobs
happened before another point in the past. several times.
Form the past perfect with had + the past participle of Before she started primary school, Luisa h a d l e a r n e d
a verb. both Italian and French.

The past perfect is often used to explain why a past I wasn’ t worried about meeting the graduation
event or situation happened. requirements because I h a d g o t t e n several extra credits.

With before or after, we often use the simple past instead Luckily, my brother r e a li z e d he hated math b e f o r e he
of the past perfect, since the time relationship is clear. declared his major.

74 Unit6
 Complete each sentence using the past perfect form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Before Nadia Drake earned her degree, she_______________________ ______
(be) a ballet dancer.
2. Her father----------------------- -—--------------------- (love) astronomy and Nadia also
developed a love for it.
3. The teacher------------------------ ------------------------ (realize) the topic was difficult,
so she explained it carefully.
She-------------- ------------------------------ — (plan) to have a different career, but
she eventually became a software writer.
5. We weren’t surprised when the road changed direction because we
(study) the map.

Discuss the sentences in C with a partner. In each sentence, which past event
happened first? Which event happened second?

Interview a partner using these questions and any others you may have.
1. Tell me about a positive experience or event in your life. When did it
I was in a school play last year. I
happen? What had happened before this experience? had been pretty lonely, and it was
2. How did the positive experience change the direction of your life? an opportunity to make friends.

3. Tell me about a negative experience or event in your life. When

did it happen? What had happened before this experience? I had always wanted to do the same
things as my older sister did, but
4. What did you realize about yourself after this negative
when I was 6,1 learned a hard lesson.
experience or event?
Other questions:_________________

Follow the steps to prepare for an informal presentation.

1. Think about your answers in E and prepare to speak about your life for
1-2 minutes.
2. Write key words, dates, and a few other details. Try to use the past perfect and
some of the vocabulary words.

Key Words Dates Details

GOAL CHECK
Talk about Different Stages in Your Life
Get together with 2-3 other students. Give your presentation and answer any questions
your classmates may have. Speak naturally and use your notes only when necessary.

Transitions 75
B GOAL Talk about the Best Age to Do Something

Listening
Discuss the question in pairs. Add your own idea.
In your opinion, when does someone become an adult?
• when they graduate • when they have a child
• when they have their own home • when they start their career

Listen to a conversation between two friends. Circle T for true or F for false.
A 26
1. The man is helping the woman with her savings plan
and her taxes.
2. The woman hopes to help her parents financially.
3. The man will help the woman with her finances
T F
again next year.

011813 Listen again. How would the two speakers complete the statements?

1. The woman thinks she is an adult because

W O RD F O CUS
2. The man has a different idea of adulthood because - -------------------------------------
Your finances (n)
have to do with your 3. The woman thinks her parents don’t need her help with---------------------------------
money.
4. The man has a positive idea about--------------------------------------------------------------
Other forms are
financial (adj) and Q In pairs, talk about how people from your culture usually help their parents.
financially (adv).

Pronunciation: The Schwa Sound /e/ in Unstressed Syllables

“27’I Ljsten t0 the words. Notice the vowel sound of the unstressed syllables in
"A
bhe' This is the schwa sound lei, and it’s the most common vowel sound in English.

infant lettuce children population adult

Listen and repeat. Circle the unstressed syllables with the lei sound.

alone lesson person banana parents

paper challenge language national chicken
 Conversation
A 29 Close your book and listen to the conversation. How old is Jamal?

Andrea: Did you hear the big news? Jamal is getting his own apartment!
Kim: Seriously? But he’s 19! That’s too young to get your own place.
Andrea: Oh, I don't know about that.
Kim: Do you think he’s old enough? REAL LA N G UA GE

Andrea: Well, he’s mature, and he’s had a part-time job since he was 17. You can say Oh, I
don’t know about
Kim: That’s true... but I think he should wait a few years. that to disagree
Andrea: Really? What do you think is the best age to live on your own? politely with someone.
Kim: I think people should get their own place after they’ve finished
college.
Andrea: That’s a good point. I plan to live with my parents while I’m in college.

Practice the conversation in pairs. Switch roles and repeat.

In pairs, use your own ideas to complete the table below in your notebook Then
write two conversations about Jorge and Melissa using the conversation in G as’
an example.

“Jorge is too old “Melissa is too young to start

to change jobs.” her own business.”
Age : ______________________
Age : ---------------------------------
Re asons why it is or isn ’ t OK
Re asons why it is or isn ’ t OK

The best age for this is____________ The best age for this is____________

Read the opinions. How old do you think each person is?
1. He s too old to play soccer.” 4. “She’s too young to drive a car.”
2. He s too young to travel alone.” 5. “She’s too old to learn a new language.”
3. She s too old to dance.” 6. “He’s too old to get married.”

MY WORLD Tell a partner two things you think you are too old to do. What are
two things you think you are too young to do?

GOAL CHECK
Talk about the Best Age to do Something
Look at your answers in J. Compare answers in pairs and explain your opinions.
What is the best age for each of these things? Do you know someone who does
these things at an unusual age?

The best age to play any sport I don’t know—some professional

is in your teens or twenties. athletes are in their forties!

Transitions 77
c GOAL Ask Questions to Get More Information
Language Expansion: Adjectives for Age
Do you know someone who fits any of these descriptions? Who? Share your
answers in pairs. Use the adjectives in the box to help you.

older, but with the energy of a young person (positive)

youthful
older, but acting like a child (negative)
childish
old enough to be responsible and make good decisions
mature
between 20 and 29 (also in his teens, thirties, forties, etc.)
in his / her twenties
middle-aged not young or old (about 40-60)
stopped working full time (often after 65)
retired
elderly looking and acting old

------ - —> Talk with a partner about people you know. How old are they? Describe them
family members with adjectives from A.
friends
neighbors
Grammar
other people in
your community ■
How + Adjective or Adverb

Adjectives give information about nouns. A : Lenora is m a t u r e for her age.

Use How + adjective to ask a question B : H o w m a t u r e is she?

A : She ’s mature enough to babysit my son.
about a descriptive adjective.

Adverbs give information about verbs. A : I learn q u ic k l y .

B : H o w q u ic k l y do you le arn?
Use How + adverb to ask a question
A : I le arned to ride a bicycle in one day!
about an adverb.

Common adjectives: young, old, early, clean, happy, difficult, polite, serious
Common adverbs: well, badly, often, rarely, quickly, slowly, easily, carefully
W o m e n a t lif f e r e n t
s t a g e s o f lif e w a i t
for ti e eve nt to

Unit 6
 Unscramble the questions. In pairs, take turns asking the questions.
1. English I how / do / speak / well / you?
2. you I how I are I old?
3. can I fast I you I how / type?
4. you I how I tall I are______________ _________________________________ _?
5. your I family / how I often I move I does?

Complete the conversations. Write questions using how.

1. A: I think Mr. Chen is too elderly to live alone.
B: He doesn’t look old to me_____ _____________________________________?
2. A: My brother failed his driver’s license test six times because he drives so badly.
B: Wow!?
3. A: I can’t go to the movie tonight. My first class is very early tomorrow.
B: That’s too bad?
4. A: I don’t want to get my own apartment. It’s much too expensive.
B: Really?
5. A: I haven’t finished reading the assignment for tomorrow. I guess I read
too slowly.
B: That’s a problem?

Conversation
A 30 Close your book and listen to the conversation. What did Erik get?
SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y

Mrs. Ryan: My son Erik just got his first credit card. Disagreeing Politely
That’s true, but...
Mrs. Chen: Is that a good idea? He’s still a college student.
You’re right, but...
Mrs. Ryan: That’s true, but he has always been careful with money.
I see what you
Mrs. Chen: Really? How careful is he? mean, but...
Mrs. Ryan: He’s very careful. In high school, he saved enough money
to buy a computer.
Mrs. Chen: Then maybe he is ready to get a credit card.

In your notebook, write 3-4 adjectives to describe a person you know. Then,
write 3-4 things the person does and describe how the person does them.

GOAL CHECK
Ask Questions to Get More Information
In pairs, take turns describing the person you chose in F and how he or she does
things. Use questions with Howto get as much information as possible.

My grandmother is quite lovabl

She makes new friends easily.

Transitions 79
D GOAL Discuss Changes
Caused by Technology
■
Reading
Q In pairs, discuss how you use these technologies.
A

apps for your phone online shopping

smartphone J

Q Read the article and answer the questions.

Innovatio
1. What kind of technology is mentioned
in the first paragraph?

2. What two technologies are mentioned

in Africa
in the second and third paragraphs?

3. What does Bright Simons’s invention do?

4. Why does Shapshak think innovation is When you think of the innovative use of
not happening in the developed world? technology, countries in Africa might not be the
first places you think of. But Africa is the home of
many of today’s innovators, and their inventions
Read the article again. Circle T for true or F for
are improving people’s lives. South African
false. Make the false statements true.
journalist Toby Shapshak says that, “People
1. Toby Shapshak is an engineer are solving real problems in Africa.” And quite
from South Africa. T F often they are solving those problems using
2. M-Pesa helps people pay bills inexpensive cell phones.
and buy groceries. T F When Shapshak talks about “real problems,”
3. Bright Simons’s invention is he means the kind of problems that prevent
a smartphone app. T F people from accomplishing some basic things
in life, such as paying bills or buying groceries.
4. African inventions can help
people worldwide. T F The M-Pesa payment system, for example, is
a convenient way for people to pay for things
without a credit card. It began in Kenya and
□ GOAL CHECK was later launched in Tanzania. It handles
approximately $25 million in payments every day.
Join another pair and discuss the questions.
1. What do you think life was like for many
African people before they had the
innovations from the article?
2. How is life better for many African people
now?
3. How has your life changed because of
new technology?

80 Unit6
 Another cellphone-based service called ICow means that they work with any cell phone and
sends its users daily information about how to care that having an expensive smartphone is not
for dairy animals. This creative use of technology necessary for using them.
is very helpful in Kenya, where dairy farming is an
Shapshak asserts that true innovation isn’t
important industry.
happening much in other parts of the world since
In the Republic of Ghana, an African inventor people are too busy playing video games or using
named Bright Simons developed a way for social media. Inventions that are improving and
consumers to check the freshness of prescription even saving lives in Africa are ideas that can benefit
medicines. People buying a medicine simply people everywhere. Says Shapshak about the
send a set of numbers from the package to an people there, “I don’t believe that the gold is under
SMS number. They then receive a message with the ground. I believe we are the gold.”
information. This lets them know if the medicine innovative new and original
will be effective. The technology works, and it can inventions new things that people create
save lives. dairy related to milk
consumers people who buy and use products
Perhaps the best part about all three of these effective something is effective if it works well
services is that they use SMS technology. This asserts states an opinion or belief

Li o n c u b s r e s t i n t h e N a i r o b i n a t i o n a l
p a r k i n K e n y a w i t h t h e N a i r o b i s k y li n e
v isi b l e b e h i n d t h e m .

Transitions 81
 GOAL Describe an Important Transition in Your Life
Communication
Q What do you know about each life transition in the box?
from child to
te enager
Tell a partner what you think happens or what you have
experienced.
from te enager to
Discuss the questions in pairs. Me, too. I spent more time with the
adult
1. Who does the cleaning and other chores at friends I had made in high school.
from single to
your house?
married
2. How often do you do your own laundry?
from studying to
3. When was the last time you bought groceries?
working
4. Are you old enough to vote?
from non-parent
to parent
Writing
from middle age
to old age
WRITING SKILL: Using Time Expressions

Time expressions help your re ader understand when different events happened.

As soon as he realized his mistake, he apologized for it.

This me ans there was no delay. He didn ’t wait until later to apologize.

We had already read about Einstein’s early life, so we didn't need to hear a lecture about it.
The word already emphasizes that the re ading happened before the lecture.
E x a m p l e t i m e e x p r e ssi o n s : until by + date or time never last week/month /year
after that eventually a week / month / year ago

Q Read the sample paragraph and discuss the questions below with a partner.

1. What is the topic sentence in this paragraph?

2. What two examples support the topic sentence?
3. How did the writer feel about this transition in his or her life?
4. How do the bolded expressions help you understand the writer’s meaning?

When I finished middle school and started high school, my parents

began to give me more responsibilities. I had already started to wash some
of my own clothes, but that summer it became my responsibility to do
laundry for the whole family. My other chore was buying groceries for my
elderly grandmother. I went to visit her twice a week, and I asked her what
she needed from the grocery store. She gave me the money, and I returned
with her food, soap, and other necessities. It wasn’t hard to do and I enjoyed
spending time with her. I also began to feel good about doing my family’s
laundry each week. It felt like I was moving from childhood toward adulthood.

82 Unit6
 A c h il d l o o k s o u t
Complete the questionnaire. Write answers in your notebook.
a s h is m o t h e r v o t e s
in a n election. T h e
QUESTIONNAIRE a b ili t y t o v o t e is
o f t e n o n e m il e s t o n e
1. Where do you live now? that m arks the
2 . How many times have you moved in your life? t r a n si t i o n i n t o
a d ult hood.
3 . As a child, what did you dre am of being or doing when you got older?

4 . What do you dre am of being or doing now?

5 . When did you me et your best friend or friends?

6 . What are some of the most important personal relationships in your life?

7. What event in your life do you think changed you the most?

Read your answers to the questionnaire—especially to question 7. Write a well-

organized paragraph about a life transition and make sure it includes the following:
• a good topic sentence • time expressions to show when
• plenty of interesting details things happened

GOAL CHECK
Describe an Important Transition in your Life It was difficult to describe my
Follow the steps in pairs. feelings. It was a long time ac

1. Take turns. Tell your partner about the life transition you described
in your paragraph in E. Was it easy or difficult for you to write about?

2. Listen carefully while your partner speaks. Ask questions to get more
information.

Transitions 83
 ,1 I IIw h

HANS ROSLING
Professor of Global Health,
Co-founder of Gapminder.org
Hans Rosling’s idea worth spreading is that
machines have had an incredible effect on the
lives of many—and rich westerners can’t just tell
those in the developing world that they can’t have
them. Watch Rosling’s full TED Talk on TED.com.
T H E MA GIC WASHIN G MA C HIN E
A In pairs, look at the photo and answer the questions.

1. What is this device? Do you have one in your house?

2. What percent of the world’s population do you think has a
modern washing machine?
3. How do you think it has changed people’s lives?

B You will hear these words in the video. Complete the paragraph
with the correct words. Not all words will be used.

electricity flow of energy used as power

heat cause to become warm or hot
load put (an amount of something) into or onto something
mesmerize hold the full attention of
time-consuming using or needing a large amount of time
tough very difficult to do or deal with

It’s amazing how machines can change the world. Not so many
years ago, doing laundry was a (1) •'''......... job. You needed
to (2) J.......... the water, add the soap and the clothes,
and rub them with your hands for a long, long time. Now, we
(3) |_________ the washing machine, push the button, and
the machine does the rest. It’s not (4) BHHHH at
to get your clothes clean. Of course, a washing machine uses
(5) to run.
C Watch the TED Talk. Circle the main idea.

1. Washing machines are very popular around the world.

2. Women like to read more than they like to do laundry.
3. When people don’t have to do so much hard work, they have
time to do things they enjoy and their lives change in positive
ways.

D Look at the list of devices. Circle the two you think have made
the biggest difference in people’s lives in the last century.

air conditioner cell phone computer

dishwasher microwave oven vacuum cleaner J

E In pairs, compare your choices in D with a partner. Are there

any devices you’d like to add to the list? Think about devices
that save on work and give people more time to read and get an
education.

85
Things That Matter
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What do you see in 2 Why is doing something
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: the photo? that matters important?

A keeper at the International Animal

Rescue center takes a group of young
orangutans to the forest to learn skills
to live in the wild in West Kalimantan
Province, Borneo, Indonesia.

UNIT 7 GOALS
A. Discuss Spending Habits

B. Talk about Needs and Wants

C. Discuss What Makes People ’s Lives Better

D. Talk about Different Lifestyles

E. Set Priorities

87
 GOAL Discuss Spending Habits

Vocabulary
Q Read the article.

Life is full of choices. Should you buy the latest smartphone, or put
your money in a savings account instead? Do you really need that phone,
or is it a luxury you can live without? These are questions that are asked
every day, and for many people, the answer is to reduce the amount of
money they spend in order to increase their happiness.
If you believe the TV commercials, the road to a satisfying life is
driven in a beautiful new car. Owning nice things is supposed to produce
good feelings in people. Now, though, more people are deciding not
to waste their money on a new car when they can easily take the bus
or drive an older car. Instead of doing things the usual way—working
too much and enjoying life too little—they are choosing to focus on the
quality of their lives. They’re spending more time doing the things they
love and less money buying things they don't need.

Murano
co n t e m por ary art, Complete each sentence with the correct word in blue.
m a d e f r o m g l a ss,
is c o n si d e r e d a 1. If you something, you make it smaller.
lu x ury.
2. The way is the thing done most often in a certain situation.
3. The of something is how good or bad it is.
4. If something is a_it’s very nice, but not necessary.
5. When you make a_you decide what you want.
6. If something is_it makes people feel full or happy.
7. If you something, you use too much of it for something
unimportant.
8. The of something is how much of it there is.
9. When you something, you make it or cause it to happen.
10. If you do one thing of another thing, you do the first thing
and not the second.

Grammar
Passive Voice (Present Tense)
The passive voice emphasizes the object or F o u r m illi o n c a rs are produced
receiver of an action. every ye ar (by the company).

We form the passive with be + the past A lot of money is w a s t e d on things

participle of a verb. people don ’ t really need.
The active voice emphasizes the subject (the T h e c o m p a n y produces four million
agent)— who or what performs an action. cars every year.

R e g u l a r P a s t P a r t ici p l e s I r r e g u l a r P a s t P a r t ici p l e s
cre ated reduced achieved made given taught

88 Unit 7
Q Complete each sentence with the passive form of the verb in parentheses.

Some things cost a lot because they (1)(produce) by hand.

Murano glass, for example, (2)(make) by hand in Italy.

Many colors (3)----------------------------- (combine) to produce high-quality glass art.

Younger glass artists (4)(teach) by master artists with

years of experience. Tourists like to buy the glass, and some of the best shops
(5)(locate) in Murano, Italy.

Q Match the beginning of each passive sentence to its ending.

1. ___ Food is often wasted a. when you don’t use air

conditioning.
2. ___ Energy use is reduced b. if it is well taken care of.
3. ___ Clothing lasts longer c. when people don’t eat
everything they buy.
4. ___ Towels can be used d. when they are cooked and
eaten at home.
5. ___ Meals are less expensive e. for cleaning instead of
paper products.

When are you willing to spend or save money? Write the items in the chart.
• the phone I like is made in a new color.
• a new restaurant is opened in my neighborhood.
• a food I like is on sale at the grocery store.
• sneakers are worn by a famous athlete in an ad.
• your idea_________________

I will spend my money when... I will save my money when...

GOAL CHECK Discuss Spending Habits I want to buy a new phone eve
time a new feature is added to
Discuss the questions in pairs.
1. When are you willing to spend money on something you want?
2. When do you decide to save your money instead? Sure, but I won’t buy it when
my old phone still works.
3. What do you think many people waste money on?

Things That Matter 89

B GOAL Talk about Needs and Wants
Listening
A 32 Listen to a conversation. Choose the best option.
1. The speakers are students.
a. high school b. university c. graduate
2. The speakers are in
a. the United Kingdom b. the United States c. India
3. The woman talks about information from a-----------------------------
a. website b. survey c. class
4. The man wishes he had more-----------------------------
a. money to spend b. classes to keep him busy
c. time to spend with friends

A 32 Listen again and answer the questions.

1. How does the man feel about his life now?

2. Who used to do many things for the man?

3. How does the woman feel about the information she read?

4. How does the woman feel about the amount of work she is doing?

5. How does the man feel about the amount of homework he has?

PRONUNCIATION: Content vs. Function Words

In sentences, content words have specific me aning and receive greater stress. Other words have a
grammatical function and receive less stress.

Content Words

Nouns Main Verbs Question Words Adjectives Adverbs

money spe ak, buy why, where, how wonderful e asily

Function Words

Pronouns Auxiliary Verbs The Verb Be Articles Prepositions Conjunctions

it, she, him have, is, will, could is, are, was the, a, an in, to, of, at and, or, but, so

A 33 Listen to the stress in each sentence. Then, listen again and repeat.
1. He wants an active social life. 4. You should think about the future.
2. We have a lot of homework. 5. My family needs the money I make.
3. I’m saving money for a new computer.

90 Unit 7
 Underline the content words. Then practice saying the sentences in pairs.
1. Eating at restaurants is expensive.
2. His life at home was easier.
3. The student from India usually arrives early.
4. Martina wants to buy a new car.
5. My shoes were made in China.

Communication
Write each item in the appropriate column. Use your own opinion.

books clean water coffe e a computer flowers

fresh fruit
furniture the internet money a phone public parks
shoes

Luxuries Necessities W O RD F O CUS

Necessities are
things we need, such
as food and shelter.
Luxuries are things
we don’t really need,
but they can be nice
to have.

Q Compare your chart in E with a partner’s chart. Talk about why you think people
do or don’t need the items.

GOAL CHECK
Talk about Needs and Wants
What is something you absolutely need? What luxury
item do you want very much? Discuss these questions
in pairs.
c GOAL Discuss What Makes People’s Lives Better
Language Expansion: Irregular Past Participles
Fill in each blank with the best word from the box. Use a dictionary to help you.
_______________________ ____ —---------- —------------- *------------- *------------ >
build-built find-found fly-flown give-give n
know-known put-put se nd-se nt write - written
-------------------------- —— ----------------------------------------—”
1. Gold and diamonds can be---------------------- ------ in parts of South Africa.
2. Fresh seafood can be by plane to anywhere in the world.
3. Large amounts of cash are usually not----------------------------- in the mail.

4. |ran iS for its beautiful handmade rugs.

5. Wedding invitations are sometimes------------------------by hand on special paper.
6. Houses here are tor large families, so they usually have
several bedrooms.
7. Jewelry is sometimes--------------------------- as a special gift.
8. The glass vases are into special boxes to protect them.

Grammar

Passive Voice with By

High-quality cars a r e p r o d u c e d in South Korea.
The passive voice is usually used
without a by phrase.
The cars a r e m a d e by speciall y trained workers.
C h il d r e n a r e h a p p y A by phrase is used when we want
to say who or what does something Each rug is c r e a t e d by a diffe rent artist, so no
in t h eir pri m ary
sc h o o l i n C a h u i t a , (the agent). two rugs are alike.
C o s t a R ic a .
 Read the sentences and cross out the unimportant by phrases.
1. The Mercedes-Benz is made in Germany by people.
2. This necklace was given to me by my grandmother.
3. King Tut’s tomb was discovered by Howard Carter.
4. My car was stolen on April 19 by someone.
5. The company was started by the new owner’s grandfather.
6. Several kinds of fruit are grown in Ontario, Canada by fruit growers.

Rewrite each sentence as a question in the passive voice.

1. Children need to be taught good manners.
Why_____________________________
2. Money should be kept in a bank.
Why___________________________________________
3. Good jobs are often given to people with a good education.
Why________________________________________________________ ______
4. Hard work is valued as much as education by some employers.
Why________________ ___________________________ ___________________

Conversation
A 34 Close your book and listen to the conversation. Why is education valuable? SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y
Lance: Gary, do you think people’s lives are improved by money? We use It depends to
Gary: It depends. Some people don’t have enough money to buy say that something is
not always true. Then,
necessities. Their lives are definitely improved by having more money.
we often explain our
Lance: What about other people? reasons.
Gary: Well, when you have enough money for the basics, I think your life
can be improved by education.
Lance: Interesting! Is your education improving your life?
Gary: Sure. I hope to get a good job someday because of my education.
Lance: For me, though, my life would be improved by having a nice car.
Gary: OK, but nice cars cost money. So, you need to get a job first.

GOAL CHECK
Discuss What Makes People’s Lives Better
In pairs, discuss how these things improve your life.

a big house electronics fame good health nice clothes

Things That Matter 93

D GOAL Talk about Different Lifestyles

Reading
Q MY WORLD In pairs, discuss the choices. Which would
A Zero-
you choose, and why?
• More money or more free time?
• A larger home or traveling more?
Waste
• A new car or a cleaner environment?
• Nice things for yourself or for your children? Lifestyle
Discuss the questions in pairs.
In the United States, throwing
1. Look at the title of the article. What do you think it means?
away a lot of trash is not unusual.
2. Do you think some people live a “zero-waste” lifestyle? The average American produces
around 1,500 pounds, or around
Circle T for true or F for false. 680 kilos, of trash each year. On
1. Kathryn Kellogg and her husband produce the other hand, everyone has
1,500 pounds of trash each year. T F choices when it comes to their
lifestyle, and the US is also home
2. Posts on Kellogg’s blog encourage people
to people like Kathryn Kellogg.
to make better choices. T F
She and her husband live in
3. The Frugalwoods’ main goal is to save money. T F California, and they throw away
4. The Frugalwoods’ daughter enjoys being very little. In fact, the amount of
outdoors with her parents. T F trash they produced in two years—
every bit of waste that they could
5. So far, the zero-waste lifestyle is popular
only in the US. T F not recycle, reuse, or turn into
compost—fit into a small glass jar.
Discuss the questions in pairs. Kellogg writes a popular blog
1. What are some ways you try to throw away or waste called Going Zero Waste. Her blog
less? posts encourage others to make
better choices and live better
2. Do you think a zero-waste lifestyle is a good goal? Why?
lives. She reports that she and her
3. Would you and your friends enjoy reading the blogs from husband are saving around $5,000
the article? Explain. a year at the grocery store. Instead
of buying prepared foods and
commercial cleaning products,
□ GOAL CHECK they buy fresh foods that they
cook themselves and make their j
Discuss the questions in pairs.
own cleaning products. They even
1. What might you like and dislike about a person’s make their own deodorant and
lifestyle? skincare products. |
2. What might make a lifestyle satisfying for the person?

I might like having an I think it might be more

important job at a bank. satisfying to work outdoors.

94 Unit 7
 The real goal of going zero waste, however, is full of ideas to help them. A quick search will find
not just to save money. For another couple, who stories that include making compost from banana
call themselves Mr. and Mrs. Frugalwoods, the peels, recycling old clothing, and reducing waste
goal is to enjoy life more and spend more quality while traveling. There are people living zero-waste
time together as a family. Their blog, Frugalwoods, lifestyles and blogging about it not only in the US,
includes articles about buying less and saving but in many other countries as well. For all of these
money, but also about growing food at their people, choosing to live a zero-waste lifestyle is
home in Vermont and raising their baby girl. Mrs. about using less and throwing away less, but also
Frugalwoods says that their daughter, “...is our mini about living a happier and more satisfying life.
gardener/hiker who adores being outside in nature
with her parents every season of the year.” compost a mixture of decayed plants used to enrich
garden soil
Many people would like to waste less—less jar glass container used for storing food
money, less plastic, less food—and the internet is blog website with a diary or journal about a certain subject
adores loves very much

Things That Matter 95

 GOAL Set Priorities
Communication
MY WORLD What is important in your life right now? In pairs, add three more
items to the list.
• spending time with friends

• having new things: clothes, telephone, etc.

• studying and learning new things

W O RD F O CUS
Priorities are
important things
you want to achieve
Tell your partner which two or three things in A are the most important to you.
before you do other
things.
Explain why.

Get together with another pair of students. Share your lists from A. Explain the
items you added to the list.

Elias Weiss Friedman enjoys

taking photos of dogs for a living
Writing
Q What are some of the things you want to have in your future life? They could be
material or non-material things.

Thin gs I w a nt

WRITING SKILL: Using Sequence Words

When you describe the order of things or the steps in a process, sequence words
help the re ader understand your ide as.
Se q u e nce w ords: first, second, finally, before /after__ , next, last, once , then,
eventually
E x a m p l e : When I think about my future, I have some priorities. F irs t , I want to get a
good education. That will open a lot of doors for me. N e x t , I ne ed to find a job. I plan
to work for someone else for a few ye ars and t h e n start my own business. A f t e r that,
I might get married and start a family. E v e n t u a ll y , I ’ll retire and let my children run
the business.

Write a paragraph about your future life. Use the list you made in D for ideas. Use
sequence words, and use the paragraph in the Writing Skill box as a model.

Tell a partner what you decided to include in your paragraph. Explain why each
idea is important to you.

I decided that saving money for

the future is important to me. What will the money
eventually be used for?

M GOAL CHECK Set Priorities

The first priority for both of us
Make a list of priorities for yourself and for your partner. What do you should be getting a degree.

need to do right now? What can you do in the future to help you
reach your goals?
Yes, and after that, I really
want to travel for a month.

Things That Matter 97

 OMHHfllll
Smismm

VIDEO JOURWA

T H E D O GIS T

A Discuss the questions in pairs. d spending more time with people can help,
1 Why do some people like to post photos on e you get ready for the picture to be taken,
social media websites?
f. you spend time with them.
2. How do you think people feel when other
people “like” their posts? C Watch the video. Circle the correct answer.
3. Do you enjoy seeing photos of animals 1. The photographer takes his photos indoors I
online? Why, or why not? outdoors.

B Match each sentence beginning to its ending.

2. The photographer does I does not have a
regular job.
You may use a dictionary to help you.
1. BD When you pose for a picture,... 3. The photographer wears equipment to
protect his knees I arms.
2. HI If you hang out with dogs,...
4. The photographer takes pictures in New York I
3. ____ If you personify an animal,... Los Angeles.
4. 111 When you feel loneliness,... 5. The photos do not usually include the dog’s I
5. ____ If you are unemployed,... owner’s face.

6. SEI If you give a dog a treat,... 6. The photographer says dogs need food and
water / love to be happy.
a. you make it seem more like a person.
b. the dog will eat it and be happy.
c. you don’t have a job.

98
 D Watch again and answer the questions.
would probably travel with my camera and hang
1. Does the photographer ask permission before out with dogs— I ’ m doing that. ”
he takes a dog’s picture? Elias Weiss Friedman, “ The Dogist ”
2. <H°W d°es the Photo9raPher get dogs to 1. Do you think the photographer has a
satisfying life? Explain.
3. According to the photographer, why do so 2. What would you do if you had a very
many people like his photos? large amount of money?
3 What other careers might be very
4. What information about each dog does enjoyable for the people who do them?
the photographer include on the photos? Why do you think so?

5. Why does the photographer say he feels F In your group, talk about things The Dogist
“less lonely” now? needs and doesn’t need for his lifestyle.

a camera a computer his own car

6. How long has the photographer been “The
his own dog a large house to live in a city
Dogist”?________________ __
special clothing special equipment your ide a ___
E Read the quotation from “The Dogist.” Discuss
the questions below in small groups. He needs to have a good camera. |a|
“I ask people sometimes, if you had all the money in

I He doesn’t need to have a regular job.

wld, raid you do? III had all the money, I

99
 Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d What do you see in 2 How can people help with
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: the photo? conservation of this species?

UNIT 8 GOALS
A. Talk about Consequences

B. Discuss Ways to Solve Future

Problems
Gray whale in San
Ignacio Lagoon, a part of C. Describe a Situation
the Vizcaino Biosphere D. Discuss Conservation Projects
Reserve, in Mexico
E. Explain a Conservation Issue

101
 GOAL Talk about Consequences

Vocabulary
Q Look at the picture. What do you know about this animal? Tell a partner.

□ Read the text.

Climate Change
Polar bears live on Arctic sea ice. It is their natural habitat. From these
ice platforms, they can catch seals to eat. The ice is very important for polar
bears, but sadly it is disappearing because of climate change. The world
is getting warmer and the Arctic ice is melting. If the ice disappears, polar
bears will have a hard time finding food.
If we don’t try to stop climate change, polar bears and other wild animals
are going to become extinct. We need to protect these endangered species.
They are all an important part of the natural world.

Q Match the words in blue to their meaning. Change the form when necessary.
1. protect to keep safe from danger

2. a kind of animal or plant

3. to change from solid to liquid because of heat
4. to stop being seen
5. doesn’t exist any more

W O RD F O CUS 6. the weather of a place over time

Species that are 7. the place where an animal usually lives
near extinction are
endangered species.
8. in nature, not controlled by people

Complete the sentences with a blue word.

1. When people cut down forests, many--------------- animals lose their-----------------

2. The Arctic has a cold In the winter, the temperature can be -50°C.
3. Some people are trying to nature by changing some of their habits.
A polar b e ar a t t h e
w a t e r's e d g e o n 4. The number of gorillas in the world now is very small. They are an endangered
R u d o l p h I sl a n d , p a r t
of t h e Fr a n z Jose f
La n d a rchip ela go in
 3 MY WORLD In pairs, talk about other endangered animals you know about.

Grammar
Real Conditionals in the Future

We use the real conditional for situations that can I f the world g e t s h o t t e r, the arctic ice w ill m e l t .
happen in the future. The arctic ice w ill m e l t if the world g e t s h o t t e r.

Conditional sentences have two parts: the condition I f the world g e t s h o t t e r, the ice is g o i n g t o m e l t .
and the result. The condition or the result can be first The ice is g o i n g t o m e l t if the world gets hotter.
in the sentence.

Read the text in B again and underline the conditional sentences.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Polar bears------------------------------------------- (lose) their habitat if the sea ice

------------------------------------------- (melt).
2. If we------------------------------------------- (take) action now, we
------------------------------------------- (help) protect nature.
3. If the temperature(get) higher, more wild
animals------------------------------------------- (be) endangered.
4. Polar bears(try) to find food in towns if they
(have to) live on land.
5. If humans(not control) climate change, more
species(become) extinct.

Discuss these situations in pairs. Write sentences to describe them in your

notebook. What will happen if...

1. the climate continues to change? 4. people protect polar bears?

2. the polar bears’ habitat disappears? 5. polar bears become extinct?
3. polar bears can’t catch enough 6. polar bears try to find food in
seals? towns?

GOAL CHECK Talk about Consequences

Look at the problems in the chart. How will these problems affect nature? Write notes
in the consequences column. Then, talk about the problems and their consequences
in pairs.
More animals
Problems Consequences
will... if...
climate change
pollution
energy use

Conservation 103
B GOAL Discuss Ways to Solve Future Problems

Listening
Q Match the names in the box
1. Atlantic Ocean with the places on the map.
2. Pacific Ocean Write the numbers.
3. Indian Ocean
4. Mediterranean
program about the bluefin
Sea
tuna and circle the three
places it talks about on
the map.

Listen and fill in the blanks.

Bluefin Tuna
1. up to feet long 4. swims more than

2. weighs more than miles an hour

3. colors:, 5. lives up to
years

A 38 Listen and complete the sentences.

1. in, people use it to make sushi, and in, people

love to cook big pieces for tuna steaks.
2. If the boats big bluefins, there young fish in the
future.
3. Only of the original population of bluefins was left.

4. If the big boats the fishing in the Mediterranean, many poor

people their work.
Q MY WORLD Discuss these questions in pairs.

1. Is fish cheap or expensive where you live? How often do you eat it?
2. Do you know where the fish you eat comes from?

Pronunciation: Phrases in sentences

Listen and repeat the sentences. Notice how they’re divided into phrases.

1. A bluefin tuna | can swim very fast | and live a long time.
2. In Japan, | people use it | to make sushi.

Draw lines to divide these sentences into phrases. Listen and check your
answers. Then, practice saying the sentences.

1. If they catch all the big fish, the species won’t survive.
2. The bluefin tuna is also delicious.
3. There are international rules for fishing.
4. Bluefin tuna lived in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
5. It is important to try to understand how our actions affect nature.

W O RD F O CUS
Communication The word environment
can refer to nature
Read the information. What does sustainable mean? in general or to
everything that’s
Fish is one of the world’s favorite foods. Around the world, the average person around us in a
eats 36 pounds (16 kg) of fish every year. But many kinds of fish around the world particular place.
Recycling paper
are disappearing because people catch too many of them. Scientists say that
is good for the
90 percent of the biggest fish are gone now. If we catch too many big fish now, there environment.
won't be any baby fish in the future. Some species of fish will become extinct. Our This classroom is a
way of fishing now is not sustainable—if it continues, it will hurt the environment. good environment for
learning.

GOAL CHECK Discuss Ways to Solve Future Problems

In groups, discuss ways to solve fishing problems.
1. Read each plan. What will happen if we follow each one? Write some notes.

P l a n A : D o n ’ t e a t f is h! Tell people P l a n B : S a f e f is h s y m b o l Make Pl a n C : S t ric t l a w s a b o u t

to stop buying and e ating fish. Put a special symbol for fish that are f is h i n g Make stronger laws about
ads in ne wspapers and magazines, caught in a sustainable way. Make how many fish people can catch.
and make TV commercials to commercials to tell people to look Send special police in fast boats to all
explain why fishing hurts the for this symbol in supermarkets of the fishing areas to make sure that
environment. and restaurants. fishing boats follow the laws.

2. Discuss the plans with your group.

3. As a group, decide which is the best plan.
4. Explain your decision to the class.

Conservation 105
 GOAL Describe a Situation
Language Expansion: Adverbs of Manner
Q Read the text and answer the question. What does the rescue center do?

The Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation

Centre in South Africa works hard to protect
local wild animals. This rescue center helps
many different species, from lions, leopards,
and cheetahs to rhinoceros and eagles. They
rescue them from a lot of dangerous situations.
Sometimes the animals are badly injured or
they have been poisoned, and often they
have been orphaned because of poaching.
The center looks after the animals carefully.
Some animals recover quickly and they can
be released into the wild again rapidly, but
a few animals have to stay permanently. At
the center, they know that conservation is
important, so they have an education program,
too. People can visit the center to learn about
wildlife and protecting the environment.

A c r i t ic a ll y
endangered
N ort h ern w hit e Write the blue words from A in the chart.
r h i n oc e ros a t t h e Adv erb of Ma nn er
A d j ectiv e
D v ur Kralov e Zoo Adverbs of Manner
in D v ur Kralov e bad

n a d La be m in t h e Adverbs of manner Orphaned animals can ’ t careful

C z e c h R e p u b lic tell us how an action survive e a sil y without their hard
is done. The adverb mothers.
permanent
W O RD F O CUS usually follows the They ne ed to help poisoned
quick
verb. animals q u ic k l y .
If you are orphaned, rapid
you don’t have your
Some adverbs are good - well
parents anymore.
irregular. hard - hard

Complete the sentences with the adverb forms of the adjectives in the box.
1. The vet checks the animals before they enter the center.
bad careful
2. The baby cheetah is eating--------------- now and it plays---------------- with the
good happy other cheetah.
hard quiet 3. The visitors watched the baby rhino They didn’t want to frighten him.
slow
4. The staff at the center works to help the animals.
5. The lion was walking because its leg was--------------- injured.

106 Unit8
 Grammar
Review of Quantifiers
With count nouns With non-count nouns
a few a lot of a little a lot of
many some animals some too little food
too few too many too much

Write C for count nouns or NC for non-count nouns.

Wildlife rescue centers save (1)----------- animals that are in danger. Often, the

animals are sick or hurt, so they need medicine. And of course, they all need
(2)------------food and (3)------------ water. The staff works hard to take care of them.

The (4)------------centers help the animals recover so they can go back to their

natural (5)habitat.

Circle the correct quantifier in each sentence.

1. There are too few/ too little visitors to the center. They want more people
to come.
2. The center spends many / a lot of money taking care of the animals.
3. They took a few I a little lions back to the wild yesterday.
4. Hunters kill too many! too much leopards.

Q my w o r l d What animals do rescue centers near you help? Discuss in pairs.

Conversation SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y
Listen to the conversation with your book closed. Why was the deer at the Look at the questions
rescue center? Dan asks. We use
questions to keep a
Dan: I didn t know you worked at the wildlife rescue center.
conversation going.
Carmen: I’m really interested in conservation, so I started helping there last
year. It’s hard work, but I see some amazing animals. The vet brought
in a beautiful deer this morning. It was badly injured.
Dan: Oh no, what happened to it?
Carmen: A car hit it on the highway last night.
Dan: So, what did you do?
Carmen: Well, the vet checked the deer carefully, and she found it has a
broken leg.
Dan: If she recovers quickly, will she go back to the wild?
Carmen: We hope so.

I GOAL CHECK Describe a Situation

Describe one of the situations in the box to a partner. wild animal hunting poaching circus animals
Use adverbs of manner and quantifiers.
destruction of animals’ habitats

Conservation 107
D GOAL Discuss Conservation
Projects
Reading
o Look at the photo. What do you think the article
will tell you? Write your ideas.
Small Changes
Human actions are affecting the
What do you think overfishing means? Discuss environment, and if we don’t try to change
in pairs. things, we will lose more and more of the natural
world. Even though it is hard, we can make a
Q Read the article and circle the main idea. difference. Each small change is important,
and luckily more individuals and organizations
Change is possible. Straws can kill turtles. around the world are becoming involved in
conservation projects.
Trash is the oce an ’s We ne ed to protect
main problem. the oce ans. In Madagascar, a fisherman named Samson
has become a voice for the ocean and is
Q Read the article again. Answer the questions. helping his community take better care of
its local waters. He and the other fishermen
1. What was happening in Madagascar? realized that they were catching fewer and
2. How have they solved the problem? j fewer fish every day. They were overfishing.
Working with the World Wide Fund for Nature
3. What do you think Samson means when he (WWF), Samson learned that they had to fish
says, “We are all in this together”? more carefully. He realized that they shouldn t
4. Why are straws a problem for the h ■ catch so many young fish because if there
environment?
5. What has happened as a result of the Sea
Turtle Conservancy’s project in Florida?

Q GOAL CHECK
1. What can you do to make a difference for
the environment? Write a list of specific
actions and habits you could change.
2. Share your list in pairs. Do you have any
ideas that are the same? What different
ideas do you have?
3. Discuss a conservation project.
a. Write a list of local or national conservation
projects that you know about.
b. Share your list in pairs. Discuss the
different projects.
c. Join another pair. Choose one of the
projects to research and find out more
about it.
d. With your group, present the project you
researched to the class.

108 Unit 8
are too few of them in the ocean, there won’t be they do give out are paper, not plastic. If we don’t
enough adult fish to reproduce. Samson now works use plastic straws (or other single-use plastic items),
with his community to help fishermen change their there will be less plastic pollution in the oceans. Not
techniques so that fishing can be sustainable. He using plastic straws is just one way each of us can
believes that protecting the ocean is everybody’s contribute to protecting ocean wildlife.
job. As he says, “Take your responsibilities with
Those are just two of the many conservation
courage and never think that you are alone. We are
efforts found all over the world today. Mexico, for
all in this together.”
example, has successful projects for sea turtle
On the other side of the world, in Florida, in the protection similar to that of Florida, and Costa
US, the Sea Turtle Conservancy (STC) organization Rica has its own very effective ocean conservation
noticed that there were always a lot of single-use initiatives. These projects all show us that change
plastic items, like coffee stirrers, bottles, and drinking is possible and that it can start with small actions in
straws, on the beaches. All of these items can hurt our own community. We are part of the problem. It’s
the ocean wildlife terribly. Straws are especially time to be part of the solution.
dangerous for turtles because they can get stuck in
turtles’ noses and hurt them very badly. So, the STC organization a group of people who work together
started the project “Where are the straws?” asking community a group of people who live in the same area
stuck if something is stuck, it can’t move
local restaurants to stop giving customers straws
contribute to to help or give support to something
with their drinks. Now, many restaurants will only
give straws if customers ask for them, and the straws

An e nda ngered green

se a t urtle e n t a n gle d in
a f is h i n g n e t s w i m m i n g
underw ater

109
GOAL Explain a Conservation Issue

Communication
o Draw a mind map in your notebook. In the center, write the environment.
Brainstorm problems related to the environment in your country. Write them in

Share your mind map in pairs. Explain the problems you wrote.
 In pairs, identify the causes and consequences of each problem and add them
to your mind map. Then, join another pair and discuss possible solutions for the
problems. What can local people do? What actions will help solve the problem
or improve the situation?

If people use their

cars less, climate
Yes, that’s true. We can make
change will be slower.
a carpool plan at work so fewer
people drive to work every day.

Writing
Complete the sentences about a problem in nature in your country.
1. If we believe in conservation, we will
2- lf---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- many animals will be saved.
3. If people want to make positive changes, they will

Write but, so, and even though in the correct places in the paragraph.
W R I T I N G ST R A T E G Y

By the 1990s, many species of animals were endangered in Namibia Conjunctions are
used to connect ideas
because of poaching. The situation was serious, (1)conservationists within sentences.

needed to find a way to protect the animals. They found one, (2)it

wasn’t what you would expect: they asked poachers for help. (3)
this seemed crazy, I think it was a great idea. If we want to protect endangered

species, we need to consider every solution.

In your notebook, write a paragraph explaining an environmental issue in

your country. Use the paragraph in E to help you. Explain the causes and
consequences of the problem and give some possible solutions.

In pairs, exchange paragraphs. How can your partner improve his or her
paragraph? Use your partner’s comments to make corrections to your paragraph.

GOAL CHECK Explain a conservation issue

In small groups, share your paragraphs from G. Choose one of the issues to
explain to the class.

Conservation 111
 WHILE YOU WATCH
VIDEO JOURNAL C Watch the TED Talk. Circle the main idea.
& * - •, ^k. ' 1 1. It’s necessary to study big cats over many
years.

‘ 1 TALKS 2. If the big cats disappear, many other

species may disappear.

w 3. Beverly and Dereck Joubert believe that big

LIF E L E SS O N S cats are beautiful.

FROM BIG C A TS AFTER YOU WATCH

D Match the phrases to the information from the
video.
BEFORE YOU WATCH
1. number of lions alive a. $80 billion
A In pairs, look at the picture and answer the now 4- 1 b. 5
questions. 2. number of leopards c. 20,000
1. What kind of animal is in the photo? left in the wild Hl d 50 000

2. Where do these animals live? 3. years the Jouberts have 28

been filming big cats
3. What else do you know about these animals
and their habitat? 4. amount of ecotourism revenue
stream Lli
B Look at the words in the box. Complete the 5. number of years the Jouberts
paragraph with the correct words. Not all words followed Legadema
will be used.
E Complete the summary with the words in
c o ll e c t i v e l y shared or done by a group
of people
the box.
c o n d o n e to allow (something that may be
extinction passionate photographing
considered wrong) to continue
respect survive
c r a s h to go down very suddenly and
quickly
d is r u p t to cause (something) to be unable to Beverly and Dereck Joubert are
(1) i ■ ■ ■ about protecting the African
continue in the normal way
wilderness. They have spent many years
p r i d e a group of lions
r e v e n u e s t r e a m a flow of money that is
studying and (2) HHHHH
made by or paid to a business or an organization big cats. In the last 50 years, these
cats have been pushed to the edge of
Africa's big cats are endangered, and we are (3) by hunters. The Jouberts
all (1) HHHMHHH responsible. Soon, the believe that if the big cats are viewed with
(2) of lions may disappear. (4) ■ they can survive. And if the
Because we (3) ...... 11.. .. hunting big cats (5) HHHHH’ they can help us
and other activities that put them at risk, their maintain our connection to nature and to other
numbers have (4) HHHHHHHH in the human beings.
last 50 years. And it's not only the big cats
that are in danger—ecotourism brings in a
large (5) HHHMHI to Africa. If the cats
disappear, so will the money and jobs.

112
 ii

BEVERLY AND DERECK

JOUBERT >
Documentary Filmmakers /
Conservationists, National Geographic
Explorers-in-Residence

»•

Beverly and Dereck Joubert s idea worth spreading is

that big cats like lions and leopards have big personalities
and getting to know them can help protect Africa. Watch
the Jouberts’ full TED Talk on TED.com.

113
UNIT
 Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What do you see 2 What ancient places
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: in the photo? exist where you live?

I
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♦?*
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1
UNIT 9 GOALS
A. Discuss Life in the Past
•t ft
A i
B. Contrast Different Ways of Life

C. Talk about How Things were

Done in the Past

D. Discuss Historical Facts

*• A
'* ■ <<•.
E. Describe a Historical Wonder
*■ ‘

4 ’
rj- ■3 . » A 5 *
y. «
'-*1 ? >4
«•* w
•an
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5* s .<
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4 ' ,f'W' ■. • *’
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W ’su ■ e,
V &
 GOAL Discuss Life in the Past

Vocabulary
If Look at the picture. Answer the questions in pairs.

1. What do you know about Marco Polo?

2. Where did he travel? How do you think he traveled?

o Read the text.

Today, many people travel from one country to another easily, and
even from one continent to another, but long-distance travel used to
be very challenging. But even though it was difficult hundreds of years
ago, there were always people who wanted to discover new places.
Explorers used to travel by land and sea on trips that often took
many years, and the result was an exchange of knowledge and
culture that changed the world.
Marco Polo (1254-1324) was one of these great explorers. We
do not know exactly when or where Polo was born, but he lived
in Venice and Genoa, in what is now Italy. In 1271, when he was
about 17, he set off on a trip with his father and uncle. They left Italy
and traveled east—far beyond the borders of Europe, into Asia.
Marco’s father was a merchant searching for opportunities for
trade with China. They traveled first by ship, then by horse and camel,
through many countries. Everything was very different: they saw amazing
places and learned new things. In China, for example, they were surprised
to see paper money, eyeglasses, the compass, and silk making.
M a rco Polo Marco Polo returned to Italy 24 years later with lots of experiences
M os a ic f r o m to share. But he only became famous after his book, The Description
P a l a z z o T u rsi i n
of the World, was published. The book inspired other world travelers
G e n o a, I t aly
centuries later.

Write each word in blue next to the correct definition or synonym.

1.______ ______ start a journey 5. ______ ______ printed and sold
2. ______ ______ giving and receiving 6. ______ ______ further than
3. ______ ______ difficult 7. ______ ______ a very soft cloth
4. ______ ______ buying and selling 8. ______ ______ chances

Complete the sentences with the correct form of a blue word.

1. Traveling is an to get to know other people and cultures.
2. We use to make beautiful dresses and shirts.
3. Marco Polo for China in 1271.
4. Living in a foreign country can be very at first.
5. Today, there is a lot of between China and Europe.

116 Unit 9
Grammar
Used to

We use used to + base form of a verb to Long-distance travel u s e d t o b e challenging; now it is easier.
contrast the past with the present. Trade betwe en countries u s e d t o t a k e more time.

D i d explorers u s e t o travel by horse a lot?

In questions and negative statements, use
How d i d people u s e t o travel?
did/ didn't + use to.
People d i d n ’ t u s e t o pay for things with paper money.

Write questions using the words provided and the correct form of used to.
Ask a partner your questions.
1. people I travel How did people use to travel?_______________________

2. trade / take longer______________________________________________

3. clothes I people / wear__________________________________________
4. merchants / trade______________________________________________

A 43 Complete the conversation. Then, listen and check your answers.

didn ’ t travel use used used to

v __________________ _ _____________________ .

Sue: Why did people (1)to travel by horse?

Aki: Well, there (2)use to be other transportation.
Sue: OK, but did everyone use to (3)that way?
Aki: No, in some parts of the world they (4)use
camels, not horses. Why are you so interested in how people
(5)to travel?
Sue: I’m writing about transportation in the past for my history class.

Q MY WORLD Make a list of things that were different 100 years ago where
you live.

GOAL CHECK Discuss Life in the Past

1. Complete the chart.

Before Now
transportation horses pulled vehicles motor vehicles
communication People used to travel
by sea more. Now
trade we fly to different
countries.
home life

education

2. In pairs, describe what people used to do in the past. Use the topics in the
chart and your own ideas.

Life Now and in the Past 117

B GOAL Contrast Different Ways of Life

Listening
□ Look at the photo. Would you like to live there? Discuss in pairs.

Q How do you think people used to live in this part of the world 1,000 years ago?
Check (/) the things you think people did.
1. ate fish from the Arctic Ocean 4. lived in houses made of
„ i- I, x wood
2. lived on small farms
_ , .. , f • i 5. ____ had their own language and
3 . _ _ _ _ followed groups of animals,
. . . customs
such as reindeer

A 44 Listen to a talk about the Sami people and choose the main idea.
a. The Sami people depend on animals, especially reindeer, to make a living.
b. Life is changing for the Sami people, but some of them still live in traditional ways.
c. Many young Sami people want to attend a university and choose a career.

W O R D F O C US A 44 Listen again and circle T for true or F for false. Correct the false sentences
Some animal words to make them true.
don’t have plural
1. Traditionally, the Sami people stayed and lived in one place. T F
forms:
bison deer 2. Reindeer were used by the Sami people for food and clothing. T F
reindeer sheep
3. Most Sami people still live in the traditional way. T F

4. Some Sami people now raise reindeer on farms. T F

5. New laws affect the way Sami people may use land. T F

Q Do you think it’s important to maintain traditions from the past? Or do you think
people should focus on the future? Discuss your ideas in pairs.

Sa mi rein d e er
h erd er in t h e forest
in La pl a n d, S w e d e n

118 Units
Pronunciation
Reduction of used to

When we spe ak quickly, used to is sometimes pronounced / ’ jus-ta/.

A 45 You will hear each sentence twice. Listen to the full form and the reduced
form of used to. Listen again and repeat the sentences.
1. The Sami people used to follow their herds of reindeer.
2. They used to sleep in tents.
3. They used to make the tents from reindeer skins.
4. Did the Sami use to raise sheep?
5. No, they didn’t use to raise sheep, only reindeer.

o Complete the sentences with your own information. Then, share your ideas in
pairs. Use the reduced form /'jus-ta/.
1. When I was younger, I used to_________________________________________
2. As a child, I used to want money for____________________________________
3. In my country, people used to_________________________________________
4. Before I was born, my grandparents used to.
5. As children, my parents used to________________________________________

W O RD F O CUS
Communication
Culture refers to the
way of life, including
MY WORLD How has your culture changed? Write notes to answer the
the general customs
questions below. and traditions, of a
1. Fifty years ago in your culture: particular group of
people.
• How old were men and women when they got married?

• How many children did they use to have?

• Where did people use to live?

• What kind of jobs did people use to do?

2. How have these things changed?

GOAL CHECK Contrast Different Ways of Life

education food housing language location traditions transportation

1. How is your way of life different from other cultures you know about?

2. In small groups, discuss your answers. Use the ideas in the box and your
own ideas.

Life Now and in the Past 119

c GOAL Talk about How Things Were Done in the Past
Language Expansion: Separable Phrasal Verbs
Q Complete the paragraph with the separable phrasal verb closest in meaning to
bring back
the verb in parentheses.
bring up
Hi, my name is Susie, and I live in the Nunavut Territory in Canada. Life in Nunavut
figure out

help out hasn’t changed as much as it has in other places. It’s true that nowadays we can
put on (1)(start) the furnace when it gets cold instead of building a fire,
turn on
but we haven’t given up our traditional culture. We still (2)------------------ (raise) our

children in the land our people have lived on for thousands of years. We teach
them to (3)(wear) our traditional clothing to stay warm in the winter.
When they’re old enough, we teach them to (4)------------------(discover, solve)

solutions to everyday problems. We teach them to (5)------------------ (return) anything

they borrow. And most importantly, we teach them to always (6)------------------ (aid)

their family and their community. Those things will never change.

Answer the questions. Use pronouns and the separable phrasal verbs in A.
1. What do you do with children?------ ---------------------------------------------------------------
2. What do you do with shoes?-------------------------------------------------------------------------
I n u i t m a n f is h i n g
t hrou g h h ole in 3. How do you assist your friends?-------------------------------------------------------------------
ic e n e a r A r v i a t ,
4. How do you understand something?------------- -----------------------------------------------
i n H u d so n B a y,
Canada 5. What do you do with a borrowed book?--------------------------------------------------------
6. What do you do to the heat when it’s cold?---------------------------------------------------

Grammar
Passive Voice in the Past

Use the active voice in the past to Parents r a is e d their children

focus on the subject of a sentence. differently in the past.

Use the passive voice in the past

Children w e r e r a is e d differently
to focus on the object or receiver
in the past (by their parents).
of a past action.

Form the past passive with was or My father w a s t a u g h t to

were + the past participle of a verb. always help other people.
 Match the sentence parts. In your notebook, write complete sentences with the
past passive form of a verb from the box.

1. Paper money a. from reindeer skin.

build
2. Explorers b. in China.
herd
3. The Sami tents c. by the Sami people. inspire
4. Fires d. when it was cold. invent

5. Reindeer e. by Marco Polo’s stories. make

Conversation
A 46 Listen to the conversation with your book closed. Why is Luisa interested SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y
in mail delivery in the past?
Notice Carl’s question:
Luisa: Hi, Carl. Can I ask you a question?
Do you mean letters
Carl: Sure. Go ahead. and packages?
Luisa: What do you know about how mail used to be delivered? This is a clarification
question. We ask
Carl: Do you mean letters and packages? Well, I guess they were taken on clarification questions
horseback to places in the same country, and by ship to other countries. to make sure we
Luisa: Right, so it used to take a really long time. have understood
something correctly.
Carl: Oh yes! When the telegram was invented in the 1800s, people were
finally able to send messages quickly.
Luisa: Then, in the 20th century, when the internet was developed,
everything changed in communication!
Carl: Definitely! But why are you asking me about mail delivery?
Luisa: I’m giving a presentation in my history class on how communication
has changed over the years. I was just practicing for it!
Carl: Well I hope I helped! Good luck!
Luisa: Thanks, Carl!

Q GOAL CHECK Talk about How Things Were Done in the Past

1. Look at the timeline. How has public education changed? Discuss in pairs. Use used to.
Public education
------------------- >
300 years ago: 50 years ago: Now:
Girls weren’t allowed Girls were allowed to go to Girls and boys learn
to learn to read. school. the same things.
Many students left Boys and girls were taught Students study until
school at age 12. mostly different things. age 18.

2. How were the topics in the box done before public services were developed,
and how are they done now? Choose one and draw a timeline.

garbage collection health care public transportation water

Life Now and in the Past 121

D GOAL Discuss Historical Facts

Reading The
0 Have you heard of the Silk Road? Tell your partner
anything you know about it or what you think it is. Silk Routes
□ Scan the article and find these numbers. What do
Most of us have heard of the Silk
they refer to?
Road, and we probably imagine one long
1453_______________________________________ road that made its way from Europe to
China, providing opportunities for trade
4,000______________________________________
between the West and the East centuries
13 _________________________________________ ago. However, it was actually a network
of roads, or routes. Marco Polo described
14 _________________________________________
these routes in the book that was published
Q Read the article. Circle T for true or F for false. about his travels, but he didn’t give them the
name we use today; a 19th-century German
1. Marco Polo named the Silk Routes. T F traveler, Ferdinand von Richthofen, began
2. The routes were only dangerous in the using the terms Seidenstrasse (silk route)
13th century. T F and Seidenstrassen (silk routes).
3. Silk was the most famous item that The Silk Routes
came from China. T F were used regularly by
merchants in caravans
4. Diseases traveled along the Silk Routes. T F
of horses and camels
5. Samarkand is the only World Heritage between 130 BCE
site along the Silk Routes. T F and 1453 CE, but

□ Answer the questions.

1. Why were the routes dangerous for merchants?

2. Why is Marco Polo important?

3. Which goods influenced western culture the most?

4. How were cultural elements such as art and

scientific knowledge exchanged?

5. Why do tourists visit the Silk Routes today?

ETGOAL CHECK
1. In pairs, discuss how the Silk Routes have
influenced modern life.
2. Think of an event or development in your
country from the past. Write notes about it. In
small groups, share your information.

122 Unit 9
traveling along them was challenging. The routes exchanged as travelers and merchants made their
ran 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles) from China all trips through the different countries. The exchange
the way to western Europe and passed through wasn’t all positive, however. It’s possible, for
many different countries and types of geography, example, that the Black Death plague in Europe in
including mountains and deserts. There was also the 14th century was carried from Asia to the West
the risk of meeting robbers on the way. But even along the Silk Routes.
though there were dangers, many goods were
Nowadays, goods are transported around the
transported in both directions. world by planes, trains, and ships, but the Silk
The routes were safest during the 13th century, Road has not been lost. Along the routes, there are
when Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire controlled many *UNESCO World Heritage sites, such as the
them. Genghis Khan was a strong Mongolian soldier beautiful town of Samarkand, Uzbekistan, which
and leader. He created a unified Mongolia and a is described as a crossroads of cultures. Today,
huge empire all the way across Asia. Thanks to travelers from around the world take tours to different
Khan, the Silk Routes became safer. Years later, places along the routes to visit these sites and to
under the rule of Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, experience the different cultures along the Silk Road.
Marco Polo was able to make his famous journey.
‘United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
From Polo’s writings, we know of some of the Organization
goods merchants traded from country to country.
network a group formed from parts that are connected
Chinese silk is obviously the most well known and
together
gives the road its name, but there were many more. BCE Before Common Era; used when referring to a year
From East to West, trade included tea, spices, rice, before the birth of Jesus Christ
paper, and gunpowder, among others. From West risk the possibility of something bad happening
goods items for sale (note: always plural)
to East, some examples are horses, honey, the plague a serious disease that kills .gfij
grapevine, glass, and animal furs. many people _ ™

The exchange of goods was of course very

important, and the arrival in the West of paper,
gunpowder, and spices, in particular, had a huge
influence on life there. But beyond goods, the Silk
Routes were also responsible for the exchange
and sharing of forms of culture between all of
the civilizations along the routes. Art, religion,
philosophy, and language, as well as knowledge
of science, architecture, and technology, were

R e g is t a n S q u a r e a n d
its t hre e m a dr asa hs
in S a m a r k a n d,
U z b e k is t a n

Life Now and in the Past 123

 GOAL Describe a Historical Wonder
Communication
What is a historical wonder? What historical wonders of the world do you know
of? Write a list.

□ Which words describe your reaction to historical wonders? Discuss in pairs.

Explain your choices and add another word of your own.

amazed inspired interested proud shocked your ide a --------------------

Q What amazing things did people create in the past? Think of a historical wonder
in your country. Write notes about it. What is it like? When was it built? Why? How
does it make you feel when you see it?

Q Tell a partner about your wonder. 'There is a beautiful, old temple ' What is special

Writing
Q Read the information about the New 7 Wonders of the World.

What does it mean to be a wonder of the world? Both the Seven

Wonders of the Ancient World and the New 7 Wonders are examples of
humankind’s greatest achievements. They are historical sites that show the
incredible things we are capable of creating. Of the original Seven Wonders,
only the Great Pyramid in Giza, Egypt, still exists, so Swiss-Canadian
filmmaker and adventurer, Bernard Weber, started the New 7 Wonders of
the World project. He wanted the achievements of the last 2,000 years to be
recognized now and remembered in the future. And he wanted the people
of the world to decide these new wonders, so he used the internet and
telephones for voting. The project began in the year 2000 and the results
were announced in 2007. The new wonders include the Great Wall of China,
the Colosseum in Rome, and the Taj Mahal in India.

Q Complete the description with adjectives from the box.

amazed amazing ancient famous huge interested stronger

The Great Wall of China was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World, and

it is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is really (1)____________ —some parts

were built in the 3rd century BCE—and it is (2)____________ —it is more than

20,000 kilometers (12,430 miles) long. Architecturally, it is an (3)---------------------

construction. The Chinese built the wall over the centuries to protect their
country. At the beginning of the 13th century, China was attacked by Genghis

Khan’s army, because Khan wanted China to be part of the Mongol Empire. His

grandson, Kublai Khan, finally achieved this in 1276. Because of historic events

124 Unit 9
like this, China continued to make the wall (4)and better up to

the 17th century. It is now one of the world’s most (5)landmarks.

I was very (6)to read about the Wall's history and I was
(7)when I saw it.

Use the internet to research one of the New 7 Wonders historical sites. Write notes. W R I T I N G ST R A T E G Y
Using descriptive
In your notebook, write a description of the site. Use your own words, including adjectives makes
adjectives, to describe your reaction to the site. Use the paragraph in F to your writing more
help you. interesting.

GOAL CHECK Describe a Historical Wonder

1. Share your description with a partner. Talk about the information that is
interesting or surprising to you.
2. How can your partner improve the description? Use your partner’s comments
to make corrections and improvements.
3. In small groups, share your descriptions of the New 7 Wonders of the World.

T h e C o l o ss e u m , a ls o k n o w n a s t h e
F l a v i a n A m p h i t h e a t e r, i n R o m e , I t a l y

0 w Sa—
Life Now and in the Past 125
VIDEO JOURNAL

S E A R C HIN G F O R G E N G HIS K H A N
Discuss the questions with a partner. 2. Genghis Khan was buried in a part of
Mongolia that is called the
1. Who was Genghis Khan? Zone, where very few outsiders visit.
2. Where was he from, and why is he famous? 3. Because many Mongolians believe Khan’s
tomb is, or holy, Lin and his
3. Where do people think Genghis Khan is
team can’t dig there.
buried?
4. Instead, they are using, which
4. How is Albert Lin going to find his tomb? detect heat, light, sound, and motion.

Complete the sentences with the words in

the box.

cutting-edge Forbidden sacred sensors

Q Match the words to their definitions.
Watch the video again. Complete the ideas.
1. nomadic---------- a. a person who fights 1. Genghis Khan was a warrior and leader in
and is known for having the--------------------- century.
courage and skill
2. He unified and
2. tribe---------- b. moving from place --------------------- an empire that stretched
to place across a continent.
3, warrior--------- c. people with the same 3. Lin is a researcher, an,
language, customs, and a National Geographic
and beliefs
4. His career is
Q Watch the video and check your answers in
5. Lin’s personal connection to Mongolia is
A, B, and C. Then, circle T for true or F for false.
1. Albert Lin and his team are working
6. of people looked at
only from the United States T F --------------------- images to help Lin find
to find Genghis’s tomb. Genghis Khan’s tomb.
2. Lin always planned to be an explorer. T F
MY WORLD Lin calls the people around the
3. Lin wants to dig up Genghis’s tomb world who helped him “citizen scientists.” Would
and remove the treasure inside. T F you like to be a “citizen scientist”? Why? Tell a
4. Many non-scientists are helping partner.
with the research by examining Make predictions, in pairs, about how new
satellite images. technology can be used in exploration and
research. Think about exploration on land,
under the sea, and in space.
-|Q Travel
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What do you see 2 How would you get
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: in this picture? to the national park?

UNIT 10 GOALS
A. Talk about Organizing a Trip

B. Talk about Different Kinds of

Vacations

C. Use English at the Airport

D. Discuss Travel

E. Describe a Cultural Event

129
A GOAL Talk about Organizing a Trip

Vocabulary

The internet has made organizing a trip a lot easier; you don’t need to
go to a travel agent anymore. You can do it all yourself with online booking! So,
find a travel website and follow these steps:
1. Choose your destination. Where do you want to travel to?
2. Book a flight. Choose your departure and return dates, and then click
searchi If you like the price, click payi
3. Need somewhere to stay? You can make a reservation for a hotel online,
too. Set your check-in and check-out dates, and choose the type of room
you need.
4. Need travel documents? You can even apply for a visa for some
countries online.

□ Read the text. Then complete the sentences with a blue word or phrase.

1. When you, you look for something.

2. You to get permission to enter a country.
3. The date you start your trip is your date.
4. is when you leave the hotel you are staying at.
5. The place you travel to is your
6. With, you can buy plane tickets and find a place to
stay on the internet.
7. When you buy a plane ticket, you
8. When you, you don't pay for the service yet.

Complete each collocation with a blue word from the text above.
1. a hotel 3. time
2. for a 4. a tour
Passport q fnr

Grammar
Expressing Necessity
Use must + verb to say that something is an Travelers m u s t a p p l y for a passport at least
obligation or a rule. six w e eks in advance.
Use have to or need to + verb to say that We h a v e t o b o o k our flights soon.
something is necessary. She n e e d s t o m a k e a hotel reservation.
Use don’t have to or don’t need to + verb to She d o e s n ’ t h a v e t o g e t a visa for Canada.
say that something is not necessary. We d o n ’ t n e e d t o m a k e a reservation.

130 Unit 10
 Complete the sentences with must, have to, need to, don’t have Y o u u s u a ll y
need to m a ke
to, or don’t need to.
a reserv a tio n
1. Airline rules say that passengers to do e xtrem e
be at the gate 15 minutes before departure. a c t i v i t i e s.

2. We book the tour. It’s not a

busy time.
3. Passengers be seated during
takeoff and landing.
4. If we don’t want to pay extra, we
leave the hotel before the check-out time.
5. I pack my bag tonight. I leave
tomorrow.
6. You make reservations for the
train. You can buy the ticket the day you travel.

48Complete the conversation. Then, listen to check

your answers.

Ed: So, Peter, are you and Maya ready for our trip?
Peter: We will be! But first Maya (1)
get a new passport, and I (2)
apply for the visa.
Ed: You need to get started! You (3)
go to the embassy for the visa. You can get it online. I booked our REAL LA N G UA GE
hotel online, too. It’s so much easier! A t i p is useful
Peter: OK, thanks for the tip! information that makes
doing something easier.

GOAL CHECK Talk about Organizing a Trip

Look at the destinations in the box. Add one of your own. Then choose a destination,
and complete the chart in your notebook. Finally, talk to a partner about preparing for
your trip.
**---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Well, I booked my
Canada Italy New Zealand Peru Thailand
flight to ... but I
still have to ...
Where Do you Do you Tickets Hotel Tour Other
are you have a ne ed a visa? (plane, train, reservation
going? passport? (embassy or bus) How about you?
online) Where are you
going on vacation?

Travel 131
B GOAL Talk about Different Kinds of Vacations

Listening
Q Look at the picture. How does it make you feel?
O Read the information. What kinds of vacations do you like? Tell a partner.
1. A d v e n t u r e v a c a t i o n 2. R ela xin g v aca tio n 3. Le a r nin g v aca tion
Try exciting sports, like hiking, Go to a beautiful place to Le arn to do something
rafting, or scuba diving. rest and relax. Sle ep late, new, like art or music, or
Have amazing experiences read, listen to music, and take a class in a subject
to tell your friends about. enjoy the scenery. that interests you.

A 49 Listen to three people talking about their vacations. Which country is each
person going to?
Carla: ________________________
Marcus: ________________________
Julie: ________________________

A 49 Listen again and complete the chart.

W h a t kin d of v aca tio n W h a t a c t i v i t i e s a r e t h e y g o i n g t o d o?

are t h e y goin g to h a v e?
Carla

Marcus

Julie

A l o n g t a il b o a t
n e ar t h e Phi Phi
I sl a n d s, T h a il a n d

132 Unit 10
 MY WORLD Tell a partner about a recent vacation or a vacation you want to
go on.

PRONUNCIATION: Reduction of have to and has to

When we spe ak quickly, have to and has to are pronounced /hae-fte / and /hae-ste /.

□s e i Listen to the sentences. Then practice saying them in pairs.

1. I have to apply for a passport.
2. We have to book our flights.
3. Rosa has to pack her suitcase.
4. They have to check in at six o’clock.
5. Juan has to check his hotel reservation.
6. Do you have to book the tour in advance?

Communication

M e x ic a n T r a d i t i o n a l C o o k i n g : Le arn to cook delicious, traditional dishes

in O axaca, Mexico. You will prepare the classic mole, with its 34 ingredients,
including chocolate and six different types of chili!

C o s t a R ic a n K a y a k i n g : Have an adventure in Costa Rica. You will go

kayaking, hiking, and rafting in the incredible rainforest. Look out for the
amazing wildlife, too!

B e a c h i n T h a il a n d : Stay in a relaxing be ach house on Railay Be ach,

Thailand! Swim, swing in a hammock, or just do nothing. You don ’ t even

have to cook— a chef will prepare all of your meals!

In pairs, talk about the three trips and choose which one you will take pfwe g°t0 Thailand, we’ll
together. |^see beautiful beaches!!^^

What do you have to do before this trip? Think of five things.

I I’ll take sunscreen.
What will you take with you? List 10 things.

' GOAL CHECK

| We didn’t choose the
Talk about Different Kinds of Vacations I beach house because

Join another pair and talk about your vacation plans. Explain why you
chose your vacation and why you did not choose the other destinations. we really like... so we
Say what you have to do to prepare for it. chose...

Travel 133
 GOAL Use English at the Airport

Language Expansion: At the Airport

Q Write the words from the box next to their meanings.
airline agent
1. registering for your flight at the airport or electronically
baggage claim
boarding pass 2. the person who helps you register for your flight and takes
carry-on bag
(online) check-in
your large bags
gate 3. where travelers arrive and leave from at an airport
security check
terminal 4. This has your flight details and seat number. You need it
V_________________ _
to get on the plane.
5. where you pick up your suitcase after your flight

6. where your bags are checked by security officers

7. the door where you get on the plane

8. a small bag you can take on the plane with you

REAL LA N G UA GE
□ Complete the paragraph with words from A.
You have to check
large bags. Your
checked baggage
When you get to the airport, the first thing you have to do is go to the right
goes in a separate (1)Then, you need to find the (2)-----------------------------desk
part of the plane and
you get it at baggage where an (3)will help you. They will check your passport
claim.
and give you your (4)_which has your flight information. If

you have a large bag or suitcase, you have to check it there. If you only have

a (5)you can take it on the plane with you. If you did

(6)_you already have your boarding pass, so you can go

straight to the (7)in the departure area. You will have to

go through a (8)to make sure you don’t have anything

dangerous. Finally, when you get to your destination, you can pick up your

checked bag from (9)-----------------------------

Grammar

Expressing Prohibition
Use must not to say something is not allowed. You m u s t n o t bring a knife on the plane.

Must not and can't both mean that something is You m u s t n o t open that door.
not allowed. Must not is stronger, You c a n ’ t take a large piece of
and is used for rules. baggage as a carry-on. _________________

134 Unit 10
 Write sentences about traveling by plane. Use have to,
must, must not, and can’t.
1. ._________________________ __________

2. ______ ______________________________

3. ____________ ___________ _______________________

4. _______________________________________________

5. _______________________

Conversation
A 51 Listen to the conversation with your book closed.
What time will the traveler get on the plane?

Airline agent: Good afternoon. Where are you flying to

today?
Traveler: To Bogota. Here’s my passport.
Airline agent: Thank you. And do you have any bags to
check?
Traveler: Just one. And this is my carry-on bag.
Airline agent: OK, thank you. Here’s your boarding pass. You’re in seat 27D.
Boarding time is 10:15 at gate 13, but you must be at the gate
SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y
30 minutes before that.
Notice the traveler’s
Traveler: OK, and 27D is a window seat, isn’t it? question: 27D is a
Airline agent: No, I’m afraid it isn’t. There aren’t any window seats available. window seat, isn’t it?
Traveler: Oh, I thought I had reserved a window seat when I booked Use these short
questions at the end
online. of a sentence to
Airline agent: I m sorry about that, ma’am. Is there anything else I can help confirm information.
you with?
Traveler: Yes, is there a restaurant after the security check?
Airline agent: Yes, there are two. Thank you, and enjoy your flight!

In pairs, practice the conversation. Switch roles and practice it again.

GOAL CHECK Use English at the Airport

1. In pairs, write a list of the things you do at an airport.
2. Join another pair and compare your lists. Put the actions in order.
3. Prepare the dialog for a how-to video in which you show other students how to
use English at the airport.

Travel 135
D GOAL Discuss Travel

Reading
Four Reasons
O MY WORLD What do you like about traveling? Is there
anything you don’t like about going somewhere you’ve
Why Traveling
never been before? Tell your partner.
Scan the article, and add the phrases (a-d) to the
is Good for You
paragraphs (1—4) to create subheadings. Taking a trip can be hard. There may be
long lines at the airport, crowds at the
a. is good for your health
security check, and uncomfortable seats
b. promotes cultural understanding at the gate, but traveling—meeting new
c. takes you out of your comfort zone people, visiting different places, and even
eating different foods—is good for us in
d. helps you become a global citizen
many ways. Here are four.
Q Read the article again. Circle T for true and F for false.
1. Your comfort zone is where you sleep. T F
2. Sightseeing can involve exercise. T F
3. Global citizens want to work together T F
to solve the world’s problems.
4. We can’t learn about culture in T F
restaurants, cafes, or markets.
5. We learn about ourselves when we travel. T F

□ Answer the questions.

1. Why are challenging situations sometimes good for us?

2. Why is travel good for your mind and body?

3. What does the term global citizen refer to?

4. How do we learn about our own culture when we travel?

5. Why is cultural understanding important?

QGOAL CHECK
1. Remember a trip you have taken. Write notes to answer
the questions.
Where did you go, and how long did you stay?

What was the most challenging / interesting /

frightening / unusual moment of that trip?

What did you learn during the trip?

2. Tell a partner about your trip.

136 Unit 10
 I. I IdVcl vl r * V || 3 Travel £££HRHHRHHH|HHB^H9|H£h h h mh h |
In our daily lives, we generally know where we’re There are a lot of problems in our world that will
going to go, what we’re going to do, and who we’re cause bigger problems in the future if we don’t find
going to see. We know where to go and who to ask solutions. With climate change, pollution, and other
if we need something, and we know how to ask for environmental issues in front of us, we need to work
that something. We’re in our comfort zone; we’re together as citizens of the world, not just citizens
comfortable. When we travel to a different country, of our own country. When you travel, you meet new
where people might speak a different language, we people, make new connections, and understand the
leave our comfort zone, and sometimes that can be world better. This helps you become a global citizen.
frightening. Things are different, and some things
4. Travel .77.7.^;,’7/"-,"7./ ', fl
will be challenging. But it’s worth it! Challenges
help us grow and become more confident. When we travel, we can visit museums, art
2. Travel galleries, and festivals, as well as restaurants,
cafes, and markets. All these things help us learn
Changes in location and breaks from our routine about the history and culture of a country and help
make us feel better. We are stimulated by seeing us understand that people around the world think
new places, trying new food, and experiencing differently and do things differently. When we travel,
new cultures. Also, when we travel, we are often we learn about a country, its culture, and its people,
more active, so we do more exercise, even if it and we come home with new understanding. This
is only walking around a new city sightseeing. opportunity to experience other cultures opens your
Traveling can be very motivating and exciting, mind and can help you respect others and see your
so it is good for your mind and your body. own culture more clearly.

So, whether you go on vacation, take a business

trip, or study abroad, travel is good for you. Where
will you go next?

stimulate to make someone excited and interested

about something
motivating makes you want to do something
citizen a person who lives in a particular place
 GOAL Describe a Cultural Event
Communication
Read the text. What cultural festivals or events do you know about? Write a list.

Hawaii’s Lantern Floating Festival

People travel from all over the world to participate in Hawaii’s Lantern
Floating festival. Lantern Floating is a ceremony to remember family and
friends who have died. It takes place on Memorial Day, the last Monday in

May. The festival begins with music and singing, and then, as the sun sets,
everyone lights their lanterns. Each lantern has a message written on it, and

sometimes people also attach photos of their loved ones to them. Once they

are lit, the lanterns are released onto the water. It is a truly beautiful sight.
Lantern Floating is a moment to remember and give thanks to the people

who have left the world before us.

Choose an event from your list, and write notes about it. Use the questions.

When does it take place?

Where does it take place?
What is it for?
What do people do?
Do people come from far away to go to the event?

How would you describe it? Write three adjectives.

T h e a n n u al La n t ern Flo a tin g

c e r e m o n y is h e l d a t A l a M o a n a
B e a c h P a r k i n O a h u , H a w a ii.

II IIII II
 Ask a partner about their cultural event.

Writing
Read the text about a festival. Underline the topic sentence and the last sentence.

Nevada’s Burning Man Art Festival

Every August, thousands of people from America and around the

world travel to Black Rock Desert, Nevada, in the US. They travel there

to participate in Burning Man, a huge festival that celebrates community,

creativity, and art. There aren’t any hotels or stores nearby, so people camp

and have to bring everything they need with them. A temporary community
is created for a week in the middle of the desert—it’s incredible! Some

people come to look at and experience the art, but others come to create it.

They construct enormous pieces of unusual art in the middle of the desert.

It’s an amazing sight. At the end of the week, many of the creations are
burned. This tradition comes from the very first Burning Man in 1986, where

an 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) wooden man was burned. A giant figure of a man is still

burned on the last night of the event each year. So, if you like travel, art, and

unusual experiences, you should visit Burning Man next August! You can’t
make a hotel reservation, but you have to book a ticket online for the festival.

W R I T I N G ST R A T E G Y
Use your notes from B to write a text for a travel blog. In your blog, you want to The topic sentence
encourage people to visit your country for the cultural event. Use the text in D (the introduction) and
to help you. the last sentence
(the conclusion)
Exchange texts with a partner. How can your partner improve his or her text? work together. They
both need to show
Write notes on the text. Use your partner’s comments to make corrections and
the main idea of the
improvements. paragraph.

GOAL CHECK Describe a Cultural Event

1. In small groups, share your texts.
2. Discuss the different cultural events and decide which one you would all like to
visit. Explain your reasons to the class.

Travel 139
VIDEO JOURNAL
TALKS A Discuss the question in pairs. What kind of art do

you like?

drawing graffiti painting

W H Y A R T T H RIV E S photography sculpture

AT B URNIN G MA N B Match the words and expressions to their meanings.

Write the letter.
1. thrive B a. people will want to
buy it
Craft Curator 2. throw your back into b. it won’t match or look
something B good in your home
3. marketable H c. be very successful

4. it doesn’t go with the d. try really hard to do

sofa H something

C Watch the first part of the video. Circle T for true and F
for false.
1. Atkinson is describing a large piece of
art that was created in the desert. T F
2. A group of people pulled ropes
Nora Atkinson's idea worth spreading is
to stop the wheel from moving. T F
that the value of art should not come from its
price but from its ability to inspire curiosity, 3. Peter Hudson is an artist. T F
engagement, and collaboration. Watch
4. Nora thinks people will want to buy
Atkinson's TED Talk on TED.com. this work of art. T F

140
D Watch the rest of the video and match the $110 million
numbers with what they describe.
$450 million
the number of art installations
on the playa at Burning Man several years

the number of seconds a 30

person spends looking at
80
a work of art in a museum
BSSSSHSH the price of a painting by
300
Leonardo da Vinci
K99BBB99 the number of words that
describe a piece of art in a museum
BMMMI price of a painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat
B999S9I the time Atkinson has been studying the meaning of
the art of Burning Man
E Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. Do they sell the art created at Burning Man?

2. What does Atkinson think is more important: the price of a work of art
and who created it, or how it makes you feel?
3. What do you think is more important?
UNIT

11 Careers

I
Mira Nakashima, a designer
and woodworker, in New Hope,
Pennsylvania

142
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What is the person in the 2 What knowledge and skills
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: photo doing? Why? does this person have?

1*

UNIT 11 GOALS
A. Discuss Career Choices

B. Ask and Answer Job-Related

Questions

C. Talk about Career Planning

D. Explain New Careers

E. Create a Personal Profile

■ ST-'

143
 GOAL Discuss Career Choices
Vocabulary
j A 53 Listen to a conversation between a high school senior and a career advisor.
What does Marcy do at the hospital?

A 53 Listen again. Then, fill in the blanks in Ms. Carter’s notes below with the
words in the box.

assistant boss employe e experience

owner qualifications training volunteer

_______ y

• Marcy has some work

(1)She went
through a (2)________________
program to become a family
(3)at the hospital.
It’s (4)work, so
Marcy doesn’t get paid.
• Marcy would like to be a business
(5) , but she
doesn’t have the necessary
(6) --------------------------- yet.
• I explained that she could start as an
(7) at a business.
Later, perhaps, she can be the
(8) when she has
her own business.

T h is m o d e r n ,
Complete each sentence with a word from B.
o p e n-co nce p t
o f f ic e s p a c e 1. An works for an employer.
e nco u r a g es
c o ll a b o r a t i o n ,
2. If you do work, you don’t get paid.
cr e a tivit y, a n d 3. In a program, you learn how to do something.
in n ov a tio n.
4. If you are the of a company, it is your company.
5. An helps you.

In pairs, discuss what you think Marcy should do to prepare for her future. What
degrees or training should she get?
Yes, she should
get a degree MY WORLD In pairs, talk about the education or experience that you have. Use
in business the information in the box to help you.
administration.
bachelor’s degree extracurricular activities
vocational degree volunteer work

144 Unit 11
Grammar
Modals for Giving Advice

We use should + verb to say that something You s h o u l d c h o o s e a care er that fits your personality.
is (or isn ’ t) a good idea. You s h o u l d n ’ t a p p l y for an office job if you don ’ t like to be
inside all day.

Use had better to say that something bad You h a d b e t t e r prepare well for your interview.
could happen if the advice isn ’ t followed. He ’ d b e t t e r practice his English before he goes.

Use maybe, perhaps, or / think with modals to M a y b e you s h o u l d b e c o m e a he alth-care worker.

make the advice sound gentler and friendlier.

Q Complete the sentences with an advice modal. Use a negative form when
necessary.
1. You listen to your boss!
2. Juan finish the course so he can get his degree.
3. The employees leave early when the boss isn’t there.
4. Perhaps you look for a job as an assistant first.
5. Martha do the training program if she’s not interested in the job.

Q Complete the sentences in pairs. Use your own ideas.

Career Advice
• If you want to become a successful business owner, you should_________________ , but you
_________________ shouldn’t__________________
• If you want to get a degree, you had better_________________
• You should_________________ if you want to get some work experience. Good luck!

□ Read one of the problems out loud to a partner. Your partner will give you friendly
advice using maybe, perhaps, or I think.
1. I don’t know what career to choose. 4. My job doesn’t pay very well.
2. I don’t have any experience. 5. My job application was rejected.
3. I want to get a better job. 6. I need an assistant to help me at work.

-------------------------------------------------------------------- X

GOAL CHECK Discuss Career Choices App developer

1. Look at the careers in the box. What training, experience, and other Computer systems analyst
qualifications are needed for each career? Choose three and write Health services manager
notes.
Market research analyst
2. In pairs, discuss each career.
Physical therapist
3. Would you choose any of these careers? Why?
Sales representative

Careers 145
B GOAL Ask and Answer Job-Related Questions
Listening
A 54 Listen to an interview with a restaurant owner. Why did he start his own
business?

A 54 Listen again and answer the questions.

1. When did Mr. Sangumram open the New Thailand restaurant?----------------

2. Who is the cook at the restaurant?_________________________________
3. What kind of food is served at the restaurant?
4. How far from the owner’s home is the restaurant?
5. How many employees work at the restaurant?---------------------------------------
6. What does Mr. Sangumram’s wife do for a living?

0 What makes a good job? Rank the following from 1 (most important) to 6 (least
important). Share your answers in pairs.
amount of vacation time distance from home

wage or salary level long-term employment

working alone or with others interesting job duties

Q MY WORLD Do you have a job at the moment? Have you had a job in the
Th ai rest auran t
coo k w or kin g in past? Tell a partner about your job(s).
a rest a ura n t
 PRONUNCIATION: Intonation in Questions

In yes/no questions, the spe aker’s voice rises on the last content word.
_______________________ >
D o es y o u r w if e w or k w it h y o u a t t h e r est a ur a n t?
In questions with wh- words, the spe aker’s voice rises on the first content word and falls
on the last content word. _____

W h e n d i d y o u o p e n t h is w o n d e r f u l r e s t a u r a n t ?

A 55 Listen and repeat the questions. Then, ask and answer them
in pairs.
1. What do Mr. Sangumram’s children do?
2. Does his wife work at the restaurant?
3. What does his nephew do?
Diving I nstructor:
4. Does the restaurant serve Chinese food?
Understands and te aches
5. Where do Mr. and Mrs. Sangumram live?
the use of scuba equipment.
6. Does Mr. Sangumram enjoy his job?
Works outdoors.

Should be a strong swimmer.

Communication
Salary varies by se ason.
When you are looking for a job, what do you want to know? Write a C o m m e r ci a l Pil o t :
question for each one.
Knows about airplane
mechanics, weather, radio
What I want to know about: Questions I can ask:
communication.
Salary
Works long hours.

Training opportunities Often far away from home.

M a r k e t R e s e a rc h A n a l y s t :
Vacation time
Should be interested in
Travel opportunities psychology and behavior.

Hours Works under pressure.

Should have strong

organizational and
Read the job profiles in the box. Choose one that you are interested in.
communication skills.
Tell a partner why you chose that job.

GOAL CHECK
Ask and Answer Job-Related Questions
Join another pair and ask and answer each other’s questions in F about the different
jobs.

What qualifications should a Well, a degree in communications

market research analyst have? or business administration is useful.

Careers 147
c GOAL Talk about Career Planning

Language Expansion: Participial Adjectives

Q Read the article. What are the noun forms of the words in blue?

A. J. Coston isn’t waiting to start his dream job. At age 18, he’s a
weekend volunteer firefighter in the United States. During the week, he
lives at home with his mom, dad, and sister, and does his main job: going
to high school. “I have always wanted to get into firefighting... since I was a
little kid watching fire trucks go by,” he says. “One day I was bored and on
the internet, and I found out that Loudoun County offered a junior firefighter
program.”
Some of A. J.’s friends are surprised by his decision to spend weekends
at the firehouse, but to A. J., helping people is more satisfying than anything
else. The job is never boring, either, since firefighters get called to all sorts
of emergencies. One terrifying moment for A. J. was getting an emergency
call after four children were struck by lightning. Luckily, all four survived.
A. J. will be off to college next fall, and plans to study what he’s most
interested in: emergency medical care. “I want to be a flight medic on a
helicopter eventually,” he says.

F li g h t m e d ics
p r e p a r e f o r t a k e o f f. For each participial adjective in blue above, decide whether it describes
(1) someone’s feelings or (2) something that causes a certain feeling.
1. Describes someone’s feelings: —-----------------------------------------------------------------
2. Describes what causes the feeling:--------------------------------------------------------- -----

Grammar
.
Indefinite Pronouns

Pronouns refer to specified nouns. M y b o ss should hire an assistant.

S h e has too much work.

Indefinite pronouns refer to unspecified nouns. S o m e b o d y / S o m e o n e has applied for the job.
(1 don ’ t know who applied.)

Indefinite pronouns always take the singular form of a verb. Has a n y b o d y / a n y o n e met the new assistant?
Use anybody /anyone for questions and negative He doesn ’t know a n y b o d y / a n y o n e at his new
statements. workplace.
Use nobody/no one to refer to not a single person from N o b o d y / N o o n e has met him yet.
a group. E v e r y b o d y / E v e r y o n e wants to me et him.
Use everybody / everyone to refer to all of a group of people.

somewhere / something,
For places and things, use If you want to get a job, you should do
anywhere / anything, nowhere / nothing, everywhere / s o m e t h i n g to get some volunteer experience.
everything. Work experience is required e v e r y w h e r e .

148 Unit 11
Q Circle the correct indefinite pronoun.
1. Does anybody / anything want to do this training program?
2. Somebody / Something said the course was boring, but I think it looks interesting.
3. Anyone / Everyone is satisfied with the salary increase. No one / Everyone
complained; they are all happy about it.
4. Is anyone / anywhere going to the meeting?
5. Is something / everything ready for the presentation? It starts in 5 minutes!

0 Underline the indefinite pronoun and write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. It’s difficult to choose someone for the job because everyone
strong skills and experience, (have)
2. When you are applying for a job, everything important, (be)
3. Somebody information about the training program. Can you tell
them about it? (want)
4. Nobody the new online system; everybody it is
very confusing, (like, think)

Conversation
A 56 Listen to the conversation. What is the man planning to do?
SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y

Sam: What do you want to do when you finish school? Notice Sam’s
question: What about
Isabel: I’m not sure. What are you planning to do?
you?\Ne use this
Sam: I want to do a training program somebody told me about. question to turn the
I’ll learn about web design and app development, then I’ll be able to conversation to the
other person.
get a job in that area.
Isabel: That sounds cool. You should definitely do it.
Sam: I know, but what about you? Have you asked anybody for advice
about career planning?
Isabel: No... I should talk to someone, right?
Sam: Maybe you should talk to the career advisor at school.
Isabel: OK, I’ll start planning, I promise!

GOAL CHECK Talk about Career Planning

1. What kind of career would be interesting and satisfying to you? Why? Write
down some ideas and your reasons.
2. Answer the questions about your career choice. Write notes. Then, talk in
pairs about your career planning.
• How can you plan for this career?
• What should you do in preparation?
• Has anybody given you any advice?
• Is there anything you can do to get experience?

Careers 149
D GOAL Explain New Careers

Reading Changing
0 Which industries do you think are going to grow
most in the next ten years? Discuss in pairs. Careers
education engineering manufacturing As technology grows, job profiles change.
medicine technology Consequently, the skills you need are
\.__________ J
changing and new careers are opening up. In
the past, people used to prepare for a career
Scan the article and choose the best option for
that would lead to a job for life, but now we
the main idea.
need to be able to adapt to change.
a. Job duties are changing.
So, how can we plan our careers? What
b. Adaptability, innovation, and creativity are new career choices can we make? First of
important for getting a job.
all, it is important to be adaptable. Job duties
c. New careers are developing. are changing, so we need to be able to learn
d. Innovation and creativity are important in new skills. We also need to be innovative and
technology. creative. This means we need to have new,
interesting ideas and think of different ways
Q Read the article. Complete the ideas. to do things because that’s what employers
are looking for. They want employees who
1. We need to learn new skills because
can think outside the box and help their
companies face the new challenges of the
2. Innovative means that digital age.

3. Social and environmental issues are

4. Travel vloggers___________________________

5. Digital skills______________________________

GOAL CHECK Y o u n g m a n a p p li e s h is s k ills w h il e

w or kin g o n a so u n d m ixin g d es k in
1. Choose a career from the box and answer the
a r e c o r d i n g s t u d i o.
questions. Write notes.

data scientist media specialist

social media manager user experience designer

• What do you think this career involves?

• What specific skills would you need?

• Why do you need to be adaptable, innovative,

and creative for this career?
2. Talk about the different careers in groups.

150 Unit 11
 However, it is not only employers who are For example, you could connect your interest in
looking for different skills; future employees are technology to your interest in environmental issues
also looking for different things. Many young people and design an app to help people create a car pool
are worried about social and environmental issues, system at their workplace.
and they want a career that will help them make
For a travel vlogger, traveling the world
the world a better place. So, they are looking for
is part of the job, but you need to be creative
companies that also care about change and social
too, because the other part of the job is to take
responsibility. They are also looking for flexibility
photos, make videos, and write interesting texts
and opportunities to be creative. They don’t want
about your travels. Companies in the travel and
a boring job where they will be sitting at a desk in
tourism industry will pay to use your vlog as part
an office all day, every day. They want challenging
of their marketing. However, this career is also an
careers where they’ll be doing different things in
opportunity to work for the issues you’re interested
different places.
in. Photographers who travel the world taking
So what kind of innovative, exciting careers are photos of nature can use vlogging to help people
there for these new generations? App developer, understand conservation issues.
social media manager, travel vlogger, user
We’ve just looked at two new areas here,
experience designer, data scientist, and video and
but from them we can see that job profiles are
media specialist are some of them.
changing, and new careers are developing. So,
Let’s take a look at a couple of these careers. if you’re planning your career, or thinking about
What does it take to be an app developer? changing careers, remember the importance of
Obviously, you need to be innovative and creative, being adaptable, innovative, and creative, and the
and understand programming and mobile possibilities for taking advantage of your digital
platforms, but what might make you stand out? skills.

adapt change your way of doing things for a new situation

think outside the box think imaginatively, to find unexpected
or creative solutions
stand out be noticed as better than others
car pool a group of people take turns driving so they only use
one car to travel to work
marketing what a company does to try to convince people to
buy its products or services

Careers 151
4
 GOAL Create a Personal Profile

Communication
Q Why do people decide to change careers? Write a list of possible reasons.

Q You have decided you want to change careers. Write notes about your decision.
Use the questions to help you.
• What is your current job?
• Why do you want to change careers?
• What ideas do you have for a new career?
• What should you do to prepare for this career change?

Q Give a partner advice about changing careers. Use should and had better.

I’m bored of doing the same Maybe you should look for
S o y o u n g L e e is thing every day. My job isn’t something that is more exciting.
th e cura tor of satisfying. I need a change. Do you know anyone in the
t h e M e t r o p o li t a n tourism industry? You had better...
M u s e u m ’s
d e p a r t m e n t o f A si a n
Art in N e w York.
Writing
Q Circle the correct words to complete the text.

Sometimes people decide to change careers because they don’t feel

(1) challenging / challenged. Often, they have been doing the same job

for many years and it has become (2) boring I bored. And let’s be honest,
(3) nobody I anybody wants to continue in a job that isn’t (4) satisfying/

satisfied. That’s when you should look for (5) something / someone new

and more (6) exciting / excited. (7) Everybody/ Anybody has skills and
knowledge that will help them start a new job or career. Before you start
applying for different jobs, one of the things you (8) should/ shouldn’t do

is write your personal profile for your resume. This is a short paragraph—it
(9) should/ shouldn’t be more than 100 words—that says who you are,

what experience and skills you have, and your career goals.

Complete the personal profile with the words in the box.

challenging digital innovative interested manager marketing

I am a (1)----------------------------- graduate specializing in social media marketing. I W R I T I N G ST R A T E G Y

have significant experience with tour companies and hotels, and have developed A personal profile
should include three
my design and (2)----------------------------- skills through these marketing projects. things:
1. Who you are
I’m (3)----------------------------- in finding a (4)position as a
(/ am a marketing
social media (5)where I can use my creativity to develop graduate
specializing in...)
(6)----------------------------- ways of using social media for the company's growth. 2. What you can offer
the company (/
Answer these questions in your notebook. have significant
experience with...)
1. Are you a recent graduate / technician / office worker / engineer /? 3. Your professional
goals (I'm
2. What qualifications, training, and experience do you have?
interested in finding
3. What other skills do you have? a challenging
position...)
4. What kind of position (job) are you looking for?

Use your notes in F to write your personal profile. Use the model in E to help you.

GOAL CHECK Create a Personal Profile

1. In small groups, share your profiles.
I am a social media influencer
2. Are the profiles interesting? with over 9,000 followers.

Careers 153
VIDEO JOURNAL

J O EL SART ORE:
THE PHOTO ARK
3. Now Joel is working on a HSHHBHHBH
A In pairs, discuss what you think are the
called The Photo Ark.
advantages or disadvantages of being a
photographer. Do you think a photographer’s 4. Joel’s portraits give animals of different sizes
work is easy or difficult? Why? What makes you an voice: t h ere is n o
remember a photo? HHHHHHHHHH comparison.

B Match the words to their meanings. Write the 5. Joel’s conservation heroes are people with
HBBBBHHBBI and
letter.
6. Joel doesn’t think about the world in
1. portrait . a. something behind
HHHHHBHHI years; he thinks about it
something else
2. extinct H b. no longer in existence
E Discuss the questions in pairs.
3. conservation c. a group of 12
1. How do you feel looking at the portraits of
4. dozen HH d> a painting or photograph
animals that are now extinct?
of someone posing
2. Why does Joel think about the world today
5. species 0g 6* a group of living things;
instead of in fifty years?
a type, a category
F Research a National Geographic explorer in pairs.
6. background SAA f. protection, especially
of nature • Name

C Watch the video. Answer the questions. • Nationality

1. Write five animals you see. Area of interest

flSSfiKRKBSRSBSBRRBRRSRSRRRRRRKHtiraBBRflRHRflflfiRRRIHRRRHRKKRRKKSSRfiHKSSSSSflBllli
Where have they explored?
2. Does Joe I on ly take p i ct u re s of a n i m a I s? Years with the National Geographic Society

• What does it take to be a National

Geographic explorer?

G Present your explorer to the class.

D Watch the video again. Complete the information.

1. Joel has worked with National Geographic

for over BBBBBBBBBHB-

2. Joel started taking pictures in

154
UNIT

-|2 Celebrations

Chinese (lancers wear traditional

costumes for Spring Festival
celebrations at a temple fair in
Beijing, China.

e-

* ■ ««
jar#'
-a-W
I
I
. >•*' *"

156
Loo k a t t h e p hoto a n d 1 What do you see in 2 What is your favorite
a ns w er t h e q u estio ns: the photo? celebration?

UNIT 12 GOALS
A. Describe a Celebration

B. Compare Holidays in Different

Countries

C. Express Congratulations and

Good Wishes

D. Talk about Rituals

E. Share Opinions about Holidays

e>
e
15
”

157
A GOAL Describe a Celebration
Vocabulary
a Read about a special New Year’s celebration.

New Year’s Day is a holiday around the world,

but people in Edinburgh, Scotland, celebrate it
in an exciting way. They have a festival called
Hogmanay. Hogmanay takes place all around the
city, from December 29th to January 1st. It starts
with a parade on the night of December 29th. On
December 30th, there are concerts and dancing.
Finally, on New Year’s Eve, there is a street party
with fireworks, and people wear very colorful
costumes. There is always a big crowd, even
though it’s very cold. One year, more than 100,000
people participated. The celebration in Edinburgh
is very well-known, but the annual Hogmanay
festivals in other cities in Scotland are popular, too.

Fir e w or ks o n
C a l t o n H ill d u ri n g
E d i n b u r g h ’s
O Write the words in blue next to the correct meaning.
H og m a n a y in 1. : happens 5. : happening
Edinb urgh, once each year
2. ________________ : famous
Sc o t l a n d
6. : special
3. : a day when
clothes for a performance
people don’t work
7. : do something
4. : a large group
enjoyable for a special day
of people
8. ________________ : took part in

I would like Q Would you like to participate in Hogmanay in Edinburgh? Why? Discuss in pairs.
to participate
in Hogmanay □ Complete the paragraph with words from A.
because I love
music and dancing. China also (1)New Year in an exciting way, but it is at a
J-low about you?
different time of year than Hogmanay. It always (2)in January

or February. New Year is the most important Chinese (3)_________________ ,

No, I wouldn’t
and most people don’t have to work. The (4)celebrations
like it. I don’t
like big crowds. include a big meal with family, a gift of money in a red envelope for children,
and fireworks. One of the most (5)traditions of Chinese New

Year is the dragon or lion dance. There is always a big (6)

watching the dance.

Q MY WORLD How do you celebrate New Year’s Day? Discuss in pairs.

158 Unit 12
Grammar
Comparisons with as... as
Subject + be + (not) as + adjective + as + complement
New Ye ar’s Day is a s exciting a s Independence Day. (The two holidays are equally exciting.)

Hogmanay is n o t a s popular a s Carnival. (Hogmanay is less popular than Carnival;

Carnival is more popular than Hogmanay.)

Use as ... as to say that two things are equal. Use not as ... as to say that two things are not equal.

Q Write sentences with (not) as ... as to compare the two festivals.

W O RD F OCUS
The Spring Festival The Harvest Fair
A festival is a type
1. old started in 1970 started in 1970 of celebration;
for example, the
2. long 2 days 4 days Festival of Colors is
celebrated in India in
3. popular 5,000 people 5,000 people March.

A festival can also be

4. expensive tickets are $15 tickets are $30 an event that you pay
to go to.
5. big 10 concerts 23 concerts

6. well-known on a few local TV shows on the internet

1. The Spring Festival is as old as the Harvest Fair______________________

2. The Spring Festival___ ______________________________________________
3. ________________ ___________________________________________________
4. __ ________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
6. ___ ________________________________________________________________

Q Choose two celebrations that you know. Compare them using as ... as.

I | GOAL CHECK Describe a Celebration

1. What is your favorite celebration?

2. Why is it your favorite celebration and how do
you celebrate it? Complete the graphic organizer.
3. Tell a partner about your favorite celebration.

Celebrations 159
B GOAL Compare Holidays in Different Countries

Listening
k A 58 Listen to three people talk about a holiday in their country. Number the
countries in the order that you hear about them.
a. Japan b. Mexico---------- c. United States

A 58 Listen again and fill in the charts.

Th e D ay of the De ad H a llo w e e n O-Bon

Country: Country: Country:

When is it? When is it? When is it?

How do people celebrate it? How do people celebrate it? How do people celebrate it?

a . go to the cemetery with a . put on a . go back to

b . bring b . ask for b . participate in a special

c. watch c. make big

What is the special food? ______ _

a . sweet

What is the special food?

b . candy
a __________________________

b_________________________

T h e D a y o f t h e D e a d is a n i m p o r t a n t c e l e b r a t i o n , w h ic h
s o m e t i m e s t a k e s p l a c e i n c e m e n t e r i e s, i n M ic h o a c a n ,
M e x ic o a s w e ll a s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y .
■8 . . .
Q MY WORLD Is there a special holiday in your country to remember people who
have died? Discuss in pairs.

Q Discuss these questions in pairs.

1. Do you know about any other holidays like these in other countries?
2. Why do you think different countries have similar holidays?

Pronunciation: Question Intonation with Lists

A 59 Listen to the questions. Notice how the intonation rises and falls
in questions with a list of choices.
7 7 S
1. Would you like to go on holiday in Mexico, the US, or Japan?
7 S
2. Is O-Bon in July or August?

Read the questions and mark the intonation with arrows. Then, listen and
check your answers. Finally, ask and answer the questions in pairs.
1. Is the Day of the Dead on November 1st or 2nd?
2. On the Day of the Dead, do people eat sweet bread, chocolate, or fruit?
3. Is Halloween for children or adults?
4. What do you like the most: the costumes, the candies, or the scary movies?
5. Is O-Bon in August or September?
6. At O-Bon, are there fireworks, bonfires, or both?

Communication
In groups, imagine that you can take a trip to participate in one of the holidays
in A. Discuss these questions.
1. How are these holidays similar? Think of as many answers as you can.
2. How are they different?
3. What could visitors do at each holiday?
4. Which holiday would you like to participate in? Why?

GOAL CHECK We don’t want to go to the Day of

the Dead in Mexico because ...
Compare Holidays in Different Countries
1. Which holiday did you choose in G? With your group, make a list
of reasons why you chose that holiday. So, we chose to go to O-Bon
in Japan. We think ...
2. Now make a list of reasons why you didn’t choose the other two
holidays.
3. Explain your decision to the class. Say why you chose the want to go to O-Bon because ...
holiday, and why you didn’t choose the others.

Celebrations 161
c GOAL Express Congratulations and Good Wishes
Language Expansion: Expressions for Celebrations
W O RD F O CUS Read the expressions and how we use them.
We say, Thanks for
having/inviting us! Expression Use it
to thank someone
after a party or dinner. Congratulations! when someone is getting married, having a baby,
getting a promotion, wins a game, etc.
W O R D F O C US
Well done! when someone has accomplished something
Collocations:
Gre at job! difficult (passed a driving test, an exam, etc.).
Use congratulations
with on your + noun /
Good luck! to wish someone a good result or a good future.
noun phrase:
Congratulations to gre et someone or wish them the best on a
Happy Birthday / Anniversary /
on your promotion /
New Year! holiday or special occasion.
graduation / new job /
new baby / win!
□ Write the correct expression for each situation in your notebook.
1. Your friend has to take a difficult exam tomorrow.
2. You’re leaving someone’s house after a Thanksgiving meal.
3. Your neighbor tells you he plans to get married soon.
4. Today is your friend’s birthday. You see your friend.
H a n ds w it h h e n n a
5. Your friend got an excellent grade on an exam.
d e si g n f o r a
w e dding cere m ony 6. It is midnight on December 31st in London.
i n A b u D h a b i,
D ub ai
Grammar

Would rather

Use would rather + base form of the verb to talk I w o u l d r a t h e r h a v e a small

about actions we prefer. w edding than a big wedding.

Use would rather not + base form of the verb to I ’ d r a t h e r n o t h a v e a party for my
talk about things we don ’ t want to do. birthday.

Use would rather + base form of the verb in W o u l d y o u r a t h e r s e e Chinese New

yes / no questions to ask people about their Year or Hogmanay?
preferences.

Q Use I’d rather to write sentences about things you would like to do on your birthday.
1. have (a big party / a small party)rather have a big party than a small party.

2. eat (at home I in a restaurant)__________________________________________

3. invite (lots of people / a few close friends)
4. get (flowers / presents)________________________________________________
5. wear (nice clothes / jeans and a T-shirt)

Q Ask a partner about his or her preferences. Use the choices in C and Would
you rather...?

Conversation
Listen to the conversation. What are they going to celebrate? SP E A K I N G ST R A T E G Y

Mike: Hi Katie! Congratulations on your new job! Notice Katie’s answer

to Mike’s question
Katie: Thanks, Mike. It was a really challenging interview, but I guess I did OK!
about what she'd
Mike: Well done! We should celebrate. Would you rather go out or invite a like to do: / think
few friends to your house? I’d rather go out for
dinner. \Ne often use /
Katie: I think I’d rather go out for dinner. We can invite Lucia and Ana.
think at the beginning
Mike: OK. I’ll book a table at Italiano’s. to make an answer
Katie: Italiano’s? I'd rather go somewhere quieter. less direct and more
polite.
Practice the conversation in pairs. Then, make new conversations. Change the
situation and how you are going to celebrate.

GOAL CHECK
Express Congratulations and Good Wishes
1. Think of three situations in which you would congratulate or give someone
good wishes.
2. In pairs, decide which expressions from A you would use.
3. Prepare the script for an etiquette guide video to show other students how to
express congratulations and good wishes in English in different situations.

Celebrations 163
D GOAL Talk about Rituals

Reading
o Look at the title and the photo. What is a ritual?
What do you think the woman in the photo is
celebrating? Discuss in pairs.

Q Scan the article and write the phrases in the

correct paragraph.
a. Turning to baby showers, in Ancient Greece
and Egypt,
b. Bridal showers celebrate the bride,
c. Nowadays, both celebrations
d. This tradition of giving gifts to the bride

Q Read the article. Circle T for true or F for false.

1. Bridal and baby showers
are modern rituals. T F
2. The bride’s family usually
organizes the shower. T F
3. The tradition of playing games
at a baby shower began in the
19th century. T F
4. People have always given gifts
before the baby is born. T F
5. Baby showers help people
get the things they need for
their new baby. T F
6. The future father is always
invited to the shower these days. T F

GOAL CHECK
Discuss the questions in groups.
1. What do baby and wedding showers have in
common?
2. What do you think about men being involved
in wedding and baby showers (as the future
husbands or fathers, or as guests)?
3. How do you think baby and wedding showers
might change over the next twenty years?
4. What special rituals for weddings and births
are there in your country?

164 Unit 12
The Rituals of Life Events
Weddings and births have always been important moments for families
and society. Not surprisingly, they involve celebrations and rituals. Apart
from the religious rituals in many cultures for both of these events, typical
celebrations also include the bridal shower and the baby shower. Many
people think of these showers as modern rituals, but in fact both of them
have their roots in history.
Aj _ the woman who is getting married,
and they are usually organized by a close friend. The people invited are
female friends and members of her family. There will be food and drinks, and
the women will share stories, express their good wishes, and sometimes
give advice. But perhaps the most important ritual is the “showering of gifts,”
when the guests all give presents to the bride-to-be.
• ’ ..______________________________is believed to have begun
in Holland in the 16th century. The story is that the daughter of a rich man
fell in love with a poor man, but her father didn’t want her to marry him. He
refused to give her a dowry if she married the poor man. So her friends and
family and people from the village all gave her gifts so that she could get
married. Since then, it has been a custom for the bride to receive presents
from her family and friends before her wedding. However, the word shower
wasn’t used until the 18th century, when it became popular to put the gifts in
an open paper parasol and “shower” them over the bride.
s*. _ ■9HH ■■ _ ■ ■ _ .k_ . mothers were always
accompanied by a group of women during and after the birth. One of their
rituals was to offer gifts to the goddess of birth after the baby was born,
as well as give useful gifts and food to the new mother. Pregnant women
continued to be celebrated over the years, and in the 19th century the
celebration developed into a tea party with gifts and games, after the birth
of the baby. Finally, in the 20th century, after the Second World War, baby
showers became more like they are today. Friends and family organize a
shower before the baby is born, and people give the mother-to-be practical
gifts to help her and the baby. The gift giving and the fun games are two
customs that remain part of the baby shower ritual.

often involve men, too. At a

wedding shower, close friends and family sometimes celebrate the couple
together before their marriage. And at a baby shower, both future parents
might be there. There may also be male guests. Although the way we
celebrate these important moments has changed over time, baby showers
and bridal or wedding showers are part of the rituals surrounding these two
important life events.

roots where something comes from, its origins

refuse say no to something
dowry an amount of money that a woman’s parents give to the man she marries
parasol a kind of umbrella to protect you from the sun
accompany go or be with someone

Celebrations 165
 GOAL Share Opinions about Holidays

Communication
Q What holidays do you celebrate? What do you and your family do for these
celebrations? Discuss in pairs.

Write your opinion about these sentences in your notebook. Use the expressions
I agree.
in the box.
I’m not sure.
I disagree. 1. A new holiday isn’t a real holiday.
2. Some old holidays are not very important now.
3. Our country should start a new holiday.
4. People spend too much money on holidays.
5. It’s very important to keep all of the old holiday customs.

Writing
Q Read about how to write an opinion paragraph.

WRITING SKILL: An Effective Opinion Paragraph

1. Begin with a strong topic sentence that cle arly states your point of view.

A colorf ul flo a t in 2. Support your opinion by giving good, logical re asons for it.
a S a m b a Sc h o o l
Parad e at Carniv al 3. End with a brief conclusion related to the opinion and re asons you gave.
i n B r a z il
Q Read the paragraph about holiday customs. What is the author’s opinion?

Old holiday customs are an important connection to our past and our culture,
so we should not forget them. These days many people would rather forget

some holidays and their celebrations because they want to create new ones,
or because they want to feel their life is different from their family’s life in the

past. They want to focus on the future, not the past, and they think some holiday
customs are old fashioned. But the old celebrations are as important as new

ones; they are part of our culture and our history, so they are a part of us.
It is important to remember them.

Look at the Writing Skill again. Identify the parts of the opinion paragraph in D.
1. Circle the topic sentence.
2. Underline the supporting reasons. How many reasons does the author give to
support her opinion?
3. Circle the conclusion.

Choose one of the statements from B. What is your opinion about it? Brainstorm
ideas and complete the visual map with ideas for each part of the paragraph.

Topic
sentence

Supporting
reasons

Conclusion

Q Write a paragraph about your opinion. Be sure the paragraph contains all three
elements from the Writing Skill.

e GOAL CHECK Share Opinions about Holidays

1. In small groups, explain your opinions about the sentences in B that you chose.
2. Do you agree or disagree with each other’s opinions? Tell the class.

i We agree about the first one. I agree, they are

I New holidays don’t feel real! like fake holidays!

Celebrations 167
VIDEO JOURNAL

D A N C E O F T H E F L Y E R S:
J A C I N T A’S J O U R N E Y
A How do you feel when you are on the top floor of
a tall building and you look out of the window?
Discuss in pairs.

B Look at the photo. Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. What do you think this ritual is for?
2. What do you think the people who participate in
the ritual do?

C Read the paragraph. Then, match the words in

yellow to their meanings.
When the flyers climb the tall wooden pole in
the town center, they only focus on climbing. They
need to concentrate on what they are doing. At the
top of the pole, the flyers tie a strong rope around
their feet.
There is a myth from old times that says that
women bring bad luck to the ritual. This belief is an
obstacle for women who want to be flyers. A well-
known flyer says she feels free, like a bird that has
been let out of its cage.

168
1 pole___ a. an ancient story that isn’t Qwatch the video again. Circle T for true or F
necessarily true for false.
focus on
3 rope___ b. a small space with bars on 1. Jacinta was 18 when she
the sides where people keep first participated in the ritual. F
4, myth___
animals or birds
2. When she first climbed,
5. obstacle the pole was 50 meters high. F
c. a difficulty
6. cage 3. Her family has always supported
d. a long, thin stick of wood or
metal standing straight up in her decision to be a flyer. F
the ground 4 Some people believe there will be
an accident if a woman participates. F
e. strong, thick string made of
long, twisted threads 5 The flyers go around the pole 15 times
when they come down. T F
f. think about
Answer the questions. Watch the video again if
Watch the video. Answer the questions. necessary.
1. Who is Jacinta?
1. What did Jacinta feel the first time she flew?

2. What does the Dance of the Flyers involve?

2. How does she feel when she climbs the
pole now?
3. What is the Dance of the Flyers ritual for?
3. Why does Jacinta say she knows she will
go up but she never knows if she will come
down?

4. What do these two ideas refer to?

a. “I had a really cold bar of ice in my
stomach.”

b. “I don’t feel like a bird in a cage.’

5. Why is the dance of the flyers also a ritual to

Mother Nature?

6. What does Jacinta’s family think about her

now?

Q Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. Why do you think Jacinta feels proud of

herself?
2. How do you think the ritual has changed from
ancient times to now? Will it change in the
future? Use the ideas in the box to help you.

costumes gods men safety women

169
Grammar Reference

UNIT 1 3. I never___________ ___ my cell phone when I’m

at the table with my family, (use)
Lesson A 4. My little brother___ ___________ to try new foods.
Si m p l e P r e s e n t v s. P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s (not like)
Use the simple present to talk I almost never b u y fruit 5. Right now, I_______ ________ how to make curry.
about habits and things that at the supermarket. My aunt__________ ____ me. (learn; teach)
are generally true. M y f a t h e r usually g o e s
to the farmers’ market.
Q Answer the questions.
Use the present continuous We a r e m a k i n g a
1. How often do you go out for dinner?
to talk about actions and healthy dinner today.
events that are happening I ’ m p r e p a r i n g a salad
now. Note that you can use with lots of fresh 2. Do you usually cook the meals in your house?
contractions. vegetables.
Form the present continuous My dad is m a k i n g lunch.
with the correct form of be (not) He is n o t m a k i n g
3. What are you studying right now?
+ the -ing form of the verb. breakfast.
Yes / No Q u estions:
Simple present: Do/Does + D o e s she e a t meat?
subject + base form of the Yes, she d o e s. Lesson C
verb A r e you re ady to have T h e Si m p l e P a s t
breakfast? Yes, I a m .
Use the simple past to talk We w a l k e d to the
Present continuous: correct I s he m a k i n g a cake?
about completed past actions restaurant last night.
form of be + subject + verb No, he isn ’ t.
or situations. The meal w a s delicious.
+ -ing A r e they e a t i n g ? Yes,
they a r e . Many verbs are regular in the walk - walked
simple past. They have an -ed prepare - prepared
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s : ending. watch - watched
For regular verbs ending in -y, plan - planned
Simple present: Wh- question W h a t d o you e a t on
change y to /, then add -ed. stop - stopped
word + do /does + subject + special occasions?
For a regular verb that ends carry - carried
base form of the verb
in a single vowel and a
Present continuous: Wh- W h a t a r e you single consonant, double the
question word + correct form of m a kin g? consonant, then add -ed.
be + subject + verb + -ing Many common verbs are irregular in the simple past.
be - w as / were bre ak - broke bring - brought buy -

0 Circle the correct form. bought choose - chose

drive - drove eat - ate
come - came drink - drank
go - went have - had
1. Do you buy I Are you buying the ingredients for re ad - read say - said se e - saw tell - told
the dish right now? N e g ativ e St at e m e nts
2. We always eat/ are eating pozole on special be-, was / were + not (wasn’t/ I w a s n o t ( w a sn’t )
occasions. weren’t) thirsty.
3. I almost never drink / am drinking coffee. Other verbs: did + not We d i d n o t ( d i d n ’ t )
(didn’t) + base form e a t at home yesterday.
4. Is dad making / Does dad make a cake because
it’s my birthday today? Y e s / No q u e s t i o n s w i t h be: W a s the fish good at
Was / Were the restaurant?
5. We don’t usually go / aren’t usually going out for Y e s / No q u e s t i o n s w i t h o t h e r D i d you g o to the
dinner. v e r b s: Did market last Sunday?
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s : question word W h e r e d i d you h a v e
Q Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses. + did + subject + base form lunch yesterday?
1. Lila never meat or fish. She’s a
vegetarian, (eat) Q Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
2. What_______________ ? It smells good! (you make) 1. I dinner at my friend’s house last
night, (have)
170 Grammar Reference
2. What at the grocery store this Yes I No Q u e s t i o n s :
morning? (you buy)
Has / Have + subject + H a v e you ever e a t e n
3. Saul lunch. He past participle of the verb tacos? Yes, I h a v e .
hungry, (not eat; not be) Time expressions we We ’ ve known e ach other
4. The restaurant at 1:00 a.m. last often use with the present f o r 1 0 y e a rs.
night. The wait staff very tired, perfect: for and since We ’ ve known e ach other
(close; be) si n c e 2 0 1 0.

5. The chef the meat yesterday, Time expressions we often We met 1 0 y e a r s a g o.

(not order) use with the simple past: We had dinner together
ago last m o n t h.
6. When I to this market last last week / month / year We took a trip together i n
weekend, the fruit very fresh, in + month / ye ar Ju n e. / in 2 0 1 7.
(come; be) on + day or date We had dinner o n F r i d a y
night.
Q Complete the questions. Then, write your answers.
1. Where you last
Saturday? (go)_______________________________ Circle the correct form.
1. We ate I have eaten at this restaurant last week.
2. Did your friends 2. They took I have taken several trips together
there? (see)_________________________________ since 2018.
3. I went / have gone on vacation in July.
3. What there? (do) 4. He started / has started his new job a week ago.
5. Did she live / Has she lived in Canada since she
was a child?
4. there? (eat)
Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Juan and Jorge two years ago
in college, (meet)
(your idea) 2. They English for two years and
are in the same class this year, (study)
3. Last year, they a trip to London,
UNIT 2 (take)
4. They to Canada, but they would
Lesson A like to go next year, (never be)
T h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t v s. T h e Si m p l e P a s t
Lesson C
Form the present perfect I h a v e t r a v e l e d in Europe.
with the correct form of She h a s b e e n a te acher for P r e s e n t P e r f e c t Si g n a l W o r d s : Already, Yet, Ever,
the verb have (not) + past five years. and Never
participle of the verb. He ’s v isi t e d the US many Already and (not) yet W e ’ v e a l r e a d y f i n is h e d this
Note that you can use times. emphasize that an unit.
contractions. I h a v e n ’ t b e e n to the US. action has (or has not)
For the past participle of carry - carried visit - happened.
regular verbs, add -edto visited work - worked
Use already in affirmative Has class a l r e a d y s t a r t e d ?
the base form.
statements and questions. No, it h a s n ’ t.
Some verbs have irregular be - be en become -
past participles. become eat - eaten Use (not) yet in negative I h a v e n ’ t r e a d that book y e t .
drink - drunk know - known statements and questions. H a s class s t a r t e d y e t ? No,
take - taken not y e t.

Grammar Reference 171

 3. future / we / learn / how / in / will / the / languages
Use never I (not) ever to
talk about something that ?
has or has not happened 4. won’t / technology / everything / control
at any time in the past.
For questions, use ever. H a v e you e v e r s t u d i e d
Chinese?
5. free / will / internet / for everyone / be / the
For negative statements, I ’ v e n e v e r l e a r n e d to play a
use never! not ever. musical instrument.
She h a s n ’ t e v e r f a il e d an Complete the statements and questions about
exam. cities in the future. Use will I won’t and your own
ideas.
o Complete the conversation with already, yet, ever, 1. My city-------------------------------------------------------------
or never.
Karla: Have you finished the video project 2. ___________________________________________
(1)------------- ? ___________________________________ crowded?
Daniel: Yes, I did it (2)I worked 3. pedestrians
on it all weekend.
Karla: Have you (3)done a 4. _____________________________________ _____
project like this before?
Daniel: No, I haven’t (4)done vehicles and traffic problems.
homework like this. Have you? 5. ___________________________________________
Karla: No, I’ve (5)done a
video project. And I haven’t started it in neighborhoods?
(6)------------- !
Lesson C
Will + Ti m e Cla uses
UNIT 3 A time clause can be the first or I ’ll move to the city, a s
second clause in a sentence. soon as I gra d u a t e.
Lesson A If the time clause is first, it is B e for e I m ov e to t h e
F u t ure w ith Will followed by a comma. Use the ci t y , I ’ll look for a job.
simple present in e ach time A f t e r I g e t a j o b , I ’ll
Use will (not) + base form Cities w ill b e noisier in
clause. look for an apartment.
of the verb to talk about the the future.
I ’ll ne ed a roommate
future. Note that you can There w o n ’ t b e more
w h e n I fin d a n
use contractions. traffic in the future.
a part m en t.
I ’ ll m o v e to the suburbs
next year. Yes I No Q u e s t i o n s :
Yes / No Q u estio ns: W ill the number of Will + subject + base form of W ill you r e n t an
vehicles c o n t i n u e to the verb + time expression + apartment w h e n y o u
Will + base form of the verb
m o v e to the city?
grow? No, it w o n ’ t. subject + simple present verb
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s :
Wh- question word + will + H o w w ill people m o v e
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s :
base form of the verb around the city?
Wh- question word + will + What w ill you d o
subject + base form of the verb aft er you gradu at e?

Unscramble the words to make statements and time expression + subject +

simple present verb
questions.
1. improve / public / will / transportation
Q Which action will happen first? Write 1 and 2.
2. jobs / there / will / more / be / or fewer / in the future 1. Before they open the new park (), they will
? finish the play area ().

172 Grammar Reference

2. When they improve public transportation (), □ Compare the activities in the box. Use
more people will use it ().
comparatives, superlatives, and equatives.
3. There will be less traffic () after they open
the new subway (). baseball jogging tennis a workout yoga

4. As soon as I move to the suburbs (), I’ll buy

a bicycle ().
5. Will you move to a bigger house () when
you have more money ()?

UNIT 4
Lesson A
T h e Co m p a r a tiv e, Su p erl a tiv e, a n d E q u a tiv e
Comparative adjectives: Doing exercise with a friend
Add -er to adjectives is n ic e r t h a n doing exercise
with 1 or 2 syllables. alone.
Use more / less with Playing sports is m o r e Lesson C
adjectives of 3 or more e n j o y a b l e t h a n going to the
syllables. gym. I n finitiv e of P u r p os e
Exercise is l e ss i m p o r t a n t The infinitive of purpose You should drink a liter of
t h a n sle ep. gives the re ason for doing water a day t o h e l p your
Superlative adjectives: Hana is t h e s t r o n g e s t player something: body stay healthy.
Use the and add -est on the team. (in order) to + the base form Take vitamin C ( i n o r d e r )
to adjectives with 1 or of a verb t o a v o i d getting a cold.
2 syllables. The infinitive of purpose can T o s t o p h icc u p s, I drink
Use the most / the least Getting enough sle ep is t h e come in the beginning or in a glass of water.
with adjectives of 3 or m o s t d i f f ic u l t thing for me. the middle of a sentence. I n ord e r to st a y h e alt h y,
more syllables. Eating healthy food is t h e When it begins the sentence, I take vitamins every day.
l e a s t d i f f ic u l t thing for me. it is followed by a comma.
To describe people Eating healthy food is a s
or things that are (or i m p o r t a n t a s doing exercise.
aren ’ t) the same as For me, doing exercise at the Correct the mistake in each sentence.
e ach other, use (not) as gym is n o t a s e n j o y a b l e a s 1. In order lose weight, you should eat less sugar.
+ adjective + as going for a run.
2. You should do more exercise to being healthier.
For adjectives ending Walking is e a si e r t h a n running.
in -y, change yto /'and
3. To avoid stress I do yoga every day.
My mom is t h e h e a l t h i e s t
add -er/ -est. person in my family. 4. Drink honey and lemon help a sore throat.

Give a reason for each action. Add a comma

□ Write the correct form of the adjective in
when necessary.
parentheses. 1. Ido exercise every day.
1. Sitting down all day is as as
eating too much sugar, (harmful) 2. I listen to classical music when I drive.
2. Not doing exercise is than not
getting enough sleep, (serious) 3. I don’t eat sugar.
3. Walking is form of exercise,
(healthy) 4. I cycle to school.
4. Spending time with family and friends is
than we think, (important)
5. Eating a fruit or vegetable snack is
option if you are hungry
between meals, (good)

Grammar Reference 173

UNIT 5 Circle the correct form.
1. We dealt / were dealing with a difficult situation at
Lesson A work when the boss left / was leaving suddenly.
P a s t C o n t i n u o u s a n d Si m p l e P a s t 2. My friend convinced / was convincing me to run
Use the past continuous to talk about She w a s the marathon with her. I started / was starting
something that w as in progress at a p r e p a r i n g for training today.
specific time in the past. the marathon all 3. While she traveled / was traveling, she met / was
last month.
May 1st May 31st now
meeting a lot of interesting people.
4. The team knew/ were knowing how to prepare for
the challenge.
She was preparing.
5. I achieved / was achieving my goal of becoming
Use the simple past with the past She w a s healthier. I now weigh less, and I exercise every
continuous to say that something p r e p a r i n g for
day.
happened when another event was in the marathon
progress. when she b r o k e
Write the correct past form of the verbs in
her leg.
She was preparing. parentheses.
1. Although the teacher------------------------- very fast, I
She broke her leg. the class, (speak; understand)
2. The runner good progress when
P ast Co n tin u ous: she her ankle, (make; hurt)
Subject + was (not) 1 were (not) + The students
3. As soon as I the finish line, I
-ing form of a verb. Note that you can w e r e p r a c t ici n g
I could achieve my goal.
use contractions. their re ading
skills.
(see; know)
They w e r e n ’ t 4. The storm while we
t alk in g. to leave, (begin; prepare)
Yes /No Q u e s t i o n s :
Was / Were + subject + -ing form W a s the te acher Lesson C
of a verb. lis t e n i n g to
them?
Enough, Not Enough, Too + A d j e c t i v e
W h- Q u estions: Use adjective + enough She ’s 18. She ’s o l d
to say something is the e n o u g h to drive a car.
Wh- question word + was / were + W h a t w e r e they
necessary amount.
subject + -ing form of a verb. re adin g?
Use not + adjective + She ’s 15. She ’s n o t / she
We usually use when for the action She was
enough to say it is less is n ’ t o l d e n o u g h to drive
in the simple past and while for the preparing for the
than necessary. a car.
action in the past continuous. marathon w h e n
s h e b r o k e her Use too + adjective to say She ’s 15, she ’s t o o y o u n g
leg. it is more than necessary. to drive a car.
She broke her Yes / No Q u e s t i o n s :
leg w h il e s h e
Correct form of be + A r e y o u o l d e n o u g h to
w as pr e p arin g drive?
subject + adjective +
for the marathon.
enough + to infinitive
Use a comma after a time clause W h il e t h e y
when it begins a sentence. w e r e cli m b i n g ,
one of the men Q Unscramble the words to make statements and
fell. questions.
Only action verbs are used with the Sam w a s 1. run / enough / I’m / to / strong / not / a marathon
past continuous. d e a li n g
Stative verbs (e.g., like, understand, w i t h some
know) are not used in the past challenges at 2. this movie / old / are / enough / watch / you / to
continuous. work last year. ?
He often
s e e m e d upset. 3. to / tall / play / enough / basketball / he’s / not

174 Grammar Reference

4. expensive / the trip / too / is Write the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
5. fast I win the race / she I enough / is / to 1. I a career in design, but I
? to change to teaching, (choose;
decide)
2. The exam when the fire alarm
UNIT 6 _______________ (just start; ring)
3. By the time the teacher, the
Lesson A
students the classroom, (arrive;
Th e Past Perfect already leave)
The past perfect is When I graduated from college, 4. Lin as a construction worker for
used to describe I h a d alre ady s t a r t e d working. 10 years before he an architect,
a past event that Max chose to go to France for (work; become)
happened before a semester because he h a d
another point in the alre ady s t u d i e d French. Lesson C
past, or to explain
why a past event or Gra m m ar: How + A d j e c t i v e o r A d v e r b
situation happened. Use howto ask a question about
Form the past perfect He h a d always l o v e d learning a descriptive adjective or adverb.
with had (not) + the languages.
past participle of the I h a d n ’ t g r a d u a t e d from college With adjectives, use be-. H o w c a r e f u l are
verb. when I started working. How + adjective + correct form of you? I ’ ve never
be + subject broken any bones!
Questions: H a d you alre ady g r a d u a t e d With adverbs, use other verbs: H o w b a d l y does he
Had + subject + past when you got your first job? Yes, How + adverb + do / does + drive? He crashed
participle of the verb? I h a d. subject + base form of the verb twice last month.
Adverbs and time I had j u s t started college when I Note that you can also use can H o w f a s t can you
expressions with the got my first job. I started college inste ad of do / does. type? I can type 90
past perfect: in September and I started words a minute.
Just working in November. Common adjectives: young, old, early, clean, happy,
already I had a l r e a d y started college difficult, polite, serious
when when I got my first job. Common adverbs: well, badly, often, rarely, quickly,
by the time W h e n I took the exam, I had slowly, easily, carefully
prepared well.
B y t h e t i m e I finished the exam,
some students had alre ady left. Write questions with the adjectives and adverbs
in parentheses. Then, give an answer to the
questions like the examples in the chart above.
Which action happened first? Write 7 and 2.
1. How__________ fast can,you_____________ run?
1. Susy had just graduated () when she (fast) I can run a kilometer in 5 minutes.
moved to Mexico City ().
2. By the time Jon went to elementary school (),
2. How?
he had already learned to read and write by
(happy)-------------------------------------------------------------
himself ().
3. Zara went to Chile on an exchange program
3. How exercise?
() because she had studied Spanish in
(often)_____________________________________
high school ().
4. I had known Max for a year () before I
4. How______
realized he spoke four languages ().
play tennis? (well)____________________________

5. How_______________________________________
your grandmother? (youthful)

Grammar Reference 175

UNIT 7 Lesson C
P a ssi v e V o ic e w i t h By
Lesson A The plastic bottles are
Use by with the passive
P a ssi v e V o ic e ( P r e s e n t T e n s e ) voice to emphasize who or washed b y p o w e r f u l
what does something (the m a c h i n e s.
The passive voice A large amount of plastic is
agent). Eco-friendly cars are
emphasizes the t h r o w n a w a y every day.
produced b y s e v e r a l
object or receiver of
d i f f e r e n t c o m p a n i e s now.
an action.
Form the present
passive with is / are
the past participle of
+
0 Read the sentences and cross out the by phrases
the verb. when they are not necessary.
Regular past call - called carry - carried 1. Energy is produced by the solar panels on top of
participles add -ed drop - dropped help - helped our house.
to the base form of laugh - laughed look - looked
2. In many countries, a lot of food is wasted by people.
the verb. stop - stopped walk - walked
worry - worried 3. Our notebooks are made from recycled paper
by factory workers.
Many common verbs begin - begun bre ak - broken
have irregular past bring - brought buy - bought 4. Eco-friendly cars are powered by electricity, not
participles. catch - caught choose - chosen gasoline.
drive - driven eat - eaten
make - made se e - se en UNIT 8
te ach - taught throw - thrown
write - written
Lesson A
Yes / No Q u estio ns:
R e a l C o n d i t i o n a ls i n t h e F u t u r e
Is / Are + subject + I s solar energy u s e d to heat
Use the real conditional for I f w e d o n’t co n t r ol
past participle of the water? Yes, i t is.
situations that can happen in pollution, more se a
verb
the future : animals w ill b e c o m e
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s :
if + subject + simple present extinct.
Wh- question word + W h e r e a r e plastic bottles
verb (the condition), + Plastic straws a r e g o i n g
is/ are + subject + r e c y cl e d ? subject + will/be going to + t o h u r t more se a turtles
past participle of the base form of the verb (the if w e k e e p throwing
verb result) them away.
The condition or the result I f w e t e ll people about

0 Write the passive form of the verbs from the box. can come first. Use a
comma after the condition
the problems, they w ill
c h a n g e their habits.
when it comes first. People w ill c h a n g e their
recycle reduce reuse teach throw away
habits if w e t e ll them
about the problems.
These days, people think more carefully about what
Yes / No Q u e s t i o n s :
they throw away at home. For example, coffe e cups
Will + subject + base form W ill our planet s u r v i v e if
and cloth bags ( 1 ) , and glass of the verb + if+ subject + temperatures c o n t i n u e
bottles, cans, and cardboard (2) --------------------------------- simple present verb. to incre ase? No, it w o n ’ t.

Thanks to this, fewer things (3) --------------------------------- Wh- Q u e s t i o n s :

and the amount of trash (4) --------------------------------- Wh- question word + will/ be W h a t is g o i n g t o

People are beginning to change their habits, and it is

going to + subject + the base h a p p e n if temperatures
form of the verb + if + subject c o n t i n u e to increase?
important that children (5) -------------------------------- to + simple present verb.
think about these things.

176 Grammar Reference

 Circle the correct form. Write the correct quantifier: too few / too little, too
1. Many animals become I will become extinct if we many / too much, a few / a little.
don’t protect / will protect them. 1. The rescue center has vets. It
2. If we recycle I are going to recycle more, there needs more.
is I is going to be less trash. 2. There is education about the
3. Wild animals lose I will lose their habitat if we environment. Schools need to teach children how
build / will build factories outside the city. to protect our wildlife.
4. More species disappear / will disappear if we 3. There are orphaned animals.
continue / will continue to pollute the oceans. The center is too small to take them all.
5. What happen / will happen if future generations 4. There are volunteers, but we
don't save / will save the environment? need more.
5. We have milk for the baby
o Write the correct form of the verbs in the box. chimpanzees, but it is not enough.
be change have help increase
protect stop take care understand use UNIT 9
Lesson A
1. If you using plastic bags for your
shopping, you the environment.
2. The climate more if temperatures Use used to + base People u s e d t o t r a v e l by horse
form of the verb to and cart.
show how things have We u s e d t o c o m m u n ic a t e by
3. If more people public
changed from the letters, now we use cell phones
transportation, there less traffic
past to the present, for most of our communication.
in the city. and to talk about past I u s e d t o e a t meat every day,
4. Our children a better future if we habits. Note that we now I only eat it two or three
of the planet now. sometimes use always times a week.
with used to to talk I always u s e d t o d r i v e to work,
5. If our children conservation, they
about habits. now I bike.
nature for the future.
N e g a tiv e St a t e m e n ts:
Lesson C didn’t + use to + base People didn ’ t u s e t o w o r r y
form of the verb about the environment.
Q u a n tifi e rs
Y e s / No Q u e s t i o n s :
W i t h c o u n t n o u n s, u s e :
Did + subject + use to D i d your family u s e t o
too few (not enough) There are t o o f e w
+ base form of the verb r e c y cl e ? No, we didn ’t.
a few (a small number) c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o g r a m s.
D i d you u s e t o w ri t e letters?
some (not a small or There are a f e w a n i m a l Wh- Q u e s t i o n s : Yes, we did.
large number) p r o t e c t i o n c e n t e rs.
Wh- question word + W h a t kind of h o uses did
a lot of/ many {a large We ne ed s o m e v o l u n t e e r s
did + subject + use to people u s e t o li v e in?
number) to help.
+ base form of the verb
too many (more than The center has a l o t o f
necessary) v o l u n t e e rs.
There are t o o m a n y Circle the correct form.
e n d a n g e r e d s p e ci e s. 1. Long distance travel use to / used to take longer
W i t h n o n -c o u n t n o u n s, than it takes today.
use:
2. Why did travel use to / used to be so challenging
too little (not enough) There is t o o li t t l e m o n e y for in the past?
a little (a small amount) the project.
3. In the past, there didn’t use to / used to be as many
some (not a small or There is a li t t l e m o n e y to pay
large amount) the volunteers.
opportunities for trade as there are nowadays.
a lot of (a large amount) The center gets s o m e h e l p 4. How did people use to / used to buy things before
too much (more than from the government. money existed?
necessary) We ne ed a l o t o f f o o d for the
5. Before trade with China began, people didn’t
animals.
use to / used to wear silk clothes.
We have t o o m u c h work.
Grammar Reference 177
 Complete the questions and statements with the □ Write the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
correct form of use to and your own ideas. 1. Large stones to build the
1. Before we had cell phones, Egyptian pyramids, (use)
2. In the past, igloos from blocks of
ice by the Inuit people, (build)
2. I___________________________________________ 3. In other countries, houses------------------------- from
(negative), but now--------------------------------------------- mud and dry grass in the past, (make)
4. Before paper, people used to
3. How__ _____________________________________ write on wood and dried animal skin, (invent)
___________________________________________ ? 5. Paper to Europe until the 11th
4. Why_______________________________________ century, (not bring)
___________________________________________ 7
Use the correct form of the past passive of the verbs
5. I___________________________________________
___________________________________(negative) in the box to complete the questions and statements.

6. People_____________________________________ allow change invent lose make

1. When money------------------------- ?
Lesson C
2. In the past, girls (not)------------------------- to go to
P a ssi v e V o ic e ( P a s t T e n s e )
school.
The passive voice A large number of plastic bags
3. How clothes in
emphasizes the w e r e u s e d every day, but now
people use reusable bags.
the past?
object or receiver of
an action in the past. A lot of plastic bags w e r e u s e d 4. Communication completely by
Use by when you b y shoppers at supermarkets. the invention of the internet.
want to say who or 5. Luckily, traditions (not)------------------------- when the
what did something
Sami people moved to towns.
(the agent).
Form the past
passive with was / UNIT 10
were + the past
participle of the verb. Lesson A
Regular past believe - believed include -
E x p r e ssi n g N e c e ssi t y
participles add -edto included happen - happened
the base form of the like - liked listen - listened Use must + base form Visitors m u s t h a v e a visa to
verb. provide - provided support - of the verb in writing enter the country.
supported wonder - wondered and formal spe aking to
say that something is an
Many common verbs build - built cut - cut
obligation or a rule.
have irregular past draw - drawn find - found
participles. fly- flown forget - forgotten Use have to or need to We h a v e t o b u y our tickets.
fre eze - frozen hide - hidden + base form of the verb Danny n e e d s t o g e t a new
lose - lost sell - sold in informal spe aking to suitcase for the trip.
spend - spent steal - stolen say that something is
win - won necessary (but not an
obligation or a rule).
Yes / No Q u e s t i o n s :
Use have got to + base David h a s g o t t o m a k e a
Was / Were + subject W a s coal u s e d for heating in the form of the verb for more hotel reservation soon! He ’s
+ past participle of past? Yes, i t w a s. emphasis. Note that you g o t t o call the hotel today.
the verb can use contractions.
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s : Use don’t have to / don’t They d o n ’ t n e e d t o m a k e a
Wh- question word + H o w w a s coal d e li v e r e d to need to + base form of the reservation, it ’s not busy.
was / were + subject people ’s houses? verb to say that something
+ past participle of is not necessary.
the verb

178 Grammar Reference

 Yes /No Q u e s t i o n s : Note that you can use You m u s t n ’ t t a k e a bottle of
Doi Does + subject + D o you n e e d t o g e t a visa contractions. water in your carry-on.
have to / need to + base for Canada? Yes, I d o . For other tenses, use They h a d t o h a v e a health
form of the verb D o e s Ivan h a v e t o r e n e w his had to I will have to. check-up to get their visas.
passport? No, h e d o e s n ’ t. We can also use You c a n ’ t t a k e a large piece of

Wh- Q u e s t i o n s : can’t + base form baggage as carry-on.

of the verb to say
Wh- question word + do / W h a t d o you h a v e t o d o at
that something is not
does + subject + have to check-in?
allowed.
/ need to + base form of W h e n d o you n e e d t o b e at
the verb the boarding gate?
Must not is stronger The government said visitors
thancan’t and is used m u s t n o t o v e rs t a y their visas.
Note that have to and We h a d t o s h o w our
for rules. The airline said passengers
need to can be used with passports at check-in.
c a n ’ t b o a r d an international
different verb forms. Someone w ill n e e d t o help
flight without a visa.
Lin with her carry-on bag.
She ’s hurt her arm.
D i d you h a v e t o g e t a visa?
Yes, I did.
0 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
W h e r e d i d you n e e d t o 1. You can’t to use the bathroom while the plane is
c h a n g e trains? taking off or landing.
2. When I traveled to India last month, I must get a visa.
0 Circle the correct form. 3. All travelers must to show their passport and
1. When you get to the airport, you need to I must boarding pass to be able to board the plane.
check the weight of your bags. 4. You will must renew your passport before you
2. Did Luisa have to I must check any baggage? travel next month.
3. All travelers must I need to go through the airport
Write 5 things someone visiting your country
security check.
needs to know. Use have to / need to I must I
4. You need to I must show your passport on arrival.
must not / can’t.
5. Travelers don’t have to I must check their carry-on
1. ___________________________________________
bag.

2. ___________________________________________
Write 5 things you and your family or friends need
to (or don’t need to) do to prepare for a trip. Use
have to I need to. 3. ___________________________________________
1. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________ UNIT 11
5. ___________________________________________ Lesson A
M o d a ls f o r G i v i n g A d v ic e

Lesson C Use should (not) + verb to You s h o u l d c h o o s e

say that something is (or a care er that fits your
E x p r e ssi n g P r o h i b i t i o n
isn ’ t) a good idea. personality.
Use the negative You m u s t n o t s m o k e on board You s h o u l d n ’ t a p p l y for an
form of must to say an airplane. office job if you don ’ t like to
that something is be inside all day.
prohibited: must not +
base form of the verb.

Grammar Reference 179

Use had better (not) to say You h a d b e t t e r p r e p a r e Lesson C
that something bad well for your interview. I n d e fi n i t e P r o n o u n s
could happen if the advice He ’ d b e t t e r n o t f a il the
Indefinite pronouns S o m e b o d y w as with the
isn ’ t followed. Note that exam.
refer to unspecified care er advisor when I went to
you can use contractions.
nouns. se e her. (I don ’ t know who it
We can also use ought to The government o u g h t t o was.)
+ base form of the verb to g i v e more scholarships for
To talk about an E v e r y o n e went to the meeting.
give advice. Ought to is students to study abroad.
entire group of nouns: The boss wanted to talk to all
more formal than should
everybody / everyone / of us.
and had better.
everything / everywhere E v e r y t h i n g in the book is
Use maybe, perhaps, or M a y b e you s h o u l d important. You ne ed to study
/ think with modals to make b e c o m e a health care all of it.
the advice sound gentler worker.
To talk about none I want to sell my computer, but
and friendlier.
of a group of nouns: n o o n e I know wants to buy it.
nobody / no one / There is n o w h e r e interesting

□ Complete the letter with should, shouldn’t, had nothing / nowhere to visit in my town.
To talk about an You should talk to s o m e o n e at
better, or ought to.
unspecified noun: the care er advising center.
De ar Reader, somebody/ someone / (I don't know who specifically.)
something / somewhere It is good to do s o m e t h i n g
I am happy you asked me for advice. If you want as a volunteer. (I don't know
to become an innovator, you (1) what.)
think about a problem you want to solve.
To emphasize that You ne ed work experience.
Since there are lots of problems in the world, it
it ’s not important to A n y t h i n g you do will be
(2) be too hard! Remember, it
specify a certain helpful. (It doesn ’ t matter what
takes a long time to solve a problem well, so you
person, place, or thing: it is.)
(3) be patient.
anybody/ anyone/ You can work a n y w h e r e . (It
Sincerely, anything / anywhere doesn ’ t matter where.)

The Care er Advisor Negative statements I don ’ t know a n y b o d y in the

and questions: office.
anybody / anyone / Do you know a n y t h i n g about
□ Your friend has an important job interview. Give him anything / anywhere the job?
or her advice. Use should, shouldn’t, had better, or
ought to, and the ideas in the box to help you. □ Circle the correct indefinite pronouns.
clothes English experience 1. An inventor is nobody / somebody who is
preparation questions interested in problem solving.
X_____________ ._________________ —J
2. Many scientists and engineers are trying to do
something / anything to solve the problems of the
1. ___________________________________________
world.
3. But it is not only these professionals. Ordinary
2. ___________________________________________
people around the world have developed
innovations in their communities with almost
3. ___________________________________________ nothing / something.
4. Everybody / Nobody wants to make the world a
4. ___________________________________________
better place.
5. I hope to do something / anything important with
5. ___________________________________________
my life.

Complete the sentences with indefinite pronouns.

1. Is there I should know before the
interview?
2. They will want to know about
180 Grammar Reference
 your volunteer experience, but don’t tell them all 3. ___________________________________________
your crazy stories!
3. I’m nervous—told me that the 4. ___________________________________________
interview is very challenging.
4. Does know what the salary will 5. ___________________________________________
be for this job? Who can I ask?
5. Will there be opportunities to travel
with this job? Lesson C
Would rather
Use would rather (not) I w o uld ra t h er h a v e a
UNIT 12 + base form of the verb small party than a big
to talk about actions we party for my birthday.
Lesson A prefer. Note that you can I ’ d r a t h e r g o o u t for dinner.
use contractions. I’d r a t h e r n o t c o o k
C o m p a r is o n s w i t h as... as
tonight.
Use subject + be + Hallowe en is a s
Use one to avoid repe ating I w o uld ra t h er h a v e a
as + adjective + as + i n t e r e s t i n g a s Day of
the noun. small party than a big o n e
complement to say that the De ad. They are both
for my birthday.
two things are equal. celebrations that people
enjoy. Q u estio ns:

Note that you can use Hallow e en ’s a s i n t e r e s t i n g

Would you rather + base W o u l d y o u r a t h e r e a t out
form of verb + complement tonight or s t a y home?
contractions. a s Day of the De ad.
W ould you ra t h er go
Use subject + be + not A music festival is n o t a s
straight home?
as + adjective + as + i n t e r e s t i n g a s the Burning Wh- question word + would H o w w o uld y o u r a t h er
complement to say that Man festival. I like the art at you rather + base form + c e l e b r a t e your birthday?
two things are not equal. Burning Man. complement
New Ye ar’s Eve is n ’ t a s
n o is y a s Carnival.
Q u estions: Q Write statements and questions using the
Correct form of be + I s your birthday a s information in parentheses and an appropriate
subject + as + adjective + e x ci t i n g a s other holidays? verb.
as + complement
1. (Carnival or Day of the Dead)

□ Correct the mistake in each sentence. ___________________________________________ ?

1. Day of the Dead is as well known than Halloween 2. (a restaurant or a coffee shop)
around the world.
2. For children, Three Kings’ Day is most exciting as
3. (not - downtown on New Year’s Eve)
Christmas.
3. The New Year’s crowd in Trafalgar Square,
London, is as bigger as the crowd in Times
Square, New York. 4. (birthday)__________________________________
___________________________________________ ?
4. The traditions in one culture are as important the
5. (with family or with friends)
traditions in another culture.
5. Old celebrations are as more important as new ___________________________________________ ?
celebrations.

Choose two places to visit in your city or country.

Compare them using (not) as...as.
1. ___________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________
Grammar Reference 181
Spelling Rules for Verbs Ending in -s and -es

1. Add -s to most verbs. like-likes

sit-sits
2. Add -esto verbs that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z. catch-catches
miss-misses
w ash-w ashes
mix-mixes
buzz-buzzes
3. Change the -y to -/ and add -es when the base form ends in a consonant + -y. cry-cries
carry-carries
4. Do not change the -y when the base form ends in a vowel + -y. pay-pays
stay-stays
5. Some verbs are irregular in the third-person singular -s form of the simple present. b e -is
go-go es
do-do es
h ave-has

Spelling Rules for Verbs Ending in -ing

1. Add -ing to the base form of most verbs. e at-e ating

do-doing
spe ak-speaking
carry-carrying
2. When the verb ends in a consonant + -e, drop the -e and add -ing. ride-riding
write-writing
3. For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant + a vowel + a consonant (CVC), stop-stopping
double the final consonant and add -ing. sit-sitting

Do not double the final consonant for verbs that end in CVC when the final show-showing
consonant is -w, -x, or -y. fix-fixing
stay-staying
4. For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the first syllable, add -ing. ENter-entering
Do not double the final consonant. LIST en-listening

For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the last syllable, double the final beGIN-beginning
consonant and add -ing. ocCUR-occurring

Spelling Rules for Verbs Ending in -ed

1. Add -ecfto the base form of most verbs that end in a consonant. start-started
talk-talked
2. Add -d if the base form of the verb ends in -e. dance-danced
live-lived
3. When the base form of the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the -y to -/'and add -ed. cry-cried
worry-worried

Do not change the -y to -/ when the verb ends in a vowel + -y. stay-stayed

4. For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant + a vowel + a consonant (CVC), stop-stopped
double the final consonant and add -ed. rob-robbed

Do not double the final consonant of verbs that end in -w, -x, or -y. follow-followed
fix-fixed
play-played
5. For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the first syllable, add -ed. Do not ORder-ordered
double the final consonant. HAPpen-happened

For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the last syllable, double the final ocCUR-occurred
consonant and add -ed. pre FER-preferred

182 Grammar Reference

Spelling Rules for Comparative and Superlative Forms

A d j ectiv e /
Co m p arativ e Su p e rla tiv e
Adverb

1. Add -er or -esfto one-syllable adjectives tall t a ll e r t a ll e st

and adverbs. fast fast er f ast est
2. Add -ror -st to adjectives that end in -e. nice nicer nicest
3. Change the -y to -/ and add -eror -estto e asy e a si e r e a si e s t
two-syllable adjectives and adverbs that happy h a ppier h a ppiest
end in -y.

4. Double the final consonant and add -er or big big g e r bigg est
-est to one-syllable adjectives or adverbs hot hott er h o t t e st
that end in a consonant + a vowel + a
consonant (CVC).

Common Irregular Verbs

B ase F or m Si m p l e P a s t P a s t P a r t ici p l e B ase F or m Si m p l e P a s t P a s t P a r t ici p l e

begin began begun make made made
bre ak broke broken meet met met
bring brought brought pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
come came come read read read
do did done ride rode ridden
drink drank drunk run ran run
drive drove driven say said said
eat ate eaten se e saw se en
feel felt felt send sent sent
get got gotten sit sat sat
give gave given sle ep slept slept
go went gone spe ak spoke spoken
have had had swim swam swum
hear heard heard take took taken
hurt hurt hurt tell told told
know knew known think thought thought
leave left left throw threw thrown
let let let understand understood understood
lose lost lost write wrote written

Grammar Reference 183

 P h r asa l V e r bs (Se p a r a ble ) a n d T h eir M e a nin gs

Don’t forget to turn off the oven before you leave the house.
Don’t forget to turn the oven off before you leave the house.
Phrasal V erb Mea ning E x a m ple Se nt ence

blo w u p cause something to explode The workers blew the bridge up

brin g b ac k return She brought the shirt back to the store.
1. raise from childhood 1. My grandmother brought me up
brin g u p 2. Don ’t bring up that subject.
2. introduce a topic to discuss
c a ll b a c k return a telephone call 1 called Rajil back but there was no answer.
c a ll o f f cancel They called the wedding off after their fight._______
cheer up make someone fe el happier Her visit to the hospital cheered the patients up
cl e a r u p clarify, explain She cleared the problem up.
do over do again His teacher asked him to do the essay over.
fig u r e o u t solve, understand The student figured the problem out.
f ill i n complete information Fill in the answers on the test.
f ill o u t complete an application or form 1 had to fill many forms out at the doctor's office.
fin d o u t learn, uncover Did you find anything out about the new plans?
give a w a y offer something freely They are giving prizes away at the store.
give b ack return The boy gave the pen back to the teacher.
give up stop doing 1 gave up sugar last year. Will you give it up ?
h elp ou t aid, support someone 1 often help my older neighbors out
la y off dismiss workers from their jobs My company laid 200 workers off last year.
le ave on allow a machine to continue working 1 left the lights on all night.
le t in allow someone to enter She opened a window to let some fresh air in.
loo k over examine We looked the contract over before signing it.
make up say something untrue or fictional (a story, a lie) The child made the story up. It wasn’t true at all.
pay b ack return money, repay a loan 1 paid my friend back. 1 owed him $10.
1. get someone or something 1. He picked up his date at her house.
p ic k u p 2. / picked the ball up and threw it.
2. lift
pu t off delay, postpone Don't put your homework off until tomorrow.
1. take outside 1. He put the trash out.
put out 2. Firefighters put out the fire.
2. extinguish
1. arrange 1. She set the tables up for the party.
se t up 2. They set up the project.
2. start something
sh u t off stop something from working Can you shut the water off?
sort ou t make sense of something We have to sort this problem out.
straight en up make neat and orderly 1 straightened the messy living room up.
ta k e b ack own again He took the tools that he loaned me back.
t a k e off remove She took off her hat and gloves.
take out remove 1 take the trash out on Mondays.
talk over discuss a topic until it is understood Let's talk this plan over before we do anything.
thin k over reflect, ponder She thought the job offer over carefully.
thro w a w ay / He threw the old newspapers away.
get rid of something, discard
thro w out 1 threw out the old milk in the fridge.
try on put on clothing to se e if it fits He tried the shoes on but didn’t buy them.
turn do w n refuse His manager turned his proposal down.
t urn off stop something from working Can you turn the TV off, please?
turn on switch on, operate 1 turned the lights on in the dark room.
turn up incre ase the volume Turn the radio up, so we can hear the news.
w ake up make someone stop sle eping The noise woke the baby up.
w ri t e d o w n write on paper 1 wrote the information down.

184 Grammar Reference

 TALKS
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