Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video

Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures

Part 03 Eurocode 3 Steel Design

series – Introduction to Eurocode 0
Lecture: Loading

Dr Jawed Qureshi
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@drjqureshi
Twitter https://twitter.com/DrJQureshi
Instagram https://www.instagram.com/drjqureshi/
LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/jawed-qureshi-2370191a2/

Part 03 EC0 Loading Lecture

Introduction to BS EN 1990: Eurocode 0
– Basis of structural design

• Introduction
• Requirements
• Design situations
• Load combinations

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 2
Loading Lecture

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 1
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Structural Eurocodes – an overview

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 3
Loading Lecture

Introduction
• BS EN 1990 is the head code for Structural
Eurocodes
• Used alongside Eurocode 1 to 9
• Provides the principles and requirements for
safety and serviceability.
• Guidelines for structural reliability, durability and
quality control
• Provides material independent guidelines

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 4
Loading Lecture

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 2
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Requirements
The fundamental requirements concern:

• Structural resistance
• Safety
• Serviceability
• Fire exposure
• Robustness

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 5
Loading Lecture

Requirements
The structure is designed in such a way that during
its service life:

• It should sustain all actions and influences likely

to occur during its construction and use.

• A structure shall be designed and executed in

such a way that it will not be damaged by events
such as :
– explosion,
– impact, and
– the consequences of human errors,
to an extent disproportionate to the original cause

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 6
Loading Lecture

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 3
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

How to avoid or limit potential damage?

Potential damage shall be avoided by appropriate choice of one or
more of the following :

• avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards to which the

structure can be subjected
• selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the
hazards considered
• selecting a structural form and design that can survive
adequately the accidental removal of an individual member or
a limited part of the structure, or the occurrence of acceptable
localised damage
• avoiding as far as possible structural systems that can collapse
without warning
• tying the structural members together

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 7
Loading Lecture

How to avoid or limit potential damage?

In addition, the basic requirements are met by:

• by the choice of suitable materials

• by appropriate design and detailing
• by specifying control procedures for design,
production, execution, and use relevant to the
particular project.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 8
Loading Lecture

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 4
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Design situations
Design according to the structural Eurocode follows
‘Limit State’ principles.

The two principal limit states for which the structure

needs to designed are:

• The ultimate limit state (ULS)

• The serviceability limit state (SLS)

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 9
Loading Lecture

Design situations
• Ultimate limit states concern (ULS):
– the safety of people, and/or
– the safety of the structure.
• Collapse/failure of structure

• Serviceability limit states concern (SLS):

– the functioning of the structure or structural members under
normal use
– the comfort of people
– the appearance of the construction works.
• Deflection, vibrations

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 10
Loading Lecture

10

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 5
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Ultimate limit state (ULS)

• EQU: Loss of static equilibrium of the structure
(or any part of it) when considered as a rigid
body. This can be thought as ‘overturning’, as
illustrated in Figure 1.
• STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of
the structure or its structural members,
including footings, piles, basement walls, etc.
This generally concerns the strength of the
materials of a structure, or the stability of its
members.
• GEO: Failure or excessive deformation of the
ground or foundations on which the structure
sits

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 11
Loading Lecture

11

Ultimate limit state (ULS)

Figure 1: The EQU, STR and GE conditions

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 12
Loading Lecture

12

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 6
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Ultimate limit state (ULS)

The other condition covered in general terms is:
• FAT: Fatigue Failure of the structure or its
structural members

Mostly, designers will be concerned about

EQU when considering sliding and overturning,
and STR for the strength of frames and members

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 13
Loading Lecture

13

Ultimate limit state (ULS)

The design situations under which ULS design
checks may be performed are:
• Persistent - conditions of normal use
• Transient - temporary conditions e.g. during
construction or repair;
• Accidental - exceptional conditions e.g. fire,
explosion, impact or localised failure;
• Seismic - structure subjected to earthquake
and other seismic events
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0
Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 14
Loading Lecture

14

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 7
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Serviceability limit state (SLS)

SLS concerns:
• whether deformations of the structure and its
structural members allows the building to
function properly in its normal use;
• the comfort of people;
• the appearance of the finished building.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 15
Loading Lecture

15

Serviceability limit state (SLS)

Checking of SLS should be based on:
• Deformations (deflections) which affect the
appearance of the building, the comfort of users,
or the way the structure (including machines or
services with it) functions;
• Deformations which cause damage to finishes
(e.g. cracking of plaster) or non-structural members;
• Vibrations which cause discomfort to people, or
which limit the functional effectiveness of the
building.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 16
Loading Lecture

16

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 8
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Actions
• The term action refers to all external influences on a structure’s
performance.

• Includes loading by gravity, vibrations, thermal effects, fire

and seismic loading.

• Separate combination of actions are used to check the

structure for the design situation being considered.
• For each of the particular design situations an
appropriate representative value for each action is used.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 17
Loading Lecture

17

Type of actions and load combinations

The main actions to be used in load cases for design:
• Permanent actions G: self weight of structures and fixed
equipment;
• Variable actions Q: imposed load on building floors and
beams; snow loads on roof; wind loading on walls and
roofs;
• Accidental actions A: fire, explosions and impact.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 18
Loading Lecture

18

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 9
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Load combinations for design

BS EN 1990 requires that structures and members
are designed for all possible combinations of
actions that can occur simultaneously.

Fortunately for building designers, a note in clause

A1.2.1(1) allows the maximum number of variable
actions to be limited to two.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 19
Loading Lecture

19

General combinations of actions

The first approach is to use expression 6.10.

where,

G represents permanent actions and G is partial factor

P represents prestressing, and is of little interest in steel design!

The first Q represents the ‘leading’ variable and Q partial factor

The second Q represents the ‘accompanying’ variable factored by a
partial factor Q, but also multiplied by a combination factor, 0.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 20
Loading Lecture

20

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 10
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

General combinations of actions

The UK partial factors for actions are shown below, with some
typical 0 factors, all taken from the UK National Annex.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 21
Loading Lecture

21

General combinations of actions

The second approach is to use larger of expressions 6.10a and 6.10b.

There are two important changes from 6.10s:

• the application of the 0 factor to the leading variable action in

expression 6.10a (not applied in 6.10)

• A reduction factor  applied to the permanent actions in

expression 6.10b (not applied in 6.10) ( = 0.925 in UK NA).

• For EQU ULS, the use of 6.10a and 610b is not allowed.
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0
Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 22
Loading Lecture

22

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 11
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0 Dr Jawed Qureshi Click here for Video
Loading Lecture https://tinyurl.com/JQSTEELDESIGN

Equivalent horizontal forces

• Equivalent horizontal forces (EHFs), previously known as
notional horizontal loads (NHL) in British standard, are
required to account for frame imperfections.
• EHFs should be included in all load combinations, and
since their value is related to the level of vertical loading,
they will generally be different for each load combination
(and will already be factored).
• Frame imperfections appear in (almost) every load case.
We can represent initial sway imperfections by using
Equivalent Horizontal Forces (EHFs) which are based on
1/200 of the factored vertical load, with reduction factors.

Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0

Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 23
Loading Lecture

23

Example 1
This example examines the combination of actions for a floor
beam, subject only to permanent and variable actions.
Permanent action = 3.5 kN/m²
Variable action (office) = 5 kN/m²

Solution:
Using expression 6.10:
 G Gk +  Q ,1Qk ,1 = 1.35  3.5 + 1.5  5 = 12.23 kN/m2

Using expression 6.10a:

 G Gk +  Q ,1 0,1Qk ,1 = 1.35  3.5 + 1.5  0.7  5 = 9.98 kN/m2
Using expression 6.10b:
 G Gk +  Q ,1Qk ,1 = 0.925  1.35  3.5 + 1.5  5 = 11.87 kN/m2
Eurocode 3 Steel Design - Part 03 Eurocode 0
Dr Jawed Qureshi Slide - 24
Loading Lecture

24

Subscribe to YouTube channel

https://www.youtube.com/@DrJQureshi 12