Poetry Handouts
Poetry Handouts
Poetry Handouts
Poetry is a genre of literature, either in spoken or written form that emphasizes, among other things,
intricate patterns of sound and imagery, and the many possible ways that words can suggest meaning. The word
itself derives from a Greek word, poesis, meaning “making” or “creating.” Whereas ordinary speech and
writing, called prose, are organized in sentences and paragraphs, poetry in its simplest definition is organized in
units called lines as well as in sentences, and often in stanzas, which are the paragraphs of poetry. The way a
line of poetry is structured can be considered a kind of garment that shapes and clothes the thought within it.
Poetry has been part of the traditions of men through the ages; it has manifested in most human activities
as well as serves as a ready means of entertainment in traditional festivals. Poetry means different things to
different people. Thus, it may be difficult to give a single definition to it as the one standard definition. Let us
consider some of the definitions given to it by different scholars:
Definitions of Poetry
The following are well-known definitions of poetry which illustrate the varied view of this genre:
Poetry is the language that tells us, through a emotional reaction, something that cannot be said. All
poetry, great or small, does this. - Edwin Arlington Robinson.
Poetry is the imaginative expression of strong feeling, usually rhythmical...the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings recollected in tranquility. – William Wordsworth
Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the best and happiest minds. – Percy Bysshe
Shelley
An actual poem is the succession of experiences – sounds, images, thoughts, emotions – through which
we pass when we are reading as poetically as we can. - Andrew Bradley
If I read a book and it makes my whole body so cold that no fire can ever warm me, I know that it is
poetry. If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that it is poetry. – Emily
Dickinson
8. REPETITION – this is when the same line occurs in two or more places or is used as a refrain in a poem. The effect of
this may be to lay emphasis on a word or concept or to bring musicality into a poem. The intensity and emphasis laid by
repetition compel attention. Note that the repeated lines may slightly vary, in some poems, they still qualify as repetition.
The repeated lines with slight variation can be found in poems like, ‘The Sun on this Rubble after Rain’ by the South
African poet, Dennis Brutus.
9. REFRAIN – This has its foundation in repetition. It occurs when the same words, phrases or sentences keep recurring
at definite intervals in the course of a poem. In a poem, it is common for it to occur at the end of every stanza. E.g. My
poem on absurdity of life.
10. PARALLELISM – This is the repetition of words at the beginning of some lines in a poem. If a poet frequently
stresses the equal parts of sentences, such is referred to as balanced. Parallelism, aside from providing emphasis, enhances
the musicality of a poem. e.g.
11. ASSONANCE – this is the repetition of the same internal vowel sounds followed by consonants in two or more words
on the same line of a poem, for the purpose of creating lyrical effect that suggests the mood and meaning which the poet
wishes to convey. This is usually more effective in oral rendition. For example:
‘feeble reeds
‘often we will our real desires
‘Blake breaks the snaking flakes’
‘float... goat’
12. RHYTHM – This wave-like recurrence of sounds in music is a unique phenomenon in poetry. It is the flow of words
and phrases or the movement of thought which helps to convey mood and meaning in poetry. This is a pattern of stressed
and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Poets use rhythm to bring out the musical quality of language, to emphasize
ideas, to create moods, to unify works, and to heighten emotional responses. Devices such as alliteration, rhyme,
assonance, consonance, and parallelism often contribute to creating rhythm.
13. RHYME – This simply suggests the use of matching sounds at the end of two or more lines of poetry. Rhyme
generally helps the musical quality of a poem. Types of rhymes include:
(i) Alternate rhyme: a sequence of alternately rhyming lines. E.g.
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness! -a
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; -b
Conspiring with him how to load and bless -a
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-leaves run -b (J. Keats, ‘To Autum’)
• (ii) Couplet: a sequence of two rhyming. E.g.
Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack, -a
Pressed to the wall, dying fighting back -a
(Mckay, ‘If We Must Die’)
(iii) Initial or beginning rhyme: a sequence of two similar words or words with similar syllable(s) at the beginning
of the lines of a poem. E.g.
...the tranquil souls,
The breaths of the ancestors
The ancestors who were men
The ancestors who were sages
(Birago Diop, Viaticum’)
14. METER – Meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that creates the rhythm of some poetry.
THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF POETRY
1. Narrative. By its name, narrative poetry tells a story or a series of events. Some forms of narrative poetry include
ballad (a short poem that often includes a dialogue through simple language), metrical tale (a poem with plenty of
descriptions of attitudes and opinions in verse form), and epic (a very lengthy poem about heroes and great warriors often
in fantastical and lofty language.)
2. Lyric. Often melodious because of the rhyming patterns that it follows, lyric poetry present emotions, feelings and/or
memories and does not tell a story. Forms of lyric poetry include reflective lyric (a poetic response through recalling past
emotions), elegy (dignified poem about grief and death), ode (formal poetic language used to commemorate an important
or historical event) and sonnet (a poem that follows a strict rhyme scheme and structure).
3. Dramatic. Also known as dramatic verse or verse drama, this poetry tells a story and is meant to be spoken or acted.
This classification includes dramatic narrative (a poem that tells a story through the point of view of a person involved in
it), dramatic monologue (a poetic speech addressed to the audience or to an absent character) and soliloquy (a poetic
speech of one character speaking alone, usually to him or herself).