Q1.

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION

Population transfer or resettlement is the movement of a large
group of people from one region to another, often a Form of Forced
migration imposed by state policy or international authority and
most frequently on the basis of ethincity or religion. Banishment or
exile is a similar process, but is forcibly applied to individuals and
groups
• Rehabitation :- The restoration of someone to a useful place in
society.
The conversion of wasteland into land Suitable for use of habitation
or cultivation
The act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory state
The state of being restored to its former good condition
• Land Rehabitation :-
Land Rehabitation is the process of returning the land in a given area
to some degree of its
Former state, after Some process has resulted in its damage
Mine Rehabilitation :- After Mining Finishes the mine area must
undergo rehabilitation.

Q2. GLOBAL WARMING ? EXPLAIN IN BRIEF

Global warming is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the
temperature near the earth’s surface. This phenomenon has been
observed over the past one or two centuries. This change has
disturbed the climatic pattern of the earth. However, the concept of
global warming is quite controversial but the scientists have provided
relevant data in support of the fact that the temperature of the earth
is rising constantly.
There are several causes of global warming, which have a negative
effect on humans, plants and animals. These causes may be natural
or might be the outcome of human activities. In order to curb the
issues, it is very important to understand the negative impacts of
global warming.
Causes of Global Warming
Man-made Causes of Global Warming
Deforestation
Use of Vehicles
Chlorofluorocarbon
With the excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators, humans
have been adding CFCs into the environment which affects the
atmospheric ozone layer.
Industrial Development
Agriculture :-
Various farming activities produce carbon dioxide and methane gas.
These add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase
the temperature of the earth.
Overpopulation
An increase in population means more people breathing. This leads
to an increase in the level of carbon dioxide, the primary gas causing
global warming, in the atmosphere.
Natural Causes of Global Warming
Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global
warming. The ash and smoke emitted during volcanic eruptions goes
out into the atmosphere and affects the climate.
Water Vapour
Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the
earth’s temperature, more water gets evaporated from the water
bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to global warming.
Melting Permafrost
Permafrost is frozen soil that has environmental gases trapped in it
for several years and is present below Earth’s surface. It is present in
glaciers. As the permafrost melts, it releases the gases back into the
atmosphere, increasing Earth’s temperature.
Forest Blazes
Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing
smoke. These gases are released into the atmosphere and increase
the earth’s temperature resulting in global warming
Effects of Global Warming
Rise in Temperature
Threats to the Ecosystem
Global warming has affected the coral reefs that can lead to the loss
of plant and animal lives. Increase in global temperatures has made
the fragility of coral reefs even worse.
Climate Change
Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions. There are
droughts at some places and floods at some. This climatic imbalance
is the result of global warming.
Spread of Diseases
Global warming leads to a change in the patterns of heat and
humidity. This has led to the movement of mosquitoes that carry and
spread diseases.
High Mortality Rates
Due to an increase in floods, tsunamis and other natural calamities,
the average death toll usually increases. Also, such events can bring
about the spread of diseases that can hamper human life.
Loss of Natural Habitat
A global shift in the climate leads to the loss of habitats of several
plants and animals. In this case, the animals need to migrate from
their natural habitat and many of them even become extinct. This is
yet another major impact of global warming on biodiversity.
Q3. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the
air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke
which affects plants, animals and humans drastically.
There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An
increase or decrease in the composition of these gases is harmful to
survival. This imbalance in the gaseous composition has resulted in an
increase in earth’s temperature, which is known as global warming.
Causes of Air Pollution
Following are the important causes of air pollution:

Burning of Fossil Fuels

The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide.
Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
also results in air pollution.

Automobiles
The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc.
pollute the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse
gases and also result in diseases among individuals.

Agricultural Activities
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during
agricultural activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers emit
harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and contaminate it.

Factories and Industries

Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide,
organic compounds, hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released
into the air, degrading its quality.

Mining Activities
In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using
large pieces of equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the
process not only pollute the air, but also deteriorate the health of the
workers and people living in the nearby areas.
Domestic Sources
The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals
that are released in the air. The smell from the newly painted walls is the
smell of the chemicals present in the paints. It not only pollutes the air
but also affects breathing.

Effects of Air Pollution

The hazardous effects of air pollution on the environment include:

Diseases
Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart
diseases among humans. The cases of lung cancer have increased in
the last few decades. Children living near polluted areas are more prone
to pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every year due to the direct
or indirect effects of air pollution.

Global Warming
Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the
gaseous composition of the air. This has led to an increase in the
temperature of the earth. This increase in earth’s temperature is known
as global warming. This has resulted in the melting of glaciers and an
increase in sea levels. Many areas are submerged underwater.

Acid Rain
The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen
oxides and sulphur oxides in the air. The water droplets combine with
these pollutants, become acidic and fall as acid rain which damages
human, animal and plant life.

Ozone Layer Depletion

The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere is the major cause of
depletion of the ozone layer. The depleting ozone layer does not prevent
the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and causes skin
diseases and eye problems among individuals.

Effect on Animals
The air pollutants suspend in the water bodies and affect aquatic life.
Pollution also compels the animals to leave their habitat and shift to a
new place. This renders them stray and has also led to the extinction of
a large number of animal species.

Air Pollution Control

Following are the measures one should adopt, to control air pollution:

Avoid Using Vehicles

People should avoid using vehicles for shorter distances. Rather, they
should prefer public modes of transport to travel from one place to
another. This not only prevents pollution, but also conserves energy.

Energy Conservation
A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. Therefore,
do not forget to switch off the electrical appliances when not in use.
Thus, you can save the environment.

Q4 WHAT DO YOU LEARN FROM YOUR FIELD VISIT.

Going on a field trip enhances their critical thinking skills and gives students a
chance to think about a topic or theme from a different perspective. Several
children don't get to experience the typical field trip locations with their
families. A school trip gives students the chance to experience new venues.
On a field trip, students are more likely to retain information. Being immersed
in information and being involved in visual and practical experiences will help
students remember, learn and understand subjects. Field trips will help
reinforce classroom materials, bringing lessons to life

Q5 ECOLOGICAL SUCESSION
Ecological succession is the steady and gradual change in a species of a given
area with respect to the changing environment. It is a predictable change and
is an inevitable process of nature as all the biotic components have to keep up
with the changes in our environment.

Ecological succession is the process by which natural communities replace (or

“succeed”) one another over time. For example, when an old farm field in the
midwestern U.S. is abandoned and left alone for many years, it gradually
becomes a meadow, then a few bushes grow, and eventually, trees completely
fill in the field, producing a forest.

Each plant community creates conditions that subsequently allow different

plant communities to thrive. For example, early colonizers like grasses might
add nutrients to the soil, whereas later ones like shrubs and trees might create
cover and shade. Succession stops temporarily when a “climax” community
forms; such communities remain in relative equilibrium until a disturbance
restarts the succession process.

Q6. SUISTANABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs". This is a definition offered by the famous World Commission on
Environment and Development in its report Our Common Future. The two
examples of sustainable development are: 1.Solar energy: Harnessing the solar
energy to reduce pollution in the environment. 2.Crop Rotation : Planting
different types of crops on the same land on a rotational basis for improving
soil fertility.
CASE STUDY
Country: Government of India
Aim: Promote development of renewable energy
Foster new local enterprises
Where local governments have encouraged the production of renewable
energy, their communities have realized economic benefits and secured their
energy supply, further attracting new industrial development that is not reliant
on nonrenewable energy sources. In Tamil Nadu, India, a State-run programme
to promote the development of renewable energy resulted in the production
of over 650 turbines for wind power generation. The development of wind
energy has given rise to new local enterprises, including those specializing in
the design and construction of wind energy equipment.
Q7. FOUR WAYS OF CONSERVATION OF BIO DIVERSITY
Preventing the cutting of trees. • Putting a ban on hunting of animals. •
Efficient utilisation of natural resources. • Protected areas should be
developed for animals where no human activities are allowed.
1.Reduce climate change - As we know, climate change has disastrous
consequences for all living things on earth. We use huge amounts of fossil
fuels, which directly cause climate change.

We need to move away from fossil fuels and towards alternative energy
sources and natural or sustainable products. Reducing the effects of climate
change requires a worldwide effort.

2.Sustainable living - Sustainable living is something that we can each choose

to do on a daily basis. Whether it be by taking shorter showers, riding a bike
to work, or buying ecolabeled products it helps reduce the amount of
resources we use.

3.Habitat restoration - After an area is damaged by human impacts we can

try to return it to its natural state. This means bringing back the plants and
animals that are naturally found there. This has been shown to be a
promising way of returning biodiversity to a region.

Government legislation - Governments have the power to control what is

done to the habitats within their country. Legislation that protects natural
habitats by outlawing development, harvesting of natural resources, or other
human exploitation has a huge impact on maintaining natural biodiversity.
Q8 IMPORTANCE OF VERMICOMPOSTING IN SWM.
Vermicomposting or worm composting is a simple technology for converting
biodegradable waste into organic manure with the help of earthworms. Solid
wastes can be decomposed into valuable compost using vermicomposting
process, providing an efficient substitute for chemical fertilizers and hence
reducing pollution to.
Vermicomposting is effective process for reduction of solid waste and eco-
friendly process. It produce high quality fertilizers which are better compared
to other commercial fertilizer in the market. Vermicomposting increases the
crop yield and lessens dependence on chemical fertilizers thus mitigating
climate change.

Q9. EFFECTS AND CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION

Not all sound is considered noise pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution. To be precise, noise
becomes harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB. As
a consequence, it is recommended noise levels be kept below 65 dB during the
day and indicates that restful sleep is impossible with nighttime ambient noise levels
in excess of 30 dB.

CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION

There are many sources of noise pollution, but here are some of the main
ones:

Traffic noise

Traffic noise accounts for most polluting noise in cities. For example, a car
horn produces 90 dB and a bus produces 100 dB.

Air traffic noise

There are fewer aircraft flying over cities than there are cars on the roads, but
the impact is greater: a single aircraft produces 130 dB.
Construction sites

Building and car park construction and road and pavement resurfacing works
are very noisy. For example, a pneumatic drill produces 110 dB.

Catering and night life

Bars, restaurants and terraces that spill outside when the weather is good can
produce more than 100 dB. This includes noise from pubs and clubs.

Animals

Noise made by animals can go unnoticed, but a howling or barking dog, for
example, can produce around 60-80 dB.

EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION

As well as damaging our hearing by causing — tinnitus or deafness —,
constant loud noise can damage human health in many ways, particularly in
the very young and the very old. Here are some of the main ones:

Physical

Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches and, in case
of extremely loud, constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart attacks.

Psychological

Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety and hysteria in
both humans and animals.

Sleep and behavioural disorders

Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or sleeping properly.

Remember that according to the World Health Organization it should be no
more than 30 dB. Loud noise can have latent effects on our behaviour,
causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.

Memory and concentration

Noise may affect people's ability to focus, which can lead to low performance
over time. It is also bad for the memory, making it hard to study.

Interestingly, our ears need more than 16 hours' rest to make up for two hours
of exposure to 100 dB.

Q10. GREEN REVOLUTION

The Green Revolution (a term used for rapid increases in wheat and rice yields
in developing countries brought about by improved varieties combined with
the expanded use of fertilizers and other chemical inputs) has had a dramatic
impact on incomes and food supplies in many developing countries.
The term green revolution was first used by William Gaud and Norman
Borlaug is the Father of the Green Revolution.
In the year 1965, the government of India launched the Green Revolution with
the help of a geneticist, now known as the father of the Green revolution
(India) M.S. Swaminathan. The movement of the green revolution was a great
success and changed the country’s status from a food-deficient economy to
one of the world’s leading agricultural nations. It started in 1967 and lasted till
1978.
The Green Revolution within India led to an increase in agricultural production,
especially in Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this
undertaking were the development of a high-yielding variety of seeds of wheat
and rust-resistant strains of wheat.
Q11. PYRAMID OF ENERGY WITH NEAT LABELED
DIAGRAM
The energy pyramid is an upright pyramid that depicts the transfer of energy
from producers to consumers. It also reveals the precise role that distinct
creatures play in energy transmission. As energy travels upwards, energy
pyramids show how much energy is required in the next trophic level. The
energy flow pattern in this pyramid can be characterized using the rule of
thermodynamics, which states that energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form into another.
Pyramid of Energy – Concept
• An energy pyramid is the best way to assess the functional roles of the
trophic levels in an ecosystem. • An energy pyramid depicts the amount of
energy at each trophic level as well as the energy lost during each trophic level
transfer. • As a result, the pyramid is always upward, with a large energy base
at its base.
Q12. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
The watershed area for a small stream may be a few hectares, while for a
large river the watershed may be many square kilometres. For proper
planning and execution, the size of a watershed area should ideally be 1,000
to 2,500 hectares. If the area is within this range, it will be possible to
prepare a well balanced plan and to implement it in a period of 2 to 3 years.
Watershed management is an attempt to halt land degradation and a holistic
process for getting maximum production out of land. Watershed
management implies rational utilisation of land and water resources for
optimum and sustained production, with the minimum of hazard to natural
resources. With a bit of acumen and proper judgement, the rain water can be
made to move down the slopes slowly, ensuring optimum infiltration and
percolation, automatically solving the problem of soil erosion. Reducing the
impact of the rain on the soil, checking its speed at various intervals, taking
up all operations on the contour and diverting the excess to prevent the,
pressure, are some of the procedures one could adopt; a process that starts
at the highest point of the watershed and ends right down in the lower parts.
Q13. ROLE OF WOMEN AND CHILD WELFARE
PROGRAMME IN SUISTANABLE DEVELOPMENT
cottages run by NGO’s are given financial assistance. All the services are provided through
an anganwadi centre and there are 1303 anganwadi workers in the district
providing services to the pregnant & lactating women with nutritional food 300 days
Ensuring development, care and protection of children through cross-cutting policies and
programmes, spreading awareness about their rights and facilitating access to learning,
nutrition, institutional and legislative support for enabling them to grow and develop to
their full potential.Department of women and child development: It was elevated to the
status of an independent ministry at the union level from 20th Feb, 2006. The consequent
changes have helped in giving children’s issues a focused attention and enhanced
allocation- children’s issues were also consolidated and entrusted to MWCD for better and
effective implementation. The department of women and child development is one of the
major departments in the district implementing variety of programmes for the
development of women & children, protecting children from being neglected, exploited,
prevent destitution and delinquency, provide alternative shelter-based rehabilitation
through institutional treatment, improve health nutritional status of children and women,
create awareness among rural women to improve overall living conditions. The
department has developed many programmes in fulfillment of the above objectives. ICDS
scheme covers all the 7 talukas of the district. The department is also responsible
for prevention of juvenile linguency, destitution & negligence of children by parents and is
running an observation home, juvenile home under government sector and 7 destitute in
a year, immunizing children and pregnant women and other basic services.
Q14. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
The cycling of chemicals between the biological and the geological world is
called biogeochemical cycle. The biotic and abiotic components of the
biosphere constantly interact through biogeochemical cycles. During these
interactions, there is a transfer of nutrients between living organisms and the
non-living environment. The four important biogeochemical cycles are water
cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and oxygen cycle
Water cycle
Water in the soil, air and in water resources is restored through cyclic process
called as water cycle. The water cycle involves various steps like evaporation,
transpiration, condensation and precipitation.
Nitrogen cycle
The sequence in which nitrogen passes from the atmosphere to the soil and
organisms, and then is eventually released back into the atmosphere, is called
the nitrogen cycle.
Carbon cycle
Carbon is cycled repeatedly through different forms by the various physical
and biological activities constituting the carbon cycle.
Oxygen cycle
The sequence in which oxygen from the atmosphere is used by organisms and
eventually released back into the atmosphere through photosynthesis is called
as oxygen cycle.
 Q15. DIFFERENCE B/W RENEWABLE AND NON
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY.
Differences between Renewable and Non-renewable Resources.
Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources

Depletion

Non-renewable resources deplete over

Renewable resources cannot be depleted over time.
time.

Sources

Renewable resources include sunlight, water, wind and also Non-renewable resources includes fossil
geothermal sources such as hot springs and fumaroles. fuels such as coal and petroleum.

Environmental Impact

Non-renewable energy has a

Most renewable resources have low carbon emissions and
comparatively higher carbon footprint
low carbon footprint.
and carbon emissions.

Cost

The upfront cost of renewable energy is high. For instance,

generating electricity using technologies running on Non-renewable energy has a
renewable energy is costlier than generating it with fossil comparatively lower upfront cost.
fuels.

Infrastructure Requirements

Cost-effective and accessible

Infrastructure for harvesting renewable energy is prohibitively
infrastructure is available for non-
expensive and not easily accessible in most countries.
renewable energy across most countries.

Area Requirements

Requires a large land/ offshore area, especially for wind farms

Comparatively lower area requirements.
and solar farms.
Q16. EXPLAIN ENVIRONMENTAL DIASTERS
Top Environmental Disasters • Bhopal: the Union Carbide gas leak • Chernobyl:
Russian nuclear power plant explosion • Seveso: Italian dioxin crisis • The 1952
London smog disaster • Major oil spills of the 20th and 21st century • The Love
Canal chemical waste dump • The Baia Mare cyanide spill • The European BSE
crisis • Spanish waste water spill • The Three Mile Island near nuclear disaster
Environmental disasters are the realization of hazards to serious impacts,
damages and losses, initiating in some or the other environmental systems or
resources. These hazards are related to various environmental processes and
systems including geo-morphological, topographical/landscape, atmospheric/
climatic, geochemical, edaphic, hydrological, hydrodynamic, features, along
human interventions including industrial/urban, etc. These are discussed under
following four headings1 :
• Geo-hydrological disasters • Chemical accidents / disasters • Industrial
Environmental Disasters • Climate Change & Disasters
Geo-Hydrological Disasters Geo-hydrological disasters are the disaster
incidences coming out of various earth and environmental - geological and
hydrological processes, naturally or triggered by a man-made initiating event
or phenomenon
These include the following:
• Landslide hazards - Landslides are simply defined as down slope movement
of rock, debris and/or earth under the influence of gravity. This sudden
movement of material causes extensive damage to life, economy and
environment.
• Flooding - Floods are among the most frequent and costly natural disasters.
Conditions that cause floods include heavy or steady rain for several hours or
days that saturate the ground. Flash floods occur suddenly due to rapidly rising
water along a stream or low lying are.
• Earthquake disaster and dam induced seismicity – Earthquakes are one of
the most destructive of natural hazards. An earthquake occurs due to sudden
transient motion of the ground as a result of release of elastic energy in a
matter of few seconds.
• Hydrological and geochemical drought - Drought is a temporary aberration
unlike aridity, which is a permanent feature of climate. Seasonal aridity (i.e. a
well-defined dry season) also needs to be distinguished from drought.
 • Cyclones and windstorms - Cyclone is the term used globally to cover
tropical weather systems in which winds equal or exceed ale force (minimum
of 34 knot, i.e., 62 kmph). These are intense low pressure areas of the earth
atmosphere coupled system and are extreme weather events of the tropics.

Q17. FUNCTIONS OF WETLAND ECOSYSTEM.

Wetlands play a critical role in maintaining many natural cycles and supporting
a wide range of biodiversity. They purify and replenish our water, and provide
the fish and rice that feed billions. They serve as a natural sponge against
flooding and drought, protect our coastlines and help fight climate change.
1. Creating a Habitat for Fish, Wildlife & Plants: While some animals use
to the flow and quality of water. They have the ability to remove
inorganic nutrients from surface runoff before it reaches an open body of
water which, in turn, helps protect aquatic life and prevent any waterway
clogs. Not only does this save money in the long run but it reduces
environmental problems, like dead zones, and maintains stream flow
during dry periods.
3. Flood Protection: Speaking of stream flow, wetlands store and slowly
release different types of precipitation, even flood waters. The vegetation
within the wetland, like trees, help hinder the movement of water, lower
flood heights, and reduce erosion of nearby land.
4. Shoreline Erosion: Wetlands located besides lakes, rivers, bays, and
the ocean are used to protect our shorelines from damaging erosion.
The plants located in these areas keep soil in place with their roots and
absorb/disrupt the flow of the currents.
5. Economic Benefits: Wetlands are known to produce many natural
products that we use day to day. Timber, plants, and animals are
harvested from wetlands, helping us build structures, feed our families,
and even develop medicine!
6. Research, Education & Recreation: Wetlands are researched and
studied through various environmental science programs in schools,
universities and continuing education programs across the country.
Many of them teach about vegetation, ecological functions and
processes, and biodiversity with some taking the classroom outside for
real-life experiences. Wetlands also create opportunities for recreational
activities including hunting, fishing, birdwatching, photography and
hiking.
wetlands on a more seasonal basis, others use it for the entire duration
of their life.
Q18. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION.
Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water
bodies. Water pollution is caused when water bodies such as rivers,
lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get contaminated with
industrial and agricultural effluents.

When water gets polluted, it adversely affects all lifeforms that

directly or indirectly depend on this source. The effects of water
contamination can be felt for years to come.

Effects Of Water Pollution

The effect of water pollution depends upon the type of pollutants

and their concentration. Also, the location of water bodies is an
important factor to determine the levels of pollution.

• Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely

polluted. This is the result of dumping garbage and toxic
chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.
• Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their
metabolism, and behaviour, and causes illness and eventual
death. Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems from
reproduction to uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This
chemical is bioaccumulated in fish, chicken and meat.
Chemicals such as this travel up the food chain before
entering the human body.
• The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the
food chain. It disrupts the food chain. Cadmium and lead are
some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the
food chain through animals (fish when consumed by animals,
humans) can continue to disrupt at higher levels.
• Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases
such as hepatitis through faecal matter in water sources. Poor
drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an
outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera, etc.
• The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and
destructured because of water pollution.

MAIN CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

It is sometimes caused by nature, such as when mercury filters
from the Earth's crust, polluting oceans, rivers, lakes, canals and
reservoirs. However, the most common cause of poor quality water
is human activity and its consequences, which we will now go on to
explain:

Global warming - Rising global temperatures caused by

CO2 emissions heat the water, reducing its oxygen content.

Deforestation - Felling forests can exhaust water resources and

generate organic residue which becomes a breeding ground for
harmful bacteria.

Industry, agriculture and livestock farming - Chemical dumping

from these sectors is one of the main causes of eutrophication of
water.

Rubbish and faecal water dumping - The UN says that more

than 80% of the world's sewage finds its way into seas and rivers
untreated.

Maritime traffic - Much of the plastic pollution in the ocean comes

from fishing boats, tankers and cargo shipping.

Fuel spillages - The transportation and storage of oil and its

derivatives is subject to leakage that pollutes our water resources.
Q19. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY.
The Advantages of Renewable Energy Resources

1) A Fuel Supply That Never Runs Out

Unlike the mining of coal, oil, and natural gas – which requires extensive
networks of heavy machinery, processing stations, pipelines, and
transportation – renewables convert natural resources directly into electricity.
And while many fossil fuels are becoming harder and more expensive to source
– resulting in the destruction of natural habitats and significant financial
losses – renewable energy never runs out.

2) Zero Carbon Emissions - Perhaps the most significant benefit of renewable

energy is that there are no greenhouse gasses or other pollutants created
during the process. Whereas coal power plants create around 2.2 pounds of
CO2 for every kilowatt-hour of electricity – solar panels and wind turbines
create none at all.

3) Cleaner Air and Water - Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity does far
more than warm the climate; it also contaminates the air we breathe and the
water we drink.

4) A Cheaper Form of Electricity - With the rapid growth of renewable energy

over the last ten years, solar wind power are now the cheapest sources of
electricity in many parts of the world.

5) Renewable Energy Creates New Jobs - With an increasing focus on global

warming and many governments setting ambitious carbon-reduction goals,
one of the surprising renewable energy advantages is that it has quickly
become a major source of new job growth.
The Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
1) Higher Capital Costs

While renewable energy systems need no fuel and can deliver substantial long-

term savings, their up-front costs can still be prohibitive.

On a larger scale, wind farms, solar parks, and hydropower stations require

significant investment, land, and electrical infrastructure, resulting in some

projects being delayed, altered, or even canceled.

2) Electricity Production Can Be Unreliable

Renewable energy systems rely on natural resources such as sunlight, wind, and
water, and therefore, their electricity generation can be as unpredictable as the

weather.

3) Energy Storage Is a Challenge

Due to the intermittent nature of renewables, they need forms of energy storage

to capture and release electricity in a consistent and controlled way.

4) It’s Impacted by Environmental Conditions

The efficiency of renewable energy systems also depends on their location and

surrounding environment. For example, wind turbines are only effective in large,

open areas with strong and consistent wind, which limits their viability to specific
regions.

5) Renewables Still Have a Carbon Footprint

While solar panels and wind turbines produce no carbon emissions as they

make energy – their manufacturing, transport, and installation still creates a

carbon footprint.
Q20. STEPS TO DO WATER CONSERVATION.
1. Use a displacement device (a water-filled bottle) in the toilet
tank to reduce the amount of water required to flush.
2. Use toilet only for its intended purpose. Don't use the toilet to
dispose of trash or tissues.
3. Repair leaky taps or toilets immediately. A slow drip wastes
15 to 20 gallons of water/day.
4. Consider a small capacity toilet when replacing an old one.
5. Take shorter showers.
6. Don't let the faucet run when brushing teeth, or shaving. Turn
on only when needed.
7. Flush toilets less often whenever possible.
8. Let smaller children bathe together.
9. When washing dishes by hand fill a basin or sink for rinsing
rather than let the water run.
10. Run dishwashers only when full.
11. Avoid running the tap for a glass of water. Put a bottle in
the refrigerator to stay cold.
12. Never pour oil or grease in the drain. It requires too
much water to rinse it down and may clog the drain.
13. Wash only full loads of clothes.
14. Use buckets and tubs to wash your car or the dog,
rather than a continuous running hose.
15. Water lawns and gardens only when needed and only
during the early morning or evening when evaporation is
lower.
Q21. THREATS TO RIVER IN INDIA.
Major threats faced by the rivers:
1. Deforestation in catchment area: Air over forest absorbs moisture from
trees and creates rain, the loss of trees means less rain and less water on the
ground. Forests also provide tiny particles like pollen and spores which act as a
condensation platform for raindrops. Fewer trees, means less condensation,
reducing the amount of water in rivers due to less rainfall.
2. Planting of exotic trees along banks: Change in vegetation or loss of tree,
this change in vegetation cover affects percolation of water
3. Dumping of waste, untreated sewage cause the biological death of rivers,
water turns toxic leading to the harmful effect on fishes and plants.
4. Diversion and obstruction of river flow, for example, excessive dams prevent
minimum flow which is essential for the sustainability of river.
5. Sand mining destroy river channel causing water to run off
6. Encroachment on river banks increases the risk of disasters like Uttrakhand
floods
7. Due to climate change, there is variation in rain fall pattern leading to more
frequent droughts and floods making life in floodplains more vulnerable. River
conservation is a collective effort which requires participation of all
stakeholders. Sustainable use of water resources is imperative for the
continuity of life on earth.
Q22. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLEATION.
• there are many harmful effects of ozone layer
depletion .
Explanation:
• harmful effects of ozone layer depletion are:
• damage to DNA and leads to mutation
• damage to skin cells
• ageing of skin
• cause various types of cancers
• snow blindness
• cataract
thus , ozone layer depletion cause very harmful effects.

Cause of ozone depletion

The main cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole is
manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon
refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam- blowing agents
(chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons). Since the early 1970's,
scientists observed reduction in stratospheric ozone and it was found
more prominent in Polar Regions. ODS substances have a lifetime of
about 100 years.
Q23. PILLARS OF SUISTANABILITY ?
Introducing the four pillars of sustainability; Human, Social,
Economic and Environmental.
Human sustainability - Human sustainability aims to maintain and
improve the human capital in society. Investments in the health and
education systems, access to services, nutrition, knowledge and skills
are all programs under the umbrella of human sustainability.

Social sustainability - Social sustainability aims to preserve social

capital by investing and creating services that constitute the
framework of our society. The concept accommodates a larger view
of the world in relation to communities, cultures and globalisation.

Economic sustainability - Economic sustainability aims to maintain

the capital intact. If social sustainability focuses on improving social
equality, economic sustainability aims to improve the standard of
living.

Environmental sustainability - Environmental sustainability aims to

improve human welfare through the protection of natural capital
(e.g. land, air, water, minerals etc.).

What is an example of a sustainable project?

Solar panels are one of the most easily-recognizable examples of
sustainable development. They can be fitted to buildings of any
shape or size, and cost less to install than they ever have.
Q24. USES OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM?
» Mangrove forests stabilize the coastline by reducing erosion
caused by storm surges, currents, waves and tides.
» Mangroves protect water quality by removing nutrients and
pollutants from stormwater runoff before they reach seagrass
habitats and coral reefs.
» Mangrove peat absorbs water during heavy rains and storm surge,
reducing the chances of coastal flooding.
» Mangroves provide nursery habitat for many commercial fish and
shellfish, and thus contribute to the local abundance of seafood.
» Mangroves protect species that are the basis of a $7.6 billion
seafood industry, which employs 109,000 people in Florida.
» Mangrove systems provide shelter to a range of wildlife species
including birds, deer and honey bees.
» Mangroves serve as nesting areas for coastal birds such as little
blue herons, great egrets and brown pelicans. Many birds depend on
mangroves for part of their seasonal migrations. Even dead
mangroves play an important role, providing roosting areas for bird
species.
Q25. ROLE OF REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE IN SWM.
3R
1. The 3Rs are used to refer to the three terms that are – Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle.
2. While recycling is easily using the material again, once it is
finished, reusing is discovering a new, alternate way to utilize the
trash instead of discarding it.
3. Finally, reducing is to cut down the usage as much, only use as
and when required, judiciously.
Reduce:
1. The unnecessary and unwanted wasteful purchases are decreased.
2. Avoiding waste is the preferable option for waste management. 3.
Avoid excessive use of paper, switch to online modes.
Reuse:
1. Using the same item more than once in either the same way or
modified way.
2. It is the way to use the materials or items again.
Recycle:
1. It is to make something new from a commodity that has been used
earlier
2. Processing older items to produce something new in order to save
energy and resources.
3. There are several commodities for instance in your households,
kitchens which could be recycled with a little polish perhaps.
Q26. NUTRIENT CYCLING AND WHAT IS ITS ROLE IN
NATURE?
A nutrient cycle is the movement and exchange of inorganic and
organic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is a
unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of
mineral nutrients is cyclic
“A nutrient cycle is defined as the cyclic pathway by which nutrients
pass-through, in order to be recycled and reutilised. The pathway
comprises cells, organisms, community and ecosystem.”
ROLE IN NATURE –
Nutrient cycles restore ecosystems to the equilibrium state, and
therefore play an important role in keeping the ecosystem
functioning. All organisms, living and non-living depend on one
another. Nutrient cycles link living organisms with non-living
organisms through the flow of nutrients.
The nutrient cycle describes how nutrients move from the physical
environment into living organisms, and subsequently are recycled
back to the physical environment.
Q27. EFFECTS OS CONSUMERISM
Consumerism is appreciated in Western economies since a person’s
standard of living is valued by his or her material possessions. There are
certain positive effects such as:

Positive Consumerism Effects

Primary positive consumerism effects are:

• More industrial production.

• A higher growth rate economy.
• More goods and services available.
• More advertising since goods manufactured have to be sold.
• Increased production will result in more employment
opportunities.
• A variety of goods and services to choose from.
• More comforts for a better living style.
There are always certain pitfalls to a given situation in a society. Material
prosperity may be there in consumerism but, it has its negative effects on
the people and society at large.

Negative Consumerism Effects

The top negative consumerism effects are:

• Craving for goods is high. The wants and desires of the people
increase. The better their income, the better their purchasing
power. But in case, they are not able to do so, and then they feel
dissatisfied.
• One is in a rat race to earn more and is forced to cope with stress
and other work-related tensions.
• Material wealth is the deciding factor about whether a society is
highly developed or not. Spiritual values are underplayed. This
may not be suitable for a person from the East, who generally is
appreciative of spiritual values.
• Over-dependence on labor-saving devices.
• A car for each individual would mean gradual erosion of public
transport.
Q28. WHAT ARE THE COOMON PROBLEMS THAT
ARISE DUE TO LANDFILS IN INDIA ?
Landfill sites are not pretty. Unfortunately, the problem is bigger than just the
sight of huge piles of waste. There are many health and environmental issues
that are presented by landfill waste:

Problem #1: Toxins

A lot of the different materials that end up in landfills contain toxins that are
eventually released and seep into the soil and groundwater. These substances
are major hazards to the environment and can last for several years.

Solution #1: Treating Toxins

Newer landfills are being constructed with synthetic membranes to prevent

mercury from escaping into soil and groundwater. Instead, the toxins are
drained through a collection of pipes and discharged into a sewer system
where they can be retained, incinerated or converted into fertilizer.

Problem #2: Leachate

Leachate is a liquid that forms when landfill waste breaks down and water
filters through that waste and picks up toxins. Chemicals commonly found in
leachate include:

• Methane
• Carbon Dioxide
• Organic Acids
• Alcohols
• Aldehydes
• More

Solution #2: Treating Leachate

There are a range of technologies available to treat landfill leachate in different

ways. These include:
 • Biological Treatment – This is usually the first step in treating landfill
leachate. It involves using many different filters to remove nitrogen and
other biological compounds from the wastewater.

• Chemical-Physical Processes – Wet oxidation processes can be used if it

is possible to oxidize organic compounds. This includes activated carbon
adsorption, precipitation, flocculation and ion exchange processes
among others.

Problem #3: Greenhouse Gas

Organic materials such as food scraps and yard waste are usually compacted
when they are put into a landfill. The problem is that this removes oxygen and
causes the material to break down anaerobically.

Solution #3: Treating Greenhouse Gas

• Open Window or Tunnel Composting – This uses aerobic digestion to

decompose organic matter without creating methane gas.

• In-vessel Composting – This is a type or aerobic treatment that occurs in

a closed container to facilitate the breakdown of waste by micro-
organisms.

Q29. WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR WASTE

ON HUMANS ?
These wastes contain radioactive materials that are in a state of
nuclear instability and emit ionizing radiations. This dissipated
ionizing radiation may damage or destroy human or other biological
tissue with which it comes into contact. Where such damage is
excessive, it may lead to permanent disability or death. Here are a
few common health effects or harmful effects of radiation on the
human body. • Hair. Loss of hair fall occurs when exposure to
radiation is higher than 200 rems.• Heart and Brain. Intense
exposure to radiation from 1000 to 5000 rems will affect the
functioning of the heart. ... • Thyroid. ... • Blood System. ... •
Reproductive Tract.
Q30. ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
1. Provisioning Services When people are asked to identify a service provided
by nature, most think of food. Fruits, vegetables, trees, fish, and livestock are
available to us as direct products of ecosystems. A provisioning service is any
type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature. Along with food,
other types of provisioning services include drinking water, timber, wood fuel,
natural gas, oils, plants that can be made into clothes and other materials, and
medicinal benefits.

2. Regulating Services Ecosystems provide many of the basic services that

make life possible for people. Plants clean air and filter water, bacteria
decompose wastes, bees pollinate flowers, and tree roots hold soil in place to
prevent erosion. All these processes work together to make ecosystems clean,
sustainable, functional, and resilient to change. A regulating service is the
benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena.
Regulating services include pollination, decomposition, water purification,
erosion and flood control, and carbon storage and climate regulation.

3. Cultural Services As we interact and alter nature, the natural world has in
turn altered us. It has guided our cultural, intellectual, and social development
by being a constant force present in our lives. The importance of ecosystems to
the human mind can be traced back to the beginning of mankind with ancient
civilizations drawing pictures of animals, plants, and weather patterns on cave
walls. A cultural service is a non-material benefit that contributes to the
development and cultural advancement of people, including how ecosystems
play a role in local, national, and global cultures; the building of knowledge and
the spreading of ideas; creativity born from interactions with nature (music,
art, architecture); and recreation.

4. Supporting Services The natural world provides so many services, sometimes

we overlook the most fundamental. Ecosystems themselves couldn't be
sustained without the consistency of underlying natural processes, such as
photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, the creation of soils, and the water cycle.
These processes allow the Earth to sustain basic life forms, let alone whole
ecosystems and people. Without supporting services, provisional, regulating,
and cultural services wouldn't exist.
Q31. STEPS YOU WILL TAKE TO LEAD A MORE SUSTAINABLE
LIVE STYLE?
1. Think twice before shopping.

2. Make sure your big purchases have big environmental benefits.

3. Go #PlasticFree.

4. Boycott products that endanger wildlife.

5. Pay attention to labels.

6. Be water wise.Skip the bottled water.

7. Drive less, Drive green

8. Green your home.

9. Choose Wild Energy.

10. Choose to have a smaller family

Q32. LIST THE FOREST TYPES OF INDIA .

Indian forests perform an important role to make a healthy
environment and it reduce air pollutions. Near about 19.26% of total
Indian areas are covered with forest. These forests can be classified
in five major groups namely:

1. Moist tropical forest

2. Dry tropical forest
3. Montane temperate forest
4. Montane sub tropical forest
5. Alpine forest
Q33. LIST THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS :
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the "Air Act") is an
act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and
for the establishment of Boards at the Central and State levels with a view to
carrying out the aforesaid purposes.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974 (the "Water Act")
has been enacted to provide for the prevention and control of water
pollution and to maintain or restore wholesomeness of water in the country.
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 Hazardous Wastes Management
Regulations
Hazardous waste means any waste which, by reason of any of its physical,
chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics,
causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether
alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances.
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was passed by the parliament of India to
protect biodiversity and facilitate the sustainable management of biological
resources with the local communities.
The Act was enacted to meet the requirements stipulated by the United
Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to which India is a party.
Q34. TECHNIQUES TO PREVENT SOIL EROSION

Soil erosion:

It is a natural phenomenon, in which physical factors like

water and wind carry away or displaces the topsoil.

The following are the methods of preventing soil erosion:

Vegetation: It is a ground cover provided by plants, the

roots of these plants will captivate the soil and inhibits
soil erosion.

Matting the soil: The installation of safeguarding covering

like a blanket over the soil for the growth of small plants
also helps in preventing soil erosion.

Application of mulches: It is a layer of material applied to

the soil surface, which betters the quality and holding
capacity of the soil.

Constructing windbreakers: It prevents soil erosion

resulting due to speedy wind.

Turning the slope area into a flat surface: At the time of

rain, the soil surface can run down with water, however, it
can be prevented by flattening the surface.
Q35. LINKS B/W HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
environment is all that surrounds us. It can be a living or a non-living
thing. It includes many forces that are physical, chemical and other
natural forces. These living things live in their environment. They
consistently react with it and adapt themselves according to the
conditions in their environment. In the environment, there are various
interactions between the animals, plants, water, soil and
other living and many non-living things present in nature. Since
everything is a part of this environment of something else, we use the
term environment talking about various things. People in different
fields use this term differently.
Importance of Environment
The environment is very important for every living being. No one can
survive without the environment. It matters a lot because planet earth
is the only home for human beings. It provides food, air, water and
millions of other things. Humanity’s entire life-supporting system
totally depends on the well-being of all the species living the earth.

A healthy ecosystem consists of all the chemical elements and

nutrients that circulate in a cycle while supporting billions of species.

Human Health Issues

It is very rare for children to get seriously ill without any warning.
According to the symptoms of your child, you should contact your
children’s pediatrician for advice on a regular basis. Time to time
treatment of symptoms or usual illness can prevent your child from
getting seriously affected with any disease or making that worse or
turning it into an emergency.
Q36. VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is commonly defined in terms of species or groups of independent

living organisms that can produce offspring. Marine mammals, fair-skinned
deer, pine forests, fresh flowers, and micron-sized bacteria that cannot be seen
with the naked eye are some of the examples of species that inhabit the earth.
Biodiversity has fundamental values, which can be categorised into:
1. Environmental values
2. Social values
3. Ecosystem services
4. Economic values
5. Value of consumptive use
6. Value of productive use
7. Moral and ethical values
8. Aesthetic values
1. Ecosystem values: The environmental values of biodiversity can be
evaluated by analyzing the functions of the ecosystem. Ecosystem services,
such as intensive agricultural production ecosystems, help in maintaining
human needs and activities.
2. Economic Value: Biodiversity has a tremendous economic perspective on
food, livestock feed, medicative, ethical, and social ideals. Biodiversity is an
important resource for many industry sectors that regulate the world
economy.
3. Consumptive use value: This refers to natural products that are used for
food, such as livestock feed, wood products, fuelwood, and other purposes.
Humans consume 40,000 flora and fauna species daily. Many people remain
dependent on wildlife for the majority of their necessities, such as nutrition,
temporary housing, and clothing.
4. Productive Use Value: This implies products that are sourced and
commercially marketed. Almost all of the crops grown today have evolved
from wild varieties.
5.Ethical and Moral Value: Biodiversity has enormous economic potential in
terms of food, livestock feed, medications, etc. Biodiversity is vital for many
areas of the economy.
6.Aesthetic Value: The beauty of our planet is due to biodiversity. Otherwise, it
would have looked like any other deserted planet, which is scattered
throughout the universe.
Q37. LIST 5 MEASURES THAT YOU CAN DO TO CONSERVE ENERGY.
• If there is sufficient ventilation at home, then switch off the fans and do not
use Air Conditions.

• Switch off the lights at day time, and use lights only wherever required.

• Make use of energy efficient lighting bulbs.

• Use solar sources of energy.

• Dry clothes in the sunlight rather than using electric dryers.

Q38. ADVANTAGES OF NON – CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

SOURCES ?

Some advantages of Non-conventional energy sources:

• They are renewable in nature.
• They produce little or no pollution as compared to traditional energy
sources.
• They require little maintenance.
• They are a long-term cost-effective choice.
Some disadvantages of Non-conventional energy sources:
• The initial setup cost is greater.
• Energy cannot be taken 24/7, year-round, because certain days will
be windier than others, and the sun will shine. stronger on other
days.
• Energy must be stored. Geographical locations might be difficult to
navigate.
Advantages for conventional energy sources are

• Easily Available
• Efficient and good electricity conversion
• Low exploration costs

Disadvantages for conventional sources of energy are also listed

below

• Time-consuming collection process

• Pollutes the atmosphere
• Destroys natural ecosystems
• Displaces local communities
• Initial set-up could be costly