Questions:

1. Determine the minimum number of bits required in a PCM code for a dynamic range of 80 dB. What is
the coding efficiency?
Solution:
DR=2n−1
DR(dB) =20 log ⁡( DR )
DR(dB) =20 log ⁡( 2 n−1)
80 dB=20 log ( 2n−1 )
n=13.288+ 1 signbit
n=14.288minimum no . of bits
n=14+1 sign bit
n=15 actual no . of bits

minimum no . of bits
Coding efficiency= ×100
actual no . of bits

m
14.288 bits
Coding efficiency= × 100

er as
15 bits

co
Coding efficiency=95.25 %

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2. For a resolution of 0.04 V, determine the voltages for the following 7-bit sign magnitude PCM codes.
a. 0110101 rs e
ou urc
b. 0000011
c. 1000001
o

d. 0111111
aC s

e. 1000000
vi y re

Solution:
a . 0110101
V =−( 25+ 24 +0+22 +0+ 20 ) ( 0.04 )=−2.12V
ed d

b . 0000011
ar stu

V =−( 0+0+0+ 0+21 +20 ) ( 0.04 ) =−0.12 V

d .0111111
Th

V =−( 25+ 24 +23 +22+ 21+ 20 ) ( 0.04 )=−2.52V

3. Determine the SQR for a 2-V rms signal and a quantization interval of 0.2 V.
Solution:
v
SQR (db)=10.8+20 log ⁡
q ()
2
=10.8+20 log (
0.2 )
SQR (db)
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 SQR (db)=30.8 dB

4. Determine the resolution and quantization noise for an 8-bit linear sign-magnitude PCM code for a
maximum decoded voltage of 1.27 V.
Solution:
V
Resolution= n−1max
2 −1
1.27 V
Resolution= 7
2 −1
Resolution=0.01V

resolution
Qe =
2
0.01V
Qe =
2
Qe =0.005 V ∨5 mV

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er as
co
5. A 12 bit linear PCM code is digitally compressed into 8 bits. The resolution = 0.03 V. Determine the

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following for an analog input voltage of 1.465 V.

o.
a. 12-bit linear PCM code
b. 8-bit compressed code rs e
ou urc
c. Decoded 12-bit code
d. Decoded voltage
o

e. Percentage error
aC s

Solution:
vi y re

a. 12-bit linear PCM code

1.465 V
=48.83=+ 49
ar stu

0.03 V
12−bit linear PCM code=+ 49=100000110001
is

b. 8-bit compressed code

1 000001 10001
S (7-5=2 or 010) ABCDX
1 010 1000↑
sh

(+) (segment 2) truncated

c. Decoded 12-bit code

1 010 1000
S (7-2=5 leading 0s) ABCDX
1 000001 10001
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 ↑ ↑
(+)
inserted inserted
Decoded 12−bit code=100000110001
d. Decoded voltage
sample voltage
=12−bit linear code ∈decimal
resolution
decoded voltage
=+ 49
0.03V
decoded voltage=1.47 V
e. Percentage difference
|(12−bit encoded voltage)−(12−bit decoded voltage )|
Percentage difference= ×100
(12−bit decoded voltage)
|1.465−1.47|
Percentage difference= ×100
1.47
Percentage difference=0.34 %

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er as
co
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o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

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