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11.0 Partial Differentiation

The document discusses partial derivatives and differentials for functions with multiple variables. It defines a partial derivative as the derivative of a function with respect to one variable, holding other variables constant. Notation and examples are provided for calculating first and higher order partial derivatives. A total differential expresses the small change in a multi-variable function in terms of partial derivatives and differentials of the variables. Examples demonstrate calculating partial derivatives and writing total differentials.

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32 views9 pages

11.0 Partial Differentiation

The document discusses partial derivatives and differentials for functions with multiple variables. It defines a partial derivative as the derivative of a function with respect to one variable, holding other variables constant. Notation and examples are provided for calculating first and higher order partial derivatives. A total differential expresses the small change in a multi-variable function in terms of partial derivatives and differentials of the variables. Examples demonstrate calculating partial derivatives and writing total differentials.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Qomaruzzaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIATION
GEOPHYSICS UI

-fatimah-
The derivative for single−variable function

Partial Derivatives 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = lim
𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Multivariable
function

Denotes a partial 𝜕 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦


𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim Partial derivative with respect to 𝑥
derivative 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Input variable that
change

𝜕 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim Partial derivative with respect to 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦→0 ∆𝑦

Input variable that


change
Notation for Partial Derivatives
For 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), the partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 are denoted by

𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = = 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = = 𝑧𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

The first partials evaluated at the point 𝑎, 𝑏 are denoted by

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
ቤ = 𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) ቤ = 𝑓𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏
𝜕𝑥 (𝑎,𝑏) 𝜕𝑦 𝑎,𝑏
Example: Finding partial derivatives
a. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 3
𝜕𝑦

b. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = (ln 𝑥)(sin 𝑥 2 𝑦)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

sin 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = + 2𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 + 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑦
Higher-Order Partial Derivatives

𝜕𝑓𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
𝑓𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = = = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
If 𝑓 is a function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝑓𝑥𝑦 and
𝜕𝑓𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑥 are continuous on a circular disk centered
𝑓𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 at the point 𝑎, 𝑏 , then

𝜕𝑓𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = = = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = = = 2
𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3

𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 1st derivatives 𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2

2nd derivatives

𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4y 𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 6𝑦

𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 3rd derivatives 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = −6

𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4

Example: Higher-order partial derivatives


Differentials

Review: Differential for function of two variables


Differential for single variable function ∆𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
∆𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∆𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
= 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑓 ∆𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
= lim = lim = 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 Differential for function of three variables
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Example: Finding the total differential

a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕
= 2𝑥 sin 𝑦 − (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) = 2 sin 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕
= 2𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

b. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
References
• Edwards, C.H., Penney, D.E., 1998, Multivariable Calculus with Analytic
Geometry 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, USA.
• Larson, R., Edwards, B., 2016, Calculus 11th Edition Cengage Learning: Boston,
USA.

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