Botany Lab Guide 2 The Plant Cell

Course and Section: BSP-1A Date Submitted: ___________
Group Number: 6 Score:

Name of members (present only):
1. DEANG, REGINE MARIE
2. TANIZA, CHRISTENE LEA
3. CABILIN, DARILYN
4. SABADO, RHIEA
5. TOBIAS, AJ PAUL
6. GUMBAN, PHOEL ALCRIS
7. SANGRE, SILVERIO
NATSCI-ELEC 4L BOTANY
Lab Activity No 2: The Plant Cell
Lesson Overview
The cell theory states that the cells are the unit of structure and function of a living organism. The
cell is composed of organelles, which are membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions for
the cell.
Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the exercise, you should be able to
1. Identify the structure of the different cells found in a plant through microscopic observation
2. Determine the function of these structures in the cell
3. Determine the cell’s similarities and differences within plant cells and understand their
roles in cellular processes
Materials
● Compound Light Microscope
● Microscope slide
● Dissecting kit (scalpel, scraper)
● Fresh plant materials
● Staining reagents (optional)
Methodology
Preparation of fresh specimen
A. Leaf Epidermis
1. Get a fresh leaf of your plant sample 1. Scrape the outer layer of the dorsal side of the leaf using
a scraper or blunt scissor. Ensure that the scraped part is thin enough, allowing light to pass
through.
2. Cut the scraped spot and carefully place it in a microscope slide. Add a drop of water. Ensure
that the leaf is spread out flat on the slide.
3. Carefully place the cover slip over the specimen.
4. Examine the slide under scanning and low-power objectives, and lastly, high-power objectives.
Look at the arrangement of the cells. Take note of their shape. Look for any visible organelles,
such as:
a. Cell wall- transparent thick wall surrounding the cell

b. Cytoplasm- thin, transparent, finely granular layer completely lining the cell. Take note also
that the center of the cell is occupied by the clear, colorless cell sap which fills the vacuole.
c. The nucleus- a dense globular body embedded in the cytoplasm of the cell.
d. The nucleolus- smaller rounded body found within the nucleus.
e. Chloroplasts- green bodies carried containing green-colored pigment.
5. Take note as well of any special features or modifications (i.e., stomata, trichomes, raphides)
you can observe with your sample.
6. Repeat the steps above with your sample 2.
7. Repeat the steps using the younger leaf and the older leaf.
Compare your observations in each type of leaf.
B. Stem Epidermis
8. Using the same samples used above, gently prepare a thin transverse section of the stem.
Ensure that the section is thin enough allowing light to pass through.
9. Repeat steps 2-4. Examine the specimen under scanning, LPO and HPO.
10. Take note of your observations, particularly on the shape, size, arrangement, and or organelles
present or absent in this section.
11. Prepare another sample, this time a cross-section of the same stem. Follow the same steps
above. Carefully examine the cells and its organelles.
Results and Discussion
Table 1. Morphological features of examined plant cells.
Plant Species Leaf Epidermal Cells Stem Epidermal Cells Stem Epidermal
(Transverse Section) Cells (Cross-section)
Common name: Cell shape: Polygonal Cell shape: Shape not Cell shape: shape
Bago Color: Green visible not visible
Scientific name: Arrangement: Without Color: light green Color: light green
Gnetum gnemon visible gaps Arrangement: Without Arrangement:
Organelles visible: visible gaps Without visible gaps
Cell wall Organelles visible: Organelles visible:
Cell wall Cell wall
Common name: Cell shape: Polygonal Cell shape: elongated Cell shape:
Ti Color: Green Color: brown elongated
Scientific name: Arrangement: Without Arrangement: aligned Color: brown
Cordyline fruticosa visible gaps Organelles visible: Arrangement:
Organelles visible: cell tissues aligned
wall Organelles visible:
tissuess
Fig.1. Detailed microscopic examination of Bago (Gnetum gnemon). A. Fresh Sample. B. Leaf
Epidermis (400X). C. Stem Epidermis (400x).
Fig.2. Detailed microscopic examination of Ti (Cordyline fruticose). A. Fresh Sample. B. Leaf

Epidermis (400X). C. Stem Epidermis (400x).
A. Parenchyma B. Calcium Oxalate Crystals
Fig.3. Detailed microscopic examination of leaf modifications in Bago (Gnetum gnemon) plant.
Table 2. Function of organelles in plant cell.

Organelles Specific Function
1. Cell Wall To protect and provide structural support of
the plant cell.
2. Cell Membrane Regulates the entry and exit of substances
within the cell.
3. Nucleus Stores DNA for cell division, metabolism, and
growth.
4. Leucoplasts Used for protein, lipid, and starch storage.
5. Central Vacuole Acts as a cell’s storage and sustains turgor
pressure against the cell wall.
6. Golgi Apparatus Involved in distributing synthesized
macromolecules to other parts of the cell.
7. Ribosomes Protein factory of the cell.
8. Mitochondria Provides energy by breaking down
carbohydrates and sugar molecules.
9. Lysosome Acts as the cellular waste disposal by
digesting worn-out organelles, food particles,
and foreign bodies within the cell.
10. Chloroplasts Contains the chlorophyll required for the
photosynthesis process.
● Do adjacent cells share a common cell wall?

- No, neither plants nor animals have neighboring cells with a shared wall.
However, they are composed of components via which they exchange information and
transfer nutrients and water.
● What do you call the narrow canals or depressions found at intervals along the walls? And
what are its functions?
- Plasmodesmata, it functions as a communication pathway for neighboring cells.
● What substances can be found in the cell wall?
- The substances found in the cell wall are cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, and
pectins.
● Are plastids present in cells? Are they colored?
- Plastids are present in plant and algae cells.
- Yes, they are colored by pigments used in photosynthesis.
● What specific pigments are observed in your samples?
- Green pigments or chlorophyll
● What other pigments can be found in plant cells, such as the San Francisco Leaf?
- Other pigments such as Carotenoids, Flavonoids, and Anthocyanins.
● What relationship do the similarities and differences of leaf and stem cells have in its
survival and metabolism?
Similarities:
- It is possible for stem cells and leaf cells to self-renew. They are able to create new
cells of the same kind, so there will always be plenty of them.
- Leaf cells and stem cells may differentiate into multiple cell types.
- There is metabolic activity in both cell types. They take part in vital functions
including growth (in stem cells) and photosynthesis (in leaf cells).
Differences:
- The primary function of leaf cells is photosynthesis. They are in charge of absorbing
sunlight and transforming it into energy since they have chloroplasts. On the other
hand, stem cells serve as a source of new cells for tissue regeneration and growth.
They exist in the meristems at the apex.
- Leaf cells are distributed throughout the leaf and play distinct roles in various levels. In
contrast, stem cells are concentrated in the apical meristems, where they proliferate
incessantly to regenerate the tissues of the plant.
- Through the process of photosynthesis, leaf cells use carbon dioxide, water, and
sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.
Although stem cells do not directly engage in photosynthetic processes, they do play a
role in the metabolism of plants by producing new tissues.
Survival and metabolism:

- Since leaf cells use sunlight to make glucose, they are essential to the survival of the
plant. A plant won't thrive without leaves.
- Stem cells guarantee the lifespan of the plant by constantly proliferating and generating
new cells for growth and repair. Their metabolic processes support the general health
of the plant.
Conclusion
- Through microscopic observation, we were able to identify the structure of the different cells in
plants, determine the functions, similarities, and differences of these structures within the plant
cell.
Reference:
Ocampo, M.A. (2013). General Botany Manual. Katha Publishing Co., Inc. pp.1-12.
https://byjus.com/question-answer/do-adjacent-cells-share-a-common-wall/
https://quizlet.com/615627373/ph-bio-sci-lab-3-flash-cards/
https://microbiologynote.com/cell-wall-definition-structure-composition-
functions/#:~:text=The%20intricate%20arrangement%20of%20cellulose%2C%20hemicellulo
se%2C%20proteins%2C%20and,provide%20structural%20support%2C%20and%20facilitate
%20various%20biochemical%20processes.
https://byjus.com/biology/plastids/#:~:text=Plastids%20are%20double-
membrane%20organelles%20which%20are%20found%20in,that%20can%20change%20the%
20colour%20of%20the%20cell.
https://byjus.com/biology/pigments/
https://byjus.com/biology/plant-cell/
Prepared by:
Denny Jane S. Tuastomban

Teacher-in-charge

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Course and Section: BSP-1A Date Submitted: ___________

Group Number: 6 Score:

Intended Learning Outcomes

a. Cell wall- transparent thick wall surrounding the cell

Fig.2. Detailed microscopic examination of Ti (Cordyline fruticose). A. Fresh Sample. B. Leaf

Table 2. Function of organelles in plant cell.

● Do adjacent cells share a common cell wall?

Survival and metabolism:

Denny Jane S. Tuastomban

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