General

Biochemistry

Name: Hannah Lavern J. Delos Reyes

Student number: 22-1-00647

Section: DDM 2-1

Group: 3

Professor: Antonio Montellano Jr.

 Name: Hannah Lavern J. Date: August 21, 2023 Score:
Delos Reyes
Year and Section: DDM 2- Course: Doctor of Dental
1 Medicine

Rules for working in a

biochemistry laboratory
-There are two major concerns to consider when working in a biochemistry
laboratory.

- First is safety and the second is efficiency in the laboratory work.

- Although the latter very much depends on the individuals doing the experiments,

I. General safety rules:

1. Keep the benches and shelves clean and well-organized

2. Avoid contaminating the chemicals; use only clean glassware and spatulas; label
glassware in use

3. Plan your experiments before starting to carry them out,

4. Pay attention to others in the laboratory.

5- Do not work alone in the laboratory.

6- Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.

7- No eating, drinking and smoking in the laboratory.

8- Become familiar with the location and the use of standard safety features in the
laboratory as the fire extinguishers, eye washes, safety showers, fume hoods and first-
aid kits.

9- Safety glasses must be used for the protection of the eyes.

10- The use of contact lenses is not recommended.

I. Special safety rules

1- The mouth of the glassware containing the solution to be heated should

never be pointed toward anyone.
2- Handling of strong acids and bases requires special attention. When
diluting concentrated acids, the acid should be poured into the water
and never the opposite.
3- The pipettes should never be filled with solutions of toxic substances,
biological fluids, strong acids and bases by mouth suction. Use either
automatic pipettes or pipette pumps.
4- Volatile liquids and solids that are toxic or irritating should be handled
under fume hoods.
5- While handling flammable liquids such as ether, alcohols, benzene,
naked flame (burners, matches) must not be in use. The above liquids
must not be stored near radiating heat sources, such as the laboratory
oven.
6- Before using electrical appliances, make sure they are grounded.
7- Before leaving the laboratory, electrical equipment should be turned off,
and gas burners extinguished. No tap water should be left running.

II. Rules to follow in the case of accidents and injuries

1- Chemical splatters into the eye, first the eyelid should be opened by
using the thumb and the pointing finger, then, by using the eye wash kit,
 the eye should be rinsed with large amounts of water. When an acid or
alkaline solution gets into eye, the eye should be rinsed with 1 %
NaHCO3 or 1 % boric acid, respectively. The victim should be taken to
the doctor as soon as possible.
2- Burning: the burned spot on the skin should not be treated with water;
rather, a special bandage should be used. See doctor if necessary
3- Poisoning: prompt medical treatment should be obtained.
4- All injuries and accidents must be reported to the instructor.

III. Waste Disposal

1- Always treat laboratory glassware as if it were fragile. If glassware

breaks, do not pick broken glass up with your hands. Let us know when
you break anything.
2- Discarded sharp items including: scalpels, dissecting pins, probes, and
needles must be placed in a separate container
 Name: Hannah Lavern J. Date: August 21, 2023 Score:
Delos Reyes
Year and Section: DDM 2- Course: Doctor of Dental
1 Medicine

Laboratory Equipment and

Apparatus

A petri dish is used to culture different

types of cells, including bacteria and molds.
It often contains a nutritional medium on
which the cells can grow. A petri dish is a
flat, shallow dish made of glass or plastic
with a suitable lid.

PETRI DISH

An alcohol lamp is used for heating,

sterilization, and combustion in a
laboratory. The alcohol lamp uses ethyl
alcohol or spirit as a fuel.

Alcohol Lamp
 A test tube rack is a piece of laboratory
equipment used to hold multiple test
tubes upright at the same time. They
are especially useful for organizing test
tubes when different solutions are being
worked on or collected at once.

Test Tube Rack

The primary purpose of a wire gauze

mat is to support a container (such as a
beaker or an Erlenmeyer flask) while it
is being heated. The gauze mat also
helps with an even distribution of heat
as the bunsen burner flame passes
through the gauze to the container.

Wire Gauze Mat

A hydrometer is an instrument that is

used to measure the density/specific
gravity of liquids. Hydrometers are
calibrated for different uses. It is
specifically used for measuring low-
density liquids.

Hydrometer
 A glass stirring rod, glass rod, stirring
rod or stir rod is a piece of laboratory
equipment used to mix chemicals and
liquids for laboratory purposes. They
are usually made of solid glass, about
the thickness and slightly longer than a
drinking straw, with rounded ends.

Stirring Rod

A test tube holder is used for holding a

test tube in place or when the tube is
hot and cannot be touched. Even it is
used to hold test tubes while
performing crucial chemical reactions
as it prevents the effect of hazardous
chemicals falling on the body and skin.

Test tube holder/clamp

A spot plate (or reaction plate) is a lab

instrument designed to facilitate the testing
of multiple samples. They're manufactured
with multiple wells (or cavities) so that each
sample is isolated. Plastic is a popular
material for spotting plates.

Spot Plates
 The triple beam balance is a typical
instrument used to measure the mass of
various objects. It consists of three beams,
each of which is provided with a single
sliding weight that has a size
corresponding to the gradations of the
notched scale on each beam.

Triple Beam Balance

pH meter is an instrument used to

measure hydrogen ion activity in
solutions - in other words, this
instrument measures acidity/alkalinity
of a solution.

PH Meter

Analytical balances are an extremely

accurate laboratory balance created
to precisely measure the mass of an
object. Offering readability up to 0.00001
grams (0.01 mg), analytical balances are
frequently used in laboratories. Providing
such accurate measurement means that
the balance is highly sensitive.

Analytical Balance
 The overflow half of the system is
meant to prevent the tub from filling
with too much water. If the water in
the tub gets too high, it will drain via
the waste and overflow system.

Bath Overflow

Digital Balances are devices used to

precisely measure the mass of an
object. The design and inner workings
of a digital balance will vary
substantially between brands.

Digital Balance

A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with

a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces
of laboratory glassware, such as test
tubes and round bottom flasks. To
clean laboratory glassware and other
equipment.

Wash Bottle
 A steam bath (Figure 1.49) is a
relatively safe way to heat flammable
organic liquids. They are designed to
heat beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, and
round-bottomed flasks, and have a
series of concentric rings that can be
remove

Steam Bath

A Florence flask/boiling flask is a

type of flask used as an item of
laboratory glassware and is named
after the city Florence. It is used as
a container to hold liquids. A
Florence flask has a round body, a
long neck, and often a flat bottom

Florence Flask

An evaporating dish is a tool used in

labs to separate liquids and solids
from a solution by allowing the
water to evaporate off into the air.
The result is either a more
concentrated solution or the solid
precipitate of the dissolved
substance.

Evaporating Dish
A beaker is a cylindrical glass or
plastic vessel used for holding
liquids. It is a multi- purpose piece of
equipment used for containing a
chemical reaction, measuring liquids,
heating them over a Bunsen burner's
flame or collecting them in a titration
experiment.

Beaker

Magnets do the following

things: Attract certain materials,
such as iron, nickel, cobalt, certain
steels and other alloys. Exert an
attractive or repulsive force on other
magnets (opposite poles attract, like
poles repel).
Magnet

amber bottles and jars protect light-

sensitive products from UV rays that
could alter their contents. Amber
bottles and jars come in a variety of
sizes and materials.

Amber Glass
 Erlenmeyer flasks are used to contain
liquids and for mixing, heating, cooling,
incubation, filtration, storage, and other
liquid-handling processes. Their slanted
sides and narrow necks allow the contents to
be mixed by swirling without the risk of
spills, which is useful for titrations and for
boiling liquids.

Erlenmeyer flask

A watch glass is a round, concave

glass dish used for evaporation in
chemistry. It can also be employed for
weighing solids and as a lid for flasks
and beakers.

Watch Glass

Funnels and filtration products are

familiar items in the laboratory used
for filtering, filling, decanting or
transferring liquids or powders from
one vessel to another. Laboratory
funnels are made from glass, plastic
(typically HDPE) or occasionally metal.

Glass Funnel
Emergency showers and eyewash stations
are necessary backups to minimize the
effects of exposure to chemicals.
Emergency showers can also be used
effectively in extinguishing clothing fires
or for flushing contaminants off clothing.

Emergency Shower

Chemical waste containers are labeled

and have closed lids. Hazardous waste
tags are completed. Proper disposal of
chemical wastes is mandatory in
laboratories at MSU. Chemical waste
should not be disposed of by
evaporation in a chemical hood
Chemical Waste Bottle

Dropper is a pipette consisting of a

small tube with a vacuum bulb at one
end for drawing liquid in and releasing
it a drop at a time.

Dropper/pipette
 A clay triangle is a wire and ceramic triangle
used to support a crucible while it is heated
over a Bunsen burner. A crucible is a
ceramic vessel with a lid that is used to heat
solid chemical substances to high
temperatures to dry them completely or to
induce a reaction without solution.
Clay Triangle

Litmus paper is a filter paper that

has been treated with a lichen-
provided natural-soluble dye. Litmus
paper is a piece of paper that
produces a result which can be used
as a pH indicator.
Litmus and Filter paper

These are tight-fitting eye protection

that completely covers the eyes and
provides protection from chemical
splashes, impact, and dust. Goggles are
routinely used for protection against
chemical splash hazards, use of
concentrated corrosive material, and
bulk chemical transfer.

Safety Chemical Google

A laboratory crucible is a container
that can endure extremely high
temperatures, is used to stop
metals, glass, and pigment from
melting in a furnace.

Crucible

Centrifuge tubes are used to

contain liquids during
centrifugation, which separates the
sample into its components by
rapidly rotating it around a fixed
axis.

Centrifuge Tube

The Hot Hand silicone rubber

mitt protects your hand from hot
lab ware. Gripping surfaces are
studded for positive grip; hole
tabs on either end are for
hanging. Maximum temperature
is 500°F (260°C).

Hot Mitt
 Well-Plates are analytical products
used in the field of chemistry,
biology and biotechnology for sample
preparation, high-throughput
screening or generally for the
investigation of biological properties.

Well Plate

The Reagent Bottles, also known as

media bottles, are used to store
chemicals in liquid or powder form.
They are generally made up of glass
or plastic

Reagent Bottle

Separator funnels are used in the lab

for liquid-liquid extractions,
separating a mixture's components
into two solvent phases of different
densities.

Separation Funnel
Microscope Depression Slides are
used to examine living
microorganisms in a hanging drop.
Depression is approximately 15 mm
in diameter and 0.8 mm deep.

Depression Slide

A condenser is a piece of laboratory

equipment that is used to condense
vapours in the lab or turn them into
liquids simply by cooling them down.

Condenser

A laboratory tripod is a three-legged

platform used to support flasks and
beakers. Tripods are usually made of
stainless steel or aluminium and made
light-weight for efficient portability
within the lab. Often a wire gauze is
placed on top of the tripod to provide a
flat base for glassware.

Tripod Stand
 A microscope is an instrument that
can be used to observe small objects,
even cells. The image of an object is
magnified through at least one lens
in the microscope.

Microscope

A laboratory thermometer is an instrument

used to measure temperature. It consists of
a glass tube with a bulb at one end,
containing a liquid, such as mercury or
alcohol, that expands and contracts as the
temperature changes. The other end of the
tube is marked with a scale that indicates
the temperature.

Thermometer

Use mortar and pestle chemistry

sets to crush up solid chemicals into
smaller pieces, or to grind solids into
fine powder. This makes it easier to
dissolve solids into solvents (when
making solutions).

Mortar and Pestle

Commonly, spatulas are used to
transfer samples or chemicals from
their original containers to weighing
paper, weighing boats, weighing
bottles, weighing funnels, or other
vessels or containers for weighing.

Spatula

Tweezers are high-precision

handheld instruments used in the
lab or during medical procedures.
They are typically used for precision
handling & manufacturing,
microscopic work, electronic repair,
and other applications in general.
Spatula

A laboratory stopwatch measures

time intervals using specific
activation and deactivation points.
Analog or mechanical stopwatches
are typically controlled by two
buttons.

Stop watch
 Utility clamps support your flasks,
beakers, and burettes. They stabilize
your sample containers, preventing
possible breakage and sample loss.

Utility clamp

Dissecting scissors are employed to

isolate and differentiate the
tissues as they are more precise than
the operating scissors.

Dissecting Scissors

Ring stands are used to hold

glassware in place during an
experimental procedure. You can
attach ring clamps, versatile clamps,
or 3-prong clamps (the latter require
clamp holders).

Dissecting Scissors
 A volumetric flask / measuring flask / graduated flask
is a kind of laboratory flask, calibrated to hold an
accurate specific volume at a specific temperature.
Volumetric flasks are used for accurate dilutions and
preparation of solutions and any other liquids needed
at the laboratory workflow.

Glass Volumetric flask

The graduated cylinder is used for measuring

volumes (amounts) of liquids. This piece of
equipment is used routinely, although it is only
moderately accurate compared to other tools,
such as volumetric flasks. Volumetric flasks are
used when absolute precision (accuracy) is
needed.

Graduated Cylinder

Test tubes are widely used by chemists

to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of
solid or liquid chemicals, especially for
qualitative experiments and assays. Their
round bottom and straight sides minimize
mass loss when pouring, make them easier
to clean, and allow convenient monitoring of
the contents.

Test tube