Physics 130 Formula Sheet

Created using LATEX by Benjamin Kong

1. Pre-Midterm Driven Oscillators ∆L = d sin θ, where k is the angular wave

mẍ = −kx − bẋ + F0 cos (ωt) number, d the separation of the sources, and
Simple Harmonic Motion
F0 ∆L the path length difference.
ẍ + 2ζω0 ẋ + ω02 x = cos ωt
Occurs when F ∝ ∆x m
r ω0 = fnatural ω = fdriven For constructive interference, ∆φ must be a
2π m
T = = 2π 
2ω0 ωζ
 2nπ nλ
ω r k r φ = tan−1 multiple of 2π: sin θ = =
ω02 − ω 2 kd d
k k1 + k2 + ...
ω = 2πf = = F0 1 For destructive, odd:
m m A=
(n + 12 )λ
q
F = −kx = ma ẍ = −ω 2 x m (ω 2 − ω 2 )2 + 4ω 2 ω 2 ζ 2
0 0 sin θ = , n = 0, 1, 2, ..., where d is
d
x(t) = A cos (ωt + φ) Resonance the separation between the sources.
π (ω1 + ω2 )
v(t) = −ωA sin (ωt + φ), ahead of x 1 Beats: ω̄ = , ∆ω = ω1 − ω2
2
p
ωr = ω0 1 − 2ζ 2 , resonance if ζ < √ 2
Max v at equilibrium position. 2
ψ(t) = 2A cos (ω̄t) cos (0.5∆ωt)
Resonance → Steady-state solution
a(t) = −ω 2 A cos (ωt + φ), s
π ahead of x fbeat = |f1 − f2 | = 2x envelope wave
√ v2 General damped oscillator → Transient
v = ω A2 − x2 , Amax = x20 + 02 Beats occur with small ∆f and close A. ω̄
  ω (decays over time)
v0
φ = tan−1 − , check w/ CAST! (f ) remains constant, A oscillates at fbeat .
ωx0
ET = 0.5mv 2 + 0.5kx2 = 0.5kA2 Waves
Miscellaneous
2π λ ω
k= t= c = fλ =
λ c k Elastic cord phase velocity:
r
ψ± (x, t) = A cos (kx ∓ ωt + φ) kx(L0 + x)
c=
p m
ω = k T /µ, k = angular wave number m
T = kx ρ=
∆p L0 + x
Bulk Modulus: B = − 1
∆v/v0 Q-factor: Q =
2ζ
lower B → greater compression. Usually (+)
High Q-factor → oscillate for long time
Apressure = BkAψ = cρωAψ
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
Small Angle Pendulums Pstring = Ty v = T ωkA2 sin (kx − ωt + φ)
s s cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
T B
s Phase velocity: c = =    
g l ρ ρ cos A + cos B = 2 cos A+B2
cos A−B 2
θ̈ = − θ T = 2π
l g Transverse velocity (movement perpendicular
r r
g 1 g c
ω= f = to wave propagation): vmax = ωA = 2Aπ
l 2π l
θ=
s
s = arclength, l = length ∂2ψ 1 ∂2ψ
λ 2. Post-Midterm
l Wave Equation: 2
= 2
∂x c ∂t2
√
Inst. power (string): P = T ρ Wave Phenomena
Damped Oscillators
Mean Intensity: Boundary conditions:
b b √
ζ= √ = Imean = 0.5BωkA2 = 0.5 Bρω 2 A2 Clamped → d = 0 → φ = π → inverted
2 mk 2mω0
P P ∂y
ζ > 1 → overdamped I= (3D) = (2D) Free → = 0 → φ = 0 → no inversion
4πr2 2πr ∂x
1
ζ = 1 → critically damped I ∝ A2 ∝ ω 2 ∝ P ∝ 2 (3D) Standing waves: Nodes separated by λ/2
r  
I
ζ < 1 → underdamped Decibel Scale: β = (10dB) log General form: y(x, t) = 2A sin (kx) sin (ωt)
I0
ẍ + 2ζω0 ẋ + ω02 x = 0 W
where I0 = 10−12 2 for sound. Open end → anti-node (max A)
m
z̈ + aż + b = 0 Interference (+/- for constr. or destr.): Closed end → node (zero A)
√ a 2l nc
ω0 = b, ζ = √ ψ(x0 , t) = (A1 ± A2 ) cos (kx0 − ωt) Both ends open/closed: λ = ,f =
2 b n 2l
A(t) = A0 e−ω0 ζt 4l (2n − 1)c
Max cancellation when λ/2 apart. 1 open: λ = ,f = , where
p 2n − 1 4l
ωdamped = ω0 1 − ζ 2 Phase change due to path length: ∆φ = k∆L n = 1, 2, ...

1
 ∆L
Mirrors: Image opposite object → virtual = n → constructive
λ
∆L
Virtual image → negative v = (n + 0.5) → destructive
λ
Convex (diverging) mirror → negative f Reflection where n2 > n1 → ∆φ = π

Lenses: Diverging rays → virtual Thin films:

Diverging lens → negative f

 
c0 c + v0
Doppler Effect: f0 = = fs Optical Instruments
λ0 c − vs n = 1, 2, 3, ..., convert λ to λ0
where c is the velocity of the wave relative to
Lensmaker’s Equation: Wavelength in a medium: λ2 = λ/n2
the medium, v0 is the velocity of the observer
 
1 1 1 nλ
= (n − 1) + , where n is the Thin wedge destructive: x =
f R1 R2 2 tan θ
relative to the medium, and vs is positive for (2n + 1)λ
refractive index, R is (+) if convex, (-) if Thin wedge constructive: x =
4 tan θ
motion towards the source.
  concave. n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
vwave
Shockwave: θopen = sin−1 d λ
vsource Magnifying Glass: Mmax =1+ , Thin wedge fringe width: ∆x =
f 2 tan θ
d √
Geometric Optics Mmin = , d = distance to object. Newton’s rings, Destructive: x = nλr
f q
L Constructive: x = n + 12 λr


Microscope: M = mo me , where mo = −
Reflection: θi = θr   fo
d Central fringe is dark. n = 0 → first ring
sin θ1 n2 and me = 1 + , L = lens separation.
Snell’s Law: = , therefore: fe λ
sin θ2 n1 φ fo do Interferometry: h = , where n is the
Telescope: Mθ = =− (= − if the 4(n − 1)
n2 < n1 → θR > θi , n2 > n1 → θR < θi θ fe de
refractive index. Inversion of pattern when
eyepiece is big enough to collect all light)
(higher n → less bending) (2m + 1)λ
1.22λ δx arm shifted , where m = 0, 1, 2, ...
n2 Angular Resolution: sin θR ≥ = 4
Total Internal Reflection: sin θcrit = dlens r
n1
Spherical mirrors: r ≈ 2f Light Waves Diffraction
1 1 1
Mirror/Lens equation: + =
u v f c vsource Single slit:
Refractive Index: n = =
I v vp vwave sin ( π a sin θ)
Magnification: M = =− ψ(θ) = A π λ cos (kr − ωt)
O u a sin θ
λ
where a is the width of the slit.
sin2 ( π
λ
a sin θ)
I = I0 (USE RADIANS!)
π2 2
λ2
a sin2 θ
nλ
Red light (longest λ) is least refracted. Min. intensity: sin θ = , n 6= 0
a
dω
Group Velocity: vg = Double slit:
dk
ω 
πd

Phase Velocity: vp = ψ(θ) = 2A cos λ
sin θ cos (kr − ωt)
k
ω = vp k where d is the separation between the centers

vg < vp → normal dispersion of two slits.

 
πd
vg > vp → anomalous dispersion I = I0 cos2 sin θ (USE RADIANS!)
λ
nλ
vg = vp → no dispersion Max. intensity: sin θ = , n can be zero
d
(n + 0.5)λ
Polarization: I = I0 cos2 φ Min. intensity: sin θ = , n can be
d
n2
Brewster’s Angle: tan θB = , the reflected zero
n1
ray will be completely polarized. Fringe spacing: y ∝ λ ∝ 1/d ∝ 1/a
Lnx
Phase difference: Nx = , N in units of Diffraction grating, bright lines:
λ
mλ
λ, L = path length, n = refractive index. sin θ = = mN λ, m = 0, 1, 2, ... where N
d
λ
φ = (N )(2π). Phase difference of π means 2 is the slits per unit length. sin θ ≯ 1.
λ
path difference, ∆L. New phase difference: Resolving Power: R = = mN w, where
δλ
L
N2 − N1 = (n2 − n1 ) m = 0, 1, 2, ... and w is the slit width
λ