Writing a thesis on the topic of Waste to Energy can be an arduous task, requiring extensive research,

critical analysis, and in-depth understanding of the subject matter. The complexity of this field,
which involves the conversion of waste materials into usable energy, poses numerous challenges for
students undertaking this academic endeavor.

One of the primary difficulties lies in the vast amount of information and data available on Waste to
Energy. Sorting through this wealth of resources, evaluating their relevance, and synthesizing the
information into a coherent and well-structured thesis can be a daunting process. Moreover, staying
updated on the latest advancements and breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field adds an extra
layer of complexity.

Another challenge is the need for a comprehensive understanding of various disciplines, including
environmental science, engineering, economics, and policy. Integrating knowledge from these diverse
areas while maintaining a focused and coherent argument can be overwhelming for students who are
already grappling with the intricacies of their research.

To alleviate the burden and ensure the quality of the thesis, students are encouraged to seek
assistance from professional writing services. Among the myriad options available, ⇒
HelpWriting.net ⇔ stands out as a reliable and reputable platform. With a team of experienced
writers who specialize in Waste to Energy topics, the service provides customized and well-
researched thesis papers tailored to meet the unique requirements of each client.

Ordering from ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ allows students to benefit from the expertise of skilled
writers who understand the intricacies of the Waste to Energy field. This not only saves time but also
ensures the delivery of a high-quality thesis that meets academic standards. By entrusting the writing
process to professionals, students can focus on mastering the subject matter and presenting a
compelling argument, without the stress and challenges associated with the intricate process of thesis
writing.
The primary and secondary data on composition and quantity of waste, socio-economic,
environmental related issues and on waste-to-energy technologies were collected from concerned
departments by reviewing their yearly reports and conducting focus group interviews and review of
published literature. Johannessen, L. M. (1999). Guidance Note on Recuperation of Landfill Gas
from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Urban Development Division and Urban Waste Management
Thematic Group: 1-25. There are many types of waste that can be converted into renewable energy
including municipal solid wastes, crop residues and agro-industrial wastes. According to EPA (2004)
the bottom ash from the system may have approximately 10% by volume and 20 to 35% by weight
of original waste stream which is fed into the system. The required feedstock is fed up on the top of
a fluidized bed of sand or limestone. Type of solid waste required This type of waste-to-energy
facility requires biodegradable material which is broken down through microbes in the absence of
oxygen. Salman is the Editor-in-Chief of EcoMENA, and is a professional environmental writer with
more than 300 popular articles to his credit. The treatment process requires enough quantity of
oxygen (O2) to oxidize the waste, and the typical temperature at about 850?C (Zaman, 2010). List
of Business Opportunities in Green Power and Renewable Energy Sector. During the processing of
waste stream to refused derived fuel it could be possible to add calcium (Ca), which is helpful in
reduction of hydrogen chloride emissions during combustion process (Themelis, 2002). Different
available waste-to-energy options were studied deeply by considering their social-economic and
environmental issues and selected the most favourable options according to their current capacities
and type of composition required for the management of produced waste in Lahore. Profit is
necessary, even lots of profit; but without the other two, ultimately, our economy is not sustainable.
Local flooding and property value Heaps of waste streams in streets may clog drains and create
flooding situation. It is reported by Naveed et al., (2009); only six towns out of nine in Lahore are
categorized into different economic groups, which are summarized in Table 5.2 and 5.3, whereas the
rest three towns are not yet classified. PYROLISIS: A mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid products
is produced, each of which may have some immediate use to sustain the process. Necessary cookies
are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Waste-To-Energy is a Climate-Friendly,
Renewable Energy Source. Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian
College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Bureau of Air Regulation Cindy Phillips, P.E. Activated
Carbon Injection System Injects carbon to adsorb mercury and dioxin Electrostatic Precipitator or
Baghouse Fabric Filter Capture PM and metal pollutants. Starved air incineration This facility
produces good quality of ash with small amount of particulate emissions as compared to above
incineration technologies. Application of Distributed Electricity Generation Systems in Agricultural
Gre. The inert components (28%) of solid waste stand alone at 2nd largest waste constituent.
Diversion efforts have increased substantially in California since the passage of the Integrated Waste
Management Act in 1989, which established a target of 50 percent diversion from landfills by 2000.
What are the economic and population trends in each town that produces solid waste? 3. A new
alternative fuel is at hand that is more powerful than gasoline, far less polluting and could sell for
less than ethanol or any other biofuel. It is primarily associated with the transformation of fresh or
used vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, tallow, and other suitable feedstocks into useful liquid fuels
and chemicals such as biodiesel, frequently by transesterification, a reaction of an organic glyceride
with alcohol in the presence of catalyst. It is clear that decrease in cost per ton with increase in
quantity of waste for processing (Table 5.6). Evaluation The anaerobic digestion facility is not
suitable for the produced organic waste from Lahore due to following reasons. 1) As we see that any
facility has not enough capacity to treat generated waste in a combined anaerobic digestion plant
from Lahore. The use of renewable energy sources for the production of electricity. Initially,
incinerators globally were used to reduce waste mass but energy is being recovered from incinerators
nowadays. Recovery and utilization of landfill gas consists of four main steps such as recovery
system, a pumping of gas process, a transmission of gas and a utilization of gas process (Tatamiuk,
2007).
Type of solid waste required In thermal waste-to-energy technology, only the organic fractions such
as plastic, combustible and putrescible are burnt in the system and as a result of which gases and
residues are produced (Tatamiuk, 2007). Those communities living close to solid waste incineration
facilities bear health problems and also a source of environmental pollution (EPA, 2004). For
anaerobic digestion quantity of organic components present in solid waste stream has an important
value (Tatamiuk, 2007). 2.1.2 Incineration Incineration is the combustion of solid waste stream to
produce gases, particulate emissions, ash and energy. Anaerobic digestion has high cost for handling,
storage, and processing (Gruner, 2007). Gasification is not an incineration system but a combustion
technology, where efficiently energy is recovered from the system. Zero Budget Marketing Strategy
with KPIs for a Cleaning Detergent Training. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program-
Energy Efficient Cities Initiative. (2010). Good Practices Cities Initiative-Lahore, Pakistan-Solid
Waste Composting. Often modular, two-stage combustion is considered as a type of gasification but
is not a true gasifire and simply referred as a conventional waste-to-energy technology (STANTEC,
2010). Page 57. Resources and Uses Mark Jaccard Energy and Materials Research Group School of
Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University. Rotary kiln Anaerobic digestion
is more favorable technology because it is helpful in high reduction of greenhouse gases and the
digested organic matter left over from process used as a soil conditioner. The indirect impacts of
waste management cover the impacts on fisheries yield, tourism and local economy. Currently, out of
more than 800 incineration plants working throughout world, about 236 are in Japan and 400 in
Europe. Where materials are used and reused in continuous loops, converting byproducts into co-
products such as soil nutrients (as is the result of composting biodegradables), consumable goods, or
energy. These can be expanded over more area by increasing their solid waste handling capacities.
William Hogan, Research Director, Harvard Electricity Policy Group, Harvard U. Local
municipalities should consider waste-to-energy recovery technologies for the handling of their
generated solid waste to save the more extraction of natural resources, to generate revenue and
improve local socio- environmental conditions of an area. Both General Motors and Delta Air Lines
are interested. Public Lecture: RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION.
It is the same for many LGUs in Mindanao based on some of the 10-year SWM Plans we came
across. Some of those technologies have the potential to convert energy into liquid or gaseous fuels.
Capture and utilization of produced gas could also be possible from landfills (Karapidakis et al.,
2010). Landfill gas utilization could be possible to generate revenue, if it is located nearby its
consumers. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security
features of the website. However, the method of incineration of municipal solid waste for the
generation of electrical energy was widely criticized since this process has been damaging the
environment by causing acid rain. Public Lecture: RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE
WE AS A NATION. Agricultural residues are characterized by seasonal availability and have
characteristics that differ from other solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, char briquette. Waste to
Energy Technology (Add (Add (Add Date) Introduction The modern lifestyle changes together with
people’s growing consumption habits have increased the industrial waste disposal across the globe.
Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as
they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Local flooding and
property value Heaps of waste streams in streets may clog drains and create flooding situation. The
current composition of waste was determined and consists of approximately 28% inert, 53% wet
organics, 1% glass and metals, 13% dry combustibles and 6% rubber and plastics. Majority of such
technologies can generate more amount of electric power from the same volume of waste materials
than through direct combustion method.
Waste Not, Want Not: Analyzing the Economic and Environmental Viability of Waste-to-Energy.
Different types of benefits could be achieved, if energy recovering and natural resources are
considered as creation of jobs, reduction of environmental impacts and provisions of economic
opportunities. Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of
Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. In first step, organic material is prepared through sorting, segregation
and size reduction. However, it has been attempted to find out the cost per ton of some anaerobic
digestion plants. The microbes which have vital role are classified into two groups: one is Page 19.
However, this technology is a major source of air pollution as compared to other mentioned
technologies and requires more expensive air emission control systems (FCM, 2004). The ultraviolet
part carries about 9%, visible about 41.5% and infrared. It is determined that 72% of organic fraction
is present in waste stream. In addition, the region has witnessed very rapid growth in the poultry
sector. The available high quantity of organic waste for processing is feasible to treat in landfill gas
facilities and it is also supportive to replace scarce conventional fuels and generate revenue. It’s no
surprise that Anaerobic digestion (eg Methane capture) is a leader. Similarly the same case happened
with leaves, grass and straw and dust, dirt, ash, stones and bricks fall on the second and third
highest levels respectively. Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) over a ten-year period. Often the
collected waste in streets or in dumping sites is openly burnt aiming to reduce its volume which
become a source of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and soot that are harmful for human health and
also a source of air pollution. The odor emitted into the environment during unloading activities and
from storage pits can be reduced by enclosed feeding hoppers of the combustion system and draft
(i.e. negative air pressure) condition of unloading area (Weinstein, 2006). Reference Number: ISO
14040: 1997 (E). Joeng, H. S., Kim, K. W. (2007). “KOICA-World Bank joint study on solid waste
management in Punjab, Pakistan.” Waste Management, Pakistan. Premier Publishers Realizin
modeling and evaluation city's enerfy efficiency leonidas anthopoulos Realizin modeling and
evaluation city's enerfy efficiency leonidas anthopoulos Danube University Krems, Centre for E-
Governance Potential of Municipal Sludge - A Cradle to Cradle Approach Towards Circular. The
amount of generated waste from different 9 towns of Lahore is estimated by multiplying the used
0.65 and 0.7 same common factors with increasing population trends of each town in 2007 and 2010
respectively. Maryla Hart, spokesperson for AAA said, “Virgin Atlantic are claiming to be “Red Hot
after 25 years”, but with biofuels it’s going to be a red hot planet we’ll be living on. Coarser waste
like organic components first shredded to reduce its size and convert to various fuel oils at about
500?C (Kumar, 2000). The use of incineration technique for the conversion of municipal solid waste
to energy is a conventional application of waste to energy technology. However, the organic fraction
is in enough quantity in Lahore solid waste stream and is suitable for landfill gas production and
utilization. In the whole country there are limited numbers of such kind of waste handling
organizations. Aerobic conversion uses air or oxygen to support the metabolism of the aerobic
microorganisms degrading the substrate. Washington, DC: National Association of Counties, Feb.
2015. PDF. This not only reduces the land space for disposal of waste but also produces more gas in
short period of time to generate more revenue. The Gasification system has less ability to generate
revenue from solid waste stream as compared to net investment costs (STANTEC, 2010). Janis
Birkeland - From vicious circles to virtuous cycles through built. Prof. Janis Birkeland - From vicious
circles to virtuous cycles through built. Renewable energy sources include: solar energy, wind energy,
biomass.
Davao City, in particular, has included the WTE as an alternative waste disposal infrastructure in its
approved 10-year Solid Waste Management (SWM) Plan. However, their capacity is half than the
US landfill gas recovery projects. The planned facility is expected to be built in two years and
generate about 6 MW of power. This technology is not yet proven at commercial scale. The main
problem with installing new plants is the starting price. This. This essay describes that food waste is
considered to be the source of energy that remains unexploited and decays in landfills. ?Food Waste
Biomass Food waste is considered to be the source of energy that remains unexploited and decays in
landfills. Nowadays there is a trend to built relatively large size facilities in Europe (STANTEC,
2010). But the overall organic components (approx. 67%) of the solid waste stream have the highest
proportion. With improved waste management scenario, cost associated with waste impacts reduces.
Rotary kiln Anaerobic digestion is more favorable technology because it is helpful in high reduction
of greenhouse gases and the digested organic matter left over from process used as a soil
conditioner. They celebrated at Gatwick Terminal 3 with a repeat of their 1:00pm maiden flight from
London to Newark in 1984. Now total 1,150 landfill gas recoveries for power production are
operating worldwide and their capacity is varying from 2 million tons to 2,850 million tons of
amount of waste (Willumsen, 2009). Page 54. According to Lahore Waste Management Company
(LWMC) (2010), they studied only the Mahmood Booti site among the available three waste disposal
sites, to find out waste generation. Starved air incineration and mass burn incineration produces good
quality of ash and air emissions compared to fluidized bed combustion process. In Figure 5.2,
compare the estimated quantity of solid waste in tons per day among three years i.e. 2004, 2008 and
2010. In the present time, the United States has around 87 number of waste to energy plants, which
generates nearly about 0. Pyrolysis and gasification depends on external source of heat. At the
landfill sites the gas produced by the natural decomposition of MSW (called landfill gas ) can be
collected, scrubbed and cleaned before feeding into internal combustion engines or gas turbines to
generate heat and power. Do not further distribute this presentation without obtaining written
permission. In present time United States has around 87 number of waste to energy plants which
generates near about 0. Residue from gasification may be hazardous due to contaminants present in
solid waste used as a feed stock for processing. As reported in World News Inc (2012), gasification,
thermal depolymerization, Pyrolysis, Plasma arc gasification PGP are some of the thermal WtE
technologies whereas anaerobic digestion, fermentation, mechanical biological treatment are non-
thermal technologies. Waste Management 29, 1971-1981. Bryman, A. (2004). “Social Research
Methods-2nd edition”, Oxford University Press. Chaya, W., Gheewala, S. H. (2006). Life Cycle
Assessment of MSW to Energy Schemes in Thailand. Civil and geological engineering Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, University of Saskatchewan. Landfill gas production and utilization and mass burn
incineration are standalone most feasible technologies at first and second potion respectively for
treatment of solid waste in Lahore. The inert fraction like, glass, metals, plastic and rubber
components etc. Nic Rivers, Canada Research Chair in Climate and Energy Policy, University of.
Negative energy makes everything harmful they try to create worst to worst situations for you. There
are only limited such facilities in operation worldwide. The average estimated composition of Lahore
solid waste was consisted of approximately 6.7% recyclables, 28% inert and 56% organic fractions.
Industrial Biorefining 33. 34. 35. Questions? What will you do on Monday morning? 36. To some
extent, hazardous waste is simply buried but without any precautionary measures. It is better to select
a site for new waste-to-energy treatment plant where an old transfer station or industry can be built
aiming to improve previous environmental conditions of that site (Weinstein, 2006). Page 45. You are
required to take this training because you perform activities that generate Hazardous Waste (HW).
This management system may include the recycling, composting, landfilling and any other waste- to-
energy technology strategies. Produced fine ash from the system is a major source of air pollution
(STANTEC, 2010). That is why the government should take serious responsibility to this sensitive
issue and create opportunities to convert solid waste to energy and other useful purposes (State Bank
of Pakistan, 2009). Advantages Pyrolysis technology has ability to divert large quantity of waste
stream from landfills. What are the economic and population trends in each town that produces solid
waste? 3. Recent Challenges and trends in waste wastewater treatment by Manahil khanam. The
required feedstock is fed up on the top of a fluidized bed of sand or limestone. These cookies do not
store any personal information. There must be criteria for selection of reasonable facilities according
to local needs, mainly depends on a variety of important factors such as social, environmental,
economic and technical issues. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from Department of Architecture:
University of Hong Kong. Despite substantial progress in material diversion, more than 43 million
tons of material is still disposed of in landfills in the state. The means of transport are driven by oil
derivatives. When we compare the different fractions of Lahore solid waste, it can be seen that the
quantity of waste is increased over time. They operate without taking any potential measures to avoid
infiltration of leachate from open landfill dumping sites to the groundwater. Source:
businessdictionary.com Waste Treatment Technologies Grate Combustion (Massburn) First Waste
Fire in Cleveland (UK) on 8. Advantages Anaerobic digestion requires low capital and operational
costs compared to thermal technologies. Nowadays there is a trend to built relatively large size
facilities in Europe (STANTEC, 2010). This set of pretreatments is often referred to as hydrolysis.
Presented By: Dr. Anoop Hajela (Managing Director) Bhopal Incinerators Ltd. Diversion efforts have
increased substantially in California since the passage of the Integrated Waste Management Act in
1989, which established a target of 50 percent diversion from landfills by 2000. These emissions
include dioxins, mercury, particulate matter and hydrochloric acid etc. Many CA jurisdictions are
concerned about landfill capacity, are looking for alternatives, and have difficulties with the issue of
where to site new landfills. The ultraviolet part carries about 9%, visible about 41.5% and infrared.
Lethal gases i.e. carcinogenic dioxins are produced by burning of polyvinyl chlorides (LAC, 2001).
Products produced from pyrolysis are relatively less valuable (Tatamiuk, 2007). News story here:
And press release below: 9 arrested as Plane Stupid and Action Against Agrofuels (AAA) crash
Virgin Atlantic 25th birthday party 9 activists from Plane Stupid and AAA (Action Against
Agrofuels) have been arrested gate crashing Virgin Atlantic’s 25th birthday party at Heathrow
airport, to highlight plans to allow the aviation industry to continue to expand if it uses biofuels
instead of conventional aviation fuel.
The commercial scale anaerobic digestion projects are working in Switzerland, Denmark, Germany,
and France. The mission of University of Health Sciences Lahore. Journal of Cleaner Production, in
Press. Denison, R. (1996). Environmental Life-Cycle Comparisons of Recycling, Landfilling, and
Incineration: A Review of Recent Studies. Read less Read more Environment Report Share Report
Share 1 of 21 Ad Recommended An introduction to waste to energy 130417 An introduction to
waste to energy 130417 Moustafa M Elsayed Municipal Solid Waste - Industrial Waste to energy
Municipal Solid Waste - Industrial Waste to energy Manoj Kumar Sharma Energy From Waste
Options Energy From Waste Options Loay Ghazaleh MBA, BSc Civil Eng. Unleashing the Power of
AI Tools for Enhancing Research, International FDP on. Janis Birkeland - From vicious circles to
virtuous cycles through built. Prof. Janis Birkeland - From vicious circles to virtuous cycles through
built. In addition, the region has witnessed very rapid growth in the poultry sector. So the
technologically and economically suitability of certain waste-to-energy scheme is defined by
characteristics of waste stream (Tatamiuk, 2007). 2.1.1 Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
facility has the ability to deal with degradable organic fractions of waste streams. Suitable internal
system conditions are provided such as warm and moist to microorganisms to degrade organic waste
to stabilize end product, which is free from pathogens and act as a soil conditioner (Varma, 2009).
Wood wastes generally are concentrated at the processing factories, e.g. plywood mills and sawmills.
Homes, where the disputes happen in many daily, have negative energy at their home. Often
modular, two-stage combustion is considered as a type of gasification but is not a true gasifire and
simply referred as a conventional waste-to-energy technology (STANTEC, 2010). Page 57. In the
US, the process of converting waste to energy began in the first phase of the 20th century. Well
maintained and controlled system ensures low level of environmental pollution (Gruner, 2007). A
methane byproduct would be burned on-site and turned into electricity to completely power the
refinery. However each component of waste increased in quantity with same ratio. Ben, S. (2000).
Renewable Energy: Its Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and. The Energy of
the Future for the Economy of the Present: Business Opportuniti. The odor is mostly emitted during
waste sorting and handling process. Realizin modeling and evaluation city's enerfy efficiency
leonidas anthopoulos Realizin modeling and evaluation city's enerfy efficiency leonidas anthopoulos
Potential of Municipal Sludge - A Cradle to Cradle Approach Towards Circular. Anaerobic digestion
The anaerobic digestion is considered as third option because the capacities of waste treatment plants
are not enough to handle generated MSW in Lahore. The quantity of solid waste in towns of Lahore
is estimated multiplying the common factor by increased population but is not correlated with
economic levels of different groups. PPPs in SWM include Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad,
Ahemdabad. Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present.
MYRA Business School, Mysore Business education in emerging markets - integra. These pellets
could be used and valuable for the production of energy (Kumar, 2000). Five companies that work in
the waste to energy sector. After reviewing their reports, the primary data were also collected on the
basic issues, which are not dealing with, or not clearly mentioned in reports through “key informed
consent approach”. Early Tech Adoption: Foolish or Pragmatic? - 17th ISACA South Florida WOW
Con. In Pakistan, waste can be used as a resource for the economy. Currently no commercial
gasification plant is operating in Europe for the treatment of municipal waste because it is expensive
and unproven technology.
This essay describes that food waste is considered to be the source of energy that remains
unexploited and decays in landfills. ?Food Waste Biomass Food waste is considered to be the source
of energy that remains unexploited and decays in landfills. Besides recovery of energy, such
technologies leads to substantial reduction in the overall waste quantities requiring final disposal. In
the second step, the selection procedure depends on the available options i.e. waste-to-energy
technologies, and generally given preferences to those technologies that is successfully operating
locally, regionally and implemented worldwide. The organic fraction may contain yard waste, paper
waste, food waste and any other type of organic matter. Virgin has been an outspoken supporter of
biofuels as a solution to the steeply rising emissions from aircraft, but scientists are critical of plans
to scale up their production to meet the new demand for replacement fuels. Resource, Conservation
and Recycling 24:235-256. Gruner, S. (2007). An intigerated approach to municipal solid waste
management in Crete. Why integrated ? We have a vision that together, we can demo how our global
economy, or the “global casino” as Fritjov Capra calls it, can respect life and living systems. Indeed,
it must. The only questions are how much dis respect can nature withstand, and when (not if) will
there be an accelerated shift toward sustainability. The secondary data come from a combination of
electronic and printed form of materials such as published books, research papers, journals and
articles etc. The economic parameter remained the most influential than the other factors during the
selection process of technology, because of country economic conditions and limited allocation of
budget towards the waste management sector. PYROLISIS: A mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid
products is produced, each of which may have some immediate use to sustain the process. Diversion
efforts have increased substantially in California since the passage of the Integrated Waste
Management Act in 1989, which established a target of 50 percent diversion from landfills by 2000.
Limited awareness and financial and institutional capacities are hindering the exploration of different
types of waste treatment technologies and in this regard only very few number of treatment plants
i.e. composting plants are operating in Pakistan. Electronic waste, e-waste: fastest growing solid
waste problem Most ends up in landfills and incinerators Composition includes High-quality plastics
Valuable metals Toxic and hazardous pollutants. Moreover, the plants with this thermal technology
have not enough capacity to treat whole waste per day. Due to partial combustion of organic waste
stream resulting in the production of fuel gas that contains H2, CO and hydrocarbons. The means of
transport are driven by oil derivatives. Lahore city should be divided into different sectors such as
commercial, residential and industrial sectors etc. In most cities, largest part of the budget is fixed for
solid waste services. Every second, in this way, helium exceeds 600 million tons of hydrogen. It is
highly expensive than the approved facilities (STANTEC, 2010). 2.5.3 Landfill gas production and
utilization Anaerobic digestion of organic components from solid waste stream which are helpful for
the production of landfill gas (Willumsen, 2009). The additional pollution control equipment cost is
about 30% of the total plant cost (Varma, 2009). Page 47. Advanced Fossil Energy Technologies:
Presentation by the US Dept of Energy Of. An Overview of the 3 main facilities used in the U.S.
The current composition of waste was determined and consists of approximately 28% inert, 53% wet
organics, 1% glass and metals, 13% dry combustibles and 6% rubber and plastics. The
establishments providing wastes like industries, hospitals are required to. Pelletization The process of
producing fuel pellets from solid waste stream called pelletization. Nowadays, due to innovative
technological development and change in perceptions, solid waste stream is used as an energy
recovery resource, which also ensures recovery of natural resources. The organic fraction may
contain yard waste, paper waste, food waste and any other type of organic matter. However, these
emissions are enormously reduced to minimum level through reduction of toxic containing substance,
improvement in combustion facilities and use of gaseous control systems etc. (Weinstein, 2006).
Diesel emission reduction Mostly the energy recovery facilities require small area for establishment
relative to landfill and are built near the municipalities. During the processing of waste stream to
refused derived fuel it could be possible to add calcium (Ca), which is helpful in reduction of
hydrogen chloride emissions during combustion process (Themelis, 2002).