CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Literary Review

1. CHARACTER
 Rodion Raskolnikov- a twenty-three year old man from the St. Petersburg who is
the main character of the novel.
 Alyona Ivanovna- The Old pawnbroker,she was murdered by Rodion.
 Marmeladov- A drunken man,the husband of Katerina Ivanovna
 Sonya- the daughter of Katerina and Marmeladov. She works as a prostitute just to
support her family.
 Pulcheria Alexandrovna- Mother of Rodion Raskolnikov.
 Dunya- Sister of Rodion,she was engaed to Luzhin.
 Luzhin- Fiancé of Dunya,a government official.
 Lizaveta- Sister of Alyona,she was also murdered by Rodion.
 Razumikhin- Friend of Rodion.
 Zamyotov- A young Police Detective.
 Zossimov- Doctor of Rodion.
 Svidrigailov- Dunya's former employer who is obsessed with her.
 Porfiry Petrovich- A relative of Razumikhin.
 Marfa Petrovna- Late wife of Svidrigailov.
 Nikolai- A workman.
 Lebezyatnikov- Roommate of Luzhin
 Ilya Petrovich- A Police official.

2. SETTING
 St. Petersburg and Siberia, Russia, mid-1860s
- In 1861, as a result of reforms by Tsar Alexander II of Russia, some 23 million
serfs (Russian peasants owned by landowners) were emancipated. While this was a
beautiful thing, it constituted a major restructuring of Russian society and was therefore
the cause of much chaos and turmoil.

3. PLOT
INTRODUCTION
Raskolnikov has it in his head to kill a mean and crooked pawnbroker, who happens
to be a 60-year-old woman. He's trying to get the idea out of his head, but he can't. The
idea torments him to plan the murder down to the last detail. He knows exactly how
many paces it is from his room to the pawnbroker's ("exactly seven hundred and thirty")
and even does a trial run of the murder. Part of him is convinced he could never kill, and
part of him is convinced that he must.
RISING ACTION
In this stage, the murdering side of Raskolnikov pushes the non-murdering side of
him out the proverbial window. Suddenly, he's carrying out his plan. Suddenly, he's
killing the pawnbroker with an axe, stealing her stuff, slipping in her blood, and
alternating between panic and calm. Yet, he forgets to lock the door, and when Lizaveta
(the pawnbroker's half-sister) happens upon the scene, Raskolnikov kills her, too.
Raskolnikov is completely confused after the murders. He doesn't know whether to
turn himself in, kill himself, or just let things ride. He's caught in a vicious trap in his
mind. If the murder served no purpose, if it didn't prove that he's a great man like
Napoleon, then he's worse than he was before he killed and his life is meaningless. If he
can just hold on, maybe he'll see that he was right, that killing Alyona wasn't actually a
crime but a deed to serve the greater good.

The complications in his mind lead him to act in complicated ways. He still does
good deeds (mostly by giving money to desperate people), but he is alienating himself
from the people who love him and playing dangerous games with the cops. As a result of
his complicated actions, everybody around him is confused. They all suspect him, at least
a little, but can't really believe he did it. At times, we have to remind ourselves that
Raskolnikov is indeed the killer.
CLIMAX
It feels like a little explosion when Raskolnikov finally confesses to Sonia. Even
though he's been treating her like dirt for most of the book, this is the closest thing to a
"real" love story we have to hang on to. Sonia thinks so, too, and swears that she will
follow him all the way to prison. True to form, he isn't sure if he wants her to or not. In
this stage, there is also the possibility that Raskolnikov will kill again. Both Porfiry and
Svidrigaïlov are potential victims.
FALLING ACTION
He almost doesn't do it. When he hears about Svidrigaïlov's suicide, he turns around
and walks out of the police station, planning on doing who-knows-what (probably
continuing the never-ending debate in his head over whether or not to turn himself in to
the cops). But, there's Sonia, sitting there in the courtyard of the police station, full of
anguish and pain. We suppose he decides that it would be easier to just get it over with
and turn himself in rather than to face Sonia without having confessed.

RESOLUTION

Raskolnikov begins to love Sonia and look to the future.

4. THEME
 Criminality
Crime and Punishment is obsessed with crime, criminality, and vice. Some of the
crimes are more subtle—crimes of power and privilege, crimes against the poor, crimes
of meanness, pettiness, and apathy, many of which, legally speaking, might not even be
considered crimes. The novel's ending suggests that maybe even murderers can free
themselves from criminal impulses and learn to truly love

 Justice and Judgment

Crime and Punishment is very interested in the idea of judgment: judgment of self
and others, judgment of and by society, and judgment of and by religion. The novel asks
us to judge not only the characters but also the characters' judgments of each other. The
prize that we and the characters seek as we travel through this maze of judgment and
judging is justice or, in plain language, fairness. Whether or not that prize is realized
within or at the end of the novel is a question you might want to ask as you read.
 Love
Since violence and criminality dominate much of Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and
Punishment, we often have to peel back layers of text to get to the love. Most of the
novel's "romantic" relationships are loaded with cruelty, power plays, confusion, and
miscommunications. It can seem as if love and kindness are winking shyly at us between
the lines, terrified to venture into the harsh world of vice and victimization Crime and
Punishment shows us. But love is worth looking for in Dostoevsky's masterpiece, where
even incredibly perverse characters are capable of loving acts and moments of kindness,
and redemption is never completely out of the question.

5. POINT OF VIEW

 Third Person, Omniscient Point of View

The point of view can influence which events the reader knows. It can also inform how
much insight the reader has into the mind of one, several, or all the characters. The point
of view develops along with Raskolnikov and lets the readerget involved with his story
and allows the reader to understand how he is feeling or thinking throughout the story.
The narrator of this story focuses mostly on the main character, Raskolnikov.

6. CONFLICT
The main conflict is in Raskolnikov mind and revolves around his horrible murder
and gets almost paranoid with thinking about who suspects him of the murder.

 Man Versus Self

Man versus self conflicts are internal struggles that a person faces. One of the first
internal struggles surrounds Raskolnikov's decision to kill.
On one hand, he says to himself, 'Good God!... can it be, can it be, that I shall really take
an axe, that I shall strike her on the head, split her skull open …' In the next breath, he
says, 'I knew that I could never bring myself to it, so what have I been torturing myself
for till now?'
This back and forth conversation with himself reveals the internal conflict. Later in the
story, Raskolnikov has the same type of exchange when deciding if he should confess.

 Man Versus Man

A man versus man conflict is one in which two human beings disagree with one
another. When Raskolnikov, who was already not very fond of the pawnbroker, Alyona
Ivanovna, walked into a bar and overheard a student and an officer talking about her, he
began to plan her murder. The student complained of the way she cheated people out of
their money and treated her sister like a slave. The solution the student offers is:
'Kill her, take her money and with the help of it devote oneself to the service of humanity
and the good of all… For one life thousands would be saved from corruption and
decay… Besides, what value has the life of that sickly, stupid, ill-natured old woman in
the balance of existence!'
 Individual vs. Society
Many of the other characters’ actions and words contribute to the conflict around an
individual’s role in society. Raskolnikov himself struggles to understand his own
personal philosophy in relationship to society as a whole while his friend Razumihin and
the investigator, Porfiry Petrovich, seek to ease societal conflict through legal,
respectable means.
7. RESOLUTION
 The time that the problem was resolve is when or from the suicide of Svidrigailov
that depicts Rodion’s confession from murder and making realize the actions that he
made. In the end he learned to love Sonya that maybe the reason of his mind to
confessed everything. His punishment delivered him to be prisoned in Siberia.

SOCIAL RELEVANCE
 The social relevance of the novel Crime and Punishment depicts on the politics that
happened in Russia where Rodion the main character become alienated or confused
by the liberal modernisation which become a trouble in collectivismthat identifies
from the reforms of Russia. The Society become Rodion's enemy where he felt that
he was not part of it that's why he was psychologically illed in the novel where the
actions he did becomes his strength but later it becomes his enemy.

MORAL
 No matter how hard it is to confessed our secrets,still there is a perfect chance to
revealed it even if it is worst or good secret,revelation will always be happened. All
secrets can be revealed even though you keep it carefully, there were right times on
that.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

LITERARY REVIEW
1. Character
 Santiago Nasar
- the protagonist of the story who is killed the day after the wedding between Angela
Vicario and Bayardo San Roman. The story is centered around his death and the events
leading up to it. He is accused by Angela Vicario of taking her virinity, but no evidence
backs this up.

 Angela Vicario
 - the bride of Bayardo San Roman, who accuses Santiago Nasar of taking her
virginity. After being returned home on her wedding night, she discovers that she's in
love with Bayardo, and, later on, begins sending him one letter a week for 17 years.

 Pedro Vicario
- one of Angela's twin brothers. He was in the army before the time the novel is set,
and after prison he reenlisted and eventually disappeared in enemy territory. Pedro
originally came up with the plan to kill Santiago Nasar, but after the mayor, Colonel
Aponte, disarmed them and sent them home, he was ready to give up on the plan.

 Pablo Vicario
- the older twin by six minutes, he developed a sort of younger-brother complex after
Pedro returned form the army. Pablo was the one who took command after Pedro wanted
to stop the murder plot. He marries Prudencia Cotes after he is acquitted of the murder
and released from prison.

 Bayardo San Roman

- the mysterious man who marries Angela Vicario and then returns her when he
discovers that she wasn't a virgin. Bayardo is the son of General Petronio San Roman, a
famous civil war general, and Alberta Simonds, who many considered the most beautiful
woman in the Antilles. The family is extremely wealthy, and Bayardo came to town with
the sole purpose of finding a bride.

 Placida Linero
- Santiago Nasar's mother. She is well-known in the town for being adept at
interpreting people's dreams, but failed to notice the bad omen of birds in Santiago
Nasar's in the days before his death.

 Purisma del Carmen

- more often referred to as Pura Vicario, she is Angela's mother. She beats Angela
for two hours when Bayardo returns her to the family house. She is a blood relative of
the narrator's.

 Poncio Vicario
- Angela Vicario's father. He is blind, a result of his working as a goldsmith.

 Maria Alejandrina Cervantes

- A local and well-respected prostitute, she is a good friend of both the narrator's and
Santiago Nasar.

 Ibrahim Nasar
 - Santiago's father who came over with the other Arab immigrants and died before
the story began. Santiago is said to be a lot like his father.

 Victoria Guzman
- a servant in the Nasar household. She was seduced at a young age by Ibrahim
Nasar, and is worried that her daughter, Divina Flor, will fall into the same problem with
Santiago.

 Clotilde Armenta
- the proprietress of the milk shop that Pedro and Pablo Vicario wait in before killing
Santiago. She tries to warn Santiago of the danger, by telling a number of different
people to warn him, his mother, the local priest, and the mayor, but all of her attempts
fail.

 Don Rogelio de la Flor

- Clotilde Armenta's husband who doesn't believe her that the Vicario brothers are
actually planning on killing Santiago. He dies of shock (probably a heart attack) after
watching the murder.

 Divina Flor
- the daughter of Victoria Guzman. Santiago grabs her "whole pussy" as he leaves;
her mother is afraid that she'll fall under his trap like she did with his father.

 Cristo Bedoya
- one of Santiago's best friends. He spent all night and morning with Santiago, and
then tried to warn him once he found out about the murder plot, but couldn't find him.
He's also a good friend of the narrator.

 Luis Enrique
- the narrator's brother, who partied at Maria Cervantes's brothel and then serenaded
with the narrator, Santiago Nasar, and Cristo Bedoya. Supposedly, Pedro and Pablo
Vicario told them their plan to kill Santiago, but he was too drunk to remember.

 Margot
- the narrator's sister, who invites Santiago to breakfast the morning of his murder.
She seems to have a crush on Santiago, and thinks that Flora Miguel is a very lucky
woman.

 Father Amador
- the local priest, who is warned about the murder plot by Clothilde Armenta, but
then forgets in the panic of the bishop's visit. He also performs the autopsy while the
doctor is out of town.
 Dr. Dionisio Iguaran
- the local doctor, who would have performed the autopsy had he been in town. He
was present when Xius sold Bayardo San Roman his old house, and thinks that Xius died
of a broken heart from selling it.

 Colonel Lazaro Aponte

- the mayor of the town. He takes away the first two knives that the twins have, and
sends them home, but refuses to arrest them, so they come back. He also goes into the
social club to check on dominoes night instead of finding Santiago and warning him
about the murder plot.

 Faustino Santos
- a butcher friend of the Vicario brothers, who warns a local policeman of their plan.

 Officer Leandro Pornoy

- the officer that Faustino warned of the plan. He passes along the information to
Colonel Aponte, the mayor.

 General Petronio San Roman

- Bayardo's father, who was a hero of the civil wars of the past century.

 Alberta Simonds
- Bayardo's mother. She's considered to be one of the prettiest women in the Antilles.

 Prudencia Cotes
-Pablo Vicario's fiancee and later, wife. She told the narrator that she wouldn't have
married him if he hadn't acted like a man and killed Santiago.

 Yamil Shaium
-a friend of Ibrahim Nasar, who immigrated to the town with him. He tried to protect
Santiago by warning Cristo Bedoya, but it was too late. He then led the group of Arabs
that chased the Vicario twins into the church.

 Flora Miguel
- Santiago's fiancee who gives him back all of his letters that he wrote her when she
hears about the murder plot. She believes that the Vicario brothers won't kill Santiago,
but make him marry Angela to give back her honor.

 Nahir Miguel
 - the wise-man of the village, and Flora's father. He offered Santiago refuge after
realizing that Santiago had no idea why the twins wanted to kill him. He also offered
Santiago the use of his rifle, but Santiago refused both.

 the widower Xius

-the man who Bayardo San Roman bought their house from. Angela called his house
the prettiest in the town, so Bayardo paid him way more money than it was worth.
However, Xius died two months later, out of "tears bubbling in his heart" from having to
sell his wife's old house.

 Investigating Magistrate
- the judge the investigated the murder. His name isn't known, just that he had a
passion for literature, and that what bothered him most about the murder was the
absolute lack of evidence that Santiago had, in fact, taken Angela's virginity.

 Mercedes Barcha
- the narrator's fiancee and, eventually, wife. He proposed to her at Bayardo and
Angela's wedding festivities.

 Indalecio Pardo
- a friend of Santiago Nasar's. The Vicario twins essentially challenged him to warn
Santiago, but he was too afraid when it came down to it.

2. Setting
 A small Colombian coastal town

3. Plot
Introduction
On the morning after the wedding celebrations for Angela Vicario and Bayardo San
Román, Santiago Nasar, son of Plácida Linero and the late Ibrahim Nasar, wakes to greet
the bishop who is arriving by boat early that morning. When he enters the kitchen, both
the cook, Victoria Guzmán, and her daughter, Divina Flora, know what Santiago Nasar
will not learn for some time—that two men are waiting outside the house to kill him.
They, like many others Santiago will cross in the short time before his death, do not warn
him.

Rising Action

Bayardo San Román arrived in the town for the first time in August of the year before
looking for someone to marry.Prior to the wedding, Angela comes close to telling her
mother that she isn't a virgin but is dissuaded from her good intentions and follows the
advice of two confidantes who teach her how "to feign her lost possession" so that, on
her first morning as a newlywed, she can display the sheet with the stain of honor. When
her wedding night arrives, however, she is unable to carry out the "dirty" trick and is
returned to her parents' house by her husband. At home, Angela is beaten by her mother
and is confronted by her brothers, to whom she reveals the name of the man responsible:
Santiago Nasar.

Climax

After completing their gruesome task, the Vicario brothers surrender themselves to their
church and announce that although they killed Santiago Nasar openly, they are innocent
because it was a matter of honor. Despite their lack of remorse, the narrator tries to
demonstrate that the twins did all they could to have someone stop them.

In the meat market where the twins go to sharpen their knives, Pedro and Pablo take
every opportunity to announce their intentions. "We're going to kill Santiago Nasar,"
they say repeatedly. Later, at Clotilde Armenta's, they even reveal their plans to a
policeman who passes on the information to the mayor. The latter takes away the twins'
knives, but Clotilde Armenta believes the twins should be detained to spare them "from
the horrible duty that's fallen on them." She says this knowing that the Vicario brothers
are "not as eager to carry out the sentence as to find someone who would do them the
favor of stopping them."

Falling Action

Following Santiago Nasar's death, an autopsy is performed and determines that the cause
of death was a massive hemorrhage brought on by any one of seven major wounds. The
autopsy, a "massacre" performed by Father Amador in the absence of Dr. Dionosio
Iguarán, makes it impossible to preserve the body and Santiago is buried hurriedly at
dawn the next day.

On that day too the entire Vicario family, except the imprisoned twins, leaves town "until
spirits cool off." They never return. The twins remain imprisoned for three years
awaiting their trial but are eventually absolved of the crime. Pablo then marries his
longtime fiancée and Pedro re-enlists in the armed forces and disappears in guerrilla
territory.

For many, the only real victim in this tragedy is Bayardo San Román. He is found in his
home on the Saturday following the crime, unconscious and in the last stages of ethylic
intoxication. He recovers and is later taken away by his family. Angela, for her part, goes
"crazy" for her husband following her rejection on her wedding night. For years she
writes him a weekly letter until, one day, he shows up at her door, fat and balding, but
wearing the same belt and saddlebags he wore in his youth. He carries with him a
suitcase with clothing in order to stay and another filled with the almost two thousand
unopened letters that she'd written him.

Resolution
 It is only after parting from Margot and Cristo Bedoya, when Santiago enters the home
of his fiancée, Flora Miguel, that he is finally told that the Vicario brothers are waiting
for him to kill him. Flora Miguel has heard the news and, fearing that Santiago will be
forced to marry Angela Vicario to give her back her honor, returns to him his letters,
crying, "I hope they kill you."

When Santiago leaves his fiancée's house, confused and disoriented, he finds himself
amid crowds of people stationed on the square as they do on parade days. He begins to
walk towards his house and is spotted by the twins. Clotilde Armenta yells to Santiago to
run, but Santiago's mother, believing that her son is already up in his room, locks the
door seconds before he would have reached safety. Instead, the twins catch up to him and
carve him with their knives. The watching crowd shouts, "frightened by its own crime."
When the twins are done, Santiago is left "holding his hanging intestines in his hands,"
walks more than a hundred yards to the back door of his house and falls on his face in the
kitchen.

4. Theme
 Honor
Honor is taken very seriously. A person without honor is an outcast in the community.
All of the characters in the novel are influenced by this powerful construction of honor.
The defense of this idea is directly responsible for Santiago Nasar’s murder.

 Revenge

While the twins say the murder was necessary for their sister’s good name, and the courts
agree with them, many disagree, viewing the murder as a cruel act of revenge. The
manner in which they kill Santiago appears to be much more vicious than what a simple
murder for honor would entail. The twins stab him with such vengeance that they are
covered with blood themselves, and the main door of Placida Linero’s house, where
Santiago was killed, must be repaired by the city. Further supporting the view that the
twins acted in revenge is the fact that they show no remorse for the murder.

After the murder, the twins fear revenge from the Arab community. Even though they
believe they have rightfully murdered Santiago for their sister’s honor, the twins think
that the tightly knit community of Arabs will seek revenge for the loss of one of their
own. When Pablo becomes ill at the jail, Pedro is convinced that the Arabs have
poisoned him.

 Sex Roles

Purisima del Carmen, Angela Vicario’s mother, has raised her daughters to be good
wives. The girls do not marry until late in life, seldom socializing beyond the confines of
their own home. They spend their time doing embroidery, sewing, weaving, washing and
ironing, arranging flowers, making candy, and writing engagement announcements. They
also keep the old traditions alive, such as sitting up with the ill, comforting the dying,
and enshrouding the dead. While their mother believes they are perfect, men view them
as too tied to their women’s traditions.

Purisima del Carmen’s sons, on the other hand, are raised to be men. They serve in the
war, take over their father’s business when he goes blind, drink and party until all hours
of the night, and spend time in the local brothel. When the family insists on Angela’s
marrying Bayardo, a man she has seldom even seen, the twins stay out of it because, “It
looked to us like woman problems.” “Woman problems” become “men’s problems”
when the family calls the twins home upon Angela’s return. She feels relieved to let them
take the matter into their hands, as the family expects them to do.

 Ritual
Laten America marriages culture is an example or ritual. Purpose is to demonstrate the
man’s affluence and power, not love.
 Powerlessness of women, importance of cultural traditions like honor

5. Point of View
 First Person point of view García Márquez uses to tell the story. Narrating the story
from the first-person point of view is the unnamed son of Luisa Santiaga and brother
of Mar-got, Luis, Jaime, and a nun. Having returned to the river village after being
gone for twenty-seven years, the narrator tries to reconstruct the events of the day
that ends in the murder of Santiago Nasar. Typically, a first-person narrator gives his
own point of view but does not know what other characters are thinking: an ability
usually reserved for the third-person omniscient, or all-knowing, point of view. In
this novel, however, García Márquez bends the rules: the narrator tells the story in
the first person, yet he also relates everything everyone is thinking.

6. Conflict
 Class - Murder
- this is a story about the murder of a twenty-one year old aristocrat named Santiago
Nasar. Killed because he took the virginity og Angela Vicario before her wedding. Her
twin brotherss, Pedro and Pablo set out to kill Santiago.
 Conflict - Class
- women of lower classes were treated like animals. If Santiago Nasar was of a lower
social class, he wouldn’t have been blamed by Angela. Because there were matters of
contention between to two classes, the Vicario brothers were even more angry, and
wanted to kill santiago more

7. Resolution
 Fate of Santiago Nasar became his mortal enemy,the voice of Angela Vicario
became the weapon where a single life is loss. No one warned Santiago about the
intention of killing him. Reputation can be the most own way why the Vicario twins
did there actions it is because they don't want to ruined their famly's reputation.

8. Social Relevance
 The Novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold is based from the Social norms of
Colombian people where they want to protect their family's reputation no matter
what is the cost.

9. Moral Lesson
 Only God can judge us wether it is life or death. No matter how many precious
things you have still it cannot value your own life or someone's life.

PYGMALION
LITERARY REVIEW

CHARACTER

 Professor Henry Higgins - Higgins is a forty-year-old bachelor who specializes in

phonetics and who is an acclaimed authority on the subject of dialects, accents, and
phonetics.

 Eliza Doolittle - She is an uneducated, uncouth "guttersnipe," the flower girl whom
Higgins (for a dare) decides to mold into a duchess. She is probably twenty years
younger than Higgins.

 Alfred Doolittle - Eliza's father; he is a dustman with a sonorous voice and a Welsh
accent, who proudly believes in his position as a member of the "undeserving poor."

 Colonel Pickering - A distinguished retired officer and the author of Spoken

Sanskrit. He has come to England to meet the famous Professor Henry Higgins. He
is courteous and polite to Eliza, and he shares in Higgins' experiments in phonetics
in teaching Eliza to speak as a duchess.

 Mrs. Higgins - Henry Higgins' mother, who thoroughly loves her son but also
thoroughly disapproves of his manners, his language, and his social behavior.
 Mrs. Eynsford-Hill - A lady of the upper-middle class who is in a rather
impoverished condition but is still clinging to her gentility.

 Clara Eynsford-Hill - Her daughter; she tries to act the role of the modem,
advanced young person.

 Freddy Eynsford-Hill - Her son; he is a pleasant young man who is enchanted by

Eliza upon first meeting her.

 Mrs. Pearce - Professor Higgins' housekeeper of long standing. She is the one who
first sees the difficulty of what is to happen to Eliza after Higgins and Pickering have
finished their experiment with her.

SETTING
 London

PLOT
 Introduction
- On a rainy night in London, a poor girl sells flowers. Eliza Doolittle is a poor girl
with a thick accent and no prospects. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are gifted
linguists. The three have a fateful encounter one night in Covent Garden, during which
Higgins reveals his talents as a teacher.

 Rising Action
- Phonetics expert Higgins busily records the girl's words. Higgins chances on Indian
dialect expert, Pickering. Higgins claims that he could teach the girl to speak like a lady.
The flower girl, Eliza, takes Higgins up on his boast. Higgins begins tutoring Eliza in
speech and manners. Eliza's first test in public is a marginal success. Higgins's mother
scolds him for treating Eliza like a doll. Eliza's final test is a complete triumph. Higgins
dismissively proclaims the experiment is over.

Climax
 Enraged by Higgins's boorish insensitivity, Eliza runs off. After winning the bet,
Higgins acts like he was completely bored by the whole process. He and Pickering
proceed to talk about Eliza as if she hadn't even taken part in the plan. Eliza gets
 angry at Higgins and throws a slipper at him. Eliza decides to leave Higgins's
home, and the two argue until Higgins loses his cool and nearly hits Eliza.

Falling Action
 Higgins finds Eliza staying with his mother the next day. Eliza asserts she has
choices now and no longer needs him. Higgins accuses her of ingratitude, yet asks
her to return.

Denouement

 It turns out that Eliza has been at Mrs. Higgins's apartment the whole time. She
acts calm and collected, and gives Pickering most of the credit for her
transformation, thus infuriating Higgins. When Eliza, surprised by the appearance
of her father, howls as she used to before she was trained, Higgins declares
victory. The two proceed to have a long argument.

THEME
 Society and Class
In Pygmalion, we observe a society divided, separated by language, education, and
wealth. Shaw gives us a chance to see how that gap can be bridged, both successfully and
unsuccessfully. As he portrays it, London society cannot simply be defined by two terms,
"rich" and "poor."

Within each group there are smaller less obvious distinctions, and it is in the middle, in
that gray area between wealth and poverty that many of the most difficult questions arise
and from which the most surprising truths emerge.

 Women and Femininity

The depiction of women and attitudes toward them is impressively and sometimes
confusingly varied. They are shown as mothers and housekeepers – and as strong-willed
and independent. The play pays special attention to the problem of women's "place" in
society (or lack thereof), and Shaw offers no easy answers to the tough questions that
arise.

POINT OF VIEW
 The point of view in this play / book is Third Person Omnicient Narrator.
CONFLICT
 As the play Pygmalion which focuses on the Social Class of people in the society
most as women in the society who aren't treated equal. Likewise, Elaiza the
flowergirl characterize as the symbol of those female in london who aren't born to
have equal rights.

RESOLUTION
 As professor Higgins teach Elaiza Doolitle to become a proper lady so no one
couldn't judge her anymore. Respect gained her from being a woman who had equal
rights as men in the society. Professor Higgins transformed her to be a girl that can
be useful in the society.

SOCIAL RELEVANCE
 Among other things, this period of history was characterized by a particularly rigid
social hierarchy—but one that was beginning to decline as social mobility became
increasingly possible. The Pygmalion thought us that there is no gender that is
superior, social standards in life should be balance to any one.

MORAL LESSON
 No one have the right to judge anyone, only God can. Every one commits a sin, were
not born to be perfect and we are all equal. Our social class doesn’t define if were
going to be respected.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
LITERARY REVIEW

CHARACTER
 Uncle Tom
An old slave and the protagonist of the novel.

 Arthur Shelby
Tom's master in Kentucky. Shelby is characterized as a "kind" slaveowner; he is the
stereotypical Southern gentleman.

 Emily Shelby
Mr. Shelby's wife is a deeply devote woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence
upon her slaves.

 George Shelby
The master and mistress' son.

 Mr. Haley
the coarse slave trader who buys Tom and Harry from Mr. Shelby.

 Eliza
Mrs. Shelby's personal maid, the wife of George and the mother of little Harry.

 George Harris
Eliza's husband who lives on a neighboring plantation. Desperate for his freedom.

 Harry
George and Eliza's five-year-old son. He is both beautiful and talented, as he sings and
dances for the master's pleasure.

 Aunt Chloe
Uncle Tom's wife is a renowned cook.

 Tom Loker and Marks

the slave hunters Mr. Haley hires to track down Eliza.

 Sam and Andy

Slaves on the Shelby plantation who are ordered to help Haley look for Eliza. Because of
their elaborate schemes to stall the slave trader, Eliza has time to escape.
 Augustine St. Clare
Tom's master in New Orleans. He is is a very rich, romantic man who becomes very fond
of Tom when he saves his daughter from drowning.

 Marie St. Clare

Augustine's wife, who was once a popular Southern belle.

 Eva St. Clare

The five-year old "Little Eva" is characterized as a beautiful, angelic child.

 Miss Ophelia
St. Clare's northern cousin who comes to help him run the plantation affairs. S

 Topsy
the slave girl whom St. Clare bought for Miss Ophelia to reform.

 Simon Legree
Tom's evil and tyrranical final master. Legree is a Yankee who has moved to the South to
make his money in the plantation business.

 Cassy
Legree's mistress and Eliza's mother. She is the only person on the plantation who can
stand up to Legree, and she tries to protect Tom from his wrath.

 Sambo and Quimbo

Legree's oversears, who have been trained to brutalize their fellow slaves.

2. SETTING
 American South, Canada
The book begins in the mid-19th century on the Shelby plantation in Kentucky, where
Uncle Tom lives in a cabin with his wife and children. After fellow slave Eliza, the
"favorite" of Mrs. Shelby, learns that her son is being sold, she flees north up through
Ohio and on to Canada with her husband, also an escaped slave.

3. PLOT
Mr. Shelby trades Tom and Eliza’s son to slave trader, Mr. Haley.
Despite his misgivings, Mr. Shelby pays his debt by selling or trading his faithful slave,
Tom, and Eliza’s son, Harry. Eliza overhears enough to fear for her child. She asks her
mistress, Mrs. Shelby, if she thinks "master" will sell her boy. Mrs. Shelby tells her not
to be silly. However, Mr. Shelby has done just that and clears his conscience by making
Mr. Haleya promise that he will only sell the slave to good people. Meanwhile, George
Harris, Eliza’s husband, finds his own situation intolerable and he makes plans to escape
to Canada.

Eliza runs away with her son while faithful Tom stays to be shipped south. Eliza
overhears Mr. Shelby explain to his wife that he has sold Eliza’s son and Tom. After
warning Tom of his fate, Eliza runs away with her son in the night, heading to Canada.
This is the initial conflict that sets the story in motion.

Eliza makes it to the north side of the Ohio River, but Mr. Haley sends slave catchers
after her; meanwhile, Tom’s relatively pleasant life with the St. Clares is ruined when
Eva and Augustine St. Clare both die and Tom is put up for auction again. This
complicates both situations – Eliza is still hunted and Tom is no longer in touch with his
family so that they can buy his freedom.

Tom is sold to Simon Legree. Tom’s sale to a cruel master brings the novel to its main
point, demonstrating that slavery can leave good people in the power of Evil, as
represented by Legree.

Cassy and Emmeline escape. Tom is tortured but refuses to betray them; he dies rather
than confessing their whereabouts. Though the novel has reached its apex, there is still
more to come. Despite the fact that Tom has been sold to a man clearly intent on using
up his slaves and spitting them out, we still wonder whether Tom might possibly survive
– and our answer is no. He helps Cassy and Emmeline to flee, but when Legree discovers
their escape, he tortures and kills Tom.

Eliza and George Harris make it to Canada. Cassy is reunited with her daughter, Eliza,
while George Harris is reunited with his sister, Madame de Thoux. George Shelby
frees his slaves. Once Tom has died, the story wraps up relatively quickly. We learn that
George and Eliza have made it to Canada and are doing well. Through George Shelby,
Cassy discovers where her daughter is and Madame de Thoux finds her brother, George
Harris. George Shelby frees his slaves after witnessing the horror of what happened to
Tom.

The narrator explains the problems of slavery directly to the reader, reminding us that
both the North and the South are implicated in this evil institution. Stowe suggests some
possible solutions and concludes that it is our Christian duty to abolish slavery and
educate former slaves to be responsible citizens in a democratic America.

4. THEME
The theme of this is to show the slavery, the incompatibility of slavery and christian
values and the moral power of women. We can clearly seen the part of slavery. Harriet
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin specifically in order to illustrate and let others know the evil
and inhumanity of slavery to her mid-19th century American readers, for whom slavery
was a current and heated political issue. This novel shows not only the suffering and
misery of the slaves themselves, but also the way that slavery as an institution harms
everyone involved in it. Even those who do not participate directly in slavery are shown
to be complicit – such as northern politicians and citizens. Thus slavery, in addition to
being highly unethical, is portrayed as unviable in economic, social, and political terms
as well.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin demonstrates that one of the major problems with slavery is that it
wreaks havoc on the family structure, separating wives from their husbands and mothers
from their children. We believe that women played special roles in society as mothers,
housekeepers, and wives, and especially as Christian influences on the men around them.
In her view, feminine morality and maternal sentiment are crucial in the abolitionist
cause. The moral authority of northern women, and the sympathy of northern mothers
for slave mothers, are essential parts of anti-slavery appeal.

5. POINT OF VIEW
Third Person and Second Person Omniscient Narrator. The narrator in Uncle Tom’s
Cabin is able to present the inner thoughts of all characters and does so frequently.

6. CONFLICT
Eliza runs away with her son while faithful Tom stays to be shipped south. Eliza
overhears Mr. Shelby explain to his wife that he has sold Eliza’s son and Tom. After
warning Tom of his fate, Eliza runs away with her son in the night, heading to Canada.
This is the initial conflict that sets the story in motion.

7. RESOLUTION
The Shelbys free their slaves; the Harrises move to Liberia. George Shelby returns to the
Kentucky farm, where, after his fathers death, he sets all the slaves free in honor of
Tom’s memory. He urges them to think of Tom’s sacrifice everytime they look at his
cabin and lead to a strong Christian life, like just Tom did.

8. SOCIAL RELEVANCE
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the prompting of so many Americans to fully recognize the evils
of slavery, through Stowe’s portrayal of such brutalities as the forcible separation of
slave families and the beating to death of morally superb, Christ-like Uncle Tom, who
even forgives the evil master (Simon Legree) who kills him.
A great many people still ignore the poverty and suffering of others. Some even try to
justify their lack of charitable response, their selfishness, by blaming the poor for their
harsh situation and criticizing any and all social assistance programs. In fact, the majority
of Americans fail, time and time again, to commit themselves to any humanitarian
causes.
That so many people focus their entire concern on themselves and their family, while
often claiming to be Christian, is precisely the kind of failure of conscience that Stowe
was deeply alarmed by. Perhaps the old American assumption of personal righteousness
has something to do with this inability to see one’s own moral failure.

9. MORAL
Within the book itself, the message of Uncle Tom's Cabin is clear. Slavery was
fundamentally evil, corrupting everyone it touched and destroying the lives of good,
pious men like Uncle Tom. The point of the book was to emphasize the horrors of
slavery. The objections to slavery were based on her Christianity, and slavery in the book
is in many ways the antithesis of Christian beliefs. It consistently points out the
hypocrisy of Christian slaveholders, and Uncle Tom's Cabin is full of biblical references
that would have been readily understood by her readers.