GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

LAQ– 5 marks each

1. Define action potential. Describe the phases with ionic basis of action potential of a neuron.
2. Enumerate the various modes of transport across the cell membrane. Explain Primary OR Secondary
active transport.
3. Enumerate various modes of transport across cell membrane. Explain passive transport in detail.
4. Explain Properties of Action Potential.

SAQ– 3 marks each

1. Define homeostasis. Explain feedback mechanisms with suitable examples
2. Resting membrane potential
3. Compare and contrast simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
4. Gap junctions
5. Chronaxie and Rheobase
6. all or none law
7. Compare and contrast graded and non-graded potential
8. Na+ - K+ ATPase Pump
9. Primary active transport
10. Secondary active transport
11. Refractory period
12. All or none law
13. Factors affecting rate of diffusion

NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

LAQ - 5 marks each
1. Explain the events at N-M Junction. Add a note on Drugs acting on N-M Junction.
2. Explain the mechanism of Excitation contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle.
3. Describe the molecular basis of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. OR Describe Sliding filament
theory OR Walk along theory OR Rachet theory of skeletal muscle contraction.
4.Classify nerve fibers. Describe properties of nerve fibers in detail.
SAQ– 3 marks each (must know)
1. Myasthenia gravis.
2. Sarcotubular system
3. Triad in skeletal muscle
4. Role of Ca++ in muscle contraction
5. Motor unit
6. Propogation of nerve impulse
7. Difference between isometric and isotonic contractions.
8. Difference between fast and slow muscle fibres.
9. Role of ATP in muscle contraction
10. Rigor Mortis
11. Sarcomere
12. Wallerian degeneration
SAQ– 3 marks each (Desirable to know)
1. Electromyogram (EMG)
2. Explain Length tension relationship. Enumerate factors affecting tension in the muscle.
 BLOOD
LAQ– 5 marks each
1. Describe the stages of erythropoiesis. What are the factors regulating erythropoiesis.
2. Enumerate various blood groups. Discuss Rh system in detail. Add a note on HDN.
3. Enumerate the coagulation factors. Describe Intrinsic OR Extrinsic mechanism of coagulation.
4. Classify immunity. Discuss Cellular OR Humoral immunity.
5. Classify WBC’s. Discuss the functions of WBC’s.
6. Explain role of B Lymphocytes in immunity
7. Define and classify Anemia. Discuss Megaloblastic OR Iron deficiency anemia.

3 marks Questions (must know)

1. Pernicious anemia
2. Hemophilia
3. Functions of platelets .
4. Chemotaxis
5. Thrombocytopenia
6. Rh factor / Rh incompability/ Erytroblastosis fetalis
7. Lansteiner’s Law
8. Functions of plasma proteins
9. Hazards of mismatch blood transfusion
10. Erythropoietin
11. Phagocytosis
12. Cross matching
13. Chemotaxis
14. CD4 cells
15. ABO Blood group

3 marks Questions (Desirable to know)

1. Osmotic fragility
2. Polycythemia
3. Anti coagulants
4. PCV
5. ESR
6. Fibrinolysis
7. Arneth count
8. MCV / MCHC (blood indices)
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CVS)
LAQ’S - 5marks
1. Describe Origin and spread of cardiac impulse. Add a note on heart block.
2. Define cardiac cycle. Describe left ventricular pressure volume changes in left ventricle.
3. Describe regulation of Heart Rate.
4. ECG in lead II.
5. Enumerate Blood Pressure regulatory mechanisms. Discuss Baroreceptor mechanism in detail.
6. Enumerate Blood Pressure regulatory mechanisms. Describe role of Renin – Angiotensin system in
regulation of blood pressure.
7. Define cardiac output. Describe factors regulating cardiac output.
8. Discuss determinants of cardiac output
9. Define shock. Describe Compensated (Non- Progressive) stage of Hypovolemic shock
10. Define & Classify shock. Describe Non-Compensated (Progressive) stage of Hypovolemic shock. Add
a note on Physiological basis of treatment of shock.

3 mark Questions ( must know)

1. Pacemaker potential
2. Phases of cardiac cycle
3. Factors affecting stroke volume
4. Factors affecting venous return
5. Factors affecting heart rate
6. Fick’s principle
7. Baroreceptor reflex (Sino-Aortic reflex)
8. Hypertension
9. Coronary circulation
10. Heart sounds
11. Bainbridge reflex
12. Describe cardiovascular changes during moderate exercise.
13. Oxygen debt
14. Angina pectoris
15. ECG In Lead II
16. Determinants of blood pressure

3 mark Questions ( Desirable to know)

1. Peripheral resistance
2. Cardiac failure
3. State Poiseuille’s law. Explain factors determining the blood flow through vessels.
4. What are starling’s forces? Explain Physiological basis of Edema.
5. Reynold’s number
6. Bezold Zarisch reflex
7. Plateau Potential
8. Windkessel effect
9. Laplace Law
10. Plasma skimming
11. Muller’s manure
12. Cushing’s reflex
13. Valsalva manure
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LAQ– 5 marks each

1. Describe nervous regulation of respiration
2. Describe chemical regulation of respiration.
3. Describe transport of oxygen in detail.
4. Enumerate Lung volume & capacities. Define Forced vital capacity & explain factors affecting vital
capacity. What is the significance of FEV1 ?
5. Describe Mechanics of breathing /respiration/Pulmonary ventilation.
6. Describe Lung volumes and capacities with well labeled diagram of spirogram.
7. Name the forms in which CO2 is carried in the blood. Explain chloride shift.
8. Define lung compliance & state its normal value. Describe the factors affecting lung Compliance.
9. Define hypoxia. Describe different types of hypoxia. How will you treat hypoxia?
10. Draw & label O2 dissociation curve. Enumerate factors shifting the curve.
11. Draw & label the respiratory membrane. Explain the factors affecting the diffusion of gases
across the respiratory membrane.

SAQ – 3 marks each (must know)

1. Factors affecting lung compliance
2. Vital capacity
3. Define FRC. What is significance of FRC?
4. Functions of surfactant
5. Dysbarism
6. Hypoxic hypoxia
7. Explain the respiratory changes during moderate exercise
8. Acclimatization changes at high altitude
9. Physiological dead space
10. Hering Bruer (inflation and deflation) reflex
11. Haldane effect
12. Bhor effect
13. Ventilation – perfusion ratio

SAQ – 3 marks each (desirable to know)

1. Periodic breathing
2. Cyanosis
3. Positive pressure breathing
4. Chloride shift ( Hamburger phenomenon)
5. Mountain sickness
6. Ondine curse
7. Work of breathing
8. Pre – Bottzinger complex
9. J reflex ( Pulmonary stretch reflex)
10. Respiratory quotient
11. P50
12. Non- Respiratory functions of Lung
 GIT
LAQ - 5 marks Questions
1. Give the composition of gastric secretion. Describe regulation of gastric (HCL) secretion.
2. Give the composition of gastric secretion. Describe mechanism of secretion of gastric juice (HCL).
3. Give the composition and functions of pancreatic juice. Describe regulation of pancreatic secretion.
4. Describe the movements of small intestine in detail.
5. Explain the movement of large intestine. Add a note on defecation reflex.

SAQ - 3marks questions (must know)

1. Gastrin
2. CCK –PZ
3. Functions of bile juice
4. Peristalsis (mass peristalsis)
5. Defecation reflex
6. Functions of saliva
7. Peptic ulcer
8. Secretin
9. GIT Hormones
10. Deglutition reflex
11. Mixing movements
12. Factors affecting gastric emptying
13. Functions of liver
14. Jaundice

SAQ - 3marks questions (Desirable to know)

1. Physiology of Vomiting
2. Gastro colic reflex
3. Enteric nervous system
4. Entero hepatic circulation
5. Portal Hypertension
6. Entero gastric reflex
 EXCRETARY SYSTEM
LAQ– 5 marks each

1. Define Glomerular filtration rate? Explain various factors affecting it?

2. Discuss the mechanism of formation of concentrated urine OR counter current mechanism in kidney.
3. Define Glomerular filtration rate? Describe regulation of GFR in detail.
4. Describe innervations of urinary bladder. Explain micturition reflex. Add a note on atonic bladder.
5. What is milieu interieur? Describe role of kidney in regulation of ECF volume.
6. Tubulo glomerular feed back & glomerulo tubular balance.

SAQ -3marks each ( must know)

1. Renal clearance test (Inulin/ creatinine/PAH clearance)

2. Describe the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in detail.
3. Countercurrent multiplier system
4. Peculiarities of renal circulation
5. Functions of DCT
6. Functions of PCT

SAQ -3marks each ( desirable to know)

1. Diuretics
2. Artificial kidney (kidney dialysis)
3. Non excretory functions of kidney
 ENDOCRINE
LAQ – 5 marks each

1. Describe the synthesis & functions of the thyroid hormones. OR Describe the synthesis, functions &
regulation of secretion of thyroxine.
2 Enumerate hormones secreted by pituitary gland. Describe mechanism of action & function of growth
hormone. Add a note on dwarfism.
3. Describe the physiological actions of aldosterone. Write a note on aldosterone escape.
4. What are the major hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? Describe the actions of Glucocorticoids.
5. Describe the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism. Add a note on Hypocalcemic tetany.
6. Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose. Add a note on Diabetes mellitus.

SAQ– 3marks each (must know)

1. Mechanism of action of hormones (proteins & peptides/steroids/ thyroid)
2. Acromegaly
3. Gigantism
4. Myxedema
5. Difference between hypopitutary dwarf & hypothyroid dwarf (cretinism)
6. Hyperthyroidism ( Exopthalmic Goiter, Grave’s disease)
7. Cushing’s syndrome
8. Addison’s disease
9. Hypocalcemic tetany (Carpopedal spasm)
10. Actions of ADH
11. Actions of Oxytocin
12. Aldesterone escape

SAQ– 3marks each (desirable to know)

1. G protein
2. Second messenger system
3. Adreno genital syndrome
 SENSORY SYSTEM
LAQ with model answer – 5marks each

1. Enumerate ascending tracts of spinal cord.Differentiate between dorsal column medial leminscal
system & anterolateral system

2. Enumerate ascending tracts of spinal cord Describe origin, course, termination & functions of dorsal
column system.
3. Enumerate ascending tracts of spinal cord. Describe the pathway for touch sensation in our body.
4. Enumerate ascending tracts of spinal cord. Describe the pathway for pain sensation in our body.
5. Describe Physiology of Pain in detail.
6. What is reffered pain? Its mechanism & example.
7. Describe analgesic system in detail.
8. Define & classify Synapse. Describe Synaptic Inhibition in detail.
9. Define & classify Synapse. Describe Properties of synapse in details.
10. Define & classify Receptor. Describe Properties of receptors in details.
11. Define & classify Receptor. Explain receptor potential.
12. Define & classify Reflexes. Describe Properties of reflexes in details.

SAQ– 3 marks each (must know)

1. Receptor potential ( Generator potential)
2. Occlusion and subliminal fringe
3. Weber Fechner’s law
4. Phantom limb ( Law of projection)
5. Receptor adaptation
6. Stretch reflex (monosynaptic reflex, myotatic reflex, deep tendon reflex)
7. Crossed extensor reflex
8. Somatosensory cortex
9. Muscle spindle (structure with role in regulation of tone & posture in short)
10. Referred pain
11. Gate control theory (segmental inhibition of pain)
12. Thalamic syndrome

SAQ– 3 marks each (must know)

1. Compare & contrast neospinothalamic tract & paleospinothalamic tract.
2. Sensory homunculus
3. Supraspinal inhibition of pain
4. Synaptic plasticity
5. Golgi tendon organ
6. Inverse stretch reflex( Lengthening reaction)
7. Withdrawal reflex
8. Renshaw cell inhibition
9. Reciprocal inhibition
10. Superficial reflex
11. Thermo receptors
 SPECIAL SENSES
LAQ– 5 marks each
A) EYE (VISION)
1. Describe different errors of refraction of eye and write how they are corrected?
2. Describe Accommodation reflex. Add a note on presbyopia.
3. Draw a well labeled diagram of visual pathway & describe defects produced by its lesions at
various levels.
4. Explain theories of color vision. Add a note on color blindness?
5. Dark adaptation & Light Adaptation.
6. Describe photochemistry of vision and mechanism of dark adaptation. OR Describe the changes
taking place in the retina when light falls on it?

B) EAR (HEARING)
1. Describe the mechanism of hearing in detail.
2. Describe the structure of organ of corti & its role in hearing.

SAQ – 3 marks each (must know)

1. Photoreceptor potential
2. Light reflex
3. Argyll Robertson pupil
4. Dark adaptation
5. Nystagmus
6. Auditory pathway
7. Place principle
8. Deafness
9. Taste pathway
10. Impedance matching
11. Functions of rods & cones
12. Astigmatism
13. Theories of color vision

SAQ – 3 marks each (desirable to know)

1. Pathway for smell
2. Auditory cortex
3. Visual cortex
4. Reduced / schematic eye
5. Functions of ganglion cells
6. Spherical and chromatic aberrations
7. Tests for color vision
8. Color blindness
 PHYSIOLOGY OF HIGHER FUNCTIONS
LAQ – 5marks each
1. Describe the connections & functions of hypothalamus.

SAQ – 3marks each (must know)

1. Give the differences between REM sleep & NREM Sleep.
2. Aphasia.
3. Define memory. Explain types of memory.
4. Explain role of hypothalamus in feeding behavior.
5. Give the differences between categorical hemisphere & representational hemisphere.
6. Explain functions of prefrontal cortex
7. Explain role of hypothalamus in temperature regulation.
8. Peculiarities (special/salient features) of cerebral circulation
9. Functions of Thalamus
10. Thalamic syndrome

SAQ – 3marks each (desirable to know)

1. Functions of CSF
2. Syncope
3. Regulation of cerebral circulation.
4. compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning
5. Functions of Blood Brain Barrier
6. Leptin
7. Kluver Bucy syndrome

TEMPERATURE REGULATION
SAQ – 3 marks each
1. Describe the response of body when exposed to extreme cold.
2. Explain the mechanism of heat loss from the body.
3. Explain the role of hypothalamus when body is exposed to heat.
 MOTOR SYSTEM
5 mark Questions
1. Describe the origin, course, termination and functions of pyramidal tract. OR Enumerate the
descending tracts. Describe origin, course, termination & functions of corticospinal tract
2. Describe the effects of complete transaction of spinal cord in different stages.
3. Describe the effects of complete transaction of spinal cord in different stages.
4. Define muscle tone. Describe role of stretch reflex in regulation of muscle tone.
5. Define muscle tone Describe supra spinal control of muscle one.
6. Describe connections and functions of cerebellum.
7. Describe connections and functions of basal ganglia.
8. Describe postural reflexes controlled at midbrain level.

3 mark Questions (must know)

1. Brown sequard syndrome / Hemisection of spinal cord
2. Parkinsonism / Paralysis agitans.
3. Compare and contrast pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.
4. Righting reflexes
5. Hemiplegia
6. Functions of pyramidal tract
7. Cerebellar disorders
8. Functions of basal ganglia
9. Difference between UMN & LMN lesion
10. Functions of semicircular canal
11. Babinski’s sign

3 mark Questions (desirable to know)

1. Decerebrate rigidity
2. Motor homunculus
3. Motor cortex
4. Describe the postural reflexes regulated at spinal cord level
5. Spinal animal
6. otolith organ
7. Romberg’s sign
8. Meneire’s disease
9. Choreo - Athetosis
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LAQ – 5 marks each

1. Describe phases & hormonal control of menstrual cycle.

SAQ– 3 marks each (must know)

1. Puberty
2. Ovulation.
3. Spermatogenesis.
4. Indicators (tests) of ovulation
5. Functions of placenta.
6. Milk ejection reflex.(milk let down reflex)
7. Actions of progesterone.
8. Actions of estrogen.
9. Actions of testosterone.
10.Oral Contraceptives

SAQ– 3 marks each (desirable to know)

1. Maternal changes during pregnancy
2. Foetal circulation
3. Describe circulatory changes at birth
4. Physiological changes occurring during pregnancy