Preliminary System

Design
Preliminary System Design

➢ also known as advance development,

begins by establishing a functional
baseline.
 Subsystem Functional
Analysis
➢ Functional analysis is the iterative process of breaking
down or decomposing requirements from the system
level to the subsystem level.

➢ These resources are in the form of hardware, software,

people, facilities, data or combination.

➢ Evolves from the identified need, the results of the

feasibility analysis, the definition of the system
operational requirements, and the maintenance concept.
The Functional Analysis Process
➢ System defined in functional terms through the
generation of a series of “block diagrams”.

➢ Block diagramming approach aids in the establishment

of activity sequences and series-parallel relationships
and in defining major functional interfaces that exist
between various system components.
The Functional Analysis Process

The functional analysis process reflects the:

➢ “Whats” that must be accomplished to achieve desired
objectives.
➢ Conversion to “hows” is accomplished by evaluating
each individual block.
➢ Defining the necessary “inputs” and expected
“outputs” describing external controls and constraints.
• This figure will show a breakout of the design
function with the need for people, materials,
facilities and design aids.
The Functional Analysis Process

➢ Timeline Analysis- may be used to identify

when the specific “resources” will be required
and for how long. If there are parallel and
conflicting requirements, two or more of the
same item may be required.

➢ Combining and integrating some resources to

accomplish multiple functions may be possible,
leading to economy in resource consumption.
 Maintenance Functional Flows

➢ Once the operational functions are defined, the

system description should lead to the
identification of maintenance functions.
Maintenance Functional Flows

There are specified performance

requirements for each operational function. A
check of the applicable function will be applicable
function will indicate either a “go” or a “no-go”
decision (represented by “G” and “G” respectively)
 Maintenance Functional Flows
▪ “go” decision- leads to check of the next
operational function.

▪ “no-go” decision- (constituting a symptom of

failure) provides a starting point of the
development of detailed maintenance
functional flows and logic trouble shooting
diagram.
A top level functional flow diagram
 Maintenance Functional Flows
▪ Maintenance functional flow diagrams are
prepared for the purpose of establishing
supportability design criteria for both the prime
elements of the system and the maintenance
and logistic support infrastructure.
 Maintenance Functional Flows
▪ Flow diagrams should be prepared for
corrective maintenance, preventive
maintenance, inspection, servicing,
transportation and handling, support
equipment maintenance.

▪ They are developed and used to supplement

and/or update the system maintenance
concept.
Functional Analysis Summary

➢ Provides an initial description of the system, its

applicability is extensive.

➢ Serve as a “baseline” for definition of

equipment requirements, software requirements,
whether to support operational functions or
maintenance functions.
Functional Analysis Summary

➢ These requirements have often derived

independently.

➢ The various design disciplines often do not

“track” the same baseline, leading to
unsatisfactory results.
▪ A major objective of the system
engineering is to develop one set of
requirements and to define a single
baseline from which all lower-level
requirements may evolve.
▪ Functional packaging of system elements-
technology integration; equipment packaging;
software modularization.

▪ Reliability Analysis- reliability models and

blocks diagrams; failure mode, effects and
critically analysis; level of repair analysis.
▪ Maintainability Analysis- maintenance task
analysis; diagnostic and testability analysis; level of
repair analysis.
▪ Human factor and safety- operator task analysis;
operational sequence diagrams; system
safety/hazard analysis’ personnel training
requirements
▪ Maintenance and logistic support analysis-
spares/repair parts and associated inventory
requirements; test and support equipment
requirements; personnel requirements; facility
layout and design; technical data packaging;
computer resources.
▪ Economical Analysis- life-cycle cost analysis,
functional costing: activity-based costing by
function.
Requirements Allocation

▪ Lower-level elements of the system are defined

by combining (or grouping) similar functions
into logical subdivisions, identifying major
subsystems, configuration units.
The functional packaging of the
system into major elements
• The approach often followed results in
designing or procuring the units first and the
hoping that, when integrated later, the over-all
system requirements will be met. If the proper
top down requirements are established from the
beginning, there is a much better chance that
the various elements of the system will be
compatible with system functional requirements
and with each other. Accordingly the need for
downstream modifications will be minimized.
▪ In the development of the design goals at the
unit level, priorities established for the system
must be addressed and the desired
characteristics of design must be identified
.
▪ Design characteristics should be tailored in
response to relative performance of each of
the planned system measures.
 Allocation should consider all significant
parameters stated in the form of maximum or
minimum requirements. These inclu8de the following:
1. System performance and physical parameters,
such as range, accuracy, speed, capacity, output
rate, power rating, size and volume.
2. System effectiveness factors, such as operational
availability, maintainability, producibility,
dependability, supportability, and disposability.
 3. System support capability factors such as the
transportation or supply times between levels of
maintenance, test equipment use and reliability, facility
use, information transfer rates, and personnel
effectiveness factors.

4. System life-cycle cost factors including

research and development cost investment or
production cost, operation and maintenance support
cost, and system retirement and disposal cost.
 Design Requirements
(Parameters)
The basic design objectives for the system and its
elements must be:

1. Be compatible with the system operational

requirements and the maintenance concept.
2. Comply with the allocated design criteria
established by the procedure.
3. Meet all specification requirements.
In all cases, design activity must consider downstream
outcomes having to do with a primary purpose as well as
with production, operation, maintenance, phase out, and
disposal. These design dependent parameters (TPM:
Technical Parameters Measures) are briefly described
subsequently:

1Design for functional capability- functional

capability derives from the characteristics of design that
relate to the technical performance of the system.

2. Design for Reliability-Reliability is that

characteristic of design and installation concerned
with the successful operation of the system
throughout its planned mission.
3. Design for Maintainability-Maintainability is
that characteristic of design and installation that
reflects the ease, accuracy, safety and economy of
performing maintenance action.

4. Design for Usability and Safety-Usability is

that characteristic of design concerned with the
interfaces between the human and hardware,the
human and software,the human and facilities,and
so on (i.e.,ensuring the compatibilitybetween,and
safety of,system physical and functional design
features and the human element in the
operation,maintenanceand support of the system).
• 5. Design for Supportability and
Serviceability-Supportability and Serviceability
are characteristics of design that ensure that the
system can ultimately be serviced and supported
effectively and effieciently throughout its
planned life cycle.

• 6. .Design for Producibility and Disposability-

Producibility is that characteristic of design that
pertains to the ease and economy of producing
a system or product
• 7. Design for Affordability-Economic
feasibility or affordability are characteristics of
design and installation that impact budget
constraints.
Engineering Design Technologies

▪ To design is to project and evaluate ideas for

bringing a needed system or product into being.
A design is an abstraction of what could be.
▪ For the design process to yield a good result
numerous abstraction (design alternatives) must
be formulated and evaluated.
 Computer-Aided Engineering
Design (CAED)
▪ The designer must solve a variety of problems
and evaluate numerous amount of time, and
still must define a total system or product that
will meet all requirement effectively and
efficiently in a highly competitive international
environment.
▪ Generic categories of computer-aided
methods include CAD, CAED, and computer-
aided acquisition and logistic support (CALS)
▪ It is used to generate drawings and graphic
displays to facilitate the accomplishments of
analyses, to develop materials.
Application of CAED Technologies

▪ The application of CAD, CAM, CALS, and related

tools promotes the integration of these various
methods into a single entity.

▪ These design-related aids must be readily

available and easy to use, compatible with each
other facilitating the flow of information in a
timely manner, and adaptable to the system or
product design configuration at hand.
▪ Referring to the figure the objective of CAD is to
allow the accomplishments of design analyses,
the projection of various design configurations
in terms of three dimensional graphical
presentation, the accomplishment of reliability
and maintainability predictions, the generation
of design material lists.
▪
 The use of CAD, CAM, and CALS methods,
implemented on an integrated basis, offers
many advantages. A few of these are the
following:

• 1. The designer can address many different

alternatives in a relatively short time frame.
• 2. The designer is able to simulate, and verify
design, for a greater number of configurations
by using three-dimensional projections.
• 3. The ability to incorporate design changes is
enhanced, both in terms of the reduced time
for accomplishing them in the accuracy of
data presentation.
• 4. The quality of design is improved, both in
terms of the methods for data presentation and
in the reproduction of individual data elements.

• 5. The availability of an improved database

earlier in system life cycle(with better methods
for presenting design configurations) facilities
the training of personnel assigned to the project.
The relationship of CAD, CAM,
CALS and MacroCAD
Analytical Model and Tools

▪ The design evaluation process may be defined

facilitated further through the use of various
analytical models or tools in support of the
MacroCAD objective.
▪ A model, in this context is a simplified
representation of the real world which abstracts
features of the situation relative to the problem
being analyzed.
▪ A tool employed by an analyst to assess the
likely consequences of various alternative
courses of action being examined.
 Synthesis and Design Definition

▪ Synthesis- combining and structuring of parts

and elements.

System synthesis is achieved when

sufficient preliminary design progress has been
made and trade-off studies have been
accomplished to confirm and assure the
completeness of the system performance, and
other design requirements.
System Design Reviews

• The basic objectives of formal design review are

introduced . Design is a progression form a
defined need to an entity that will perform a
useful function in a satisfactory manner.