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CRIME TYPOLOGIES

Introduction to Criminology (Philippine College of Criminology)

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WEEK 9 - CRIME TYPOLOGIES  GANGING

 WEAPONS AVAILABILITY
2. PROPERTY CRIME:
• Property crime can include theft, breaking and entering,
burglary, auto theft, arson and vandalism.

3. WHITE-COLLAR CRIME:
• most common white-collar crimes are Money laundering.
Regardless of why people commit crime, their acts are
Intellectual property theft, Identity theft. Embezzlement,
defined by law as falling into crime categories. Our
Health care fraud, Ponzi schemes
book of crimes (RPC), classified it into fourteen titles
such as crimes against national security and law of the
nations; crimes against the fundamental laws of the
4. ORGANIZED CRIME:
state and many others. Moreover, there are crimes
punishable by special laws to supplement the Revised • Crimes such as drug trafficking, migrant smuggling,
Penal Code. human trafficking, money laundering, firearms trafficking,
illegal gambling, extortion, counterfeit goods, wildlife and
cultural property smuggling, and cybercrime.
TOPIC 1 CRIME TYPOLOGIES

5. CONSENSUAL OR VICTIMLESS CRIME

WHAT IS TYPOLOGY?
• Since crimes of this type do not actually exist, there is no
According to Oxford Languages typology means real concept of a "VICTIMLESS CRIME". However, there are
a variety of legislative crimes that do not have an apparent
• a classification according to general type, especially
victim if they are involved. The dichotomy of these claims
in archaeology, psychology, or the social sciences.
is that it is possible to view the term "victimless" as
(noun)
broadly or as narrowly as one wants. The conventional
It is a common social process to classify people into view is that laws are developed and derived from moral
types according to distinguishing characteristics or and ethical principles to uphold societal norms. Some of
modes of action that are supposed to describe them. In these crimes include illicit drug use: prostitution;
criminological perspectives, criminal behaviors are drunkenness; pornography: gambling; and various sexual
grouped into their focus and consequences are activities, and are of a minor nature and affect individuals
referred to as crime typologies, such as violent crimes, rather than society in? general.
enterprise crimes, organized crimes and public order
Many more complex crimes occur within each group.
crimes. Criminologists usually classify offences into
Violent crime, for example, involves murder, aggravated
several main categories:
and simple assault, rape and sexual assault, and robbery,
while vandalism, larceny (theft of personal property), theft
of motor vehicles, and arson are part of property crime.
1. VIOLENT CRIME:
Since many chapters or even a whole book or more will
• In a violent crime, a victim is harmed by or require a complete discussion of the various forms of
threatened with violence. Violent crimes include rape crime, we illustrate here the most important dimensions of
and sexual assault, robbery, assault and murder. the major categories of crime and the concerns they pose
for public safety and control of crime.

 PROMINENT EXPLANATIONS FOR VIOLENT

BEHAVIOR TOPIC 2 - TYPOLOGIES OF OFFENDERS
 PERSONAL TRAITS
 INEFFECTIVE FAMILIES
 SUBSTANCE ABUSE WHAT IS OFFENDER TYPOLOGY?
 HUMAN INSTINCTS
 REGIONAL/CULTURAL VALUES

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• Sorting people into types according to distinguishing In order to financially profit from the offence, the
traits or forms of behavior that are presumed to criminally violent defendant typically commits
characterize them is a common social process. economic as well as property-related offenses and, in
some cases, violent crimes. These criminals are usually
Such typologies define categories of criminals on the
better trained compared to the first group of offenders.
basis of the crimes with which the perpetrator is
These criminals, however, are infamous for using their
currently involved, his or her criminal career or past
gained abilities to commit numerous crimes.
criminal record, and the lawbreaker's self-concept and
role-related attitudes. 3. PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - Mental
illness or brain damage characterizes the pathologically
violent offenders.
TYPOLOGY OF OFFENDERS
A pathologically violent offender, as a result of
1. CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - individuals who psychiatric illness or psychological abnormalities such
live in a subculture in which violence is an acceptable as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, commits crimes.
problem-solving mechanism. This is prevalent among These criminals use force to commit most of their
lower income minorities from slum environments of offences, and are likely to commit crimes such as
large central cities. kidnapping, serial killings or sexual crimes that are
followed by abuse and sadism. Furthermore, this
Violence is, in part, a means to achieve identity, as well
category is likely to have had little if any education,
as a way to obtain social capital that can be interpreted
comparable to culturally violent criminals, hence its
in the sense of culture. Criminal development is a
relatively poor performance at school.
nuanced mechanism that incorporates personal
vulnerabilities (e.g., low intelligence, weak attachment,
vulnerability to abuse) with social disadvantages (e.g.,
4. SITUATIONALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - offenders
poverty, weak role modeling, lack of educational
commit acts of violence on rare occasions, often under
opportunities) that have the effect of eliminating
provocations these incidents are often described as
channels of social capital that contribute to essential
crimes of passion in which the individual temporarily
personal needs being met. In this sense, crime
loses control and often expresses regrets for the action
becomes a means by which social capital can be gained
later.
by an individual.
Situational violent criminals, by being near relatives,
As criminals who have historically been subjected to
colleagues, school mates and so on, are generally
their subcultures over a period of time, culturally
familiar with their victims. Such criminals do not have
violent perpetrators are. Typically, these criminals have
records of prior offence and even their level of school
little schooling and little social skills and thus their
and performance is comparatively higher than any of
offending can be related to them acting out their
the previously described three categories.
grievances and resentment towards any group or
society that could not provide them with better
opportunities.
SYNTHESIS
Here are the module's key ideas:
2. CRIMINALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - offenders use
• Criminal typology provides a means of creating
violence as a means of accomplishing a criminal act,
general summary statements concerning observed
such as in robbery.
facts regarding a specific class of criminals who are
sufficiently homogeneous (of the same kind) to be
regarded as a type, rather than attempting to research
WHAT CRIMES ARE CONSIDERED VIOLENT FELONIES?
criminals as a single species. Most typologies are
There are a number of felony violent crimes, all of criminals and delinquents are focused on age, sex,
which have different potential penalties. The most current crime, personality and social class, typologies
common of these are criminal homicides, including of crime.
murder and manslaughter; robbery, rape or sexual
• In classifying offenders, we have come to realize that
assault, battery and domestic violence, as well as
their differences lie on different reasons associated
kidnapping.
with their education, environment or other factors that
affect their development and some commit crime

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depending on the circumstances presented to them 3. Substance abuse.

which thereafter they show remorse for their acts
4. Human instincts
done.
5. Regional values
6. Ganging
7. Cultural values
8. Weapon availability

Week 10 – VIOLENT CRIMES

LEGACIES CONTRIBUTING TO CONTEMPORARY
VIOLENCE
1. Idealized version of manhood
2. Guns/Deadly weapons ownership

3. Independence from authority (taking matters into

their own hand)
Crime is present in various forms in the Philippines, 4. Belief in violence as solution to problem
and remains a serious issue throughout the country.
Illegal drug trade, human trafficking, arms trafficking,
murder, corruption and domestic violence remain PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN VIOLENT CRIMES
significant concerns. The Philippines has one of the
1. It is a phenomenon in large cities
high rate of murder cases in the highest in Southeast
Asia. Most major cities are plagued with a high 2. It is mostly committed by males.
prevalence of crime.
3. Concentrated among youths
4. It is committed by individuals at the lower end of the
occupational scale
TOPIC 1-VIOLENT CRIMES 5. Crimes stems from the slums
6. Unlike robbery, the other violent crimes of homicide,
assault and rape tend to be act of passion among
There are a number of competing explanations for
intimates and acquaintances
violent behavior. Konrad Lorenz and Robert Ardrey
argue that humans have killer instincts; violence or 7. People are generally no stranger to violent crimes
aggression which are inherently human traits that can
affect any person at any time; some said that violence
prone individual may themselves have been the victims A. MASS MURDER AND SERIAL KILLING
of physical or psychological abnormalities; and some
Serial killers and mass murderers are two different
claimed that there are violence sub-cultures within the
violent offenders. The former operates over a long
society whose members value force and consider
period of time and can be distinguished from mass
violence to have been an acceptable place in social
murderers for the latter kill many victims in a single
interaction. To sum up, this item will review some
violent act.
hypothetical causes, trends and patterns of violence.
TYPES OF SERIAL KILLERS:
1. THRILL KILLER - they strive for sexual sadism. Most
MOST PROMINENT EXPLANATIONS FOR VIOLENT
common type of serial killer
BEHAVIOR
2. MISSION KILLER - they want to reform the world
1. Personal traits
that drives them to kill.
2. Ineffective families.

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3. EXPEDIENCE KILLER - they will kill for profit or C. CHILD AND SPOUSE ABUSE
protect themselves from threat.
CHILD ABUSE
Adults are like gods to small children; they are
TYPES OF MASS MURDERERS: bigger and smarter, they provide necessities, and they
explain and negotiate the bewildering world out there.
1. REVENGE KILLERS - seeks to get even with
individuals or society at large
While Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has apparent
2. LOVE KILLERS - Motivated by warped sense of negative effects on the concerned parents/caregivers,
devotion. Often commit suicide and take others life there are also significant implications for children in
with them (spouse and their children). their homes who are exposed to IPV.
This may involve physical effects such as poor physical
3. PROFIT KILLERS - tries to cover-up crime, eliminate
health and use of drugs, as well as negative mental
witnesses, and carry out a criminal conspiracy
health outcomes such as signs of anxiety, depression,
4. TERRORIST KILLERS - they try to send messages to and post-traumatic stress. Children can be violent and
warn the society about the impending doom. act out, and their parents may not link the conduct to
the home's IPV exposure. In an effort to conceal the
abuse in the household, the family unit itself may
B. RAPE AS VIOLENT CRIME become isolated from other family members or friends.

Rape is derived from the Latin "Rapere" or to take

A established correlation between domestic violence
by force, often perceived primarily as sexual-motivated
and child abuse is also present. Intimate partner
act. However, upon enactment of RA 8353, (Anti-Rape
violence (IPV), a form of domestic violence, affects
Law of 1997) amending the RPC, rape is identified
children and families in a widespread epidemic. There
primarily as a violent act in which sexual relations are
is evidence to indicate that variables such as the
merely a means of expressing violence, aggression and
history of parental abuse, socioeconomic status, drug
domination. It is divided into 2 acts, RAPE BY SEXUAL
use, and features of the community are important
INTERCOURSE and RAPE BY SEXUAL ASSAULT, which
predictors of IPV in children's homes.
could be committed by male and female.
In the Philippines, the prevalence of the incidence of
child abuse have reached the limit, prompting the
(3) TYPES OF RAPE;
government to enact RA 7610 (An Act Providing strong
1. ANGER RAPE - sexual attack becomes a means of Deterrence and Special Protection Against Child
expressing rage or anger and involves far more physical Abuse, Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its
assault upon the victim than is necessary. Violation and Other Purpose)

2. POWER RAPE - assailant dominates the victim. The

CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE
rapist generally uses only the amount of force
necessary to exert his super-ordinant position.
• Family violence seem to be perpetuated from one
3. SADISTIC RAPE - assailant combines the sexuality generation to another within the families
and aggression aims in puschotic (psychotic) desires to
often torment, torture, or otherwise abuse his victim. • The behavior of abusive parents can often be traced
to negative experiences in their own childhood

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RAPIST • Blended families which include children living with

unrelated adult such as stepparent or another
 Poor relationship with women, indicating a general
unrelated neighbor; and
inability to develop interpersonal relations, lack of
confidence and negative self-concept
• Isolation from friends, neighbors, and relatives who
 Seek power or dominance over their victims can help in times of need.

 Planned to have sex on the day of the commission SPOUSAL ABUSE

and rape was their intention

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Spousal abuse has occurred throughout recorded E. HATE CRIMES

history. Roman men have the legal right to beat their
Hate crimes are violent acts directed towards a
wives for minor acts. This practice significantly declined
particular person or members of a group merely
over the span of time. But the idea forms the
because the targets share discernable racial, ethnic,
foundation of men's traditional physical control of
religious or gender characteristics.
women and has led to severe cases of spousal assault.

In the Philippines, the enactment of RA 9262 otherwise F. TERRORISM

known as Anti Violence Against Women and their
Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence
Children Act of 2004 expressly prohibited and punished
against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
acts involving violence against women spouse and their
government or its citizens to further certain political or
children.
social objectives.
FACTORS THAT PREDICT SPOUSAL ABUSE

1. Presence of alcohol and dangerous drugs In the Philippines, crime of terrorism is defined and
2. Hostility towards dependency punished by RA 9372 an Act to Secure the State and
3. Excessive brooding (deep unhappiness of thought) Protect Our people From Terrorism. Also known as the
4. Social approval "Human Security Act of 2007". This law was approved on
5. Socioeconomic factors March 6, 2007.
6. Flashes of anger
7. Military service We also have The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, officially
8. Having been battered children designated as Republic Act No. 11479, is a Philippine law
9. Unpredictable-ness whose intent is to prevent, prohibit, and penalize terrorism
in the Philippines. The law was signed by President Rodrigo
D. ROBBERY Duterte on July 3, 2020 and effectively replaced the
Robbery is the unlawful taking of another's property Human Security Act of 2007 on July 18, 2020.
employing force, violence and intimidation upon
things. The 2020 Anti-Terrorism Act repeals the 2007 Human
Protection Act, amending some of the provisions and
TYPES OF ROBBERS definitions of terrorism. One of the key writers of the Anti-
1. PROFESSIONAL ROBBERS - these are robbers who Terrorism Act of 2020, Senator Panfilo Lacson, said the
have a long-term commitment to crime as a source of 2007 Human Security Act was a "dead letter rule" because
livelihood it was "seriously underutilized" because it only resulted in
2. OPPORTUNIST ROBBERS - they steal to obtain small a single convicted felon and had only one prescribed
amounts of money when an accessible target presents agency, the Abu Sayyaf.
itself.
3. ADDICT ROBBERS - they steal to support their drug CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF TERRORISM
habits
4. ALCOHOLIC ROBBERS - robbers who steal for 1. STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM, which consists
reasons related to their excessive consumption of of terrorist acts on a state or government by a
alcohol. state or government.

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2. DISSENT TERRORISM, which are terroristCriminals may use the internet to conduct fraud
schemes and then seek legitimate enterprises to
groups which have rebelled against their
launder money, diversify their source of income,
government. increase their power and influence, and gain and
3. TERRORISTS AND THE LEFT AND RIGHT, whichenhance respectability.
are groups rooted in political ideology.
Otherwise, legitimate business people may turn to
organized criminals to help them with economic
4. RELIGIOUS TERRORISM, which are terroristproblems, typhoons or threat competition and increase
groups which are extremely religiouslytheir influence. whereas some corporate executives
cheat to improve motivated purely for personal gain,
motivated and acting more like organized criminals than indiscreet
business people.
5. CRIMINAL TERRORISM, which are terrorists
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit.

In the 1930s, the criminologists Edwin Sutherland first

coined the phrase the white-collar crime to describe
the criminal activities of the rich and powerful define
the white-collar crime as a crime committed by a
TOPIC 2 - ECONOMIC CRIMES person of
respectability and high social status in the course of his
Economic offenses apply to criminal acts performed occupation as Sutherland saw it, white collar crimes
to achieve a financial or professional benefit by a Involves conspiracies by members of the wealthy
person or a group of individuals. In such offences, classes to use their position in commerce and industry
economic benefit is the principal motive of the for personal gain without regard to law.
perpetrator. Examples of economic crimes include
cybercrimes, tax evasion, bribery, the trafficking of CYBERCRIMES
controlled drugs, and economic assistance violations.
These are a new breed of white color of fences that can
A crime of the marketplace, economic or enterprise be singular or ongoing and typically involve the theft of
crimes are committed when a person uses illegal information, resources, or funds. Cybercriminals use
tactics to make profit. emerging forms of technology to commit criminal acts.
in other instances, the use of technology to commit
THERE ARE THREE (3) CATEGORIES OF THESE CRIMES crime such as fraud and theft. In other instances, the
OF ILLICIT ENTREPRENEURSHIP, NAMELY: technology itself is the target. Example is illegal copying
and sale of computer software.
1. WHITE COLLAR CRIMES - which involve illegal
activities of people and institutions whose FORMS OF CYBER CRIMES
acknowledged purpose is profit through illegitimate
business transactions 1. Internet crimes such as sailing of pornographic
materials on the internet and swindling.
2. CYBER CRIMES - which involves people using the
modern technology for criminal purpose 2. Computer crimes such as computer related deaths
like the trojan horse in which one computer is used to
3. ORGANIZED CRIMES - which involves illegal activities reprogram another for illicit purposes. the salami slice
of people and organizations whose acknowledged where an employee sets up a dummy account in the
purpose is profit through illegitimate business company's computerized records a small amount is
enterprise. subtracted from Customers accounts and added to the
account of the thief or installing a virus in a computer
Cybercrimes, organized crimes, and white-collar system.
crimes are linked together because in each category,
offenders twist the legal rules of commercial enterprise ORGANIZED CRIMES
for criminal purposes. The three often overlap.

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Third branch of enterprise criminality involves

organized crime ongoing criminal enterprise groups
TOPIC 1 - PUBLIC CRIMES
whose ultimate purpose is to personal economic gain
through illegitimate means. He restructured enterprise
system is set up to continually supply consumers with
Public order crimes are acts considered illegal
merchandise and services banned by criminal law but
for which a ready market exists; prostitution, because they conflict with social policy, accepted moral
pornography, gambling and narcotics.
rules and public opinion. Examples of which are
prostitution, pornography, gambling, obstruction, etc.,
these are known as "VICTIMLESS CRIMES"
SYNTHESIS
Here are the module's key ideas:
1. PROSTITUTION (ART. 202 - VAGRANTS AND
Criminal typology provides a means of creating general
PROSTITUTES)
summary statements concerning observed facts
regarding a specific class of criminals who are Prostitution can be identified as granting non-
sufficiently homogeneous (of the same kind) to be
marital sexual access, established by mutual
regarded as a type, rather than attempting to research
criminals as a single species. Most typologies are agreement of the prostitute, their client, and their
criminals and delinquents are focused on age, sex,
employer for remuneration.
current crime, personality and social class, typologies
of crime.
• In classifying offenders, we have come to realize that
Prostitute are referred to by sociologists as "street-
their differences lie on different reasons associated
with their education, environment or other factors that level sex worker" whose activities are similar to any
affect their development and some commit crime
other service industry.
depending on the circumstances presented to them
which thereafter they show remorse for their acts
done.
In the Philippines, prostitution is punishable under
article 202 of the revised penal code comma which
WEEK 11 – PUBLIC CRIMES
define prostitution as an act committed by a woman
habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious
conduct for money or profit.

CONDITIONS USUALLY PRESENT IN A COMMERCIAL

SEXUAL TRANSACTION

In criminology, Siegel (2004) describes public-order 1. Activity that has sexual significance for the customer
crime as "crime involving actions that interfere with which include the entire range of sexual behavior, from
society's operations and people's ability to operate sexual intercourse to oral and so on.
effectively," i.e., it is conduct that has been deemed
criminal because it is contradictory to traditional
standards, social values, and customs. "Maintains that 2. Economic transaction not necessarily money in

a crime is nothing more than" a law-breaking act. exchange for the activity.

Generally speaking, when it is too destructive, deviancy

is criminalized and has proven uncontrollable by
informal sanctions. 3. Emotional indifference, the sexual exchange is
simply the economic consideration. Although the

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participants may know one another, their interaction crew in an evening and then move on to seek
has nothing to do with affection one another. clients at truck stops and rest areas.

 SKEEZERS - those who have substance abuse

problems and their prostitution is committed to
TYPES OF PROSTITUTES
support their drug habits.

 STREET WALKER - those for the streets in plain

 ESCORT SERVICES/CALL HOUSES - a relatively new
sight of the police, citizens and customers. They
phenomenon, call houses combine elements of
are referred to as hustlers, hookers, or street
the brothel and call girls rings. a madam received
walkers.
a call from a prospective customer and if she
finds the client acceptable she arranged a
meeting between the color and the prostitute in
 BAR GIRLS - those who spent time in bars, drinking
her service. The madam maintains a list of
and waiting to be picked up by customers.
prostitutes who are on call rather than living
together in a house.

 BROTHEL PROSTITUTES - Those who were called

bordellos, cat houses sporting houses and houses
 MASSAGE PARLOR/PHOTO STUDIOS - house in
of ill repute. They were a large establishment
massage parlors and or photo studios. oral sex
usually run by madams that had several
and manual stimulation are common.
prostitutes.

 CALL GIRLS - considered at the aristocrats of

prostitution, they gain clients through
employment in escort services, others develop
independent customers list. Many call girls come
from middle class backgrounds and serve upper-
class customers.
B. PORNOGRAPHY AND OBSCENITY (ART 200-201
RPC)

 CIRCUIT TRAVELLERS - those who move around in

groups of two or three to lumber labor and
Pornography depicts imaginable explicit sex act
agricultural camps. They ask the foreman for
that aim to provide sexual titillation and excitement
permission to ply their trade, service the whole
for paying customers, while obscenity designed to
incite lust or depravity. These acts are punishable

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under article 201 of the RPC, which was subsequently

amended by PD 960 and 969.

Legislations related to this crime RA 9775 - An Act

Defining the Crime of Child Pornography Prescribing
Penalties Therefor and for Other Purposes, approved
on November 17 2009 and RA no. 9995 an Act
Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Photo and
Video Voyeurism Prescribing Penalties Therefore,
approved on February 15 2010.

SYNTHESIS

Here are the module's key ideas:

• Public order crimes is where a person is accused

because he / she has made a personal choice to
engage in an activity that society disapproves of, such
as private use of recreational drugs. Therefore, the
political discussion on criminalization and
decriminalization persists, focusing on whether it is
acceptable to use punishment to enact the different
public policies governing the activities nominated.
After all, without invoking criminal or other legal
action, society could cope with unpopular behavior.

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