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    THERMOMETRY

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    vivekmariner2812
    Thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are common temperature sensors. [1] Thermocouples generate small voltages from the junction of two dissimilar metals to measure temperature, while RTDs and thermistors change electrical resistance with temperature. [2] RTDs like PT100s use platinum and are very accurate over a wide range, but slow, while thermistors are fast but work best near the temperature measured. [3] Each sensor has advantages for different applications depending on factors like temperature range, accuracy needs, cost, and environment.

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    THERMOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    vivekmariner2812
    13 views8 pages
    Thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are common temperature sensors. [1] Thermocouples generate small voltages from the junction of two dissimilar metals to measure temperature, while RTDs and thermistors change electrical resistance with temperature. [2] RTDs like PT100s use platinum and are very accurate over a wide range, but slow, while thermistors are fast but work best near the temperature measured. [3] Each sensor has advantages for different applications depending on factors like temperature range, accuracy needs, cost, and environment.

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    Thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are common temperature sensors. [1] Thermocouples generate small voltages from the junction of two dissimilar metals to measure temperature, while RTDs and thermistors change electrical resistance with temperature. [2] RTDs like PT100s use platinum and are very accurate over a wide range, but slow, while thermistors are fast but work best near the temperature measured. [3] Each sensor has advantages for different applications depending on factors like temperature range, accuracy needs, cost, and environment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views8 pages

    THERMOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    vivekmariner2812
    Thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are common temperature sensors. [1] Thermocouples generate small voltages from the junction of two dissimilar metals to measure temperature, while RTDs and thermistors change electrical resistance with temperature. [2] RTDs like PT100s use platinum and are very accurate over a wide range, but slow, while thermistors are fast but work best near the temperature measured. [3] Each sensor has advantages for different applications depending on factors like temperature range, accuracy needs, cost, and environment.

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    THERMOMETRY:

    Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of


    measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets
    consisting of repeated standardised measurements can be used to assess
    temperature trends.
    Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely
    on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with
    temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the
    glass thermometer. This consists of a glass tube filled with mercury or some other
    liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to
    expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid.
    Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature
    simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of
    thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a
    theoretical standpoint, is the gas thermometer.
    Other important devices for measuring temperature include:
    ● Thermocouples
    ● Thermistors
    ● Resistance temperature detector (RTD)
    ● Pyrometer
    ● Langmuir probes (for electron temperature of a plasma)
    ● Infrared thermometer
    ● Other thermometers

    What is an RTD?

    A resistance temperature detector, also known as an RTD or resistance


    thermometer, is a type of temperature sensor. An RTD consists of a sensing
    element, wires to connect the sensing element to the measurement instrument, and
    support to position the sensing element in the process.

    How do RTDs work?

    RTDs are designed to ensure precise and repeatable temperature versus resistance
    characteristics. The type of material used in RTD construction will determine the
    limits on the temperature the RTD can be exposed to. The sensing element in an
    RTD is an electrical resistor that changes the resistance value as the temperature
    changes. The change in resistance with temperature happens at a predictable rate
    and can be measured to provide the temperature of a material of process.
    The sensing element in an RTD typically contains either a coil of wire or a substrate
    with an etched film of platinum. The use of extension wires attached to the sending
    element allows the electrical resistance to be measured from a distance away from
    the process or material being measured. A protective sheath (normally stainless
    steel) houses the sensing element. Platinum is typically the material of choice in an
    RTD as this allows for a larger temperature range and it is a more stable material.
    Nickel and copper can also be used in RTD construction if a lower temperature
    range is required. Table 1. Outline usable temperature ranges for each material.

    Table 1: Sensing Element Materials an d


    Temperature Limits

    Material Usable Temperature Range

    Platinum -200°C to +850°C

    Nickel -100°C to +315°C

    Copper -75°C to +150°C

    The type of wire insulation used in an RTD also influences the temperature an RTD
    can be exposed to.

    Once the temperature range and application has been determined, Pyrosales (an
    Australian owned company) will select the most suitable materials and method of
    construction of the RTD.

    Types of RTD Configuration:

    2, 3 or 4 wire configuration

    2-wire construction is the least accurate. 2-wire RTDs tend to be used with short lead
    wires or where close accuracy is not required.
    3-wire construction is the most popular choice for industrial applications, whilst
    4-wire construction is used in laboratories where close accuracy is imperative.

    RTDs are suitable for many applications across a wide range of industries including,
    air conditioning and refrigeration, stoves and grills, textile production, food
    processing, plastics, petrochemical, and temperature measurement of air, gases,
    and liquids. Use an RTD when you require accuracy and stability and where
    accuracy must extend over a wide temperature range.

    Resistance Temperature Detectors

    Advantages:

    ● Extremely accurate
    ● Linear output
    ● Wide temperature range

    Disadvantages:

    ● Slow Response time


    ● Costly

    PT100

    A PT100 sensor is the most common type of Resistance Thermometer (RTD). These
    sensors are a well-liked choice in many industries, mainly laboratories and industrial
    processes. The main reason for their use is due to their stability and accuracy. They
    are superior measuring instruments that provide confidence in terms of repeatability.
    Be assured that you will get the same results for each temperature readout. RTDs
    are categorised into industrial, as well as general purpose. Each type is available as
    a PT100, PT250, PT500, and PT1000. (“Pt” is the symbol for platinum, “100” for the
    resistance in ohms at 0 °C and 138.4 Ohms at 100 °C). It is defined as an electrical
    resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of
    one volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current of one ampere,
    the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force. … These are called
    linear resistors.

    What is the difference between a RTD and a PT100?

    There is no difference . A PT100 is a version of a RTD (resistance temperature


    detector).
    THERMISTOR

    The term thermistor comes from “thermal” and “resistor”. A thermistor is a type of
    resistor whose resistance is reliant on temperature; it’s a resistance thermometer.
    They’re made from metallic oxide which is moulded into a bead, disk, or cylindrical
    shape and then enclosed with epoxy or glass.

    Thermistors don’t work well with extreme temperatures, but they are perfectly suited
    for measuring the temperature at a certain point; they’re precise when they’re used
    within a limited temperature range i.e. within 50 °C of the target temperature; this
    range is dependent on the base resistance.

    Thermistors are easy to use, relatively cheap, and durable. They’re commonly used
    in digital thermometers, in vehicles to measure oil and coolant temperatures, and in
    household appliances such as ovens and refrigerators and are preferred for
    applications that require heating or cooling protection circuits for safe operation.

    How does a thermistor work?


    There are two types of thermistors – the most commonly used is the Negative
    Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor. The NTC’s resistance decreases as the
    temperature increases, and vice versa. With the Positive Temperature Coefficient
    (PTC) thermistor, the resistance increases as the temperature increases, and vice
    versa; it’s normally used as a fuse.
    The type of material used in the thermistor will dictate how much the resistance
    changes, which is changed with temperature. Thermistors are nonlinear i.e. the
    connection between resistance and temperature won’t form a straight line, it will form
    a curve on a graph; where the line sits and how much it changes depends on how
    the thermistor is made.

    How is the change in resistance converted to measurable data?


    The change in resistance needs to be converted to temperature, which then
    produces measurable data.

    Thermistor Advantages:

    ● Durable
    ● Sensitive
    ● Small
    ● Relatively affordable
    ● Best suited for measuring a single point temperature

    Disadvantages:

    ● Curved output
    ● Limited temperature range

    THERMOCOUPLE

    The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is

    used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the

    EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal

    wires that are connected together at one junction. The temperature can be

    measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire

    stimulates the voltages.


    Thermocouple

    The amount of EMF generated in the device is very minute (millivolts), so

    very sensitive devices must be utilized for calculating the e.m.f produced in

    the circuit. The common devices used to calculate the e.m.f are voltage

    balancing potentiometer and the ordinary galvanometer. From these two, a

    balancing potentiometer is utilized physically or mechanically.

    Applications

    Some of the applications of thermocouples include the following.

    ● These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in

    offices, homes, offices & businesses.

    ● These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals

    in iron, aluminum, and metal.

    ● These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and

    Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as heat

    pumps for performing thermoelectric cooling.


    ● These are used to test temperature in chemical plants, petroleum

    plants.

    ● These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.

    The advantages of thermocouples include the following.

    ● Accuracy is high

    ● It is Robust and can be used in environments like harsh as well as

    high vibration.

    ● The thermal reaction is fast

    ● The operating range of the temperature is wide.

    ● Wide operating temperature range

    ● Cost is low and extremely consistent

    The disadvantages of thermocouples include the following.

    ● Nonlinearity

    ● Least stability

    ● Low voltage

    ● Reference is required

    ● least sensitivity

    ● The thermocouple recalibration is hard

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