1 Hafta ch1 1

Chapter 1: Introduction
Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Chapter 1: Introduction
 What Operating Systems Do
 Computer-System Organization
 Computer-System Architecture
 Operating-System Operations
 Resource Management
 Security and Protection
 Virtualization
 Distributed Systems
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments
 Free/Libre and Open-Source Operating Systems
Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Objectives
 Describe the general organization of a computer system

and the role of interrupts
 Describe the components in a modern, multiprocessor
computer system
 Illustrate the transition from user mode to kernel mode
 Discuss how operating systems are used in various
computing environments
 Provide examples of free and open-source operating
systems
Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components:

 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Abstract View of Components of Computer
1.1. What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view

 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep
all users happy
 Operating system is a resource allocator and control program
making efficient use of HW and managing execution of user
programs
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
 Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor,
optimized for usability and battery life
 Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded
computers in devices and automobiles
 Run primarily without user intervention
Defining Operating Systems
 Term OS covers many roles

 Because of myriad designs and uses of OSes
 Present in toasters through ships, spacecraft, game
machines, TVs and industrial control systems
 Born when fixed use computers for military became
more general purpose and needed resource
management and program control
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
 No universally accepted definition

 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating
system” is a good approximation
 But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel, part of the operating system
 Everything else is either
 a system program (ships with the operating system, but
not part of the kernel) , or
 an application program, all programs not associated
with the operating system
 Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also
include middleware – a set of software frameworks that
provide addition services to application developers such as
databases, multimedia, graphics
1.2. Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles
 Interrupt : a mechanism for the hardware to signal to the

kernel when attention is needed.
 interrupt service routine : The function the kernel runs in
response to a specific interrupt is called an interrupt handler
or interrupt service routine (ISR).
 device’s driver : the kernel code that manages the device.
 interrupt request (IRQ) : Different devices can be
associated with different interrupts by means of a unique
value associated with each interrupt. These interrupt values
are often called interrupt request (IRQ) lines
 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

 Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 Each device controller type has an operating system device
driver to manage it
 CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt
Kaynak :Understanding Linux Kernel
Common Functions of Interrupts
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine

generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the
interrupted instruction
 A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt
caused either by an error or a user request
 An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupts Handlers
Common Functions of Interrupts
Interrupt Timeline
Interrupt Handling
 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

storing registers and the program counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
 polling
 vectored interrupt system
 Separate segments of code determine what action should
be taken for each type of interrupt
Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
I/O Structure
 After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O
completion
 Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
 Wait loop (contention for memory access)
 At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no
simultaneous I/O processing
 After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting
for I/O completion
 System call – request to the OS to allow user to wait for
I/O completion
 Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device
indicating its type, address, and state
 OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device
status and to modify table entry to include interrupt
Storage Structure
 Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can access directly
 Random access
 Typically volatile
 Typically random-access memory in the form of Dynamic Random-
access Memory (DRAM)
 Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides large
nonvolatile storage capacity
 Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters covered with
magnetic recording material
 Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors
 The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and
the computer
 Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard disks, nonvolatile
 Various technologies
 Becoming more popular as capacity and performance increases, price drops
Storage Definitions and Notation Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit . A bit can contain one of two
values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits.
Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name
a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient
chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word,
which is a given computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made
up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and
64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer
executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.
Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally

measured and manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes. A kilobyte , or
KB , is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte , or MB , is 1,0242 bytes; a gigabyte , or GB , is
1,0243 bytes; a terabyte , or TB , is 1,0244 bytes; and a petabyte , or PB , is 1,0245
bytes. Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that
a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking
measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits
(because networks move data a bit at a time).
Storage Hierarchy
 Storage systems organized in hierarchy

 Speed
 Cost
 Volatility
 Caching – copying information into faster storage system;
main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary
storage
 Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O
 Provides uniform interface between controller and
kernel
Storage-Device Hierarchy

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Chapter 1: Introduction

 Describe the general organization of a computer system

 Computer system can be divided into four components:

 Depends on the point of view

 Term OS covers many roles

 No universally accepted definition

 Interrupt : a mechanism for the hardware to signal to the

 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Kaynak :Understanding Linux Kernel

 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine

 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally

 Storage systems organized in hierarchy

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