PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Kinds of Interference
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND 1. Psychological - emotions, feelings
ETHICS 2. Physical - noise that can be heard
3. Linguistic and cultural – language and cultural
Communication difference, religious factors
- Is inevitable 4. Mechanical - machines
- Our need for self-expression leads us to 5. Physiological - hunger, body conditions, senses
communicate not only out thoughts but also our
feelings. Principles of Effective Communication (Michael
- 80% of the day to communicate, 45% listening Osborn, 2009)
- verbally (using words) or nonverbally (does not 1. Clarity
include words), sharing of information - Understandable
- Paralanguage – vocalics - avoid fuzzy language
- process of meaning-making through a channel (way - (Jargons, cliches, euphemism, and
of message) and medium doublespeak language)
- Latin “communicare” 2. Concreteness
- connection that encompasses interaction - message must be supported by facts
- avoid abstract words
Verbal Communication
- reduces misunderstanding
- Speaking
3. Courtesy
- Written or spoken
- builds goodwill
- Using words
- politeness
4. Correctness
Non-verbal
- glaring mistakes in grammar obscure the
- Gestures
meaning of the sentence
- Facial Expressions
- misuse of language damages credibility
- No words used
4. Consideration
- Paralanguage
- messages must be geared toward the audience
Channel - consider the recipient's background
- Instrument used to send message 5. Creativity
- Ability to craft interesting messages in terms of
Components of the Communication sentence structure and word choice
1. Source/Sender - author or public speaker 6. Conciseness
2. Message - reason behind the interaction, meaning - simplicity and directness
shared, takes many forms - avoid lengthy expression
3. Channel - means by which a message is conveyed 7. Cultural Sensitivity
(speaking), wires, satellite, use senses - increasing emphasis on empowering diversity
4. Receiver - receives the transmitted message - this is an important standard for effective
5. Feedback - confirm the recipient’s understanding communication
6. Environment - place, feeling, mood, mindset, and 8. Captivating
condition of both sender and receiver - strive to make messages more interesting to
7. Context – the expectation of the sender and the command more attention and better response
receiver and common or shared information
8. Interference – barrier/noise or block that prevents
effective communication
 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural
Ethical Considerations in Communication Settings
Ethics - branch of philosophy that focuses on issues of
Intercultural Communication - interaction with people
right and wrong in humans.
with diverse cultures
Ethical Considerations:
1. Respect Audience Forms of Intercultural Communication
2. Consider the result of communication 1. Interracial Communication - diff races
3. Value truth 2. interethnic - diff ethnic
4. Use information correctly 3. International - diff nations
5. Do not falsify information 4. Intracultural - same cultural/ethnic group

Globalization Communication Styles Among Culture

- globalization is the communication and assimilation • High Context - tradition-linked, adheres strongly to
among individuals, ethnicities, institutions, and being indirect, transcend
governments of various nations supported by • Low Context - straightforward
technology
Improving Intercultural Communication Competence
- due to globalization, you become exposed to
1. Recognize validity and differences in
diversity
communication styles among people
Diversity - valuing the uniqueness or differences 2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices
(advanced assumption)
Communication 3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in
- blurs national boundaries a multicultural world
- general understanding of the differences in
conducting from one country to another, helps Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written
avoid miscommunication Language

Possible Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication 3 Different Modes in Communication

1. Cultural Relativism - your standards of what is right 1. Spoken Mode - often associated with everyday
and wrong are based on your own culture, registers
subjective standard (issue) 2. Written Mode - strongly associated with academic
2. Lack of knowledge of other's culture registers
3. Discrimination and Harassment 3. Multi-modality - multiple modes of communication
4. Language difference including spoken, written mode, images, music,
videos, gestures.
Goal of Effective Global Communication
- achieve communication that gets the desired Nature of Language Variation
response leading to harmonious connection 1. Language varies when communicating with people
within (local) and outside (global) the community.
Strategies to Become Effective Global Communicators 2. Language varies in speaking and in writing.
1. Review communication principles 3. Language varies in every day and specialized
2. Analyze the message receiver discourse.
3. Be open to accepting other's culture
4. Learn about cultures and apply what is learned 8 Domains of Language Usage (Mahboob, 2014)
5. Consider the language needs 1. Local Everyday Written - neighborhood posters
2. Local Everyday Oral - informal, communication 4. Use a variety of resources
among neighbors 5. Do not forget to recite sources
3. Local Specialized Written - publications and 6. Organize the information
websites of local societies - list the main topic
4. Local Specialized Oral - computer shop in the - have only one main idea per slide
neighborhood (specialized computer game-related - present ideas in logical order
vocabulary is used) - place important information near the top.
5. Global Everyday Written - international editions of 7. Check Technical Issues
newspapers and magazines, avoid colloquialisms to - Contrast
make text accessible to a wider audience - Use a large font size
6. Global Everyday Oral - interactions form between - Use fonts that are easy to read (don't use fancy
people coming from different parts of the world fonts)
(casual communication) - Don't use more than two types of fonts
7. Global Specialized Written - expands to as many - Use no more than 3-4 bullets per slide.
readers internationally, hence the non-usage of 8. Be creative
colloquial words (international journal article) - Use transitions and animations to add interest,
8. Global Specialized Oral - (paper presentation but don't overdo it.
session in international)
PECHA KUCHA
Evaluating Messages - 20 slides which moves every 20 seconds
- “The sound of conversation" in Japanese
Media Literacy - serves as a basis for developing - Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham

Text BLOG
- includes any form of written, spoken, or media work - Richardson 2006, blogs become an effective
conveying meaning to an audience. way to promote writing skills
- Text may use words, graphics, sounds, and images - Personal journal
in presenting information. - Shortened for weblogs
- It may be oral, print visuals or electronic.
COMMUNICATION PURPOSES
Communication Aids Using Tools and Strategies
Communication for Various Purposes
Characteristics of Multimedia Presentation 1. Informative Communication - involves giving than
1. Multimedia Presentations are visually- oriented asking
2. They allow users to use different modalities 2. Persuasive Communication - art of gaining fair and
favorable considerations
Specialized Features of Computer -Based Presentations 3. Argumentative - relies heavily on soundproof and
1. Custom navigation (linking) between slides to other reasoning.
media and to the internet
2. Can be made into hard copy printouts or Aristotle’s Three Primary Forms of Proof
transparencies. Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle:
3. Can be uploaded to the web  Ethos (Credibility) - trustworthiness or reputation,
tone/style
Steps in Making Effective Multimedia Presentation  Logos (Logic) - reasoning or argumentation, facts,
1. Know the purpose of the presentation figures, case studies
2. Know the audience  Pathos (Emotion) - emotional or imaginative
3. Gather information impact, stories
 - Appealing to emotional circuit instead of presenting
Mythos - myths, respond to appeals to the traditions facts
and values of our culture and to the legends and - appeal that presents what most people or a group
folklores that embody them. of people think, in order to persuade one to think
the same way.
COMMUNICATION PURPOSES
Straw Man
Argumentative Communication - attacks a different subject rather than the topic
Myth of the mean fallacy being discussed, misdirect
- Aka illusion of averaged
- Hides the truth by using an average Moral Equivalence
- When an average does not allow people to see the - comparison is unfair and irrelevant
problem - Argues two or more things are the same, despite
important differences
Logical Fallacies (premise - argument)
Either/or - oversimplifying
Hasty Generalization
- claim based on a few examples rather than Begging The Claim
substantial proof. - Must prove they are evil before using it in your
argument.
Slippery Slope
- assumes that a certain course of action will Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
necessarily lead to a chain of future events - Just because B followed A does not mean A caused
- lead to unlikely or ridiculous outcomes with no
Ad Hominem
supporting evidence
- uses personal attacks rather than logic.
Red Herring
Myth of the Mean Fallacy - illusion averages
- an argument that uses confusion or distraction to
shift attention away from a topic and toward a false
TERMS
conclusion
- contain an unimportant fact, idea, or event that has Public Speaking
little relevance to the real issue. - public speaking is people's number one fear,
number two is death.
Genetic Fallacy
- Mark Twain suggests: "Courage is resistance to fear,
- you cannot judge a thing based on its origin
mastery of fear-not absence of fear."
Association Fallacy - process of speaking in a structured to inform,
- when someone connects an opponent to a influence, entertain
demonized group of people or to a bad person in
Speech
order to discredit his or her argument.
- Body of spoken expression of information
Circular Arguments - Reading from a manuscript, memorized,
- person's argument repeats what they already extemporaneous, impromptu
assumed before without arriving at a new
Reading manuscript
conclusion
- Appropriate when speech id long
Ad Populum/Bandwagon - Asked to deliver a prepared script on behalf of the
speaker
Memorized speech
- Commit everything to memory Interview - purposive conversation, obtain desired
- Excellent for short message, oration, declamation) information, real time

Extemporaneous Speaking Communication For Work Purposes

- Short or long preparation
- Use outline as guide 1. Communication for Nurses: Writing Basic Patient
- Methods used by most lecturer and teachers Notes
- Formulate sentences while speaking Patient Notes - record the assessment of the patient
- Should be spontaneous
SOAP FORMAT
Impromptu speaking  Subjective - assessment given by family member or
- Speaking spur of the moment patient
- Minimal to no time to prepare  Objective - seen by you or reflected in lab or
medical report
Information  Assessment
- Individuals’ basis for action, plans, and decisions  Plan
Inquiry Letter
2. Communication for Tourism: Tour Guiding
- inquire or ask more information about products
Tourism - is travel for recreational, leisure, or business
purposes
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
Tour Guides - must possess good communication skills.
Letters Vs. Interview Communication is their main tool
LETTERS - require correctness in spelling, punctuations, Itineraries - Prepared primarily to estimate the time
capitalization
3. Communication for Teachers: Storytelling
INTERVIEW - require clarity of words, correct
Storytelling
pronunciation, intonation and pauses, spontaneity
- makes student appreciate literature.
- powerful way of communicating and conveying
Content and Organization of Letter Inquiry
emotion by Improvisation or embellishment
A. Heading
- art of using language, voice, movements, and
B. Inside Address
gestures to reveal images and elements if the story
C. Salutation
to an audience
D. Body of the Letter:
E. Complementary Address Reasons why Storytelling is Recommended: Strategy
for Teaching
FORMAT  Excitement and drama provide a context that holds
Pure Block - (left, single space), a more formal type of student's attention
business letter: no indentations, and everything is on
 Stories are enormous language treasure; one of the
the left.
oldest arts
Semi-block – date right or left side, paragraphs have
 provides a lively atmosphere and a real-life
indentations
environment that encourages the students to
Modify Block - there are still no indentations, but
participate
everything doesn’t line up on the left
4. Communication for Business and Trade
Emails - less formal than letters, speed, and
convenience
SWOT Analysis/SWOT Matrix – a diagram that shows - entries may not be written in sentences but should
an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, be parallel
and threat

Internal Factors - things that we can control ex. training

employees 3. Comprehensiveness
External Factors - things we cannot control ex. inflation - must present all important details that can gain the
rate due to government regulation nod
4. Design
Benefits of swot analysis - should be reader-friendly and be professionally-
1. Identity capabilities and resources packaged
2. Better marketing strategy
3. Create new opportunity for company Characteristic of a Report
4. Reduce threats by understanding company’s 1. Presents information not argument
weakness 2. Meant to be scanned quickly
5. Used as a planning technique 3. Used numbered heading and subheadings
6. Career blooms because it Identifies skill, 4. Composed
opportunities
5. Communication for Employment: Application
Writing Business and Technical Report Letter

Report Application Letter

- comprehensive document that covers all aspects of - first thing your prospective employers will see, it
the subject matter of study should motivate them to read the resume
- present result of an experiment - Serves as a formal introduction of yourself to your
prospective employer.
Informal Report - used for conveying routine messages
Features
Formal Report (Types) 1. Qualifications
2. Pleasing Tone
Resume 3. Format
Print Resume - use action verbs
Scannable Resume - use nouns as key words Guidelines
1. Focus
Features of a Resume 2. Stay in topic
1. Organization 3. Think of your letter as an argument
- Depends on Goals, Experiences, and Qualifications 4. Choose an appropriate salutation
a. Chronological resume - most recent to oldest 5. Proofread
b. Functional resume - various kinds of
experiences 6. Communication within a company: The
c. Targeted resume - announces specific goal up Memorandum
to the top, only shows experience and skills that Memo - short official note
is relevant Minutes
- written record of meeting
2. Succinctness - aid in refreshing memories of participants
- must be concise - supplied info to those who were not present
- should be in summary unless verbatim records are - Examines questions and evaluate a work of
kept thru policy literature
-

7. Communication for Academic Purposes

Avoiding Plagiarism Elements of Literature
Quoting  Setting
- Copied quotes from the author  Mood – emotion created in the reader by the story
 Plot
Block Quotes  Characters
- quote includes any passage you cite that is more  Themes – central idea of story. Motif – repeating
than 40 words. pattern
 Tone – attitude of that a writer has towards the
Paraphrasing
subject
- Using own words and style of writing
- Requires understanding the original text
Literary criticism
Summarizing - comparison, analysis, interpretation, evaluation of
- Articulation of the important ideas of the original works of literature
text
Literary approaches
8. Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal  Historical
 Gender
Research - scientific methods  Mythological\archetypal
 Reader’s response
Types of Research  Theoretical
1. Pure Research - concerned solely with scientific  Psychological
outcomes of interest to scientist  Moralist
2. Applied Research - concerned topics that have  Sociological
potential for practical application, but without  Formalist
practical way  Biographical
3. Policy Research - based on practical use of interest
to those who maje decisions about them, policy
makers.
4. Action Research - Concerned with working with
particular (for improvement)

Kinds of Research Report

1. Academic Research Report – university/school
setting
2. Research Article for Publication – use IMRAD
format
3. Commissioned Research Report – paid research

LITERARY ANALYSIS
- Makes point about a literary piece