Učilište Amor Lingua

Gajeva 2a, Sesvete

NASTAVNO PISMO

ENGLESKI JEZIK
(1. strani jezik)
3. RAZRED

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CONTENTS (sadržaj)

1. THE FUTURE 3
1.1. "WILL" - Future simple 3
1.2. MAY/MIGHT - future possibility 4
2. MODAL VERB "MUST" - talking about obligation 5
3. "HAVE TO" - rules and laws 5
4. FIRST CONDITIONAL 6
5. RELATIVE CLAUSES 7
5.1. Defining relative clauses 7
5.2. Non-defining relative clauses 8
6. MAKING DEDUCTIONS 9
7. PAST ABILITY 10
8. PAST CONTINUOUS - past actions in progress 11
8.1. Past continuous 11
8.2. Past continuous - Past simple 11
9. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - unfinished actions 12
9.1. Present perfect continuous 12
9.2. Present perfect continuous and simple 13
10. TEXTS 15
10.1. CAT - solutions for a dying planet 15
10.2. The end of fair play? 16
10.3. What if it really happens? 17
10.4. Three Irish legends 18
10.5. I protested at Pamplona! 19

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1. THE FUTURE

1.1. „WILL“ – Future simple

Konstrukciju WILL + glagol (will + base form) koristimo za izricanje budućnosti u svim
licima jednine i množine.

Affirmative: Global warming will cause a significant rise in sea levels …

Negative: We won't have cars. (won't = will not)
Interrogative: Will life on earth be better than now? Short answers: Yes, it will.
(will + subject + base form) No, it won't.

U izjavnim rečenicam will možemo skratiti u 'll (She will come = She'll come)

WILL koristimo za:

a) predviđanja (predictions) – I think „Dinamo“ will win.

We won't have much oil left.

U ovom slučaju rečenice često započinjemo s I think, I don't think, I believe, I'm sure …

b) buduće činjenice (future facts) – He'll be 65 years old in 2050.

c) spontane odluke (spontaneous decisions) - I'll phone you tomorrow, OK?
It's a nice day. I think I'll sit in the garden.
d) ponude (offers) – a: My bag is very heavy.
b: I'll carry it for you.
e) obećanja (promises) – I promise I'll always love you.

Practice
a) Put in will ('ll) or won't.

0 Don't drink coffee before you go to bed. You won't sleep.

1 a: Are you ready yet? b: No, not yet. I be ready in five minutes.
2 I'm going away for a few days. I'm leaving tonight, so I be at home tomorrow.
3 It rain, so you don't need to take an umbrella.
4 a: I don't feel very well this evening.
b: Go to bed early and you feel better in the morning.
5 It's Bill's birthday next Monday. He be 25.
6 I'm sorry I was late this morning. It happen again.

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b) Write questions for the answers.

0 She'll arrive tomorrow.

When will she arrive?
1 No, people won't work in offices in the future.
?
2 Yes, school will finish in June.
?
3 The gig will be in Birmingham.
?
4 Yes, the population of the world will grow.
?
5 I'll be sixteen on my next birthday.
?

1.2. MAY/MIGHT – future possibility

Modalne glagole may i might koristimo za izricanje budućih mogućnosti. Naš jezik nije
bogat modalnim glagolima, pa „may“ i „might“ često prevodimo s „možda će“.

Affirmative: may/might + base form I may come to Cardiff at the weekend.

I might be away.
Negative: may not/might not + base form I might not have internet access.
I may not be there this weekend.
Interrogative: might + subject + base form
Might she be away? Short answers: Yes, she might.
Will you be there? No, I might not.

Practice
Make these sentences less certain, using the verb in brackets.

0 I'm going to go on holiday in July. (may)

I may go on holiday in July.
1 Jo's going to Cardiff at the weekend. (might)

2 He's feeling ill so he won't be at the meeting.

3 The supermarket is open today. (might)

4 I'm not going to finish the project on time. (might)

5 His story isn't true. (may)

6 I won't come to your party.

7 The weather's awful so the plane will be late. (might)

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2. MODAL VERB „MUST“ – TALKING ABOUT OBLIGATION

Značenje modalnog glagola must je „morati“ i koristimo ga kad govorimo o obvezama i

naredbama (potrebno je ili važno nešto učiniti).
Affirmative: must + base form I must finish this quiz. (order to self)
You must study more. (order from authority)
Negative: must not (mustn't) + base form
I mustn't forget to do it tomorrow. (order to self)
You mustn't smoke in this room. (order from authority)

Mustn't znači „ne smjeti“ i označava zabranu.

Must se obično ne koristi u upitnom obliku.
Must/mustn't se također koriste u javnim obavijestima. Visitors must park in the visitors' car
park.

Practice
Complete the sentences with must or mustn't.

0 You must phone your grandmother today.

1 You go to bed too late. You've got an exam tomorrow.
2 I remember to post this letter.
3 You take the rubbish out before you go to bed.
4 You eat so much junk food.
5 I phone Anna and ask her about her new boyfriend.
6 You watch too much TV or you'll ruin your eyes.
7 You tidy your room – it's a mess!
8 We spend all our money on things we don't need.

3. „HAVE TO“ – RULES AND LAWS

Glagol have to koristimo kad govorimo o zakonima, pravilima i društvenim konvencijama.

Njegovo značenje je „morati, trebati“. Don't/doesn't have to koristimo kad nešto nije potrebno
učiniti.

Affirmative: have/has to + base form In the UK, you have to drive on the left.
He has to get home before eleven o'clock at night.

Negative: don't/doesn't have to + base form You don't have to go to school on Saturdays.
He doesn't have to get up early on Saturdays.

Interrogative: do/does + subject + have to + base form Short answers:

Do you have to be 18 to buy a lottery ticket? Yes, you do./No, you don't
Does she have to do any homework? Yes, she does./No, she doesn't.

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U nekim slučajevima, kad iznosimo vlastito mišljenje, možemo koristiti i „must“ i „have to“.
It's a fantastic film. You must see it. or You have to see it.
Kad ne iznosimo vlastito mišljenje, već neko pravilo, zakon ili činjenicu, tada koristimo „have
to“. In many countries, men have to do military service.

Practice
Write sentences using the correct form of have to.

0 Kim/get up/six o'clock every morning.

Kim has to get up at six o'clock every morning.
1. you/not go/school on Sundays.

2 I/go/dentist's this morning.

3 we/do two hours' homework every evening.

4 you/tidy your room every week?

5 he/not walk/school.

6 they/go/bed/ten o'clock.

7 Jenny/do the washing-up at home?

4. FIRST CONDITIONAL

Pogodbene rečenice prvoga tipa koristimo kad govorimo o stvarima koje će se možda desiti,
tj. ako se ispuni određeni uvjet.
Prepoznajemo ih po vezniku if kojeg prevodimo „ako“. Takve se rečenice sastoje od glavne
rečenice (može stajati samostalno) i zavisne rečenice (if rečenica; u njoj je sadržan uvjet da se
nešto desi).

If I save enough money, I'll come to Canada.

I won't pass if I spend all my time on the Net.
Will you phone me if you decide to come?

if rečenica – glagol je u „present simple-u“

glavna rečenica – will/won't + base form (simple future)

unless – if …. not (osim ako ne) - glagol koji iza njega slijedi mora biti u izjavnom obliku
I'll come unless I fail my exams in June = I'll come if I don't fail my exams in June.

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Practice
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

0 If I fail (fail) my exams, my parents will be (be) angry with me.

1 We (not go) and see that film if you (not want) to.
2 I (let) you know if I (hear) from her.
3 If I (be) late, she (be) angry.
4 Our team (finish) last if we (not win) on Sunday.
5 What you (do) if you (not find) the car keys?
6 Next summer I (go) to Australia if I (have) enough money.
7 If you (come) and see me, I (tell) you everything.
8 The doctor (not see) her unless she (make) an appointment first.
9 I (not come) to the cinema unless I (finish) my homework first.
10 Unless I (study) hard, I (not pass) my exams.

Isti je slučaj i sa vremenskim rečenicama u kojima zavisna započinje sa WHEN ili

AS SOON AS. U glavnoj rečenici imamo will/won't + base form, a u zavisnoj (iza when i
as soon as) glagol je u present simpleu.

I'll visit the site when I'm at school tomorrow.

I'll send you the dates as soon as I buy my ticket.

5. REALTIVE CLAUSES

Odnosne rečenice su rečenice koje započinju odnosnim zamjenicama who, which, whose,
where, that.

Dijele se na:

5.1. Defining relative clauses – dolaze nakon imenice i kazuju nam o kojoj osobi, stvari ili
mjestu govorimo tj. definiraju imenicu.

People (who/that)
The person who/that phoned didn't leave a message.

Things (which/that)
Last night I saw a horror film which/that gave me nightmares.

Possession (whose)
The man whose dog bit me didn't apologize.

Place (where)
What do you call a place where people go to watch films?

Zamjenice who, which i that možemo izostaviti ukoliko se odnose na objekt rečenice.
Jim Carrey is the actor (who/that) you've seen in The Mask.

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Practice
Complete the sentences with relative pronouns.

0 What do you call a person whose job is to design buildings?

1 She is the tennis player won Wimbledon last year.
2 The painting he gave me is awful.
3 Pam is the girl parents were born in Cuba.
4 What do you call a shop you can buy all kinds of food and drink?
5 That's the man I saw on TV last night.
6 He's one of the people I met at the party.
7 I'll show you the house I was born.
8 Gina is the girl sister was in the Olympic Games.
9 These are the shoes I bought yesterday.

5.2. Non-defining relative clauses – dolaze nakon imenice i daju dodatnu informaciju o njoj.
Uvijek su odvojene zarezom.

People (who)
Eminem, who is a famous rap singer, comes from Missouri.

Things (which)
She lives in Amsterdam, which is the biggest city in the Netherlands.

Possession (whose)
Tom, whose father is my teacher, plays in my basketball team.

Place (where)
I'd like to visit Buckingham Palace, where the Queen lives.

U ovim rečenicama ne koristimo that i ne možemo izostaviti which i who.

Practice
Combine the two sentences using who, which, whose and where.

0 The students study three languages. They come here in July.

The students, who come here in July, study three languages.
1 The cook is from France. His food is delicious.

2 Maria lives in Melbourne now. Her husband is Australian.

3 The White house is in Washington. It's where the President lives.

4 We went to a new restaurant. It serves Indian food.

5 Adam Brody is an actor. He became famous for his role in The O.C.

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6 This DVD player doesn't work well. We bought it two months ago.

7 Picasso was a Cubist painter. He was Spanish.

8 Canada is an amazing country. My pen friend lives there.

6. MAKING DEDUCTIONS

Modalne glagole must, may, might, could i can't koristimo za donošenje ili izvođenje
zaključaka – koliko je govornik siguran da je ono što govori istinito odnosno točno.

Form: subject + must/may/might/could/can't + base form

a) Certainty (when the speaker is sure that something is true)

He must be at the station. (I'm sure he's at the station.)

b) Possibility (when the speaker is not completely sure that something is true)
She may (not) like him.
He might (not) be at the library.
He could be at his house. (I'm not completely sure he's at his house.)

Obično možemo koristiti bilo koji od tih modalnih glagola bez velike razlike u značenju.

c) Impossibility (the speaker is sure that something isn't true)

He can't be English. (I'm sure he isn't English).

Practice
Complete the sentences with must, may/might/could or can't.

0 He's got a Bentley. He must be very rich.

1 He was studying most of the weekend. He have an exam on Monday.
2 He's too young. He be her father.
3 Listen to that noise! It be the neighbor’s TV.
4 Ben talks to Katy a lot. He fancy her.
5 I think she's got a Spanish accent. She be from Spain or Latin America.
6 The baby is crying. He be hungry. I'm not sure.
7 It's 6.30 and my mum finishes work at 5 p.m. She be home by now.
8 She doesn't like Indian food. She like curry.
9 There are a lot of people at the bus stop. The bus be late.

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7. PAST ABILITY

Could i was/were able to koristimo kad govorimo o nečijoj sposobnosti u prošlosti.

Kad govorimo o određenim događajima u prošlosti, tada koristimo was able to ili
managed to.

a) GENERAL PAST ABILITY

affirmative – I could/was able to type when I was a child.

negative – I couldn't /wasn't able to type when I was a child.
interrogative – Could you/Were you able to type when you were a child?
Yes, I could./No, I couldn't.
Yes, I was. /No, I wasn't.

b) SPECIFIC PAST EVENTS

affirmative – I was able to find a flat.

I managed to get a job. (NOT I could …)
negative – I couldn't/wasn't able to find a flat.
She didn't manage to catch the train.
interrogative – Was she able to find a room? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.
Did she manage to catch the train? Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.

Practice
Do these sentences describe past ability in general (G) or a specific past situation (S)?

0 I was able to find the train times on the Net. S

1 I could ride a bike when I was seven.
2 It didn't rain yesterday, so she was able to ride her bicycle to school.
3 We couldn't go to the park yesterday because it was too cold.
4 Could you speak English when you were at primary school?
5 I couldn't sing when I was a child and I still can't.
6 I wasn't able to go to school because I had flu.
7 Were you able to get the tickets?

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8. PAST CONTINUOUS – PAST ACTIONS IN PROGRESS

8.1. Past continuous

Past continuous je prošlo glagolsko vrijeme koje koristimo kad govorimo o radnji koja je
trajala/dešavala se u određenom trenutku u prošlosti.

affirmative: was/were + verb-ing

It was raining when I got up this morning.
They were playing football at 5 p.m.

negative: wasn't/weren't + verb-ing

It wasn't raining when I got up this morning.
They weren't playing football at 5. p.m.

interrogative: was/were + subject + verb-ing?

Was it raining when you got up this morning? Yes, it was./No, it wasn't.
Were they playing football at 5 p.m.? Yes, they were./No, they weren't.

Practice
Put the verbs in the past continuous tense.

0 This time last year I was living (live) in Brazil.

1 What (you, do) at 10 o'clock last night?
2 At 8 o'clock yesterday evening my parents (have) dinner with some friends.
3 We saw an accident while we (drive).
4 Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she (wear) trousers.
5 It was a beautiful morning. The sun (shine) and the birds (sing).
6 A: „What did he say?“ B: „I don't know. I (not listen).
7 It (not rain) when we went out.
8 A: „Why (Ann, drive) so fast? B: „She was in a hurry.“

8.2. Past continuous – Past simple

Kad govorimo o prošlim radnjama, često glagole u istoj složenoj rečenici stavljamo u past
simple i past continuous – nešto se desilo dok je nešto drugo trajalo/dešavalo se.
Ako je glagol u past simpleu, radnja je završila. Usporedite:
Yesterday afternoon I read a book. (Jučer popodne sam pročitao knjigu.)
Yesterday afternoon I was reading a book. (Jučer popodne sam čitao knjigu.)

When/While/As + Past continuous + Past simple

While (When/As) I was doing the exam, my mobile rang.
Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.

Past continuous + when + Past simple

I was doing the exam when my mobile rang.

Napomena: Ukoliko se radi o radnjama koje se dešavaju jedna iza druge, tada su svi glagoli u
past simpleu.
He got up, put on his clothes and had breakfast.

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Practice
Put the verbs in the correct form, past simple or past continuous.

0 I was watching (watch) TV when he came (come) in.

1 I (have) a shower when the phone (ring).
2 While we (eat), someone (knock) on the door.
3 They (surf) the Net when their mum (call) them.
4 She (log) on and then she (send) an e-mail.
5 Jane (wait) for me when I (arrive).
6 I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last (see) him, he (try)
to find a job in London.
7 I (walk) along the street when suddenly I (hear) footsteps
behind me. Somebody (follow) me. I was frightened and I
(start) to run.
8 I (see) you in the park yesterday. You (sit) on the grass and
(read) a book.

9. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – UNFINISHED ACTIONS

9.1. Present perfect continuous

Present perfect continuous je vrijeme koje koristimo kad govorimo o radnjama koje su počele
u prošlosti i još uvijek traju (i vjerojatno će se nastaviti u budućnosti).
Najčešće se koristi uz priložne oznake for …, since … , recently i upitnu riječ How long?.

affirmative: has/have been + verb-ing

I have been travelling for three months.
She has been washing the dishes for three hours.
negative: haven't/hasn't been + verb-ing
I haven't been looking for long.
She hasn't been staying in a hotel.
interrogative: has/have + subject + been + verb-ing?
Have you been staying in a hotel? Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
Has he been playing football for a long time? Yes, he has./No, he hasn't.

Practice
Put the verbs in the present perfect continuous.

0 I have been playing (play) football since I was at junior school.

1 My uncle (travel) in China since January.
2 They (talk) on the phone for ages.
3 How long (she, go) out with Liam?
4 The baby (not sleep) for long.
5 He (learn) to drive since May.
6 We (chat) since this morning.
7 How long (you, cook)?
8 It (rain) for two hours.

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9.2. Present perfect continuous and simple

Promotrite i usporedite sljedeće primjere:

Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling.
U ovom primjeru radnja (bojanje stropa) nije završena.

The ceiling was white. Now it's blue. She has painted the ceiling.
U ovom primjeru radnja je završena – strop je obojan. Bitan je rezultat radnje.

She has been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less.
Ona još uvijek puši – radnja nije završena.

Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.

Netko je popušio sve moje cigarete – radnja je završena.

Present perfect continuous također koristimo da bismo pitali ili rekli koliko dugo nešto traje
(how long?):
How long have you been reading that book?
They've been playing tennis since 2 o'clock.

Present perfect simple koristimo uz how much, how many ili how many times (svršene
radnje):
How many pages of that book have you read?
Mary has written ten letters today.
They've played tennis three times this week.

Neki glagoli (know, like, believe, …) su uvijek u simpleu:

I've known him for a long time.

Practice
Read the situations and write sentences using the words in brackets.

0 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading and he's on page 53.
(read/for two hours) He has been reading for two hours.
(read/53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far.
1 Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour
three months ago.
(travel/for three months)
(visit/six countries so far)
2 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:
(how many books/write?)
(how long/write/books?)
3 A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask:
(how long/save?)
(how much money/save?)

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4 When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.
(make/ ten films since they left college)
(make/ films since they left college)
5 You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask:
(how many fish/ catch?)
6 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people/invite?)
7 Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was 10 years old. This year he
is national champion again – for the fourth time.
(win/ the national championships four times)
(play/ tennis since he was ten)
8 You have just arrived to meet a friend. You ask:
(how long /wait?)

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10. TEXTS

Za ispit treba pripremiti i nekoliko tekstova. Tekstove treba znati pročitati, prevesti i
razgovarati o njima (ukratko ih prepričati ili odgovoriti na pitanja koja se nalaze ispod
njih).

10.1. „CAT - solutions for a dying planet"

Are you worried about the future of our planet? Do you ever think about how much energy
you use or how you are wasting the earth's resources? Do you ever wonder what you can do
to change this? Well, CAT is here to help you ...
What and where is CAT?
CAT stands for the Centre for Alternative Technology. It's in Wales, about 170 km west of
Birmingham.
Why does CAT exist?
The way we live now will destroy our planet. We are polluting the environment, wasting
the earth's resources, and causing climate change. Fossil fuels will run out eventually, too.
The people at CAT want to give us practical solutions to some of these problems and
demonstrate ways in which people, nature and technology can exist together successfully.
They want to show that it's possible to live in a way that doesn't damage the environment
for future generations.
What will you see at CAT?
At CAT they'll show you how you can be more environmentally friendly in all areas of your
everyday life. The wind, the sun and water can provide us with renewable energy and at CAT
you'll see how they use them to generate electricity. For example, the use solar panels to
make hot water. They will show you how to grow your own food organically, and how
to make your house more energy-efficient so you won't need to use so much fossil fuel. For
example, they use special light bulbs to save energy, and their newest building is insulated
with sheep's wool. They will also show you how to dispose of your waste without damaging
the environment.
How does CAT tell people about its ideas?
It promotes its ideas in a variety of ways. There is a visitor center with interactive displays
and an information service where they'll give you free advice by phone, letter or email.
They also have residential courses and publish books on various green issues.
Is CAT just an alternative energy museum?
No, it isn't! People actually live at the center, experimenting with different ways of living
and putting the center’s ideas into practice in their own lives. At CAT they think about
the environmental impact of everything they do, and they offer simple, practical ideas
to help us all make a difference.
So CAT is a lesson for us all. Visit the center and you'll see that it really is possible to live
well without damaging the environment.

Answer the questions in the text in your own words.

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10.2. "The end of fair play?"

Sport is changing. As well as the status and fame successful sportsmen and women have
always achieved, the financial incentives for winners have become more and more attractive.
This leads some people to feel that they must win, no matter what it takes. Before the
Olympic Games in Norway in 1994, the American ice-skater Tonya Harding and her ex-
husband paid a man to injure one of Harding's rivals, Nancy Kerrigan. But Kerrigan
managed to win the silver medal a month later, and Harding received three years' probation,
500 hours of community service and a $160,000 fine. She also had to give up skating (she's a
now a boxer!).

When it comes to cheating, football is often in the news. People often complain that FIFA
must stop players' "diving" (falling over to give the impression that someone has fouled
them). There have also been many rumors of teams agreeing to lose matches for money, like
the massive scandal in 2006 involving Juventus and several other Italian Serie A teams.

Cheating in sport isn't just about eliminating your opponent or about match-fixing. Drug
abuse has become more and more common, and more and more famous sportspeople test
positive for drugs every year. The first big surprise was the Canadian 100m runner Ben
Johnson, winner of a bronze medal in the 1984 Olympics and a gold at the Commonwealth
Games in 1986. He won the 100m at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul with a world record time
of 9.79 seconds, but then he tested positive for anabolic steroids. He had to give up his
Olympic title and was banned from competitions for two years.

Another sport with a long history of drug abuse is cycling. The first victim was the English
cyclist Tom Simpson, who died during the 1967 Tour the France after taking amphetamines.
The Italian hero Marco Pantani, legendary winner of both the Tour de France and the Giro
d' Italia in the same year, tested positive for performance-improving drugs in 1999 and was
banned from the sport, and in 2007 the Tour de France was constantly in the news as one
drug scandal followed another. There's no doubt that events like the Tour the France and the
Giro d'Italia put incredible pressure on the human body. One solution might be to test every
rider every day and make each stage easier so competitors won't feel they have to use drugs to
help them. Certainly, the authorities will have to find more effective methods of testing all
athletes quickly and efficiently.

No matter what you feel about the use of drugs in sport, one thing is sure: the people who
govern each sport will have to find solutions to these problems and they'll have to find them
very soon. Otherwise, it really will be the end of fair play.

Why do people cheat in sport, according to the article? Who was Nancy Kerrigan? What are
the two biggest problems in football? Why did Ben Johnson lose his Olympic title?
Why did Tom Simpson die? What might be a way to stop drug abuse in cycling? What will
happen if we don't find solutions to these problems?

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10.3. „What if it really happens?“

Everyone has a favorite film and mine is Blade Runner. It was made in 1982 by the British
director Ridley Scott. He's the director who became famous with another science fiction film,
Alien (1979), and later directed Thelma and Louise (1991) and Gladiator (2000). Blade
Runner is an old film but if you watch it, you'll see that it's as exciting today as when it first
came out.
What happens in the film?
Blade Runner is set in Los Angeles in 2019. The hero is Deckard, a blade runner - a police
officer who finds and kills replicants. Replicants are robots that look exactly like humans.
Scientists originally made replicants to serve humans in colonies on other planets, but they
were banned after a rebellion. Four violent and dangerous replicants have escaped and
Deckard has to catch them. He knows that they'll kill him unless he kills them first. He
successfully tracks them down but falls in love with another replicant.
What's it really about?
I think that this is a film that deals with a lot of the worries that people have about artificial
intelligence, genetic engineering, and corporate power. The film's depiction of Los Angeles
in the future is dark and depressing. It's almost always night and raining, and we see a
suffocating, consumerist society. The film warns us of what might happen if we continue
on the path we are following. It also makes us think about what will happen if artificial
humans are created, and what rights they will have.
Who's in it?
Harrison Ford plays Deckard brilliantly, and the rest of the cast - Rutger Hauer, Daryl Hannah
and Sean Young - are excellent too. Rutger Hauer is particularly good. Although his replicant
character initially seems very unpleasant, his final scene is one of the most moving things I've
ever watched.
Did you know?
Ridley Scott adapted the film from a novel called Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by
Philip K. Dick. There are two versions of the film, the 1982 original and the 1992 "Director’s
Cut" (without the narrator who features in the original film).
Blade Runner was voted the best science fiction film ever made, followed by 2001: A Space
Odyssey and Star Wars.
Why do I like it?
In my opinion, this film has everything: a good plot, a fantastic atmosphere, excellent acting
and a good script. It's a credible view of life in the future. And above all, the film has some
incredibly beautiful scenes which make us think about what it really means to be alive.

Talk about the film "Blade Runner" - give basic information (director, stars, genre,
interesting facts about the film), details of the plot, what the film is really about, the
author's opinion of the film.
Talk about your favourite film in the same way.

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10.4. Three Irish Legends

The Leprechaun
Leprechauns, also known as "the little folk", are very likeable and reflect the wonderful Irish
sense of fun. Legend says that every leprechaun has a pot of gold, which he must give to
anyone who can catch him. But leprechauns are very clever and quick so there's not much
chance that you'll be able to catch one!
There are countless stories about leprechauns, like this one. A man was walking through a
forest one day when a leprechaun jumped out in front of him. The man managed to grab him
and he made the leprechaun take him to where he hid his treasure. The man didn't have a
spade with him so he couldn't dig it up, but he tied a red handkerchief to a bush so he could
find it again. He went to get his spade but when he came back he couldn't find the treasure,
because there was a red handkerchief tied to every bush in the forest!

The Banshee
Banshee is Irish (the language of Ireland) for fairy woman. If you hear the frightening crying
of the banshee at night, it means that someone close to you has died.
They say that sometimes she's a mysterious white figure, with long silver hair and a grey
cloak. She's tall and thin and her face is pale with eyes that are red from crying. At other
times, she's able to appear as a lovely young girl with long red hair.
Even if an Irish family goes to live in another country, the banshee still manages to find
them when a family member dies. Scary, eh? But don't worry! She appears only to members
of ancient Irish families, whose names begin with Mac, Mc or O'.

The Blarney Stone

The Blarney Stone is a magical stone in the wall of Blarney Castle, in the south-west of
Ireland. Legend says that it is the other half of the stone that is used in the coronation throne
of British kings and queens. People think that Robert the Bruce of Scotland gave the stone to
Cormac McCarthy, King of Munster in Ireland, to thank him for helping in the Battle of
Bannockburn in 1314.
One of the stories about the Blarney Stone says that hte king saved an old woman's life. She
put a magic spell on the stone to reward him. As soon as he kissed the stone, the king was
able to convince people to do things they didn't want to do.
In the late 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I of England was taking a lot of land from Irish
lords. She wanted Blarney Castle and its land, but although she was incredibly powerful, she
was never able to get it. The Lord of Blarney managed to make clever promises of loyalty to
her without giving her what she wanted. So, go to Blarney and kiss the stone and see what
you manage to persuade people to do afterwards!

Does the author suggest that leprechauns are good or bad? What do you have to do to get a
leprechaun's gold? What happened when a man caught a leprechaun?
When does the banshee cry? Describe her appearance. Why isn't it likely that you will ever
hear a banshee?
Where is the Blarney Stone? How did it become magical? What happens to you when you kiss
the Blarney Stone? How did the Stone help the Lord of Blarney?

18
10.5. "I protested at Pamplona!

The Bull Run is cruel!

I was on holiday in Pamplona with my parents at the time of the annual Bull Run a couple of
years ago. They've been holding the Bull Run for hundreds of years. They chase the bulls
through the city to the arena, where they are killed in bullfights. They treat the bulls really
Badly. They beat them and chase them down streets full of screaming people - the bulls are
terrified.
My first demonstration
A lot of people were marching along the route to protest, and I suddenly felt like I had to do
something too. Marching was a great experience because the protest made people all over the
world think about how cruel this senseless tradition is. I think what we did really helped to
make people aware of the issue.
How I first got interested
I've been interested in animal welfare for a long time. When I was ten years old, I read an
article in a newspaper about battery chickens. They're kept inside in tiny cages, where they
can't move around at all. I couldn't believe that civilized society could allow people to treat
any animal in that way. Just because chickens aren't pets, people have been making them live
in horrible conditions, and it's wrong. I've been trying to help animals that are treated badly
since that day.
Some campaigns have been successful
First, I emailed animal welfare organizations to ask them what I could do. I've been writing to
companies that test cosmetics on animals, and I've been trying to get the government to
change things, too. I've been working on different campaigns for seven years now, and some
of them have worked. Some companies have stopped testing products on animals and lots of
people don't buy from companies that are cruel to animals.
What I've learnt
I've been taking part in demonstrations since I came back from Pamplona. You need them if
you want people to think about what's right. A lot of people have never thought about this
kind of thing before, so it can make them aware of what's happening. There's always a great
atmosphere at the demonstrations. I've been meeting a lot of cool people and I've made some
very good friends. I've also learned a lot since I started all this. I now know that if you
publicize your opinions peacefully and reasonably you can sometimes change people's
attitudes. I'm very proud of what I've done.

What happens in Pamplona every year? What did the Pamplona protest succeed in doing?
How did the author get interested in animal welfare? What else has she done to help?
Why are demonstrations effective, in her opinion? Why is she proud of what she's done?

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