The Rules of the Road

International Regulations for Avoiding Collisions at Sea

Part A - General

Rule 1

Application

(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith
navigable by seagoing vessels.

(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere in the operation of special rules made by an appropriate
authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and
navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.

(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the
Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes or whistle signals
for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal
lights for fishing vessels fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights or whistle signals
shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal
authorized elsewhere under these Rules.

(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.

(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction
or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to number,
position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of
sound-signaling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to number,
position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of
sound-signaling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible
compliance with these Rules in respect to that vessel.

Rule 2

Responsibility

(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew thereof, from the
consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which
may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation
and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which
may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

Rule 3

General Definitions

For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:

(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft and
seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.

(b) The term "power driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted,
is not being used.

(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other
fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines
or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manageability.

(e) The term "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.

(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional
circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of
the way of another vessel.

(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which from the nature of her
work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep
out of the way of another vessel.

The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" shall include but not be limited to:

(i) A vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigational mark, submarine cable or
pipeline;

(ii) A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;

(iii) A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;

(iv) A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;

(v) A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations;

(vi) A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in
their ability to deviate from their course.

(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power driven vessel which because of her draft
in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to
deviate from the course she is following.

(i) The word "underway" means a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.

(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually
from the other.

(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling
snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms and any other similar causes.
Part B - Steering and Sailing Rules
Section I - Conduct of Vessels in any Condition of Visibility

Rule 4

Application

Rules in this section apply to any condition of visibility.

Rule 5

Look-out

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight as well as by hearing as well as by
all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full
appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

Rule 6

Safe Speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action
to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions.

In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

(a) By all vessels:

(i) The state of visibility;

(ii) The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;

(iii) The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in
the prevailing conditions;

(iv) At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter from her
own lights;

(v) The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;

(vi) The draft in relation to the available depth of water.

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;

(ii) Any constrains imposed by the radar range scale in use;

(iii) The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an
adequate range;

(v) The number location and movement of vessels detected by radar;

(vi) The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine
the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Rule 7

Risk of Collision

(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to
exist.

(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range
scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic
observation of detected objects.

(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar
information.

(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into
account:

(i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not
appreciably change;

(ii) Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly
when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

Rule 8

Action to Avoid Collision

(a)Any action taken to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in
ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.

(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit
be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar;

a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed shall be avoided.

(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a
close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in
another close-quarters situation.

(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe
distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past
and clear.

(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to asses the situation, a vessel may slacken her
speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f)

(i) A vessel which, by any of these rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of
another vessel shall when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow
sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.

(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of
this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking
action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the rules of this part.

(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the rules
of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.

Rule 9

Narrow Channels

(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the
outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

(b) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a
vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a
narrow passage or fairway.

(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow passage or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a
vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the
sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.

(e)

(i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only when the vessel to be
overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her
intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken
shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit
safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).

(ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.

(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be
obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall
sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).

(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.

Rule 10

Traffic Separation Schemes

(a) This rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve
any vessel of her obligation under any other rule.

(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

(i) Proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane.

(ii) So far as is practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone.

(iii) Normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from
either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.

(c) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross on
a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.

(d)

(i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane
within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 meters in length,
sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.

(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic Zone when en route to or
from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore
traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.

(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter
a separation zone or cross a separation line except:

(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;

(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.

(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with
particular caution.

(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near
its terminations.

(h) A vessel not using a traffic separating scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.

(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.

(j) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a
power driven vessel following a traffic lane.

(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of
safety of navigation in a traffic separating scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the
extent necessary to carry out the operation.

(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing
or picking up a submarine cable, within a traffic separating scheme, is exempted from complying with
this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
Section II - Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another

Rule 11

Application

Rules in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.

Rule 12

Sailing Vessels

(a) when two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of
them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:

(i)when each of them has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side
shall keep out of the way of the other;

(ii) When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the
way of the vessel which is to leeward;

(iii) if the vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with
certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side, she shall keep out of
the way of the other.

(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on
which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on
which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.

Rule 13

Overtaking

(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any vessel overtaking
any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.

(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a direction
more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is
overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her
sidelights.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this
is the case and act accordingly.

(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking
vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear
of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
 Rule 14

Head-on Situation

(a) When two power driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to
involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side
of the other.

(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and
by night she could see the masthead lights in line or nearly in line and/or both sidelights and by day
she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does
exist and act accordingly.

Rule 15

Crossing Situation

When two power driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the
other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

Rule 16

Action by Give-way Vessel

Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take
early and substantial action to keep well clear.

Rule 17

Action by Stand-on Vessel

(a)

(i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way of the other shall keep her course and speed.

(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it
becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate
action in accordance with these Rules.

(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close
that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action
as will best aid to avoid collision.

(c) A power driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph
(a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the
case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.

(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
 Rule 18

Responsibilities Between Vessels

Except where rule 9, 10, and 13 otherwise require:

(a)A power driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:

(i)a vessel not under command;

(ii)a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver;

(iii)a vessel engaged in fishing;

(iv)a sailing vessel;

(b) A sailing vessel under way shall keep out of the way of:

(i)a vessel not under command;

(ii)a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver;

(iii)a vessel engaged in fishing;

(c)A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:

(i)a vessel not under command;

(ii)a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver.

(d)

(i)Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained
by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.

(ii) A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her
special condition.

(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their
navigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules
of this Part.
Section III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

Rule 19

Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

(a) This rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of
restricted visibility.

(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and condition
of restricted visibility. A power driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.

(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted
visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.

(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-
quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in
ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in course, so far as possible the
following shall be avoided:

(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being
overtaken;

(ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.

(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which
hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-
quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum
at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event
navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

Part C - Lights and Shapes

Rule 20

Application

(a)Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.

(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such times
no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights which cannot be mistaken for the lights specified
in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a
proper look-out.

(c) The lights prescribed by these rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset in
restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.

(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.

(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these
Regulations.
 Rule 21

Definitions

(a)"Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing
an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right
ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.

(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each
showing an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light
from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on the respective side. In a vessel of less than 20
meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of
the vessel.

(c) "Sternlight", means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken
light over an arc of horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft
on each side of the vessel.

(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight" defined in
paragraph (c) of this Rule.

(e) "All round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 360 degrees.

(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per
minute.

Rule 22

Visibility of Lights

The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8 of Annex I to
these Regulations so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:

(a) In vessels of 50 meters or more in length:

a masthead light, 6 miles;

a sidelight, 3 miles;
a towing light, 3 miles;
a white red, green or yellow all-around light, 3 miles.

(b) In vessels of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length;

a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles;
a sidelight, 2 miles;
a sternlight, 2 miles, A towing light, 2 miles;
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.

(c) In vessels of less than 12 meters in length:

a masthead light, 2 miles;

a sidelight, 1 miles;
a towing light, 2 miles;
a white red, green or yellow all-around light, 2 miles.

(d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed;

a white all-round light; 3 miles.

Rule 23

power driven Vessels Underway

(a) A power driven vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) a masthead light forward;

(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one;

except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but
may do so;

(iii) sidelights: and

(iv) a sternlight.

(b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in non-displacement mode shall, in addition to the lights
prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.

(c)

(i) A power driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may in lieu of the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and sidelights.

(ii) a power driven vessel of less than 7 meters in length whose maximum speed does not exceed 7
knots may in lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light
and shall, if practicable, also exhibit sidelights.

(iii) the masthead light or all-round white light on a power driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length
may be displaced from the fore and aft centerline of the vessel if centerline fitting is not practicable,
provided the sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall be carried on the fore and aft
centerline of the vessel or located as nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the
masthead light or all-round white light.

Rule 24

Towing and Pushing

(a) A power driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:

(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When
the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds
200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;

(ii) sidelights;

(iii) a sternlight;

(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight;

and
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.

(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit
they shall be regarded as a power driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.

(c) A power driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite
unit, shall exhibit:

(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When
the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds
200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;

(ii) sidelights;

(iii) a sternlight.

(d) A power driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule apply shall also comply with rule
23(a)(ii).

(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule, shall
exhibit:

(i) sidelights;

(ii) a sternlight;

(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.

(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted
as one vessel,

(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end,
sidelights;

(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights.

(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or combination of such vessels or objects
being towed, shall exhibit:

(i) if it is less than 25 meters in breadth, one all-round white light at or near the front end and one at or
near the after end except that dracones need not exhibit a light at or near the forward end;

(ii) if it is 25 meters or more in breadth, two or more additional all-round white lights at or near the
extremities of its breadth;

(iii) if it exceeds 100 meters in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed in
subparagraphs (i) and (ii) so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 meters.;

(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being towed and if
the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters an additional diamond shape where it can best be seen and
located as far forward as is practicable.

(h) When from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to exhibit the
lights or shapes prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to
light the vessel or object being towed or at least indicate the presence of such vessel or object.
(i) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in towing
operations to display the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be
required to exhibit those lights when engaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need
of assistance. All possible measures shall be taken to indicate the nature of the relationship between
the towing vessel and the vessel being towed as authorized by Rule 36, in particular by illuminating
the towline.

Rule 25

Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars

(a) a sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) sidelights;

(ii) a sternlight.

(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 meters in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this
Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.

(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule,
exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical
line, the upper being red and the lower Green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction
with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.

(d)

(i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 meters in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or
lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this rule for sailing vessels, but if she does
not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall
be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where
it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards.

Rule 26

Fishing Vessels

(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and
shapes prescribed by this rule.

(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge
net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit;

(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a shape
consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other; a vessel of
less than 20 meters in length may instead of this shape exhibit a basket;

(ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than 50 meters
in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph,
sidelights and a sternlight.

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:

(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape consisting
of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other; a vessel of less than 20
meters in length may instead of this shape exhibit a basket;

(ii)when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 meters horizontally from the vessel, an all-
round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear.

(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph,
sidelights and a sternlight.

(d) A vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing may exhibit the
additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations.

(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule,
but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length.

Rule 27

Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver

(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:

(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;

(ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;

(iii)when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights
and a sternlight.

(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, except a vessel engaged in mineclearance
operations, shall exhibit:

(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these
lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;

(ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these
shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond.

(iii)when making way through the water, a masthead light, sidelights and a sternlight in addition to the
lights prescribed in subparagraph (i);

(iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs(i) and (ii), the light,
lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

(c) A power driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel
and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or shapes
prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraph (b)(i) and (ii) of this
Rule.
(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to maneuver,
shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(i),(ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall
in addition when an obstruction exists, exhibit:

(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction
exists;

(ii) two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another
vessel may pass;

(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shapes
prescribed in Rule 30.

(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all
lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:

(i) Three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of
these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;

(ii) a rigid replica of the code flag "A" not less than 1 meter in height. Measures shall be taken to
ensure its all-round visibility.

(f) A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a power
driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the light or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as
appropriate, exhibit three all-round green lights or three balls. One of these lights or shapes shall be
exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of the fore yard. These lights or shapes
indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to approach within 1000 meters of the mineclearance
vessel.

(g) Vessels of less than 12 meters in length, except those engaged in diving operations, shall not be
required to exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule.

(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance.
Such signals are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations.

Rule 28

Vessels Constrained by their Draft

A vessel constrained by her draft may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power driven vessels in
Rule 23, exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.

Rule 29

Pilot Vessels

(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:

(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower
red;

(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight;

(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the light, lights, or shape
prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a
similar vessel of her length.

Rule 30

Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground

(a) A vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:

(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;

(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribed in subparagraph (i), an all-round
white light.

(b) A vessel of less than 50 meters in length may exhibit an all-round white light where it can best be
seen instead of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule.

(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 meters and more in length shall, also use the
available working or equivalent lights to illuminate her decks.

(d) A vessel aground shall exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule and in
addition, where they can best be seen;

(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line;

(ii) three balls in a vertical line.

(e) A vessel of less than 7 meters in length, when at anchor not in or near a narrow channel, fairway or
where other vessels normally navigate, shall not be required to exhibit the shape prescribed in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Rule.

(f) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length, when aground, shall not be required to exhibit the lights
or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (d)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.

Rule 31

Seaplanes

Where it is impracticable for a seaplane to exhibit lights or shapes of the characteristics or in the
positions prescribed in the Rules of this Part she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in
characteristics and position as is possible.
Part D - Sound and Light Signals

Rule 32

Definitions

(a) The word "whistle" means any sound signaling appliance capable of producing the prescribed
blasts and which complies with the specifications in Annex III to these Regulations.

(b) The term "short blast" means a blast of about one second's duration.

(c) The term "prolonged blast" means a blast from four to six seconds' duration.

Rule 33

Equipment for Sound Signals

(a) A vessel of 12 meters or more in length shall be provided with a whistle and a bell and a vessel of
100 meters or more in length shall, in addition be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of which
cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong shall comply with the specifications
in Annex III to these Regulations. The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having
the same respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the prescribed signals
shall always be possible.

(b) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to carry the sound signaling
appliances prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule but if she does not, she shall be provided with
some other means of making an efficient signal.

Rule 34

Maneuvering and Warning Signals

(a) When vessels are in sight of one another, a power driven vessel under way, when maneuvering as
authorized or required by these Rules, shall indicate that maneuver by the following signals on her
whistle:

one short blast to mean "I am altering my course to starboard";

two short blasts to mean "I am altering my course to port";

three short blasts to mean "I am operating astern propulsion".

(b) Any vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule by light
signals, repeated as appropriate, whilst the maneuver is being carried out:

(i) these signals shall have the following significance:

one flash to mean "I am altering my course to starboard";

two flashes to mean "I am altering my course to port";

three flashes to mean "I am operating astern propulsion".

(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second, the interval between flashes shall be about
one second, and the interval between successive signals shall not be less than ten seconds.

(iii) the light used for this signal shall, if fitted, be an all-round white light, visible at a minimum range of
5 miles, and shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Regulations.

(c) When in sight of one another in a narrow channel or fairway:

(i) a vessel intending to overtake another shall in compliance with Rule 9 (e)(i) indicate her intention by
the following signals on her whistle.

two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean "I intend to overtake you on your starboard
side";

two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts to mean "I intend to overtake you on your port side".

(ii) the vessel about to be overtaken when acting in accordance with 9(e)(i) shall indicate her
agreement by the following signal on her whistle:

one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, in that order.

(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other and from any cause either vessel
fails to understand the intentions or actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is
being taken by the other to avoid collision, the vessel in doubt shall immediately indicate such doubt
by giving at least five short and rapid blasts on the whistle. Such signal may be supplemented by at
least five short and rapid flashes.

(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured
by an intervening obstruction shall sound one prolonged blast. Such signal shall be answered with a
prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that may be within hearing around the bend or behind the
intervening obstruction.

(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 meters, one whistle only shall
be used for giving maneuvering and warning signals.

Rule 35

Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility

In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night the signals prescribed in this Rule
shall be used as follows:
(a) A power driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2
minutes one prolonged blast.

(b) A power driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through the water shall sound at
intervals of no more than 2 minutes two prolonged blasts in succession with an interval of about 2
seconds between them.

(c) A vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, a vessel constrained
by her draft, a sailing vessel, a vessel engaged in fishing and a vessel engaged in towing or pushing
another vessel shall, instead of the signals prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, sound at
intervals of not more than 2 minutes three blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by two
short blasts.
(d) A vessel engaged in fishing, when at anchor, and a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver
when carrying out her work at anchor, shall instead of the signals prescribed in paragraph (g) of this
Rule sound the signal prescribed in paragraph (c) of this Rule.

(e) A vessel towed or if more than one vessel is being towed the last vessel of the tow, if manned,
shall at intervals of not more than 2 minutes sound four blasts in succession, namely one prolonged
followed by three short blasts. When practicable, this signal shall be made immediately after the signal
made by the towing vessel.

(f) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit
they shall be regarded as a power driven vessel and shall give the signals prescribed in paragraphs
(a) or (b) of this Rule.

(g) A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than 1 minute ring the bell rapidly for five seconds.
In a vessel 100 meters or more in length the bell shall be sounded in the forepart of the vessel and
immediately after the ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5 seconds in the
after part of the vessel. A vessel at anchor may in addition sound three blasts in succession, namely
one short, one long and one short blast, to give warning of her position and of the possibility of
collision to an approaching vessel.

(h) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and if required the gong signal prescribed in paragraph
(g) of this Rule and shall, in addition, give three separate and distinct strokes on the bell immediately
before and after the rapid ringing of the bell. A vessel aground may in addition sound an appropriate
whistle signal.

(i) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to give the above mentioned signals
but, if she does not, shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2
minutes.

(j) A pilotage vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may in addition to the signals prescribed in
paragraph (a), (b) or (g) of this Rule sound an identity signal consisting of four short blasts.

Rule 36

Signals to Attract Attention

If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound signals that
cannot be mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her
searchlight in the direction of the danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel Any light to
attract the attention of another vessel shall be such that it cannot be mistaken for any aid to
navigation. For the purpose of this Rule the use of high intensity intermittent or revolving lights, such
as strobe lights, shall be avoided.

Rule 37

Distress Signals

When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in
Annex IV to these Regulations.
Part E - Exemptions

Rule 38

Exemptions

Any vessel (or class of vessel) provided that she complies with the requirements of the International
Regulations for the Preventing of Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid or is at a
corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted
from compliance therewith as follows:
(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until 4 years after the date of entry into
force of these regulations.

(b) The installation of lights with color specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of Annex I to these
Regulations, until 4 years after the entry into force of these Regulations.

(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and rounding off
measurement figures, permanent exemption.

(d)

(i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 meters in length, resulting from the
prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, permanent exemption.

(ii). The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 meters or more in length, resulting from the
prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into
force of these Regulations.

(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(b) of Annex I to
these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.

(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(g) and 3(b) of Annex I to
these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.

(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex II to these Regulations, until 9
years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.

(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) of Annex I to
these Regulations, permanent exemption.